Police in america 1st edition brandl test bank

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Instructor Resource Brandl, Police in America, 1st edition SAGE Publishing, 2018

Chapter 6: Police Patrol Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. ______ is the most common method of police patrol.

A. Foot patrol B. Bicycle patrol C. Vehicle patrol D. Horse patrol Ans: C Learning Objective: 6-1: Explain how differential police response strategies and 311 call systems affect the management of police calls for service.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Police Patrol and Call Priority Difficulty Level: Easy 2. A smaller patrol area within a larger command area is frequently called a ______.

A. beat B. precinct C. district D. division Ans: A Learning Objective: 6-1: Explain how differential police response strategies and 311 call systems affect the management of police calls for service.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Allocation of Police Patrol Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Calls for service are categorized based on ______.

A. the order in which they are received B. time of day C. location D. priority Ans: D Learning Objective: 6-1: Explain how differential police response strategies and 311 call systems affect the management of police calls for service.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Call Priority Difficulty Level: Easy 4. A(n) ______ is a computer that is mounted in a police vehicle that is connected wirelessly to the police department’s computer network and computer-aided dispatch system.

A. removable tablet B. emergency police terminal C. mobile data computer D. police transit computer Ans: C Learning Objective: 6-1: Explain how differential police response strategies and 311 call systems affect the management of police calls for service.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Mobile Data Computers (MDCs) and Computer-Aided Dispatch (CAD) Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Brandl, Police in America, 1st edition SAGE Publishing, 2018 5. A(n) ______ system is a computer system and database that tracks calls for service as they are received, monitors the status of patrol units, and can provide various reports relating to calls for service, the activities of officers, and the calls to which officers respond.

A. rapid deployment B. computer-aided dispatch C. continual monitoring D. emergency management Ans: B Learning Objective: 6-1: Explain how differential police response strategies and 311 call systems affect the management of police calls for service.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Mobile Data Computers (MDCs) and Computer-Aided Dispatch (CAD) Difficulty Level: Medium 6. ______ offer(s) an abbreviated and standardized method of communication on police radios.

A. 311 Numbers B. Differential police response C. Shortwave radio codes D. 10-Codes Ans: D Learning Objective: 6-1: Explain how differential police response strategies and 311 call systems affect the management of police calls for service.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Police 10-Code Radio Communications Difficulty Level: Easy 7. The ______ was created in 1968 and is the national emergency phone number.

A. 911 call system B. 311 call system C. emergency broadcast system D. special emergency response system Ans: A Learning Objective: 6-1: Explain how differential police response strategies and 311 call systems affect the management of police calls for service.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Managing Calls for Service Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Handling calls for service by taking reports over the phone, over the Intranet, or via some method other than immediate response by a patrol car is called ______.

A. delayed police interaction B. differential police response C. hot spot policing D. strategic management analysis Ans: B Learning Objective: 6-1: Explain how differential police response strategies and 311 call systems affect the management of police calls for service.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Differential Police Response (DPR) Difficulty Level: Medium 9. When officers go from one call to the next for an entire shift, making it impossible for them to engage in any other productive activities, it is called ______.

A. redundant resource allocation B. responsive policing C. pinball policing

Instructor Resource Brandl, Police in America, 1st edition SAGE Publishing, 2018 D. reactive exhaustion Ans: C Learning Objective: 6-1: Explain how differential police response strategies and 311 call systems affect the management of police calls for service.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Differential Police Response (DPR) Difficulty Level: Medium 10. When officers respond to calls for service while on patrol, it is called ______.

A. assigned time B. unassigned time C. responsive time D. directed time Ans: A Learning Objective: 6-2: Identify the circumstances under which a fast police response is likely to have an impact on the ability to make an on-scene arrest and discuss the importance of police response time in general.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Preventive Patrol Difficulty Level: Medium 11. A crime where a victim or witness see the crime occurring is called a(n) ______.

A. discovery crime B. responsive crime C. involvement crime D. direct crime Ans: C Learning Objective: 6-2: Identify the circumstances under which a fast police response is likely to have an impact on the ability to make an on-scene arrest and discuss the importance of police response time in general.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Apprehension Through Fast Police Response Difficulty Level: Medium 12. A crime that is only detected after it has occurred is called a(n) ______.

A. discovery crime B. responsive crime C. involvement crime D. delayed crime Ans: A Learning Objective: 6-2: Identify the circumstances under which a fast police response is likely to have an impact on the ability to make an on-scene arrest and discuss the importance of police response time in general.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Apprehension Through Fast Police Response Difficulty Level: Medium 13. The ______ found that increased preventative patrol had no impact on the amount of crime committed.

A. Kutztown aggressive patrol experiment B. Kansas City preventive patrol experiment C. Boston extensive patrol experiment D. San Antonio reactive policing experiment Ans: B Learning Objective: 6-3: Describe how the Kansas City preventive patrol experiment was conducted and discuss the results of the study.

Instructor Resource Brandl, Police in America, 1st edition SAGE Publishing, 2018 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Crime Reduction Through Deterrence: The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment Difficulty Level: Medium 14. Research shows that increased levels of preventive patrol ______.

A. lead to less crime B. lead to more crime C. have no impact on crime D. leads to more crime in some places and less in others Ans: C Learning Objective: 6-3: Describe how the Kansas City preventive patrol experiment was conducted and discuss the results of the study.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Crime Reduction Through Deterrence: The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment Difficulty Level: Medium 15. According to research conducted in Minneapolis, which season had the most calls for service?

A. winter B. spring C. summer D. fall Ans: C Learning Objective: 6-4: Assess why routine preventive patrol appears not to have an impact on crime, but hot spot patrol does.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Hot Spot Policing Difficulty Level: Easy 16. Which of the following crimes would most likely be eligible for a differential police response?

A. aggravated assault B. arson C. robbery D. larceny Ans: D Learning Objective: 6-1: Explain how differential police response strategies and 311 call systems affect the management of police calls for service.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Differential Police Response (DPR) Difficulty Level: Hard 17. Concentrating police presence in locations and times where crime is concentrated is called ______.

A. hot spot policing B. high intensity policing C. selective enforcement D. intuitive policing Ans: A Learning Objective: 6-4: Assess why routine preventive patrol appears not to have an impact on crime, but hot spot patrol does.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Hot Spot Policing Difficulty Level: Medium 18. Research suggests that the most effective way for police to reduce crime is through ______.

A. preventive patrol B. hot spot policing C. selective enforcement

Instructor Resource Brandl, Police in America, 1st edition SAGE Publishing, 2018 D. stop, frisk, question Ans: B Learning Objective: 6-4: Assess why routine preventive patrol appears not to have an impact on crime, but hot spot patrol does.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Hot Spot Policing Difficulty Level: Medium 19. When police advertise that they will be on the highways in greater numbers to detect and arrest drunk drivers, it is an example of ______.

A. a crackdown B. selective enforcement C. preventive patrol D. a terry stop Ans: A Learning Objective: 6-5: Relate the ingredients of a police crackdown and discuss the effectiveness of the strategy.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Elements and Operation of a Crackdown Difficulty Level: Medium 20. Police stops come in two forms: A. traffic and Terry B. traffic and Miranda C. Terry and Miranda D. border seizure and open fields Ans: A Learning Objective: 6-6: Examine the intended and unintended consequences of police traffic stops and so-called Terry stops.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Police Stops of Citizens as a Strategy Difficulty Level: Easy 21. Research shows that citizens who experience more traffic stops are ______.

A. more likely to be in possession of contraband B. more likely to contact the police to ask for assistance C. less likely to contact the police to ask for assistance D. less likely to be in possession of contraband Ans: C Learning Objective: 6-6: Examine the intended and unintended consequences of police traffic stops and so-called Terry stops.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Traffic Stops Difficulty Level: Medium 22. Hot spot policing may lead to criticisms of ______.

A. resource wasting B. ineffective policing C. unconstitutional searches D. over-policing Ans: D Learning Objective: 6-4: Assess why routine preventive patrol appears not to have an impact on crime, but hot spot patrol does.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Other Issues Associated With Hot Spot Patrol Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Brandl, Police in America, 1st edition SAGE Publishing, 2018

23. Generally speaking, officers prefer ______.

A. one-officer squads B. two-officer squads C. three-officer quads D. have no preference regarding squad size Ans: B Learning Objective: 6-7: Identify the advantages and disadvantages of one-officer and two-officer squads.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: One- and Two-Officer Squads Difficulty Level: Easy 24. The process of curtailing the increased police presence and enforcement activity at the end of a police crackdown is called ______.

A. the back-off B. commencement C. an abrupt stop D. the shut down Ans: A Learning Objective: 6-5: Relate the ingredients of a police crackdown and discuss the effectiveness of the strategy.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Elements and Operation of a Crackdown Difficulty Level: Medium 25. When traffic stops are used as a crime reduction strategy, police stop vehicles for moving and equipment violations while ______.

A. looking for additional motor-vehicle violations B. looking for uninsured drivers C. looking for illegal guns or drugs D. looking for drunk drivers Ans: C Learning Objective: 6-6: Examine the intended and unintended consequences of police traffic stops and so-called Terry stops.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Traffic Stops Difficulty Level: Medium 26. The level of proof needed to conduct a Terry stop is ______.

A. reasonable suspicion B. beyond a reasonable doubt C. probable cause D. preponderance of the evidence Ans: A Learning Objective: 6-6: Examine the intended and unintended consequences of police traffic stops and so-called Terry stops.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Allocation of Police Patrol Difficulty Level: Hard 27. In departments that are committed to ______, typically more officers are assigned to foot patrol, on an ongoing permanent basis, and in a wider geographic area.

A. reactive policing B. community policing C. legalistic policing D. watchman-style policing

Instructor Resource Brandl, Police in America, 1st edition SAGE Publishing, 2018 Ans: B Learning Objective: 6-8: Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of foot patrol and offender-focused strategies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Foot Patrol Difficulty Level: Medium 28. An officer ______ patrol would be able to more frequently and more easily initiate contact with citizens.

A. car B. horse C. bicycle D. foot Ans: D Learning Objective: 6-8: Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of foot patrol and offender-focused strategies.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Foot Patrol Difficulty Level: Easy 29. ______ is(are) grounded in the understanding that a small percentage of offenders are responsible for a large percentage of crime, and focusing police efforts to identifying, monitoring, and apprehending these individuals.

A. High-intensity strategies B. Limited-focus strategies C. Proactive policing D. Offender-focused strategies Ans: D Learning Objective: 6-8: Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of foot patrol and offender-focused strategies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Offender-Focused Strategies Difficulty Level: Medium 30. After car patrol, the most common form of patrol is ______.

A. motorcycle patrol B. horse patrol C. bicycle patrol D. foot patrol Ans: D Learning Objective: 6-8: Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of foot patrol and offender-focused strategies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Foot Patrol Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False 1. Patrol officers are assigned to patrol certain sections of their jurisdiction.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 6-1: Explain how differential police response strategies and 311 call systems affect the management of police calls for service.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Allocation of Police Patrol Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor Resource Brandl, Police in America, 1st edition SAGE Publishing, 2018 2. In large cities, a collection of patrol areas is called a beat.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 6-1: Explain how differential police response strategies and 311 call systems affect the management of police calls for service.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Allocation of Police Patrol Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Calls for service are handled based on the order in which they were received.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 6-1: Explain how differential police response strategies and 311 call systems affect the management of police calls for service.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Call Priority Difficulty Level: Easy 4. Most 911 call systems can identify the caller’s name and address, phone number, and general location for wireless calls.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 6-1: Explain how differential police response strategies and 311 call systems affect the management of police calls for service.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Managing Calls for Service Difficulty Level: Easy 5. The 311 call system instituted in Baltimore significantly reduced the workload of patrol officers.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 6-1: Explain how differential police response strategies and 311 call systems affect the management of police calls for service.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: 311 Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Some types of crimes would never be eligible for differential police response.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 6-1: Explain how differential police response strategies and 311 call systems affect the management of police calls for service.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Differential Police Response (DPR) Difficulty Level: Medium 7. Preventive patrol usually involves one or two officers riding in a marked police vehicle.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 6-2: Identify the circumstances under which a fast police response is likely to have an impact on the ability to make an on-scene arrest and discuss the importance of police response time in general.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Preventive Patrol Difficulty Level: Easy 8. While on preventive patrol officers exclusively respond to calls for assistance.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 6-2: Identify the circumstances under which a fast police response is likely to have an impact on the ability to make an on-scene arrest and discuss the importance of police response time in general.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Instructor Resource Brandl, Police in America, 1st edition SAGE Publishing, 2018 Answer Location: Preventive Patrol Difficulty Level: Easy 9. A robbery would be an example of an involvement crime.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 6-2: Identify the circumstances under which a fast police response is likely to have an impact on the ability to make an on-scene arrest and discuss the importance of police response time in general.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Apprehension Through Fast Police Response Difficulty Level: Medium 10. Fast police response seldom leads to an on-scene arrest.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 6-2: Identify the circumstances under which a fast police response is likely to have an impact on the ability to make an on-scene arrest and discuss the importance of police response time in general.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Apprehension Through Fast Police Response Difficulty Level: Medium 11. The Kansas City preventive patrol experiment found that increased police patrols decreased crime levels.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 6-3: Describe how the Kansas City preventive patrol experiment was conducted and discuss the results of the study.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Crime Reduction Through Deterrence: The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment Difficulty Level: Easy 12. Crime is more likely to occur at certain times and at certain places.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 6-4: Assess why routine preventive patrol appears not to have an impact on crime, but hot spot patrol does.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Hot Spot Policing Difficulty Level: Easy 13. Research indicates that most calls for service occur between the hours of 9 a.m. and 12 noon.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 6-4: Assess why routine preventive patrol appears not to have an impact on crime, but hot spot patrol does.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Hot Spot Policing Difficulty Level: Medium 14. Intensive resource allocation is the practice of concentrating police presence in locations and times where crime is concentrated.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 6-4: Assess why routine preventive patrol appears not to have an impact on crime, but hot spot patrol does.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Hot Spot Policing Difficulty Level: Medium

Instructor Resource Brandl, Police in America, 1st edition SAGE Publishing, 2018 15. Crackdowns are an effective means of achieving long-term deterrence of specific criminal behaviors like drunk-driving.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 6-5: Relate the ingredients of a police crackdown and discuss the effectiveness of the strategy.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Elements and Operation of a Crackdown Difficulty Level: Easy 16. The “back-off” phase of a crackdown is announced to the public.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 6-5: Relate the ingredients of a police crackdown and discuss the effectiveness of the strategy.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Elements and Operation of a Crackdown Difficulty Level: Medium 17. At the start of a crackdown, police announce their intent to increase their presence and enforcement activity to the public.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 6-5: Relate the ingredients of a police crackdown and discuss the effectiveness of the strategy.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Elements and Operation of a Crackdown Difficulty Level: Medium 18. Hot spot policing is offense specific and focuses on certain types of offenses.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 6-5: Relate the ingredients of a police crackdown and discuss the effectiveness of the strategy.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Elements and Operation of a Crackdown Difficulty Level: Hard 19. Traffic stops are an essential tactic in hot spot policing.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 6-6: Examine the intended and unintended consequences of police traffic stops and so-called Terry stops.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Traffic Stops Difficulty Level: Easy 20. The theory behind traffic stops as a crime reduction strategy is that by stopping vehicles for moving or equipment violations, police officers may be able seize other contraband, like drugs or illegal guns.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 6-6: Examine the intended and unintended consequences of police traffic stops and so-called Terry stops.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Traffic Stops Difficulty Level: Easy 21. Research suggests that when police make traffic stops and ask to conduct a consent search on a vehicle, it positively affected citizens’ perceptions of proper and respectful police conduct.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 6-6: Examine the intended and unintended consequences of police traffic stops and so-called Terry stops.

Instructor Resource Brandl, Police in America, 1st edition SAGE Publishing, 2018 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Traffic Stops Difficulty Level: Medium 22. In order to conduct a Terry stop, an officer must have probable cause to believe the suspect is engaged in criminal activity.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 6-6: Examine the intended and unintended consequences of police traffic stops and so-called Terry stops.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Terry Stops Difficulty Level: Medium 23. During a Terry stops, an officer is allowed to conduct a limited search for weapons.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 6-6: Examine the intended and unintended consequences of police traffic stops and so-called Terry stops.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Terry Stops Difficulty Level: Medium 24. Hot spot policing may lead to criticisms of both under-policing and over-policing.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 6-4: Assess why routine preventive patrol appears not to have an impact on crime, but hot spot patrol does.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Other Issues Associated with Hot Spot Patrol Difficulty Level: Hard 25. Generally speaking, officers prefer one officer assigned to a squad car.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 6-7: Identify the advantages and disadvantages of one-officer and two-officer squads.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: One- and Two-Officer Squads Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay 1. Explain the objective of police patrol and provide at least three examples of methods of police patrol.

Ans: Answer may vary. The basic objective of police patrol is to have a police presence in the community with the effect of deterring crime. Officers may also respond to calls for service and may be able to apprehend criminals if they respond quickly enough. Officers may also be expected to engage in proactive police activities, like performing pedestrian stops or vehicle stops. The methods utilized vary by department but may include foot, motorcycle, vehicle, horse, bicycle, and even rollerblade, or skateboard.

Learning Objective: 6-1: Explain how differential police response strategies and 311 call systems affect the management of police calls for service.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Police Patrol and Call Priority Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Explain how police categorize calls for service.

Ans: Not all calls for service are equal. As such, police departments categorize calls based on priority.

While the categories and designations will vary by department, the concept remains the same; officers are dispatched to more serious calls first, and less serious calls as time permits. In some departments,

Instructor Resource Brandl, Police in America, 1st edition SAGE Publishing, 2018 less serious, nonemergency calls may not be handled by a mobile unit, but by some other method, like taking reports over the phone or via Internet.

Learning Objective: 6-1: Explain how differential police response strategies and 311 call systems affect the management of police calls for service.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Call Priority Difficulty Level: Medium 3. What is a 311 call system and how does it impact police calls for service?

Ans: 311 call systems were introduced as a way to alleviate some of the workload of 911 call centers. It is supposed to be used for nonemergency calls, and emergency calls are to go through the traditional 911 call system. Research shows that the 311 call system did reduce the number of calls to 911, but did not reduce the overall number of calls to police, it simply shifted a large number of calls from one number to another. They all still had to be answered and handled. As such, the 311 system does not appear to have reduced police workload.

Learning Objective: 6-1: Explain how differential police response strategies and 311 call systems affect the management of police calls for service.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: 311 Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Explain differential police response and its impact on the police.

Ans: Differential police response (DPR) involves using alternative methods of response to deal with nonemergency or less serious offenses. Instead of dispatching a patrol car to every call for assistance, officers can handle less serious calls via phone, the Intranet, or even have citizens come to the station to file complaints or reports. Studies have shown that DPR can free up officers to deal with other, more pressing issues, or to respond more quickly to emergency situations.

Learning Objective: 6-1: Explain how differential police response strategies and 311 call systems affect the management of police calls for service.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Differential Police Response (DPR) Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Discuss at least four tasks or duties officers generally perform while on preventive patrol?

Ans: Answer may vary. While on patrol, officers do a number of things. They look for people in need of assistance, or who are acting suspiciously, or who are actively engaging in criminal activity. They provide a police presence on the street and act as a deterrent. They may interact with citizens by visiting local stores, businesses, or just talking to citizens in general. In addition, they may conduct surveillance, actively search for wanted, missing, or endangered people, make traffic stops, or respond to calls for service.

Learning Objective: 6-2: Identify the circumstances under which a fast police response is likely to have an impact on the ability to make an on-scene arrest and discuss the importance of police response time in general.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Preventive Patrol Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Identify and explain the three segments of response time.

Ans: The three segments that make up response time are: (1) Citizen reporting time, that is, the time from when the incident occurs to when police are notified; (2) police dispatch time, or the time from when police are notified to the time an officer is dispatched; and (3) police travel time, or the time between an officer being dispatched and the time he arrives at the scene.

Learning Objective: 6-2: Identify the circumstances under which a fast police response is likely to have an impact on the ability to make an on-scene arrest and discuss the importance of police response time in general.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Instructor Resource Brandl, Police in America, 1st edition SAGE Publishing, 2018 Answer Location: Apprehension Through Fast Police Response Difficulty Level: Hard 7. Explain the two main reasons why rapid response to a call for service for serious crimes rarely results in on-scene apprehension of suspects.

Ans: Studies show that immediate response to reports of serious crime rarely result in on-scene arrests for two main reasons. First, most crimes are crimes of discovery that means that by the time someone realizes a crime has occurred, the perpetrator has left the scene. Second, a lesser amount of crimes are classified as involvement crimes or a crime where a victim or witness sees the crime in progress.

Frequently the witness or victim delays before calling the police, thus giving the perpetrator time to flee.

Learning Objective: 6-2: Identify the circumstances under which a fast police response is likely to have an impact on the ability to make an on-scene arrest and discuss the importance of police response time in general.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Apprehension Through Fast Police Response Difficulty Level: Hard 8. Explain how the Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment was conducted and the results of the study.

Ans: The Kansas City preventive patrol experiment was designed to measure the impact of routine preventive patrol. A portion of the city was broken down into beats that would have one of three characteristics. They would be either reactive beats, with no preventive patrol; control beats, which utilized the same level of preventive patrol as prior to the experiment; and proactive beats, which employed 2 to 3 times the normal level of preventive patrol. Despite the variance in the level of preventive patrol, researchers found no difference in the amount of crime committed between beats, as such it would appear preventive patrol has no effect on crime.

Learning Objective: 6-3: Describe how the Kansas City preventive patrol experiment was conducted and discuss the results of the study.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Crime Reduction Through Deterrence: The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment Difficulty Level: Hard 9. Explain what “hot spot” policing is and address its effectiveness.

Ans: As crime tends to happen more frequently in certain places, and at certain times, hot spot policing is the practice of concentrating police presence in locations and times where crime is concentrated. Ho the presence manifests varies, but it can include increased patrol, increasing proactive police activities, or problem-oriented approaches to crime prevention. Research suggests that hot spot policing, unlike routine preventive patrol, is an effective way to combat crime, as it focuses resources in the places and at the times when crime is most likely to occur.

Learning Objective: 6-4: Assess why routine preventive patrol appears not to have an impact on crime, but hot spot patrol does.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Hot Spot Policing Difficulty Level: Hard 10. Identify and explain the two possible types of police crackdowns.

Ans: A crackdown is a strategy designed to reduce crime. It can be either offense (DUI, prostitution, drug sales, etc.) or location specific (campus, highway, etc.). Crackdowns are usually temporary efforts and they allocate additional police resources to deter illegal activity for a set period of time.

Learning Objective: 6-5: Relate the ingredients of a police crackdown and discuss the effectiveness of the strategy.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Police Crackdowns Difficulty Level: Medium 11. Explain the elements of a police crackdown and discuss its effectiveness

Instructor Resource Brandl, Police in America, 1st edition SAGE Publishing, 2018 Ans: The elements of a police crackdown are (1) the police makes citizens aware of the pending increased law enforcement efforts to stop a particular type of crime or crime in a specific location; (2) the police increase their presence and step-up enforcement efforts; and (3) at some point the increased presence and activity is curtailed, either gradually or suddenly. As to effectiveness, research has produced mixed results. It does seem to work for some types of crime but is less successful for others. In addition, the deterrent effect is generally short lived.

Learning Objective: 6-5: Relate the ingredients of a police crackdown and discuss the effectiveness of the strategy.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Elements and Operation of a Crackdown Difficulty Level: Hard 12. Compare and contrast hot spot policing and a crackdown.

Ans: Hot spot policing acknowledges that crime is more likely to happen at certain times and in certain places. As such their efforts are time and place specific. A crackdown may also be location specific, but unlike hot spot policing it may also may be offense specific. Another key difference is that crackdowns are generally announced to the public prior to beginning, where hot spot policing efforts are not. Finally, research seems to differ on the effectiveness of each. Hot spot policing has been identified as a productive method, while results are mixed as to the effectiveness of crackdowns.

Learning Objective: 6-5: Relate the ingredients of a police crackdown and discuss the effectiveness of the strategy.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Police Crackdowns Difficulty Level: Hard 13. Discuss the consequences, both intended and unintended, of utilizing traffic stops as a crime reduction strategy.

Ans: The theory behind traffic stops as a crime reduction strategy is that by stopping vehicles for moving or equipment violations, police officers may be able seize other contraband, like drugs or illegal guns.

Traffic stops may also serve a deterrent effect for would-be offenders. The unintended consequences are 2 fold. First, those who have been pulled over by officers more frequently may be reluctant to contact the police to ask for assistance or to report a problem. Second, when police pull over individuals and ask to conduct a consent stop, it negatively affects the citizen’s perceptions of the police.

Learning Objective: 6-6: Examine the intended and unintended consequences of police traffic stops and so-called Terry stops.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Traffic Stops Difficulty Level: Hard 14. Discuss the potential negative side effects associated with hot spot policing.

Ans: While generally accepted as “effective,” hot spot policing may have several negative side effects.

First, it may negatively affect citizen’s perceptions of police as citizens begin to feel “targeted” by police.

Next, it may lead to criticisms of over-policing in the communities that are the target of the hot spot policing, and under-policing in areas where police have less of a presence because they are dedicating more resources to hot spot areas.

Learning Objective: 6-4: Assess why routine preventive patrol appears not to have an impact on crime, but hot spot patrol does.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Other Issues Associated with Hot Spot Patrol Difficulty Level: Hard 15. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of one- and two-officer squads.

Ans: Two-person squads are beneficial because officers feel safer knowing they have immediate assistance if needed. Two-person squads also help alleviate boredom, as officers have someone to talk to during their shift. In addition, having a partner available may help in making tough decisions on the street. The downside of two-person squads is that they are more expensive to staff than one-person

Instructor Resource Brandl, Police in America, 1st edition SAGE Publishing, 2018 squads. An advantage of one-person squads is that they may allow for greater coverage and greater officer visibility.

Learning Objective: 6-8: Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of foot patrol and offender-focused strategies.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: One- and Two-Officer Squads Difficulty Level: Medium