Effect of acrylamide on the stomach, cerebellum, and testis in albino rat

Page 1

Effect of Acrylamide on Stomach, Cerebellum and Testis of the Albino Rat THESIS Submitted for the Partial Fulfillment of the M.D. Degree in Anatomy Presented by

Hesham Noaman Abdel Raheem Mustafa M.B., B.Ch. & M.Sc. of Anatomy Assistant lecturer of the Anatomy Supervised by

Professor Dr. Kariman Mohammed El-Gohari Professor of Anatomy Head of Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University

Professor Dr. Ezz El-Deen Helmy Helaeil Professor of Anatomy Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University

Dr. Hassan Mostafa Serry Assistant Professor of Anatomy Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University

Dr. Shahira Samir Zaki Assistant Professor of Anatomy Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University Faculty of Medicine Ain Shams University 2005


Introduction Acrylamide is a white, odorless chemical substance (C3H5NO) with MW (71.08), used in Mining industry and in Water treatment (Murray and Seger, 1994). Recently, it has been reported that acrylamide monomer may form in certain foods cooked at high temperatures, the highest concentrations of acrylamide have been identified in potato chips, French fries and grain-based foods that are cooked at very high temperatures during frying, grilling or baking (Tareke et al. 2002). In that respect, the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment stated in a December 10, 2002, press release that the acrylamide content rises suddenly in French fries, from approximately 300 micrograms per kilogram at 175 degrees Celsius (347 degrees Fahrenheit) to 1,100 micrograms per kilogram at 180 degrees Celsius (356 degrees Fahrenheit). Acrylamide is thought to form in food principally from the interaction of the amino acid asparagines with glucose or other carbohydrates (Bachmann et al. 1992). Acrylamide is thought to produce cancer in animals and its presence in some foods may harm people’s health. Moreover, at low levels, acrylamide is a potent neurotoxin affecting both central and peripheral nervous systems (DeRojas and Goldstein, 1987). Chronic oral exposure to acrylamide in humans has resulted in nerve damage accompanied by weakness and


numbness in the extremities. Moreover, the acute inhalation of acrylamide may cause central and peripheral nervous system damage resulting in symptoms ranging from drowsiness to hallucinations. In addition, the chronic dermal exposure to acrylamide may cause a rash (U.S. EPA, 1994). In addition, acrylamide affects the reproductive function in rats, as it appears to cause testicular atrophy and produces both a decreased sperm count and an increase in abnormal sperm morphology (Sakamoto, J. and Hashimoto, K. 1986). Moreover, hepatoxicity is reported following acute ingestion of acrylamide (Donovan and Pearson, 1987; Shelly, 1996). In addition, transient impairment in renal function has been reported following acute ingestion (Shelly, 1996). Using chronic dosing schedules, it has been observed that cumulative oral doses of 500-600 mg/kg using daily doses of 2550 mg/kg/day are required to produce ataxia in rats, dogs and baboons (McCollister et al., 1964; Hopkins, 1970; Thomann et al., 1974). Smaller daily doses do not produce a clinical effect until a larger cumulative dose is attained; Fullerton and Barnes (1966) observed that administration of acrylamide at daily doses of 6 to 9 mg/kg did not produce evidence of neurotoxicity in rats until a cumulative dose of 1200 to 1800 mg/kg was attained.


Aim of the Study: The present study aims at exploring the harmful effects of acrylamide on the structure of the stomach, cerebellum and testis in the albino rat, in an attempt to clarify its potential risk on the human health.


Material and Methods: Thirty adult male albino rats will be divided into two main groups. Group I will receive parentral acrylamide while Group II will receive oral acrylamide in the drinking water. Each group will be subdivided into three subgroups, 5 animals each, as follows: A- The parental Group I:  Subgroup 1, the controls, will be injected with intraperitoneal saline.  Subgroup 2, will receive intraperitoneal injections of acrylamide in a dose of 5 mg/kg.  Subgroup 3 will receive intraperitoneal injections of acrylamide in a dose of 1000 mg/kg. All animals will be injected once daily for 10 successive days. B- The oral Group II:  Subgroup 1, the controls, will receive fresh water.  Subgroup 2, will receive 5 mg/kg body weight orally.  Subgroup 3, will receive 1000 mg/kg body weight orally. All animals will be subjected to this regimen for 10 successive days. The animals will be sacrificed at the end of the treatment period and specimens of stomach, cerebellum and testis will be processed for histological study. The procedure will be held at the Anatomy Department – Faculty of Medicine – Ain Shams University.


References: 1)

Bachmann, M., Myers, J. and Bezuidenhout, B. (1992): "Acrylamide monomer and peripheral neuropathy in chemical workers." Am. J. Ind. Med 21(2): 217-222.

2)

Donovan, J.W. and Pearson, T. (1987): Ingestion of acrylamide with severe encephalopathy, neurotoxicity and hepatotoxcity. Vet Hum Toxicol, 29: 462.

3)

DeRojas, T.C. and Goldstein, B.D. (1987): "Primary afferent terminal function following acrylamide: alterations in the dorsal root potential and reflex." Tox Appl Pharmacol 88: 175-182.

4)

Fullerton, P.M. and Barnes, J.M. (1966): Peripheral neuropathy in rats produced by acrylamide. Brit J Industr Med, 23: 210-221.

5)

Hopkins, A.P. (1970): The effect of acrylamide on the peripheral nervous system of the baboon.

J Neurol

Neurosurg Psychiatr, 33:805-816. 6)

McCollister, D., Oyen, F. and Rowe, V. (1964): "Toxicology of acrylamide." Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol 6: 172-181.

7)

Murray, L.M. and Seger, D.L. (1994): Acrylamide neurotoxicity following occupation inhalation exposure. XVI International Congress of the European Association of Poison Centres and Clinical Toxicologists, Vienna, Austria.


8)

Sakamoto, J., Hashimoto, K. (1986): Reproductive toxicity of acrylamide and related compounds in mice-effects on fertility and sperm morphology. Arch Toxicol; 59(4):201-5.

9)

Shelly, (1996): Regina vs. Calder. In: Transcript records of New Zealand High Court, Christchurch, New Zealand, March 1996.

10) Tareke, E., Rydberg, P., Karlsson, P., Eriksson, S. and Tornqvist, M. (2002): Analysis of acrylamide, a carcinogen formed in heated foodstuffs. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50:49985006. 11) Thomann, P., Koella, W.P., Krinke, G., Peterman, H., Zak, G. and Hess, R. (1974): The assessment of peripheral neurotoxicity in dogs: Comparative studies with acrylamide and clioquinol. Agent Actions, 4:47-53. 12) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1994): Drinking Water Regulations and Health Advisories.

Office of

Drinking Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.


‫المقدمة‬ ‫األكريالميد د مد د ة كيمي ئيد د ع يمد د الرائحد د‬ ‫(‪ )80.17‬وهد د تس ددت‬

‫لونهد د أب ددي‬

‫ووزنهد د الجزيئد د‬ ‫التقد د رير‬

‫فد د ص ددن ع التعد د ي و فد د مع لجد د الميد د ‪ .‬كشد د‬

‫الح يث ع أ األكريالمي‬ ‫يتكو ف بع‬ ‫ف د ش درائ البط د ط‬ ‫ح اررة ع لي‬ ‫صد ددح‬

‫األطعم أثن ء الطه‬

‫وأ أعلى كث ف م األكريالمي وج‬

‫المقلي د أواألطعم د المشددتق م د الحبددو الت د تطهددى ف د‬

‫‪ .‬ف ذلك الص‬

‫رج د‬

‫صرح المعه ال يد رال األلمد ن لتقيدي ال طدر فد بيد‬

‫ف د د ‪ 01‬يسد ددمبر ‪ 2112‬أ نسدددب األكريالمي د د تد ددز ا ف د د ش د درائ البط د د ط‬ ‫إلددى ‪0011‬‬

‫المقلي د تقر ًيب د م د ‪ 011‬ميكروج د ار لك د كيلددوج ار ف د ‪ 081‬رج د مئوي د‬ ‫ميكروج ار لك كيلوج ار ف ‪ 071‬رج مئويد ‪ .‬هدذا و يتكدو األكريالميد فد الطعد‬ ‫األمين "أسب راجينيز" والجلوكوز أو الكربوهي ار األ رى‪.‬‬

‫م ت ع بي الح م‬

‫وق ذكر التقد رير أ األكريالميد يدد‬ ‫ف بع‬

‫األطعم ق يضر بصح الند‬

‫مد األكريالميد سد عصددب فعد‬ ‫أ تع ددر‬ ‫ب لضع‬

‫الند د‬

‫‪ .‬كمد أ استنشد‬

‫فد د تلد د‬

‫األعصد د‬

‫األكريالميد يسدب‬ ‫مثد النعد‬

‫الجلد المدزم لألكريالميد‬

‫المص ددحو‬ ‫ضدر اًر ب لجهد ز‬

‫والهدالو ‪ .‬و مد ن حيد‬

‫فد ظهدور ط ًحد‬

‫جل ي ‪ .‬ب إلض ف لذلك يدثر األكريالمي على الوظي التن سلي ف ال ئ ار‬ ‫ضددمور ف د ال صددي ويددد ى إلددى نق د‬ ‫طبيعي د م د الحيوان د‬ ‫وظ ئ‬

‫المن ضد‬

‫يدددثر علددى الجهد ز العصددب المركددز والطرفد حيد‬

‫العصب المركز والطرف قد يدد ى إلدى أعد ار‬ ‫تعدر‬

‫فد الحيواند‬

‫‪ .‬عدالوة علدى ذلدك تعتبدر النسد‬

‫الم ددزم لألكريالميد د قد د يتس ددب‬

‫و الت ر فد األطد ار‬

‫أ درى يتسدب‬

‫إلدى السدرط‬

‫ووجدو‬

‫ع د الحيوان د‬

‫المنوي د ‪ .‬كم د أ التعددر‬

‫ألن يسب‬

‫المنوي د وزي د ة األشددك‬

‫ل د ع د طري د ال د يسددب‬

‫الغيددر‬

‫ضددر ار ف د‬

‫الكب و الكلى‪.‬‬ ‫هددذا وق د وجد د أ الجرع د التراكمي د ‪ 011-111‬ميلليجدد ار ‪ /‬كيلددوج ار التد د‬

‫تنتج ع تن و جرع‬

‫يومي ‪ 11-21‬ميلليج ار ‪ /‬كيلوج ار ‪ /‬يو تد ى إلى الهدز فد‬


‫و الكال‬

‫الجرذا‬

‫حتى إال إذا تسبب‬ ‫الت تتعر‬

‫الجرع‬

‫و الب بو ‪ .‬بينم ال تد‬

‫اليومي الصدغيرة إلدى أثدر علمد‬

‫ف جرع تراكمي كبيرة فق لوحظ أ السمي العصبي ف الجدرذا‬

‫لجرع يومي م األكريالمي م ‪ 0‬إلى ‪ 9‬ميلليج ار ‪ /‬كيلوج ار ال تظهر‬

‫حتى تبلغ الجرع التراكمي ‪ 0211‬إلى ‪ 0711‬ميلليج ار ‪ /‬كيلوج ار ‪.‬‬ ‫الدراسة‪:‬‬ ‫هدف ّ‬ ‫تهد د‬

‫ال ارسد د الح ليد د إلد د تقصد د اآلثد د ر الضد د رة لألكريالميد د عل ددى أنس ددج‬

‫المع د ة و الم ددي و ال صددي ف د الجددرذ األبددي‬

‫الب د لغ ف د مح ول د إليض د ح ال طددر‬

‫المحتم لألكريالمي على صح اإلنس ‪.‬‬ ‫طرق ‪:‬‬ ‫المادة وال ّ‬ ‫ّ‬

‫سيت لهذا الغدر‬

‫اسدت ا ثالثوو مد ذكدور الجدرذ األبدي‬

‫البد لغي تَق َّسد‬

‫إلى مجموعتي رئيسيتي ‪ .‬المجموع األولى سيت إعط ده األكريالمي ع طري الحق‬ ‫ف التجوي‬

‫البريتونى بينم ستتلقى المجموع الث ني األكريالميد بد ل فد ميد الشدر‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫حيوان‬

‫كد د مجموعد د ستَق َّسد د إل ددى ثالثد د مجموعد د‬

‫فرعيد د كد د منهد د مك ددو مد د‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫كم يل ‪:‬‬

‫المجموعة األولى‬ ‫‪ ‬مجموعد د د فرعيد د د ‪ " 0‬مجموعد د د ال د ددتحك "‪ :‬س د ددتحَق بمحل د ددو الملد د د فد د د التجويد د د‬ ‫البريتونى‪.‬‬

‫‪ ‬مجموع فرعي ‪ 2‬ستحَق ف التجويد‬

‫البريتدونى ب ألكريالميد بجرعد ‪ 1‬ميلليجد ار‬

‫‪ /‬كيلوج ار ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ‬مجموع د د فرعي د د ‪ 0‬سد ددتحَق ف د د التجوي د د‬ ‫ميلليج ار ‪ /‬كيلوج ار ‪.‬‬

‫البريتد ددونى ب ألكريالمي د د بجرع د د ‪011‬‬


‫‪ ‬سيت حق جميع الحيوان‬

‫يومي لم ة ‪ 01‬أي متت لي ‪.‬‬ ‫مرة ًّ‬

‫المجموعة الثانية‬ ‫‪ ‬مجموع فرعي ‪ " 0‬مجموع التحك " ستشر الم ء‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ‬مجموعد د فرعيد د ‪ 2‬س ددتتن و األكريالميد د فد د مد د ء الش ددر بجرعد د ‪ 1‬ميلليجد د ار ‪/‬‬ ‫كيلوج ار ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ‬مجموع فرعي ‪ 0‬سدتتن و األكريالميد فد مد ء الشدر بجرعد ‪ 0111‬ميلليجد ار ‪/‬‬ ‫كيلوج ار ‪.‬‬ ‫ضع لهذا النظ لم ة ‪ 01‬أي متت لي ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ك الحيوان ست َ‬ ‫س دديت التض ددحي ب لحيواند د فد د نه يد د فتد درة الع ددال ثد د تستأصد د عيند د‬ ‫المع ة و الم ي و ال صي ليت تحضيره لل راس المجهري ‪.‬‬ ‫سيت إجراء التج ر ف قس التشري – كلي الط‬

‫– ج مع عي شم ‪.‬‬

‫مد د‬


‫تأثير األكريالميد على المعدة والمخيخ‬ ‫والخصية في الجرذ األبيض‬ ‫رسالة مقدمة من‬

‫الطبيب ‪ /‬هشام نعمان عبد الرحيم مصطفى‬ ‫مدرس مساعد علم التشريح‬ ‫توطئه للحصول الجزئي على درجة الدكتوراة‬ ‫في علم التشريح‬

‫تحت ﺇشراف‬

‫األستاذ الدكتور ‪ /‬كريمان محمد عبد الفتاح الجوهري‬ ‫أستاذ ورئيس قسم علم التشريح ‪ -‬كلية الطب ‪ -‬جامعة عين شمس‬

‫األستاذ الدكتور ‪ /‬عزالدين حلمي هليل‬ ‫أستاذ علم التشريح ‪ -‬كلية الطب – جامعة عي شمس‬

‫الدكتور ‪ /‬حسن مصطفى سرى‬ ‫أستاذ مساعد علم التشريح ‪ -‬كلية الطب – جامعة عي شمس‬

‫الدكتور ‪ /‬شهيرة سمير زكى‬ ‫أستاذ مساعد علم التشريح ‪ -‬كلية الطب – جامعة عي شمس‬ ‫كلية الطب‬

‫جامعة عي شمس‬ ‫‪5002‬‬


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