INTRODUZIONE CORSO 1 OTTOBRE 2012
LA GRANDE PIRAMIDE (c.2450 a.C.) Un’ opera di 35,000 persone
LE PRIME CIVILTA’ Rare isole in un mare grigio di barbari nate dal genio di pochi un’idea nata dall’ignoranza degli spazi intermedi e dei meccanismi di formazione
The story of the rise of Rome from a group of hills hosting a number of Latin-speaking tribes--to the position of ruler of all the Mediterranean lands and Europe north and west beyond the Alps--is a story of both myth and powerful fact. It is a tribute to their doggedness as military entrepreneurs and the giftedness of their military leadership.
Morgan, Henry (1818-1881) American scholar, ethnographer, archeologist and historian of primitive society. Author of the book Ancient Society, published in London in 1877, which was the inspiration for Engels' The Origins of the Family, appeared seven years later.
Savagery -- the period in which man's appropriation of products in their natural state predominates; the products of human art are chiefly instruments which assist this appropriation. Barbarism -- the period during which man learns to breed domestic animals and to practice agriculture, and acquires methods of increasing the supply of natural products by human activity.
Civilization -- the period in which man learns a more advanced application of work to the products of nature, the period of industry proper and of art.
Friedrich Engels 1820-1895
Vere Gordon Childe 1892 - 1957
Edinburgh 1954
V. GORDON CHILDE
ELMAN R. SERVICE 1915-1996
Evolution of Social Formations
ANDAMENTO DELLA POPOLAZIONE MONDIALE miliardi
12 10
Regioni sviluppate Regioni in sviluppo
8 6 4 2 0 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150
I dream’d in a dream I saw a city invincible to the attacks of the whole of the rest of the earth. I dream’d that was the new City of Friends; Nothing was greater there than the quality of robust love—it led the rest; It was seen every hour in the actions of the men of that city, And in all their looks and words.
A City Invincible Leaves of Grass by Walt Whitman (1819–1892)
CHICAGO, December 4-7, 1958
Kraeling. CH & Adams. R.Mc C. (eds.)
City Invincible, Chicago 1960
Lewis Mumford, Concluding Remarks : “The attractive power of the ancient city comes not from its markets but from its gods… As an instrument of culture, the city has proved indispensable…..
ROBERT McC. ADAMS
ROBERT McC. ADAMS Land behind Baghdad 1967
EARLY DYNASTIC III AND AKKADIAN SETTLEMENTS AND MAIN IRRIGATION NETWORKS EAST OF THE TIGRIS
VENCE GORDON CHILDE 1892-1857
PETER J. UCKO, RUTH TRINGHAM & G.W. DIM
Man Settlement and Urbanism, 197
Ester Boserup 1910 –1999
The Conditions of Agricultural Growth: The Economics of Agrarian Change under Population Pressure. Chicago: Aldine, 1965.
THOMAS R. MALTHUS 1766 – 1834
UniversitĂ di Bologna, Dipartimento di Archeologia.
Robert e Linda Braidwood
Jarmo
Coxcatlan Cave Tehuacan Valley
KENT V. FLANNERY AND THE SYSTEM THEORY
Population
P TIME
R
Resources
T
Territory
CONFLUENCE & NUCLEATION
TRANSFORMATION
EXPANSION
Pyramid of Control Systems
AGRICOLTURA IRRIGUA
PASTORIZIA E NOMADISMO
SEGMENTATION
EXPANSION
NUCLEATION
……FOR AN EVEN MORE ELUSIVE WEALTH
KINSHIP
PATHWAYS OF GROWTH AND CONDIVISION
KINGSH IP
EXPANSIO N
SPREADING SEGMENTATIO NS HETERARC HY HIERARCHY
COMMUNAL HOUSES SHRINES AND MARKET PLACES
MULTIPLICATION OF TRANSACTIONS
NUCLEATIONS
TEMPLES AND MARKET PLACES PALACES
Population
P TIME
R
Resources
T
Territory
TRIBES AT WORK ISLAND OF NIAS, INDONESIA 1946
ABOUT 8000 OF THEM ARE STILL VISIBLE PROUDLY LISTED AS NATIONAL MONUMENTS
THERE WAS NEITHER STATE OR SUPERTRIBAL ORGANIZATION BEHIND THEM. LABOR WAS ORGANIZED ON COMMUNITY BASES…… GARY S. WEBSTER (2001) HAVE WORKED OUT THE LABOR INPUTS FOR THE ENTIRE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS FROM STONE EXTRACTION TO FINAL LINE UP…..FOR A STANDARD TOWER MADE OF 3000 BLOCKS OF DRESSED STONES: 1. QUARRYING 2. TRANSPORT 3. MASONRY 4. LINE-UP TOTAL
500 MAN-DAYS 1100 1300 700 _____________________ 3600 MAN DAYS
USING SURPLUS LABOR TIME AND WITH PRIMITIVE TECHNOLOGIES, A POPULATION OF 100-200 PEOPLE COULD ACCOMPLISH THE WHOLE CONSTRUCTION IN FEW YEARS
Crescita dei sistemi politici secondo “traiettorie di fluttuazione�
FACTORS OF SCALE AND ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE
THE VERY FIRST MONUMENTAL STRUCTURES IN EGYPT WERE NOT THE PYRAMIDS BUT THE ROYAL ENCLOSURES OF THE FIRST DYNASTIES AT ABYDOS
EGYPT – Hierakonpolis-Enclosure of Khasekemwy
EGYPT – SAQQARA Djoser Complex
EGYPT – Labor Investment for Abydos GREAT ENCLOSURES
(Differences of volume are taken into account)
For most of the enclosures, although we do not know the original height and the precise characteristics of the Abydos Enclosures but on the bases of the Khasekhemwy’s enclosures at Hierakonpolis and Abydos, a valuable exstimation is still possible.The labor investment is based on the value calculated from Erasmus 1965, p. 292: 12,25 man-days labor investiment for a cubic meter of masonry at Uxmal.
THE GIZAH COMPLEX
EGYPT – Labor Investment for THE PYRAMIDS
The labor investment for the realization of the three pyramids. Differences of volume are taken into account. From left to right, the step pyramid of the Djoser, (2665-2645 B.C.), the first pyramid ever build, at Saqqara, then the two pyramid at Ghiza, Khufu , (2579-2556 B.C.) and Khafre (2547-2521 B.C.). Labor investment is based on figures calculated from Erasmus 1965, p. 292: 12,25 man-days labor investiment for a cubic meter of masonry at Uxmal.
LCW AGRICULTURE
EARTHWORKS
WATERWORKS
TRANSPORT
BUILDING
ARCHITECTURE
FORTIFICATIONS
DEFENCE WORKS
WATER
LAND
ROADS
EMBANKMENTS DRAINAGE LANDLEVELLING
BASINS & COLLECTORS BRIDGES CANALS
RAISED FIELDS IRRIGATION
EMBANKMENTS & DAMS
BOATS
SILOS TERRACES
MARINE INSTALLATIONS
SEGMENTAZIONE
ESPANSIONE
NUCLEAZIONE
LEVELS OF LABOUR OF LABOUR FORCE MOBILIZATION
LEVEL 1 LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 5 LEVEL 6 LELEL 7 LEVEL 8 LEVEL 9
10 PERSONS 100 1000 10,000 THE GREAT PYRAMID AT GIZAH 35,000 WORKERS 100,000 1,000000 10,000,000 100,000,000 1,000,000,000
THE GREAT DIVIDE
HISTORICAL SCIENCES
SOCIAL SCIENCES
THEY EXPLAIN INDIVIDUAL SITUATIONS IN THEIR COMPLEXITY
THEY BUILD GENERALIZATIONS FROM VARIABLES IDENTIFIED IN HISTORICAL PHENOMENA
LAW-USING
LAW-FORMULATING
THE NEW ARCHAEOLOGY CORE PROPOSAL WAS TO OVERCOME THE DIVIDE WITHIN A SINGLE LOGICAL CONSTRUCT
Greek Kylyx
Chinese Bronze Mirror
THE ISSYK KUL “QUEEN” Saka Burial of the IV century BCE
TRADE: THE OTHER AND MOST INNOVATIVE RESPONSE TO SCARCITY
THE GREAT SILK ROAD
The most distinctive feature of his thought is his emphasis on group feeling and solidarity which he calls "asabiyah" from an Arabic root referring to paternal kinsmen. As its derivation suggests, asabiyah is found first and foremost among blood relatives. Nonetheless, its real cause is not blood but "social intercourse, friendly association, long familiarity, and the companionship that results from ... sharing the ... Circumstances of life and death." It is group feeling, Ibn Khaldun says, that makes possible all great social achievements, from religious reforms to the founding and defense of dynasties. Paradoxically, its necessity also ensures that social achievements never last, because successputs an end to group feeling by liberating desire and reducing the need for mutual responsibility. If fragmentation is the rule and community an exception, all human achievements become temporary deviations from chaos
LA FAMIGLIA ESTESA: PARAMETRO DI OGNI SOCIALITA’
IDENTITA’ INDIVIDUALE E…
SOLIDARIETA’ DI GRUPPO
I PRIMATI SONO UNA STESSA FAMIGLIA
IL CORPO UMANO
LEONARDO DA VINCI E LA PERFEZIONE DEL CORPO UMANO
UNO STUDIO ATTENTO DELLE FORME E DELLE PROPORZIONI DEL CORPO UMANO
I PIU’ FORTI DEGLI UOMINI SAREBBERO VINTI DA……….
Carl Nilsson Linnaeus 1707-1778
La Classificazione Scientifica degli Organismi Viventi
Il merito maggiore di Linneo fu la definizione e l'introduzione nel 1753 della nomenclatura binomiale nel sistema di classificazione delle piante e degli animali. Con questo metodo tassonomico a ciascun organismo sono attribuiti due nomi (in origine in latino): il primo si riferisce al Genere di appartenenza dell'organismo stesso ed è uguale per tutte le specie che condividono alcuni caratteri principali (nomen genericum); il secondo termine designa la Specie propriamente detta (nome triviale o nome specifico). La portata dell’innovazione fu enorme; precedentemente alla nomenclatura binomiale il sistema di nomenclatura era semplicemente basato su un'estesa descrizione di ogni pianta, in latino, per i caratteri distintivi ritenuti di rilievo, in modo del tutto arbitrario, da ogni classificatore.
Moscerino della frutta (Drosophila melanogaster) Dominio
Eukaryota
Regno
Animalia
Phylum
Arthropoda
Classe
Insecta
Ordine
Diptera
Famiglia
Drosophilidae
Genere
Drosophila
Specie
D. melanogaster
Alexander von Humboldt 1769-1859
CHIMBORAZO, Ecuador
da Alexander von Humboldt, Geography of Plants, 1807.
LA GRANDE PIRAMIDE (c.2450 a.C.) Un’ opera di 35,000 persone
CONSEGUENZE DELL’USO DEL TERRITORIO