Reverisble Architecture RC1

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Theoretical Background

1.2 Project overview 1.3 Scenario

2 MATERIAL LOGISTIC CHAIN

2.1 Material Lifecycle 2.2 Material Logistic Chain in London 2.3 Demolish Method 2.4 Material Classification 2.5 Material Catalog 2.6 Material Storage

6.1 Material Connection Chart 6.2 Joint Design 6.3 Material Application logic

7 COMMUNITY REBUILDING

7.1 Game1 Workflow 7.2 Damage Assessment 7.3 User’s Preference 7.4 Algorithms Optimization

8 BUILDING GENERATION

10 PHYSIC MODEL

DESIGN ITERATIONS

BIBIOGRAPHY

3 URBAN RECONSTRUCTION

3.1 Background 3.2 Participatory Construction System 3.3 Gaming Approach 3.4 Case Study: Bartlett School 3.5 Conflicts in Ukraine 3.6 Reversible Space

4 REVERSIBLE ARCHITECTURE 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Project process 4.3 UI Interface

5 MATERIAL LIBRARY

5.1 Detection Process 5.2 Material Dataset 5.3 Material Exchange Library

6 MATERIAL CONNECTION

8.1 Game2 Workflow 8.2 Reversible Space Design 8.3 UI Interface 8.4 Data Collection 8.5 Algorithm Generation 8.6 The Final space

9 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

9.1 Construction Workflow 9.2 Spatial Form Decomposition 9.3 Voxel Typology 9.4 Material Combination system 9.5 Unit Combination 9.6 Construction

RESEARCH CLUSTER 1, DÉBORAH LÓPEZ, HADIN CHARBEL, JORIS PUTTENEERS

Bartlett School of Architecture Team 3:: Sitan Sun, Mingmin Shen, Xinjie, Wu

REVERSIBLE ARCHITECTURE //MEDIATING MATERIAL MANAGEMENT

Project Background

Today, the construction industry accounts for 39% of the total carbon emissions produced by humans. The desire for non-renewable resources such as sand, water, stone and steel during the rapid urbanisation process is irreversibly depleting entire regions, essentially transforming their nature into habitats that cannot support human and animal life. At the same time, in the process of transferring raw materials into the built environment, there has always been the phenomenon of capital accumulation and the corresponding cruel exploitation of the environment. This mining-led building manufacturing process has inevitably caused some kind of irreversible damage.

Project Overview

From the perspective of architects, the project proposes architecture as an interactive system of functional reversibility, community engagement, and the recycling and reuse of construction materials to connect people and places. Therefore, when the main purpose of architecture is to serve the community rather than capital accumulation, a bottom-up, citizen-led urban regeneration platform is proposed. The decentralised platform promote citizens, instead of architects, to play a major role in city scale redevelopment projects, forming regional redevelopment plans through a bottom-up approach, in the form of games, with machine learning and

algorithms for optimisation. Based on the concept of reversible architecture, the project challenges the capital-led extractive economy by creating a visible and participatory material supply chain. The negative impact of an extractivist-dominated building system can be reduced by pooling discarded materials and resources from the neighbourhood to produce building components that can be disassembled and reused repeatedly.

Mingmin Shen, Sitan Sun, Xinjie Wu

Img.1 Axonometric drawings for project’s units

Img.2 Rendering of the final result

Non-Extractive Architecture: On designing without Deplrtion

Architecture - and the architects has a huge influence in defining how we live, work and socialise as a community. In fact, architecture can be depicted as the process of how our collective priorities shape the environment. Today, buildings are responsible for nearly 40% global annual greenhouse gas emissions. As the real cost of inaction grows, every human activity will be reconsidered – the construction industry is one of the places where creative thinking is most desperately needed. Confronted with the urgency of the climate crisis, architects have a responsibility to think about the environmental impact of building material and are called upon to creatively reimagine the performance of materials, in order to guide our innovations to meet the challenges.

Face by the urgency of the climate crisis, attention has been focused on the impact from material production and supply: the accumulation of capital and the corresponding processes of cruelty and exploitation in the transfer of raw materials into the built environment have long been thought at alarming scales, and considered to be disjointed with planning practices. It has reflected today’s global neocolonial model of extractive capitalism. Political theorist Damian White has pointed that, the concept of “a transition of equity” as a powerful framework, has recently been put forward in areas such as climate justice, for thinking about how to change the contradictions between environmental protections, workers’ benefits and the economy in today’s model of extractive capitalism.

At the same time, “a transition of equity” could also change the concept of material supply chain, from an unregulated profit-maximizing model to an internationalism of community negotiation, worker empowerment and solidarity between material producers and consumers. Non-Extractive Architecture is a new architectural model proposed by Space Caviar, aiming to find a methodology, that integrate community value into the architectural industry from long-term thinking, material resource and their subsequent landscapes. The project involves a series of research and residential and public projects, proposing if we can meet our insatiable needs for economic development and material consumption through reuse and recycling, using old materials to create new cities, and proposes detachable design and material circulation, to realise a closed-loop system for material extraction and production.

Start from the concept proposed by Non-extractive Architecture, we aim to create a community reconstruction platform, to enable negotiations and empowerment of the community through gaming. At the same time, we propose a material exchange library at community scale, to radically overturn the previous material supply chain, which was built on the exploitation of labour and nature. Beyond that, a detachable design of architecture may realise the “carbon free”, to further seek the coexistence of built environment and environmental protection.

Caviar, S., (2021). Non-extractive architecture. Moscow: V-A-C Foundation.

Project Objective

Preventing government corruption Material Transparency

Project Workflow

Our Platform

Upcycling of materials Participatory Construction System

Reversible design and material upcycling

According to the industry based on an extractive economy, the logistic and trading with material are not transparency, while industrialized processes have made construction easily achieved but deconstruction complicated. Therefore, we seek to create a decentralised open-source platform within a city context which aims for transparency in material trading and reversibility in construction practices and architectural functions.

In this platform we have made the logistics chain of materials transparent, used upcycle materials for construction and designed a high tolerance construction system. The game approach were applied to the platform to enable users to collaboratively design and construct each stage of their community. The platform therefore in an attempt to create a community where materials are decentralised and autonomous and where building functions are reversible.

A more democratic de sign for the community

Scenario Methodology

Exchange Decoding

Visit Participatory Construction

Machine Learning

Industrialization

Reversible Space

Material Transparency Resources Shortage Material Reuse

Climate Change War Conflict Man-made Disaster Urban Reconstruction

Building Demolish Material Classification Storage Point

Damage Detection Demolish method Material Catalog

Reversible Construction

Space Voxelization Galapagos

Recoding

Research of material logistic chain

Research of urban reconstruction

Techincal approach of the projects

Proposal target of the projects

Img.6 Project Scenario

Voxlization Video Game

Adapting to new situation Non-democratic Negotiation

Community Rebuilding Building Generation

Extreme Climate Material Exchange Reversible Architecture

Reversible Construction Participatory Construction System

Reversible Space

The scenario illustrates the outline of the project. As a background to the project, on the one hand, an extractive-based capitalist economy has led to a shortage of building resources. On the other hand, many cities have been destroyed by extreme weather due to climate change and urgently need to be rebuilt. Our project therefore aims to provide a platform for community redevelopment in which the material cycle is reversible. Ukraine was chosen as the

target location and the platform was used to complete the postwar reconstruction of Ukraine, including participatory design of communities, participatory construction based on reusable materials, and the realisation of a reversible material logistics chain. At the same time, video games were used as a tool to enable community-based participatory design and construction.

Case Study Video Game Agent Simulation Magnetizing Prdestrian Simulation

Project outline

Participate in the building process

Design of reversible spaces

A comprehensive view of the building design and manufacturing process

Deep involvement in the design and construction of communities

Assist with algorithm design

Designing the game flow

Reversible construction

Market value

Conflicts between goernment and construction:

1. Complex approval standards for rebuilding houses

2. Land is privatized, but there are still many restrictions

3. High third-party supervision fees

4. Strict construction industry system

5. Design freedom is low and cumbersome

Platform & System

Material exchangeReversible space

Participatory construction system Architecture Public Government

Evaluation and approval

Floor planUsers play game to design their private and public spaces

Evaluation and approval of community and building construction processes

Enter user preferences for communities and spaces

Users play game to design their community functions

Participation in the consultation and negotiation process of the public

Community plan

Urban regeneration projects are largely gov ernment-led and profit-oriented, rather than community upgrading oriented through com munity dynamics and resident participation. Government-led community redevelopment policies treat housing and construction as a commodity in an open market, and as such, these projects are mostly utilised by develop ers as a means of making a profit rather than as an opportunity for improvement. For local governments, a community-based, bottom-up approach to urban policy means encouraging comprehensive planning and collaboration between government and the community. It is a holistic approach built around families and communities.

Conflicts between goernment and market:

1. Labor shortage after Brexit

2. High transportation cost and landfill cost

3. High cost of treatment of harmful materials

4. Material waste, pollution of the environment

5. The cost of regulating markets is enormous

The global pandemic of 2020 shows how much informed public debate and consent is needed before government decisions can gain significant support. At the same time, the private lives of heterogeneous residents require built spaces that are adaptable to change, rather than a uniform, standardised space. Therefore, in line with the changing context and the needs of individuals, it is pro posed that architecture be seen as a process and system in which the flexibility of space, the involvement of the community, and the management of the construction process in teract to design and produce a building.

Chapter 2 provides the theoretical background to the material logistics chain. This includes a study of the life cycle of different materials and a field survey of the ma terials logistics chain in London, where two methods of demolition based on differ ent configurations of buildings are presented, together with the design of a com munity-wide storage process for demolition materials. The chapter focuses on the process of materials from production to decommissioning and attempts to create a catalogue of decommissioned materials through machine learning, which provides a technical reference for the subsequent construction of a materials exchange platform..

The construction industry consumes forty percent of the materials used globally each year (Global ABC Global Status Report, 2018). According to the UK State of Materials Reuse Survey (2003), when a building is demolished, between thirty-five and forty percent of the materials are wasted and less than seventy percent are reused, and this includes materials that are transported to landfill. In addition, industrialized processes have made construction very easy, but deconstruction very complicated, this is due to an industry based on an extractive economy, however in contemporary scenarios, there is not enough resources. Thus, it has become a problem that how to reduce the waste generated in the lifecycle of materials. Today’s buildings are designed to be easily assembled, not disassembled or reassembled. These relate to the opaqueness of material logistics and material waste.

Material logistic chain

Img.8 Context of material logistic chain

Img.9 Context of material logistic chain

Img.10 Context of material logistic chain

Img.11 Material logistic study

Material lifecycle

step1:Transports and

recycling facility.

------The game of traditional and modern ways to upcycle concrete.

Reinforcement

Timber

and sorting.

pre-formed foam

In fact, over 90% of construction, demolition and excavation waste have opportunity to be recycled nowadays, like bricks and woods. As for the concrete, the general life cycle now is to be crashed into particles in their end of life and reprocess some reusable parts as raw materials from beginning, so the other part will have to be wasted in the process. So if there is an other way to reuse such material? We will try to find out.

Raw Material

New step 3: collecting and processing.

Crushing into partical size for reusing as aggregate

step3: grading

When a tree is ready for harvesting it is felled, debranched and usually cut into a butt log, middle log and top log, plus one to three sections of pulpwood.

Crown and bench

Harvest

Manufacture Application Maintence

Post production & Distribution

Wood components damaged by termite Seasoned timber Decay and deterioration timber Wood components were replacement Deformated wood components

Wood chips and particles

SawdustCrown and branch wood can be collected up to be chipped and used as forest fuel. Smaller trees that are felled during thin ning, for example, are cut into pulpwood or small-dimension saw logs with a top diameter of 120–200 mm. Alternatively, trees both large and small with bends, twists, hollowed centers or other defects will be removed during a final harvest dlone with the saw timber.

Damaged materials and prefabricated structural components Shaving and dry chips

Broken plank

The wood extracted from the Swedish forest can be divided up into three main flows: 47 percent goes to the sawmills, 45 percent heads for the pulp mills and 8 percent is used for firewood, poles and so on. The logs are ac companied by bark, while crowns and branches are also taken from the forest in the form of forest fuel, which is used for energy

wrecking ball

Selective Demolitionhigh-reach arm

Non-explosive demolition agent DYNACEM

fiber reinforced concrete Autoclaved aerated concretelightweight concretecement concrete

Precast Beams

Precast Floor Slabs Precast Walls Precast Columns

Concrete chunk with rebars

End of Life

Column

Beam Roof Foundation

Material lifecycle

Selection

Quarrying

Supply

Preparation

Construction Decommissioning &Maintenance Restoration

Quarry by-products are produced during crushing and washing opera tions. There are three types of quarry by-products resulting from these op erations: screenings, pond fines, and baghouse fines.

There are three stone construction method: Dry stone stacking, Stone masonry, Stone veneer. During the construction process, some stones veneer and stone brick will be discarded because of the improperly cut size.

Decay phenomena induced by environmental attacks, ag ing, and/or damage due to long-term heavy loads can strongly influence the super ficial and structural durability of stone masonry, including multiple-leaf structures. During the maintenance, some stones veneer and stone brick will be replaced because of Weather ing, corrosion and damage

Steel

Marble Granite

Sandstone Limestone Basalt Slate Metamorphic Stone

Igneous Rocks

Sedimentary Rocks

Foundation

Wall Stone

Construction research in London

Logistic Chain Research in London

Research Process

1. Make Construction map in London

2. Building demolition method research

Investigation into how many buildings are being demolished in an area of London A Case study used to investigate the demolition process of a building in London

3. Research on the flow of materials after demolition

Investigating the destination of different materials after a building has been demolished by interviewInvestigating the location and accessibility of landfill sites within London

4. London Landfill Map

After the building has been demolished, most of the waste material is sorted and transported to the nearby landfill, with the exception of concrete, which is crushed on site or transported to a nearby plant to be crushed and reprocessed.

Research on

methods

Investigating the storage of different materials in landfills

Most of the materials from the landfill are sold to companies that reuse materials for reuse, and some are sold to people who want to use cheaper materials to repair their houses.

Construction Manager

Investigate the flow of materials in the landfill and the reuse of materials

Landfill manager

London de-construction storage map

logistic chain

Material logistic chain

Case study

Building being demolished

80-81 Farringdon St, London

Shoe Ln, London

80 Farringdon Street is a Grade II list building in the City of London. Historic England notes that it was originally a terraced house, built in about 1720 for a vintner, and was converted to a pub in about 1832. The building is the traditional london terrace house with brick and wood con struction.

Img.4

81 Farringdon Street and 77 Farringdong Street are both commercial building with concrete and steel construction.

There three buildings are all being demolished: A 13-storey development designed by TP Ben nett is set to go ahead after the City of London gave it approval.

The works will begin in May and see the demo lition of two existing buildings – 81 Farringdon Street and 1 Stonecutter Court – to make way for 32,000m2 office space.

Img.5 Img.6

Img. 4-5 The current site location of 80 Farrington Street and the whole demolished plan stated by government. Img 6 The dismantled structure of the building and dconstruction material statistics of 80 Farrington Street. The deconstruction of the building structure helps the program better study the framework and construction of the current buildings. In addition, each disassembled component is classified and counted

Img.2

Img.3 Img.1

Material storage research

Material landfills in London

Landfill

Demolished site Clearaway Reclamation Whetsted Road, Whetsted, Tonbridge TN12 6SD

Surry Waste Removal Avern Rd, Molesey, West Molesey KT8 2JP

Veolia, Rainham Landfill Coldharbour Ln, Rainham RM13 9YB

Material storage

Building Condition

Label each Material

Storage Requirement

1 mechanical and electrial elements

Bricks may be delivered to site loose or strapped in unit loads and stored on tim ber pallets to be transported using a fork lift. Bricks should be stacked on edge in rows to a maximum height of 2.4 m.

Bricks may be delivered to site loose or strapped in unit loads and stored on timber pallets to be transport ed using a forklift. Bricks should be stacked on edge in rows to a maxi mum height of 2.4 m.

1. Prepare the site: Mechanics, electricians, and plumbers cut off the power, shut down HVAC systems, and cap open piping. Crew members also install a tem porary lighting system and add a trash chute to maximize sorting of recyclable goods

Bricks may be delivered to site loose or strapped in unit loads and stored on timber pallets to be transport ed using a forklift. Bricks should be stacked on edge in rows to a maxi mum height of 2.4 m.

Bricks may be delivered to site loose or strapped in unit loads and stored on timber pallets to be transported using a forklift. Bricks should be stacked on edge in rows to a maximum height of 2.4 m.

2. Strip away nonstructural components: Labor forces dismantle the architectural, mechanical, and electrical elements of the structure, leaving the building’s shell.

Planning & Development

4. Sort debris:

The team places the deconstructed building materials into recycle, reuse, sell, or donate bins and then begins new con struction.

3. Remove materials and shore up building:

Structure shoring and temporary supports are added. Crews remove floor beams, load-bearing walls, columns, and floor slabs of external sections of the building that require demolition.

Bricks may be delivered to site loose or strapped in unit loads and stored on timber pallets to be transported us ing a forklift. Bricks should be stacked on edge in rows to a maximum height of 2.4 m.

Bricks may be delivered to site loose or strapped in unit loads and stored on timber pallets to be transported us ing a forklift. Bricks should be stacked on edge in rows to a maximum height of 2.4 m.

When a building is demolished, the planning scheme of the new building will be formulated. The period of the permission is usually stipulated in the conditions of the permit, starting within 3 years from the date of obtaining the permit.

Storage Point

Users can on-site pickup materials at this stor age point after purchasing materials

During the three-year period when dem olition approval was obtained and the site was redesigned, the house was left with a load-bearing structure and skin, and in an unused state. This time gap in the demolition process can be used as a storage site. Trans porting most of the materials under other demolitions in the area to this site saves a lot of transportation and storage costs.

8 load-bearing walls 7 floor beams 6 floors

Bricks Blocks Roofing tiles

Suburban Warehouse

5 roof tiles 4 insulation

Drainage pipes Aggregates

Program • Finance

Evaluation • Management • License

2 components: windows,doors

interior walls

Material logistic chain

Demolish method

Building materials classification - Brick structure

Selective demolition

• Frame structure

• floors

• Wall with windor and door

• Roof • Walls

• Interior walls

Tiles in Roof

Using a residential house in London as a case study, we analysed the basic compo nents in the building and the materials used in each component to consider how to maximise the use of materials to dismantle the building.

Selective demolition flow - Brick structure

“Selective Demolition and On-site Sorting” is to facilitate recovery of construction and demolition (C&D) materials for beneficial reuse/recycling, thus minimizing the burden on municipal landfills and public filling areas.

Timber in roof frames

Window in attic

Timber boards in floors

1. Prepare the site, cut off the power 2. Strip away mechanical and electrial elements as well as windows and doors.

The construction crew cuts off utilities, adds temporary lighting, and installs trash chutes. The nonstructural pieces of the building are removed, leaving behind the building shell.

3. Add temporary supports remove interior walls and insulations.

Insulation layer

Brick in Walls

Timber in frames

Windows

Doors

Timber in floors

6. Demolish exterior walls and sort the debris.

5. Remove roof structure and floor beams.

Temporary supports stabilize stabilize the building while workers demolish the desired beams, walls, and floor slabs.

4. Remove roof tiles and floors

Demolish method

Building materials classification - Concrete frame structure

• floors

• Wall with windor and door

• Roof • Walls

• Interior walls

Tiles in Roof

Steel in roof frames

Concrete in frames

Concrete in roof frames

Concrete in walls

Windows

Concrete in foundation

2. Cutting reinforcement in concrete and trimming edges

The concrete walls and broken walls to be removed are first measured to determine the cutting point and size of each piece, including measuring the broken parts, the distribution of reinforcement and the location of the floor slab. After the positioning is completed a hand-held cutter is used to cut it to gether with the reinforcement into large pieces of a certain size. Concrete on higher floors can be re moved by a large demolition unit before secondary treatment of it.

3. Spot cutting of large concrete blocks

Architecture

Material logistic chain

• Frame structure Selective demolition method - concrete wall

Concrete in wall

Concrete processing

Modeling simulations attempt

Material acquisition test

Physical attempt

Different from the London scenario, these buildings are mostly concrete, the left overs of which are all irregular due to explosions. There fore, rather than performing precise incisions and meticulous dismantling, simulations of dif ferent forms of demolition techniques are used to get a prediction of the probability of parts.

We conducted a controlled concrete blast test and uploaded the concrete fragments to the material library by 3d scanning; the idea being that one would upload post-war broken ma terial to the material library in the same way. More digital simulations will be carried out in the near future. We also simulated the anima tion of the building collapse to get the material pieces. The idea being that one would upload post-war broken material to the material library in the same way.

Architecture

Material logistic chain

Original model (Test) Tool preparation

Explosion process

Material flagments Recover flagments

Place the material into the black board with the positioning mark

Scanning process

Physical material scanning into 3D model

timber

chunk

chunk Window Brick Concrete chunk

chunk

Material identification

logistic chain Strategy

Training Set

Candidate label Decoding Methodology

Machine learning Data collection

Material classification with size

Material classification

Load-bearing wall structure Wall Slabs Structure

Material Labeling

Sizs: X-Large Material: Concrete Structure: Load-bearing wall L-C4-LB09

Load-bearing wall [concrete]

Interior wall Roofing

Concrete Steel Structure

Flooring Staircase Beam

Concrete/Stone Timber/Steel Concrete/Stone Timber/Brick Concrete

Sizs: Large Material: Concrete Structure: Load-bearing wall L-C5-LB02

Sizs: Small Material: Concrete Structure: Load-bearing wall S-C2-LB03 Sizs: Small Material: Concrete Structure: Load-bearing wall S-C3-LB04

S M L XL

Debris

Timber Concrete Stone Stone Verticality Horizontal 0.01-0.2m³ 5-15m³ 15-25m³ 1-5m³ 0.2-1m³

Small pieces

Large pieces

Strip and small chunks

0.01-0.2m³ 0.2-0.4m³ 0.4-5m³ 5-10m³ 10-20m³

Pillar and large chunks Stone rubbles Slabs Medium chunk/slabs Big chunks

Concrete Timber Steel 6x10x10-20in 4x4x10-20in 2x8x10-20in 2x2x5-20in 4x4x5-20in 203x133x30mm 914x305x224mm 1016x305x487mm

Big stones

Square woods Square woods Beams Beams Beams Beams

Broken bricks

Square woods

Broken bricks

Beams

Broken bricks

Broken bricks Sticks Sticks

Interior floor Floor slab Foundation Column Concrete Steel Timber Concrete Steel Brick 3/4 [240x115x53]mm 240x115x53mm 1/2 [240x115x53]mm 1/4 [240x115x53]mm 1/6 [240x115x53]mm

bricks

Background

Community-led Reconstruction

This chapter presents some of the attempts made to realise architecture as a process and system in the context of urban renewal, including a case study and site selection for the project. The chapter begins with the concept of reversible architectural spaces in terms of spatial flexibility. It then uses the Bartlett building as a case study to propose the use of games as a tool for bottom-up participatory design, leading to comprehen sive planning and collaboration between government and people. Finally, based on the need and urgency of community redevelopment, Ukraine is proposed as a test site for the project platform and a series of site studies are presented at the end of this chapter.

Urban renewal projects are pervasively government-led and profit-oriented, rather than aiming for community benefits, through community dynamics and resident participation. Government-led community regeneration policies treat housing and construction as a commodity in an open market, so these projects are mostly controlled by developers as a means of profit, rather than as an opportunity for improvement. For local governments, community-based, bottom-up urban policies means encouraging comprehensive plan ning and collaboration between government and communities. It’s an integral approach built around family and community.

During the global pandemic period in 2020, public debate and consent have revealed great importance before government decisions. At the same time, the heterogenous needs of residents requires a building space that can adapt to changes, rather than a fixed and standardised space. Therefore, according to the changes of the general environment and the needs of individuals, it is recommended to view architecture as a process and system, in which the flexibility of space, the participation of the community, the circular material supply chain, and the management of the construction process create synergies to construct a building.

Government-led Reconstruction

Img.22 Urban reconstruction background

Chapter 8: Building generation

Reversible space design

Adapt space

• Dimension ( building level)

• Position of core elements

• Building level Disassembly

• Capacity of the core

Levels of spatial reversibility

• Mono-functional

• Cross-functional

• Multidimensional Transformation

Mono-functional samples

Single office room

Cross-functional samples

Office meeting room

Office modules 6mx5m

Shopping mall 6mx21m

School modules 6mx10m

Room modules 6mx3m

Open office studio

House room Class room Office room

Multidimensional Transformation samples

Small House room Medium office room Big office studio

Gaming Approach

GAME Preliminary component design Architect Public Algorithm Government Upload Preference Collect Data

The Architecture and Algorithm

The architects use their professionalism to provide pre-design components for the community to choose from to ensure that the redevelopment of the community proceeds in the right direction. Algorithms assist in gath ering big data as well as generating designs to achieve a redevelopment plan that satisfies most people.

Analysis of data Generate Specific Space Evaluation and Approval

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Img.26

Img.24 Diagram of gaming process

Clicks

The public and community

The public enters user preferences by playing games to achieve a level of public participation in community building. The views of the com munity will dominate the final outcome of the community reconstruction.

The Government

The Government is responsible for the assessment and approval of the final redevelopment plan to ensure that the results of the redevelopment meet the appropriate specifications.

The house of clicks, also known as Hemnet House, is a house designed by the Swedish online housing portal after collecting data from over 200 million hits. The idea was to create the ultimate image of democracy: a home built by the people, for the people. The idea was to create the ultimate image of democracy: a home built by the people, for the people. The attempt was to use big data to design a house that everyone would be happy with.

Place viewer is a video-like viewer created by red dit in 2017 for April Fool’s Day. There is an emp ty canvas. The usere may place a tile upon it, but they must wait to place another. Individually they can create something. Together they can create something more. The project presents an interac tive map that creates a way for people to unite and create an interaction

DragonQuest:Builder2 is an open-world sandbox game that allows players to experience the plot of the game while being deeply involved in the plan ning, design and construction of the city, making it easy for non-architects to build through the plot. Moreover, the game allows four players to build in the same city at the same time and offers an open source platform for users to upload their designs for other players in the network to reference and modify.

Weller, C, (2015) This Swedish house was designed by two million people — and it’s surprisingly attractive.

From https://www.businessinsider.com/big-data-buildsswedish-house-of-clicks-2015-6?r=US&IR=T

Weller, C, (2015) This Swedish house was designed by two million people — and it’s surprisingly attractive.

From https://www.businessinsider.com/big-data-buildsswedish-house-of-clicks-2015-6?r=US&IR=T

Romano, (2018) Dragon Quest Builders 2 de velopers discuss multiplayer, production status

From https://www.gematsu.com/2018/02/drag on-quest-builders-2-developers-discuss-multiplayer-pro duction-status

Theoretical and technological inspirations of participatory construction system

The House of Clicks

Viewer

Case Study: Bartlett

Bartlett building deconstruction analyse

Collaborative design process

Remove mechanical and electrial elements

Remove windows, doors

INFORMATION

Total Amount:300 Ownership:Bartlett School of Architecture Postcode:WC1H 0AY

DESCRIPTION

Size:25X12X7.4cm

Life Span:45 years

Weight:5 pounds (2.27 kg)

Damage degree:10%-15% Erosion degree:Slight (E1)

INFORMATION

Total Amount:3000

Ownership:Bartlett School of Architecture

Postcode:WC1H 0AY

DESCRIPTION

Size:25X12X7.4cm

Life Span:45 years

Weight:5 pounds (2.27 kg)

Damage degree:10%-15%

Erosion degree:Slight (E1)

B32

Remove interior walls

Brick

INFORMATION

Total Amount:25000

Ownership:Bartlett School of Architecture

Postcode:WC1H 0AY

DESCRIPTION

Size:25X12X7.4cm

Life Span:100 years

Weight:5 pounds (2.27 kg)

Damage degree:40%-60%

Erosion degree:Slight (E1)

Demolish floors

INFORMATION

Total Amount:2500

Ownership:Bartlett School of Architecture

Postcode:WC1H 0AY

DESCRIPTION

Size:25X12X7.4cm

Life Span:45 years

Weight:5 pounds (2.27 kg)

Damage degree:40%-60% Erosion degree:Slight (E1)

Temporary storage point

SS12

INFORMATION

Total Amount:30000

Ownership:Bartlett School of Architecture

Postcode:WC1H 0AY Stone Slate

DESCRIPTION

Size:25X12X7.4cm

Life Span:100 years

Weight:5 pounds (2.27 kg)

Damage degree:40%-60%

Erosion degree:Slight (E1)

Inventory of materials and Construction for new building

Demolish facade

The construction industry consumes forty percent of the materials used globally each year (Global ABC Global Status Report, 2018). According to the UK State of Materials Reuse Survey(2003), when a building is demolished, between 35% - 45% of the materials are wasted and less than seventy percent are reused, and this includes materials that are transported to landfill. But with selective demolition, specific case studies have shown that the process can achieve a material wastage rate of 10%, which is lower than the current status quo.

Board

Case Study: Bartlett

Log in

Chose basic module

Rotate module’s direction (Press R)

Rotate Camera’s direction

Game data analyse of Bartlett

Functional Fragments

Game data analyse of Bartlett

process Functional Fragments

Step1

In this step, the shape of each functional space is extracted and the area is calculated by analysing the results of the user in the game. From there, the user’s preferences for the shape of the individual functions are counted.

Studio Modules

Meeting room Modules Common Modules

Kitchen Modules Toilet Modules

Step2

Game 1 Data Analyse

Chapter 6: Recoding process

Game 1 Data Analyse

Chapter 6: Recoding process Game data analyse of Bartlett

Chapter 6: Recoding process

Game data analyse of Bartlett

The large functional pieces generated in Game one are used as components for the second game, and continue to be arranged by the players in the bound aries of the muti-layer, unlike in Game one, where the whole space is arranged in multiple layers and the height can be selected. Players play three rounds of the game, with the number of components that can be selected being de fined by the number of players in the team, for example, rc one has seventeen players controlling ten studio pieces and rc ten has seven players controlling five studio pieces. Each round the players are ranked in turn, changing directly from the previous user, but with a restriction on the number of components the latter can change for the former user each round. Each time a round is com pleted, God fine-tunes the game based on the heatmap’s evaluation criteria to achieve a more reasonable amount of space. At the same time, we record ed the process and stability points of each user modification in an attempt to discover and summarise the pattern of changes in popular points. The game allows the building to be designed and negotiated spontaneously by the users and optimised by the designer. The final overall spatial form is generated

The space components from game (Bartlett)

Chapter 3: Urban reconstruction

Site analysis in Ukraine

Background

Chapter 3: Urban reconstruction

Site analysis in Ukraine

Site location: Bucha

Chapter 3: Urban reconstruction

Site analysis in Ukraine

Before war & after war

Bucha is a city in Ukraine’s Kyiv Oblast. It borders the cities of Irpin and Hostomel and the villages of Vorzel, Mykhailiv ka-Rubezhivka, and Blystavytsia.

Spring has arrived six weeks since Russian soldiers withdrew from this bedroom community on the outskirts of Kiev, leaving behind mass graves of slaughtered citizens, many of whom

were mutilated, as well as broken streets and destroyed build ings.

The city has returned to normal life. Over the past few weeks, residents have been returning to Bucha, a city that has begun to repair the physical damage caused by the invading Russian army and its weapons.

Damage District of Bucha

First-degree destruction areas

Second-degree destruction areas

This map was drew according to the Rapid Damage Building Assessment (RDBA) of the Bucha City, Ukraine, which was from satellite imagery. The RDBA divides the city into 500m x 500m cells, each of which is analyzed to determine whether or not there are damaged buildings inside the cell.

Based on imagery collected on 31 March 2022, analysts

found that 82 cells out of 305 cells in the City of Chernihiv sustained visible damage. This represents approximately 27% of the cells over the city.

This analysis is based on structures visibly damaged as of 31 March 2022 as seen in marginally degraded satel lite imagery affected by light clouds and other limiting factors.

Chapter 4

Reversible architecture: platform

Process

Damage Detection

Start: Building generation

Reversible Architecture

From the perspective of architects, the project proposes architecture as an interactive system of functional reversibility, community engage ment, and the recycling and reuse of construc tion materials to connect people and places. Therefore, when the main purpose of archi tecture is to serve the community rather than capital accumulation, a bottom-up, citizen-led urban regeneration platform is proposed. The decentralised platform promote citizens, in stead of architects, to play a major role in city scale redevelopment projects, forming region al redevelopment plans through a bottom-up approach, in the form of games, with machine learning and algorithms for optimisation. Based on the concept of reversible architecture, the project challenges the capital-led extractive economy by creating a visible and participatory material supply chain. The negative impact of an extractivist-dominated building system can be reduced by pooling discarded materials and resources from the neighbourhood to pro duce building components that can be disas sembled and reused repeatedly.

Building Demolish

Material Classfication

Storage Point

Participatory Construction System

Video games

Reversible Construction Voxlization

Community Rebuilding Building Generation Reversible Space

Chapter 4: Reversible architecture: platform

Time line of project process

Start: Community decide to reconstruct

Game 1: Community Rebuilding

A blueprint for community will generate based on user data in the game1. In this session, residents play a game to visualise their needs for the community. The algorithm will then extract the corresponding data to generate a community layout to be applied in the next session.

In game2, the user can play the spatial arrangement game, through which the algorithm generates a heat map applicable to this community based on user’s needs and gives optimisation to form the building space.

Game 1: Community Rebuilding Building Construction

Step1: Damage detection

Step2: Demolish Building

Decide the buildings that need to be demolished.

Game 2: Building Generation

Step3: Code Material

Step5: Space Voxlization

Game 2: Building Generation

Step4: Storage Material

Step6: Material Application

Step7: Deconstruction

Architecture

Step1.2: Choose the building to see the damage degree and information details.

Step1.3: Decide whether the building should be demol ished or not.

Step1.4: After demolishing the buildings, users can choose the function boxes to design new buildings for their new community.

Step1.5: The algorithm will calculate a variety of results based on the user’s design preferences and the require ments entered (like size and proportion of greenery, hous ing, etc.) Users can choose the favorite one to upload.

Step1.1: Building new community from first game.

Step 2.2: Users browse and select their preferred space modules for their own design in the exhibition.

Step 2.3: Users reverse some spaces from other people's models and design the space they like.

Step 2.2: Generate space typology from game 2.

Step 2.4: After the game closes, the machine counts the most popular spatial models and generates a number of heat maps

Step 2.5: Based on the heat map, the algorithm will calculate the corresponding spatial model.

Chapter 5Material library

Data collection in training Bucha

To storage point

Depending on the location and size of the bucha damage and the type of buildings in the area, we simulated the demolition and transport of building materials. This included a count of the number of existing inhabitants in each area, a logistic of potential temporary storage sites, and an estimate of the quan tities of each material type. The transport routes for the demo lition of materials were also simulated based on the location of the buildings to be demolished and the location of the storage sites.

Material exchange library

To visualise the recycled material and to make the transport logistics chain more transparent in our project, we are trying to form a material cloud net work for trading visualisation and better reuse ma terial. We have designed an online store where you can preview and buy materials online which can collect and classify materials according to damage degree, life span and market value these three fac tors, users can zoom in to every specific materials here to see the information and decide to buy it. And the Material prices are subject to real-time inflation based on purchase volume in our online store.

In this material library individual users and material dealers, recyclers, etc. can upload their own materi als and the platform will evaluate them accordingly, the results of which will be displayed in the material catalogue by the location of the material.

In the present material store we have placed some building parts removed from bacha’s dilapidated buildings.

Concrete

Stair

Door

Timber

Brick

Material library

Material exchange store

Online store Introduction

Building ready for demolition Dismantle the building Materials enter into platform

Establish the ID cards of materials

Operation process for users

Assessing the reusability of materials

Getting materials from dismantled buildings

Collect materials for new constrution

Click 360 degree Change the viewing angle Move the store Hold Zoom in/Out Roll

Place the mouse lightly over an object and it will rotate. Click on the object to zoom in immediately.

The user is then immediately presented with specific information (include the Basic Info, data, location, value, etc.) about the material. The different materials can then be freely viewed in the store.

Click “+” to add an item to your shopping basket

Here you can see how the value of the selected item has changed over a period of time.

Purcasing materials from others in platform

Last step is placing the order in store.

Selective demolition

Material connection

Material connection diagram

Frictional Force

Glue Bolt Screw Cement

Welding

Need to process

Concrete Stone

Rubble Chunk

Concrete Stone

Clay Timber Conponent

Block Rock

Slab

Slate Brick Tile Stick Log Board

Window Door Stair Column

BlockRubble SlateChunk Rock

Slab

Window Door Stair ColumnBrick Tile Stick Log Board

Clay Timber Conponent

Chapter 6: Material connection

Connection joint designs

Structure joint: Timber

Prefab structural joint locks that can be spliced and removable with a certain adjusting ability, every single parts could be install and take down easily.

The assembling of joint

E.g: X-joint

2a.+2b.

The type of joints

The joints that could fit the different kinds and directions of structure by adding and combining these single parts.

The single parts of joint

Connection joint designs

The concrete joint is used in conjunction with our building’s interlock system, where a machine is used to measure out the part of the concrete that needs to be cut, then a recess is created, drilled using a handheld hole punch and the joint is placed. Finally, the two joints are joined. The diagram shows the break down of the joints.

Physical models

Architecture

b. b.

Chapter 6: Material connection

Structure joint: Timber Structure joint: Concrete

Community rubuilding

Assessment of damage degree

Building layout sample

Community demotion extent decision

Every damaged buildings around sites will be analysed the level of deterioration and grade them to determine if they need to be demolished. They will be investigated from struc tural integrity and facade, components damage condition to assess the grade. Each grade have different methods for re construction.

Game 1 User operations

Click

Press and Drag

You can choose your community site here.

Log in

You can determine whether to demolish the damaged buildings in site

Put the building functions which you like.

Waiting for the floor plan to be generated

Choose the favorate floor plan and submit

Demolish buildings

Design upload successfully and wait for the final layout.

Move the map Zoom in/out

Into community site

Check building information and damage degree

Design community functions and input layout requirements

Community red line generation

Openness

Greenery Rate

Walkability

Medical Conditions

Disaster Response

Blocks generationPlan generation

1 2

Openness

Greenery Rate Walkability Medical Conditions Disaster Response

1 2

Openness

Greenery Rate Walkability Medical Conditions Disaster Response

8

Building generation

8: Building generation

Reversible space design

Reversible plan library

Public Architecture

Cultural Architecture

Educational Architecture

Commercial & Offices

Sports Architecture

Hospitality Architecture

Religious Architecture

Agent simulation

Agent simulation.

Heatmaps of floor plans generated by agent simulation.

In terms of users’ behaviour patterns, we aim to detect the daily routines in the building, in order to understand people’s lives. Their behaviour is investigated in a floorplan library of different catalogs, through agent simula tion. Therefore, a dataset of behaviour patterns have been set.

Heatmap of floorplans

Heatmap of floorplanes of housing and public buildings in Ukraine

plane

3.Heattest space cutting

2.Heatmap plane generate

We first collected the planes of housing, public buildings, etc. in Ukraine, then derived the heatmap by agent simulation, extracted the hottest spaces from them, cut them out of the original planes, then optimised them and carried out spatial replacement experiments to verify their reversibility.

8.7m 10.8m 6.0m 8.4m 8.7m 10.8m 6.0m 8.4m

4.Optimized space

8.4m 10.8m 8.4m 8.7m 10.8m 6.0m 8.4m 8.7m 10.8m 6.0m 8.4m 8.8m 12.8m 12.8m 13.0m 13.3m 9.1m 6.0m 5.8m 5.8m 9.1m 10.3m 5.8m 5.8m 5.3m 7.2m 8.8m 12.8m 12.8m 13.0m 13.3m 9.1m 6.0m 5.8m 5.8m 9.1m 10.3m 5.8m 7.6m 5.8m 5.3m 7.2m 8.8m 12.8m 12.8m 13.0m 13.3m 9.1m 6.0m 5.8m 5.8m 9.1m 10.3m 5.8m 7.6m 5.8m 5.3m 7.2m 8.8m 12.8m 12.8m 13.0m 13.3m 9.1m 6.0m 5.8m 5.8m 9.1m 10.3m 5.8m 7.6m 5.8m 5.3m 7.2m 8.8m 12.8m 12.8m 13.0m 13.3m 9.1m 6.0m 5.8m 5.8m 9.1m 10.3m 5.8m 7.6m 5.8m 5.3m 7.2m 8.8m 12.8m 12.8m 13.0m 9.1m 6.0m 5.8m 5.8m 9.1m 5.8m 5.8m 8.8m 12.8m 12.8m 13.0m 13.3m 9.1m 6.0m 5.8m 5.8m 9.1m 10.3m 5.8m 7.6m 5.8m 5.3m 7.2m 8.8m 12.8m 12.8m 13.0m 13.3m 9.1m 6.0m 5.8m 5.8m 9.1m 10.3m 5.8m 7.6m 5.8m 5.3m 7.2m

Original planeHeatmap plane

Reversible spaceOptimized plane

Game 2 operation for users

Third generation players

Into game2

Choose a space type

Upload your models into the exhibition, and wait for the final result generation.

Choose the room type of private space you want to create.

Into public exhibition

Choose the modules which you want to use in your models.

To create your own room model.

Reverse some parts in models

Rotate models Zoom in/out

and Drag

Building generation

Data collection

private house

After the cut-off of the user’s playtime, we extract the floor plan from their spatial models and analyse them to get the corresponding database.

Public space

Studio space

School space

private flat

After overlaying the floorplans that users uploaded, a heatmap is generated of user preference, and upload the data to algo rithm. The algorithm calculates and analyses the thermal values of each plan and spatial mod el to obtain the optimal spatial solution.

Space generation

Office studio space

Living space

Module combination

Reversible court yard

Reversible space (studio/apartment)

Reversible sharing space (studio/apartment)

Office studio space

Based on the heatmap obtained by the algorithmwe will generate the average size of each functional space and calculate their optimal location and shapeWe have selected the residential and office spaces as the main functions of the buildingse lected several spatial morphological data and modelled the resulting volumes into small blocks for subsequent voxel generation,which are then arranged according to the original spatial function and placement of each block to form a whole functional building block.

Spatial form decomposition

The complete space form generated in Game 2

In the game, the user collaborates on the design of the building form and constructs the actual building, first by voxelizing the building form and dividing the entire building into voxels that can be recognized by the computer.

Spatial form decomposition

connection

Material combination system

We chose to use voxels coded through the rules in order to standardise the ir regular concrete blocks and to unify their area units. A 50cmx50cmx50cm square was used as the basic unit. Gen erally broken concrete of less than 18 squares is used as an interlock forma tion and large concrete blocks are used as concrete walls.

Interlock Wall concrete

Wall concrete

Chapter 6: Material connection

Material combination system

Workflow

Step1: Inputting material components into gh from material exchange store.

Step2: voxelization of wall

Material coding samples

Components (Contains walls in combination of frame and concrete.)

Final step: Material filling to wall

Material using depand on the size classification: Large chunk for walls Vertical for the interlock

Step3: Coding

Galapagos

Step4: Single objective optimisation

Fittness factor:

1. Intersection: [3,6]

Step5: Calculation of structural stability Kangaroo Yes No Go back Min Min Max

3.Filling volume: [1x108,3x108] 3x108

Step4: Voxel filling

Boolean operations: Union

2. Component: [2,8]

The concept of voxels connects frames and building components at scale. Thus, non-standard and standard components have an interconnected strategy. The voxel is used as a basic measure ment standard to calculate and analyse the dimensions of build ing design strategies, the cube voxel functions as a cube structural material structural unit material catalogue material recycling/re use voxel units structures and components. With each voxel unit,

the building component blocks are divided into different small cubes to analyse and label the structural dimensions. The size of each voxel is 3.2 x 3.2 x 3.2 m. The material construction blocks in the voxel cell generation are also random as the corresponding material composition in the material library is diverse.

construction

Unit combination

Single unit

Composite unit

construction

Construction connection

Four different joints are used to connect the different material combinations, and the internal space and struc ture reveal the envelope of voxels from the raw materials used from the catalogue to the build version.

Structure calculation

Structural Materials Calculation

The left side shows the material usage and the right side shows the result of the build. The LOSS Value is calculated as the weighted sum of material waste and space unoccupied. the LOSS decreases during the optimisation process, indicating that material usage rises and space occupancy rises. ( Based on agent’s simulated annealing)

Interior

models

model

Physical model

Chapter 11: Design iterations

Term1: Project objective

Chapter 11: Design iterations

Term1: Bottom up design research

Chapter 11: Design iterations

Term1: Project proposal

- When we come to London to rent a house, there are many factors that affect how big the room is, does it have a balcony, does it have a garden?

- When we buy materials, we compare the prices. How do we get the materials we want within a certain budget? And where can we get it?

- Can we see the whole building construction process?

Chapter 11: Design iterations

Term2: Project proposal

Chapter 11: Design iterations

Term3: Project proposal

Chapter 11: Design iterations

Term1: Construction of building material

Chapter 11: Design iterations

Term1: Material re-assemble methods testing

11: Design iterations

Term2: Material re-assemble methods testing

Concrete pillar/Big stone

Chunk/Slab/Rock

Massive Large Small

Piece/Debris/Rubble

Prefabricate

Prefabricate

Carved

CONSTRUCTION

Large Concrete pillar/Big stone Massive

Small Chunk/Slab/Rock

Piece/Debris/Rubble

USED IN WALLS/ROOFS

Will

Carved

Prefabricate

Use other

No

Like

What

Use Small

Process

Brick/Clay/Tile/Stick/Wasted

Other

Steel/Components

Process

Chapter 11: Design iterations

Term3: Material re-assemble methods testing

Required Materials:

Flame: Timber, Steel, Reversible Joint.

Subject: Massive/Large Concrete/ Stone.

Filler: Small concrete/stone ,Brink/Clay/Tile, Stick.

Measure:

1. build the frame from wood or steel (combined with joints)

2. Transporting materials from the platform to the site

3. Build the foundation with massive/large stones.

4. fill the obvious gaps in the first layer with fillers.

5. Place a second layer and add filler to the remaining seam between the first and second layers.

6. Use the hammer to embed the filler.

7. Process the materials of inappropriate dimensions on site

8. Follow this step by step stacking of materials.

Required Materials:

Flame: Timber, Steel, Reversible Joint.

Subject: Steel/Components.

Filler: Timber, Concrete/Stone.

Measure:

1. Building the base frame with fillers.

2. Place components in wall.

3. Processing some out-of-spec materials.

4. Fill in other materials around the component

Term3: Material market value

Design iterations

Term2: Demolition Policy

Government-led

Dismantle the building Materials enter into platform

Establish the ID cards of materials

Public buildings

Assessing the reusability of materials

Getting materials from dismantled buildings

Affordable housings

Demolition Policy

Private-offer

Dismantle the building

Enter materials into platform

Residents choose materials to purcase in platform

Collect materials for new constrution

Construction policy

Residents get material stcock right by pro viding materials to construct

1.Exchange of material stocks for house price reduction.Buying more material stocks will cut the amount of monthly rent they pay.(Max 25%)

2.Monthly rent can be used as part of the full payment for their house

Residents get housing benefits under shared ownership

Constrution for public buildings

Negotiated construction for housings

Private home and buildings

Get the amount of material corresponding to the property right

Establish the ID cards of materials

Collecting materials in platform

Using materials they already have Government-led Government-led

Residents get material stock right by providing materials to construct

1.Exchange of material stocks for house price reduction.Buying more material stocks will cut the amount of monthly rent they pay.(Max 25%)

2.Monthly rent can be used as part of the full payment for their house.

Residents get housing benefits under shared ownership

Selective demolition

Purcasing materials from individuals in platform

Collecting materials through fundraising Using materials they already have

Negotiated construction construction Government-led

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