Book on Wood by Himani L

WOOD HANDBOOK Wood as an Interior Material

A HANDBOOK BYHIMANI LEEKHA KIRTI AGARWAL

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S Y N OP SI S WELCOME TO THE WOOD HANDBOOK ISSUE 1 By Himani Leekha & Kirti Agarwal

A tree without roots is just a piece of wood. -Marco Pierre White

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WOOD- VERSATILE MATERIAL Wood, the principal strengthening and nutrientconducting tissue of trees and other plants and one of the most abundant and versatile natural materials. Produced by many botanical species, including both gymnosperms and angiosperms, wood is available in various colors and grain patterns. It is strong in relation to its weight, is insulating to heat and electricity, and has desirable acoustic properties. Furthermore, it imparts a feeling of “warmth” not possessed by competing materials such as metals or stone, and it is relatively easily worked. As a material, wood has been in service since humans appeared on Earth. Today, in spite of technological advancement and competition from metals, plastics, cement, and other materials, wood maintains a place in most of its traditional roles, and its serviceability is expanding through new uses.

WOOD CATEGORIES Wood-producing forest trees and other woody plants are of two categories: gymnosperms and angiosperms. Gymnosperms, or cone-bearing trees, produce softwoods, such as pine and spruce, and angiosperms produce temperate and tropical hardwoods, such as oak, beech, teak, and balsa. It should be noted that the distinction implied by hardwood and softwood is not true in all cases. Some hardwoods—e.g., balsa—are softer than some softwoods—e.g., yew.

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WOOD- INTERIOR MATERIAL Wood is used in interiors as a surface material for walls, ceilings, and floors, furniture, stairs, windows, and doors, in features and decorations, etc. The use of wood extends from small private facilities to large public social and official premises. The different colors and structures of types of wood and the different interior products made of wood such as panels, veneers, plywood, and glued laminated boards enable the use of wood in countless different ways. The use of wood is also attractive because of its ease of use. Wood products are handy in terms of their size and light to transport, simple to put up and no special expertise or tools are needed to work with them. Ready surface-treated products and complete interior systems make the use of wood easier than ever. If desired, wood can be carved, milled, or lathed into very intricate interior elements.

WOOD- MANUFACTURED BOARDS Plywood- Made by gluing layers of thin sheet wood together. Bases of drawers or boxes. Backs of cabinets and wardrobes etc. MDF- Very strong and doesn’t warp. Made from gluing and tightly compressing excess sawdust together.Furniture and toys. Blockboard-Very strong and rigid and doesn't warp. Very heavy. Made from gluing strips/blocks of wood together.Quality furniture, stage flooring, and fire doors. HighChipboard-Heavy warps easily and needs a good finish. Made by gluing and tightly compressing wood chips together.Kitchen cabinets and worktops, roofing boards.LowHardboardNot very strong warps easily and needs a good finish. Made similar to plywood.Door panels, drawer bottoms and cabinet backs.

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S Y N OP SI S

Wood is universally beautiful to man. It is the most humanly intimate of all materials. -Frank Lloyd Wright

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S C O P E OF STU DY

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We are proud to present this edition of wood handbook-wood used in interior spaces, prepared and updated to include fascinating new developments in the use of wood utilization. This handbook is intended to serve as a primary reference on the use of wood in various applications-from general construction to its use in decorative purposes. The information that resulted from many of the scientific researches and experiments on wood, sellers from companies are the primary source of the information. Existing interior designers and architects, content makers are the other sources. Continuing research holds promise for wider and more efficient utilization of the material in an increasing number of applications

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The study has potential limitations.

L I MI TATI ON S

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Wood is a plant part having multipurpose uses that are impossible to deny and difficult to note all in our daily life. From ancient times wood is used by humans and this continuation still remains in modern civilization. It is used for Construction and Fencing, Utensils, Hand Tools, Art Industry, Sports Equipment, Commercial Uses, Interior & exterior spaces. Please note the book study is limited to only the interior aspect of wood material and the whole study serves the purpose for the same.

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T AB L E OF CON T E N T S

12 INTRODUCTION - HISTORY & EVOLUTION

26 MANUFACTURING PROCESS AND DETAILS

32 MATERIAL ITERATIONS

37 VENDORS & USP

MATERIAL APPLICATION

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Introduction

History

Evolution

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Introduction Wood has been used and adapted by humans since the earliest recognition that they could make use of the materials they found around them. As they used it to meet the varying array of human needs, in peace and in war, in farming and in industry, people gradually came to understand something of the unique nature of wood. Its properties were first understood by experience, more recently by systematic research and refined observation. Wood is still essential to human life but has evolved over the ages from a simple, readily available natural material to a modern industrial and engineering material, with a unique ability to contribute to human life both as a material for use and as a key element in the natural world of the forest.

History The tree and its wood have played a prominent role in human life throughout history. Wood has been one of our most important building materials from early Paleolithic times, both for building and for the manufacture of tools, weapons, and furniture. From the earliest times, the use of wood involved consideration of quality, cost, and availability, as well as the intended use of the product.

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Short Timeline Ancient Egyptians (3100 B.C.)

Ancient Chinese

Ancient Japan

Near East

Romans

Middle Ages

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From the tenth to the eighteenth centuries in Europe, wood was the material primarily used for buildings, tools, machines, mills, carts, buckets, shoes, furniture, and barrels, to name just a few of the thousands of kinds of wood products of the time

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TIMBER IS GENERAL NAME FOR WOOD MATERIALS

T Y P E S OF W O O D U SE D I N I N TE R I OR S

HARDWOOD

SOFTWOOD

MANUFACTURED BOARD

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HARDWOOD Coming from the slow growing and broad-leaved trees, the material tends to come out denser than other alternatives. This gives it its higher durability and darker color.

(L-R): Mahogany, Oak, Ash, Maple

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MAHOGANY USES

With variable colors ranging from medium brown to deep red, Mahogany is a traditional and versatile type of wood. It is also expensive, and its color varies according to its age. USES- MANUFACTURING OF FINE FURNITURE, CARVED WITH INTRICATE DETAILS

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OAK USES

All oak species are strong, hard, heavy and dense with very close grain and, due to their high tannin content, they are very resistant to insect and fungal infestations. USES: OAK IS COMMONLY USED FOR FURNITURE, JOINERY, FLOORING, PANELLING, DECKING AND VENEERS.

ASH USES

With its flexible properties, Ash is mostly used for bent pieces of furniture, such as chairs with curved backrests. You can identify Ash with its light brown color and straight grain. USES: FURNITURE, FLOORING, DOORS, CABINETRY, ARCHITECTURAL MOULDING AND MILLWORK, TOOL HANDLES, BASEBALL BATS, HOCKEY STICKS, OARS, TURNINGS, AND IS ALSO SLICED FOR VENEER. IT IS A POPULAR SPECIES FOR FOOD CONTAINERS DUE TO THE WOOD HAVING NO TASTE. लकड़ी-March 2021 ISSUE

MAPLE USES

Known for being stronger and heavier than others, Maple wood could withstand years of wear and tear. This is also partly because Maple is moisture-resistant. Naturally, Maple is pale in color with natural swirls and twists in its grain. However, it accepts any type of stain or paints, making it easy to modify its appearance. USES: HIGH-END FURNITURE, FLOORING, CABINETRY, AND KITCHEN ACCESSORIES. BECAUSE OF ITS DURABILITY AND STRENGTH, MAPLE CAN BE FOUND USED AS FLOORING IN BOWLING ALLEYS AND FOR BOWLING PINS.

SOFTWOOD Softwood trees grow much quicker than the hardwood ones, they are therefore cheaper to buy and far more available Softwood is usedbuy and far more available. Softwood is used for construction of houses and furniture, and outdoor uses such as fencing. The term softwood does not mean that the timber is soft as pitch pine is one of the most timber is soft , as pitch pine is one of the most difficult timbers to work with

(L-R): Pine, Cedar, Redwood, Fir

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PINE USES

With its pale finish, Pine is great for staining and blends well with other woods. These properties make easily fit in with existing furniture and materials. Also, it is lightweight and very affordable. USES-MANUFACTURING AND CARPENTRY AND IN THE FORM OF FLOORING, WINDOWS, FURNITURE AND SO ON.

CEDAR USES

Known mostly for its aesthetics, Cedar gives a crisp rich feel. Besides its tonal properties, Cedar is pitch and resin-free which makes it ideal for indoor and outdoor architectural finishes. Other types of softwood to check include Spruce, Fir, and Larch. USES: WOOD SHINGLES, WHICH ARE TAPERED PIECES OF WOOD THAT CLAD ROOFS AND WALLS TO PROTECT THEM FROM HARSH WEATHER. .

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REDWOOD USES

The ability of redwood to withstand exposure to moisture renders it perfect for outdoor applications. This softwood is a favourite for high-quality and delicate products like organs and artwork. USES: VENEER, CONSTRUCTION LUMBER, BEAMS, POSTS, DECKING, EXTERIOR FURNITURE, AND TRIM. ALSO USED IN TURNING, MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, AND OTHER SMALL SPECIALTY ITEMS.

FIR USES

It’s also known for Christmas trees. After processing, fir turns into pulp, which is then used for OSB and plywood. It’s moderately costly, meaning that it can be used for many other applications. The grain of the fir tree is straight and pronounced, which is why painting is more suitable for fir products. Compared to most softwoods, fir is harder and stronger. USES: HEAVY STRUCTURAL PURPOSES LIKE POST AND BEAM CONSTRUCTION. IT IS ALSO A PREFERRED CHOICE FOR GLUE LAMINATED BEAMS (GLULAM), DOORS, GENERAL MILLWORK, ETC. लकड़ी-March 2021 ISSUE

MANUFACTURED BOARDS manmade boards, which are made by gluing wood layers or wood fibers together. Examples of manufactured boards are: Plywood is a widely used manufactured timber plywood is a widely used manufactured timber.

VEENER

LAMINATES

PLYWOOD FIBER BOARD 32

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BATTEN BOARDS

PARTICLE BOARD

Where is Veener used? Wall Panels: Remarkably durable and moisture resistant, which makes it an ideal choice for wood panels. Ceilings and Walls: veneer sheets help customize the interiors of your property to fit the style and decor. Whether you want a minimalistic or luxurious ambience, wood veneers can help you manifest your vision to perfection. Furniture: Chairs, tables, dressers and other furniture pieces can be easily given a new and unique appeal with engineered wood veneers.

Cabinets: With wood veneers, engineered oak veneers and other, more exotic wood types available, the cabinets can look truly unique and stylish. Artwork: Engineered wood veneers are quite agile and easy to work with, which makes them ideal for decorative artwork. Wrap Up: Engineered wood veneer sheets, coupled with fine craftsmanship and skills, can transform your property. From ceilings to furniture, engineered wood veneer sheets have an array of applications that can help you protect and beautify your living spaces. लकड़ी-March 2021 ISSUE

Where is Plywood used? Exterior Wall Sheathing Plywood panels are used to fastened to each stud together to add strength and prevent vertical or horizontal shifting, keeping the frames structure intact and square. Interior Walls: Certain types of plywood are good for wood paneling or framing interior stud walls. In most cases, the plywood will not be visible for the final finish however, some highly finished Agraded plywoods are very good for facing inwards and can painted or stained to give a stunning natural wood finish. Roofing and Flooring: On floors, plywood panels may include tongue-and-groove edges that slot together to allow them to carry the required load without shifting or movement whilst on roofs, they can act as a very durable and suitable skin prior to laying tiles, metal or a membrane.

Interior PlywoodFlooring, Ceiling,wall panelling Used in custom built dressers, wardrobes, built in media centres, shelves, bookcases, console tables Great for making cabinet carcasses for kitchens, bedrooms and more Exterior plywoodWalls Outdoor floorings Roof linings Stables

Mar i n e P l ywoodD ocks B oat s

Structural plywoodBeams Internal Structures Subfloors Shipping Crates Wall bracing Roof bracing लकड़ी-March 2021 ISSUE

LAMINATES TYPES & USES Decorative laminates – These have greater aesthetic appeal in terms of finishes and patterns. Decorative laminates can be used for doing ornamental overlays on furniture. And there are so many to choose from as well! Take a look at some of the popular decorative laminates. Industrial laminates – These have higher strength and are more resistant to wear and tear. They include high-performance laminates which are fire retardant, antibacterial and chemical resistant for application in hospitals and other industries. Compact laminates – These fairly thick ones are selfsupporting and do not need to be glued to any other material. Post formed laminates – These flexible versions are thinner than regular laminates. They are used to wrap around tables, columns etc. High-pressure and low-pressure laminates – Differing only in the pressure with which the laminate is applied on a substrate, HPL is usually used with plywood while LPL finds its use with MDF.

BOARDS IN WOOD

Blockboard

High Pressure (HPL)

Blockboard is a kind of engineered compound plywood

HPL is a real performer, making it a product that can be

board. It is used for various purposes.Followings are the main uses of blockboard. For shelving such as long book sheve , worktops as heavier structure.

used for both horizontal and vertical applications. USES: HPL board is usually made as the materials of toilet cubicle, lockers, wall

For furniture making such as table, bench,bed etc.

cladding, table top and bench.

For window, door shutter,flush door.

Because it is waterproof, fireproof, moisture proof

Block board does not slag in the middle or does not bend easily, so it is a choice for carpenters. For making wall furniture.

impact proof and longlasting color, which makes it durable enough to be used for a long term.

For wall panels, partition. लकड़ी-March 2021 ISSUE

Melamine [LPL] vs. High Pressure Laminate [HPL] — What’s The Difference?! HPL HPL is a real performer, making it a product that can be used for both horizontal and vertical applications. High Pressure Laminate is often used in both commercial and residential projects as benchtops, vanity tops, tables, counters and more. Because of how HPL is made, it has a higher level of impact resistance than LPL products, making it great for high traffic areas.

MPL Melamine is a product best suited for vertical, low impact or low wear applications. This product is great for store fixtures, office furniture, shelves, entertainment centers and more. This is where a large comparison between the two products is drawn, in that HPL performs well horizontally, whist it is often suggested to not use melamine for horizontal applications.

FIBERBOARDS High Density High Moisture Resistance (HDHMR) Medium Density Fiber Board (MDF)

High Density Fiber Board (HDF)

Medium Density Fiber Board (MDF): Medium density fiberboard, or MDF, is a manufactured product composed of wood fibers mixed with resin and wax, and pressed into flat panels under high temperatures and pressure. It is used as a building material in residential and commercial buildings.

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FIBERBOARDS High Density High Moisture Resistance (HDHMR) Medium Density Fiber Board (MDF)

High Density Fiber Board (HDF): HDF is an engineered wood product that is manufactured by hot pressing wood fibers that are extracted from waste chips or wood pulp, and binding them into a board at very high pressure using synthetic resins and binders.

High Density Fiber Board (HDF)

FIBERBOARDS High Density High Moisture Resistance (HDHMR) Medium Density Fiber Board (MDF)

High Density Fiber Board (HDF)

High Density High Moisture Resistance (HDHMR): HDHMR stands for High Density High Moisture Resistance. It is basically an upgraded term of plywood, used to develop tough and robust wooden usage. Explaining the definition, HDHMR board is made by combining fiber chips, forest wood waste through a homogeneously construction process. These fiber chips are pressed together to form a single layer, removing small wood content to form a robust higher density board. These boards are mainly used where moisture and mould wooden boards are required like kitchen shutters, packing industry furniture, outdoor fixture, etc.

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Manufacturing Process

ManufactureInitial Stage 1. Felling of Trees 2. Seasoning of Wood 3. Conversion of Timber 4. Preservation of Timber.

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Felling of Trees To get timber, the trees are knocked down or cut down, or caused to fall to the ground. This is known as the felling of trees. The important facts to be remembered in connection with the felling of trees are as follows: (i) Age of Trees for Felling: The trees should be felled when they have just matured or when they are very near to maturity. If they are felled before they have attained maturity, the sap wood would be in excess and timber obtained from such trees would not be durable and it will be in less quantity. On the other hand, it is also not desirable to fell trees after they have fully matured as heart wood starts decaying after maturity. The age of good trees for felling varies from 50 to 100 years. (ii) Method of Felling: The trees should be felled by experienced persons. The tree should be cut from a place a little above its roots and very near to the ground level. Such a practice would help in getting more timber from the trunk of tree.

Seasoning of Wood To get timber, the trees are knocked down or cut down, or caused to fall to the ground. This is known as the felling of trees. The important facts to be remembered in connection with the felling of trees are as follows: Meaning of Seasoning: When a tree is newly felled, it contains about 50 percent or more of its own dry weight as water. This water is in the form of sap and moisture. The water is to be removed before the timber can be used for any engineering purpose. In other words, the timber is to be dried. This process of drying of timber is known as the seasoning of timber and the moisture should be extracted during seasoning under controlled conditions as nearly as possible at a uniform rate from all parts of the timber. Other things to be considered: It should also be seen during seasoning that the remaining moisture, which cannot be extracted, is uniformly distributed throughout the mass. If the drying is irregular, the shrinkage of timber will also be irregular and it will set up internal stresses between the fibres. When these stresses become excessive and are capable of overcoming the cohesion of fibres, the timber warps and the shakes are formed. The wood is a hygroscopic material. The capacity of wood to absorb water vapours from air is called the hygroscopicity of wood. The dry wood absorbs moisture from the surrounding air. Now, the air humidity is not constant and hence the wood moisture content also varies accordingly. The fluctuations in wood moisture content from zero to the fibre saturation point cause corresponding volume changes in wood leading to cracking, warping, swelling and shrinkage of the wood.

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TYPES OF SEASONING: NATURAL ARTIFICAL

Methods of Seasoning

i. Natural Seasoning: In this method, the seasoning of timber is carried out by natural air, and hence it is also sometimes referred to as air seasoning.

ADVANTAGES. This method of seasoning timber is cheap and simple. It does not require skilled supervision.

DISADVANTAGES. As the process depends on the natural air, it sometimes becomes difficult to control it. The drying of different surfaces may not be even and uniform.

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Methods of Seasoning

i. Artificial Seasoning: the various methods of artificial seasoning are as follows:

(a) Boiling: In this method of artificial seasoning, the timber is immersed in water and water is then boiled. This is a very quick method. The timber is thus boiled with water for about three to four hours. It is then dried very slowly under a shed. The periods of seasoning and shrinkage are reduced by this method, but it affects the elasticity and strength of wood. In place of boiling water, the timber may be exposed to the action of hot steam. This method of seasoning proves to be costly.

(b) Chemical Seasoning: This is also known as the salt seasoning. In this method, the timber is immersed in a solution of suitable salt. It is then taken out and seasoned in the ordinary way. The interior surface of timber dries in advance of exterior one and chances of formation of external cracks are reduced.

(c) Electrical Seasoning: In this method, the use is made of high frequency alternating currents. The timber, when it is green, offers less resistance to the flow of electric current. The resistance increases as the wood dries internally which also results in the production of heat. This is the most rapid method of seasoning. But the initial and maintenance costs are so high that it becomes uneconomical to season timber on commercial base by this method.

(d) Kiln Seasoning: In this method, the drying of timber is carried out inside an airtight chamber or oven.

Conversion of Wood The process by which timber is cut and sawn into suitable sections is known as the conversion. For this purpose, the power machines may be employed at different stages of process. Following important facts in connection with the conversion of timber is to be remembered: (i) The conversion is a skilled art and it should be carried out in such a way that there is minimum wastage of useful timber. (ii) The allowance should be made for shrinkage, squaring, and planning. It is about 3 mm to 6 mm. (iii) The wooden beams should be sawn in such a way that they do not contain pith in their cross-section. To achieve this, the timber is first sawn through pith into two halves. (iv) To obtain strong timber pieces, the saw cuts should be made tangential to the annual rings and practically parallel to the direction of medullary rays. (v) The conversion may be achieved either by ordinary sawing, quarter sawing, tangential sawing, or radial sawing

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Preservation of Wood The preservation of timber is carried out to achieve the following three objects: (i) To increase the life of timber structures, (ii) To make the timber structures durable, and (iii) To protect the timber structures from the attack of destroying agencies such as fungi, insects, etc. Requirements of a Good Preservative: Following are the requirements of a good preservative: (i) It should allow decorative treatment on timber after being applied over timber surface. (ii) It should be capable of covering a large area in a small quantity. (iii) It should be cheap and easily available. (iv) It should be durable and should not be affected by light, heat, etc. (v) It should be free from unpleasant smell. (vi) It should be non-inflammable. (

ManufactureInterior Aspects

Since the book covers the Interior aspect of wood, the manufacturing process will be taken into consideration only that of Interiors. लकड़ी-March 2021 ISSUE

ManufactureInterior Aspects Include: Wooden Floors Wooden Panelling Wooden ceilings Doors and stairs Furniture Lighting Decoration

Man-made Wood used in Interiors: Plywood BlockBoard PineBoard Chipboard Medium Density Fiberboard Hardboard

Hardwood the hardwoods of the world exhibit a dazzling array of endgrain patterns and intricate motifs; and it’s in this complexity that the challenge (and joy) of wood identification really comes alive.

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Softwood

Hardwood vs. Softwood— What’s The Difference?!

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Veener The manufacturing of wood veneer includes all the processes from the time when the tree log enters the yard to the time when veneer sheets are packed and ready to be transported. The image below explains the entire manufacturing process of wood veneer in a simplified manner.

ADVANTAGES They provide a natural tooth appearance. Porcelain veneers are stain resistant. It strengthens the property and protects it against any unnecessary damage They generally don't require as much shaping as crowns do, yet they are stronger and look better. Natural veneers are eco-friendly. They are recyclable hence do not need to be disposed of after use. Natural veneers constitute the best way to utilize wood. They merely require a thin wood layer to make the desired furniture.

DISADVANTAGES Permanent but you’ll need to replace them if they crack or become damaged More expensive Require maintenance and care as prone to scratches

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Plywood Plywood is made of three or more thin layers of wood bonded together with an adhesive.

ADVANTAGES Insulation material: plywood does have the function of insulation, serving as insulation for fog, high humidity, respectively. It may have a strong thermal as well as sound insulation property. Strength: Plywood may hold large items quickly. As these are pressed on top of each other with alternate grains,it makes loading smoother for all areas of Plywood. Flexibility: As that of a designed component, it can be changed to any desired form as per consumer requirements. It can be quickly changed to take any part of the construction There have been various forms of Plywood Softwood Ply wood, Hardwood Ply wood, Aircraft Ply wood, Decorative Ply wood, Flexible Ply wood, Marine Ply wood. Density Ply wood = 500 to 650 Kg/m3

DISADVANTAGES Plywood is found to release Volatile Organic Compounds. Plywood gets thick in contact with the water and therefore should be shielded when left outdoors to eliminate the occurrence of absorption.

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Laminates Laminate flooring is manufactured with a layered construction using numerous layers pressed together, creating a wood-look floor. The lamination process uses heat and high pressure to fuse the materials together, resulting in a solid piece of flooring.

Bloackboard Block board is made up of a core of softwood strips. The strips are placed edge to edge and sandwiched between veneers of hardwood.

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ADVANTAGES Block boards are lighter in weight- it can be more easily transported to the end-location, reducing transportation cost. Cost less as compared with good quality wood such as hardwood and plywood. Easy to work and handle- As the interior is solid wood strip, the requirements for processing equipment not high, convenient for on-site construction. Have more strength and durability as compared to MDF and particle boards, show stability in humid environment, have moisture resistance. Holds srew, use less glue, eco-friendly. Flat surface, uniform color, with beautiful texture wood veneer. Has a strong vertical load bearing capacity.

DISADVANTAGES Block boards are not as strong as plywood or good quality solid wood, Screwing and nailing must be done carefully. If small gaps are left inside the core, then block boards may be difficult to handle. It is difficult to distinguish the quality of the wood core inside between two boards. Block board has poor load-bearing bending strength.

MDF Medium-density fibreboard (MDF) is an engineered wood product made by breaking down hardwood or softwood residuals into wood fibers, often in a defibrator, combining it with wax and a resin binder, and forming panels by applying high temperature and pressure.

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ADVANTAGES MDF is hard to flex or crack. Although MDF is technically made out of wood, its structure is absolutely different. MDF is more affordable and easier to supply. Generally, MDF boards come at a lower price than natural wood. MDF is easier to paint and seal. MDF is BEST for cabinetry.

DISADVANTAGES Engineered wood is easy to damage. One of the main differences between solid and engineered wood is the surface. MDF is heavier. MDF is vulnerable to extreme heat as engineered wood is made out of wax and/or resin-like compounds. MDF can’t support too much weight.

WOOD POLISHES

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W H Y W O O D P O LISH ? T he wood poli s h a n d fi n i s h prot e ct t he woode n s u r fa ce s from moi s t u re , humi di t y, U V r a ys of t he s un , a n d ot he r a dve r s e a g e n t s . T he y ma y a ls o a dd ri ch, g los s y, lux ur i ou s , a n d s hi n y fe e l t o t he s ur fa ce of t he wood. Poli s h a n d fi n i s h ma y s a n i t i z e t he woode n s u r fa ce a s we ll, a s i t ca n clos e t he por e s of t he word t ha t ca n ha r b or b a ct e r i a . Be ca u s e a wood poli s h fi n i s h ma y a ls o a ffe ct t he prope rt y of t he wood i t s e lf, i t ma y b e u s e d for fun ct i on a li t y a n d fe a t ure re la t e d b e n e fi t s a s we ll. Such us e of wood poli s h ca n b e s e e n i n mus i ca l i t e ms ( t o b r i n g i n t on a l i mprove me n t s ) or i n floor i n g . T he di ffe r e n t wood fi n i s he s ma y e ve n ha ve mor e s pe ci fi c us e s .

What are the different types of polish finishes for wood? Surface wooden finish- This polish does not penetrate inside the wood. However, it leaves a strong, hard, and thick layer on the surface of the wood. Therefore, the harmful or adverse agents including moisture will not come in direct contact of the wooden surface. This buffering layer may consist of lacquer, wax, varnish, polyurethane, and shellac among others. Penetrating wooden finish- It is an oilbased substance that penetrates inside the surface and composition of the wood. The penetrating wood polishes including linseed oil or tung oil among others. These oils may penetrate inside the surface of the wood and harden. Application of these penetrating finishes is convenient and easy.

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E S S E NTI AL WOOD P OL I S HE S

Water Based Wood Polish The wat er-bas ed wood pol i s h and f i ni s h can be us ed on di f f erent ki nds of wood s urf aces , i ncl udi ng t he pai nt ed, bare, and s t ai ned s urf aces . The f i ni s h does not requi re a yel l ow col or over a peri od of t i me t hat t he oi l bas ed pol i s h/ f i ni s h does . The decorat i ve wood i t ems , handi craf t s , and art i cl es can us e t hi s f i ni s h t hat provi des f or an el egant l ook, whi ch does not det eri orat e over a peri od of t i me.

E S S E NTI AL WOOD P OL I S HE S

Lacquer finish repair on wood furniture Lacquer Wood PolishThe lacquer finishes are considered one of the best varieties of wood polish. The finish provides for better surface protection and also dries up faster. Makes the wood more durable, and add richness and good looks to it. Is also easy to remove, and a new and some other polish and finish can be applied to the wooden surface whenever desired. The lacquer finish dries up quickly and hence spraying may be the best option for the application. लकड़ी-March 2021 ISSUE

E S S E NTI AL WOOD P OL I S HE S Polyurethane Polish The polyurethane wood finish is considered to be ideal for the kitchen cabinets, cupboards, doors, windows and almost all kinds of furniture and even the flooring because of its waterresistant properties. Used for adding sheen, gloss, shine, and even the satin and natural aesthetics and appearance to the wood.

Varnish Polish

PU Finish

It is a process done to provide a clear transparent layer or film over the surface. Varnish has very little or no color and has no added pigment, unlike paint. The warmest wood finish varnish can be applied to both stained and bare wood.

Shellic Polish It also acts as a stain remover and sealer and therefore is also used on the dry walls and on the cured plaster. One disadvantage of the shellac finish is that is cannot resist moisture. Therefore, the application of this finish on the outdoor furniture and other wooden items is not recommended.

Varnish Finish

Shellic Finish

WHI CH P OL I S H TO US E ? Dr y t o Touc h: Whi l e oi l -bas ed pol yuret hane requi res 4 hours t o dry t o t ouch, rest of t he f i ni s hes are much f ast er: Lacquer ( 30 mi n. ) Shel l ac ( 1 hr. ) Wat er-based pol y ( 2 hours ) Easy t o Appl y: If you want t o ens ure no brush marks and an even f i ni s h, oi l -based pol y i s your bes t bet — i t sel f -l evel s, correct i ng i nconsi st enci es i n your appl i cat i on. Lacquer i s even more f orgi vi ng, l et t i ng you ski p s andi ng and hol ef i l l i ng al t oget her. Easy t o Cl ean: Al l f i ni shes are eas y t o cl ean, however, wat er-bas ed pol y i s best out of t hes e as i t can be washed of f wi t h j us t s oap and wat er. Be st f or a Gol de n Gl ow: Oi l -based pol y and shel l ac bri ng out t he warmt h and beaut y of nat ural wood. Be st f or Ul t r a-Cl e ar Fi ni sh: Lacquer i s t he best choi ce f or l eavi ng t he desi red col or exact l y as i s —becaus e of i t s hi gh cl ari t y. Wat er-bas ed pol y i s t he second-bes t opt i on. Most Dur abl e: PU st ands up bes t t o scuf f s, scrat ches and wear.

लकड़ी-March 2021 ISSUE

WOOD

Material Iterations

Wood is a much-loved building material. It has been used for many years in the construction of houses and other buildings. These strengths in combination with the warm appearance of wood make it the perfect material for decorating an interior. Wood can be used in a variety of ways in an interior…

लकड़ी-March 2021 ISSUE

WOOD ITERATIONS Fencing and decorating gardens: Wood is used in the fencing and decorating of gardens as it makes it look the whole garden open and still protected. It’s easy to build or constrict in the garden and it makes absolute sense.

Used in producing furniture: Our chairs, tables, shelves, and others are all constructed with wood and still designed. If there is no wood, there would be no furniture in our homes.

WOOD ITERATIONS Used in creating art: Wood is used in the creating and designing of all artrelated stuff. That includes sculptures, carvings, and art frames that we place in our home. There is no better way of creating innovative art designs that you wouldn’t use wood.

Used as insulation: Wood is a better insulator than most equipment because of its nature. It is used to measure the insulation properties of building materials. It has this ability due to the air pocket within its air structure.

WOOD ITERATIONS Used for heating: Wood is a good source of energy when used with fuel. It can be used for heating in the forest as a campfire. It can also be used in an indoor furnace to keep the rooms warm to avoid cold.

Used to make most kitchen utensils: Most kitchen utensils are made of wood because of its insulating ability. The handles of the kitchen utensils, when made with wood, would prove to be of better handling as people wouldn’t be scared of getting hurt due to the hotness of the handles.

लकड़ी-March 2021 ISSUE

Wood & Wood working: Fun Facts

The Mahogany wood holds a regal stature worldwide. It is a fine wood, solid, glues perfectly and is aesthetically appealing. However, there’s a scarcity of this wood all over the world.

The dovetail joint, used so frequently now, dates back to ancient Egypt, found in the tombs of mummies of the first dynasty. Known for their resilience and can be used to join pieces of furniture without any mechanical fasteners.

Timber is a wood or a tree grown specifically for carpentry and construction. It is carbonnegative so it’s eco-friendly. Over 70% of the world’s population lives in timber housing.

Ebony is the blackest wood in the world and Holly is the whitest wood in the world.

The oldest bookcase in the world is in the Bodleian Library at Oxford University!

Your typical sofa lasts nearly 8 years or 2,958 days. If you plan on reselling your property later, then don’t forget the greenery. Well-groomed trees increase the resale value of a space by 14 to 27%.

Great Wood Buildings Fogo Island Inn, Fogo Island, Canada, Saunders Architecture, 2013. The timber hotel was inspired by the simple silhouettes of local cottages and stilted seaside properties.

Office Off, Burgenland, Austria, heri & salli, 2013. The timber grid that wraps around the structure conveniently doubles as an abseiling tower.

Fireplace for Children, Trondheim, Norway, Haugen/Zohar Arkitekter, 2010. igloo-like construct with materials left over from a nearby construction site

Volga House, Tverskaya, Russia, Peter Kostelov, 2009. This boxy country house on the banks of the Volga river in Tverskaya, Russia, is clad in wood panels that are angled in seven distinct ways.

Barn B at Mason Lane Farm, Goshen, KY, USA, De Leon & Primmer Architecture Workshop, 2009. Crafted from locally grown bamboo, the structure is used for seasonal crop storage, and the airy construction allows for plenty of natural ventilation.

Knarvik Community Church, Knarvik, Norway, Reiulf Ramstad Arkitekter, 2014. constructed with mottled pine heartwood, which comes from the center of a branch or trunk and is known for its durability.

लकड़ी-March 2021 ISSUE

Iconic Designers

"Although designers now have many innovative materials available, wood still attracts and inspires them."

PIET HEIN EEK

Many of the unusually laborious wooden designs of Pieta Heina Eeka look like carefully arranged mosaics, puzzles, like patchwork patchwork hours.

Christophe Delcourt combines raw, natural materials and elegant forms. His ambition is to create furniture that is a long-term investment, a companion for life.

CHRISTOPHE DELCOURT

ALCAROL

Keep natural materials in the same shape as the one in which we meet them in our environment and transform them into unique design objects – this is Alcarol’s goal.

Johannes Hemann gives wood to various processes, inspired by elements – burns, flexes and compresses under extreme pressure.

JOHANNES HEMANN

JOHN ERIC BYERS

The student of the outstanding sculptor and creator of the Wendell Castle furniture combines simple, monumental forms with extremely haptic structures obtained by scrupulous carving.

Vendor Research

Hardwood & Softwood Flooring

Action TESA has many accomplishments to its name. The company has also added to the country DOME Technology unusual to its products. PRICE: Rs. 80 per Sq.ft.

Pergo today Today the brand is synonymous with beautiful, practical flooring – a tradition rooted in “The Story of Laminate”. This story began with an idea about creating beautiful floors durable enough to handle the real challenges of everyday life and still look great after years of use. PRICE: Rs. 300-700 per Sq.ft.

an international designer and manufacturer of walls and ceilings. PRICE: Rs. 250-600 per Sq.ft.

A powerhouse in providing high-quality surface solutions that are designed to transform and beautify residential and commercial spaces, Greenlam Industries has an exhaustive portfolio of products PRICE- Rs. 350 per sq.ft.

Century Plyboards Ltd. is an Indian manufacturer, seller and exporter of plywoods and veneers. The company offers plywood products under the brand name, Century Ply PRICE- Rs. 100 Per sq.ft.

Plywood

Revenue Comparison

Plants Comparison

Plywood Prices

Sainik 710 Wooden Plywood 6 mm by CENTURYPLY M.R.P.: ₹ 1580 (6mm) 1900 (9mm) 2355(12mm) 2890(19mm)

Plywood 9 Feet Wooden Wardrobe, Features: Waterproof Laminated board, for example, consists of thin layers of wood bonded together; similarly, laminated fabric consists of two or more layers of cloth joined together M.R.P.: ₹ 45000

Veener a thin decorative covering of fine wood applied to a coarser wood or other material.

Veener Prices AmericanElm 6 Pcs Birch Plywood 3mm Thick 12 x 12 Inch Sheet, Perfect for Arts and and Crafts, School Project, Wood Engraving, DIY Crafts, Wood Burning and Laser Projects Brand: AmericanElm M.R.P.: ₹ 1,139.00

This material is made by putting together sheets upon sheets of wood veneer. They are evenly distributing in strength and creating solid layers. M.R.P.: ₹ 1,200.00 / Square Feet

Veener Prices High Quality MDF with Veneer Durable and Long Lasting Two Tone Modern Design M.R.P.: ₹ 40,000

Clermont Cabinet in walnut veneer Finish by CLG Retail Dimensions: H 39.4x W 15.7 x D 35.4 (All dimensions are in inches) Primary Material: Engineered Wood

M.R.P.: ₹ 48000

MDF Medium-density fibreboard (MDF) is an engineered wood product made by breaking down hardwood or softwood residuals into wood fibres.

Manufacturers and Exporters of Long Range Wireless Detection, Security System ,Wireless Smoke Detectors, Wireless Security System ,Wireless Panel,Wireless Manual Call Point .

Eximcorp India Private Limited Is Supplier & Traders Of Pine Panels Medium Density Fibre Board, Pine Panels Wbp Plywood, Lumin Plywood, Lumbers Whitewood (Spruce)kd S4s, Redwood (Pine)kd S4s, Hemlock Fir.

Manufacturer, Supplier & Trader Of Pre Laminated Particle Board, Mdf, Post Form Shutters, Plywood, Film Face Plywood etc.

Manufacturers & Exporters of Plywood, Decorative Laminates & Industrial Laminates.

Manufacturers and Suppliers of Plywood Boards for All types Industries all over India. Associated Companies: Sharon Veneers Pvt Ltd

MDF Prices Pre-Laminated MDF Boards Thickness: 5 mm to 25 mm Brand: Leo Classic Sizes: 8x4', 8x6', 8x3', 6x4' Pre-Laminated MDF Boards, both Interior Grade and High Moisture Resistant (HMR)Grade, in a M.R.P.: ₹ 800/ Sheet

Green Exterior HD HMR Premium Door Size MDF Board M.R.P.:₹ 400/ Sheet

Particle Board Particle board is manufactured from wood chips or jute-stick chips and a synthetic resin or other suitable binder, which is pressed and extruded, also known as also known as low-density fibreboard (LDF), and chipboard.

PARTICLE BOARD PRICES

Kr i s hna La m Pr e - La mi na t e d Pa r t i c l e Boa r d ₹ 4 0 / S qua r e Fe e t Finish Type: Suede, Matte Thickness: 9mm, 12mm, 17mm, 25mm, or customized Shape: Square Material: Melamine Usage: Kitchen, Living Room, Resorts etc

At t Pe na l Woode n Pr e La mi na t e d Pa r t i c ₹ 22/ Square Feet Plywood Type: laminated Brand: Att Penal Board Material: Wooden Surface Finish: Matte Laminated: Pre Laminated Size: All

Le o Cl a s s i c Pr e La mi na t e d Ba ga s s e Pa r t i c l e ₹ 500/sqft Thickness: 8 mm to 25 mm Color: Customize Finish Type: Smooth Board Material: Wood and Bagasse Shape: Rectangular Moisture Content: 6% to 8%

Design Iteration

INTRODUCTION TO LAMPVIO

Lampvio is a floor lamp-cum-book stand with its indian-ness & minimalist look and the ability to grow a plant within its own boundaries with the help of hydroponic lighting. This floor lamp is perfect for any space. WHAT IS HYDROPONIC LIGHTING? Hydroponic is with the help of artificial lighting in indoor helps to grow own plants, fruits, vegetables within the appropriate color spectrum. As for outdoor sunlight acts as a light to help grow plants, with the help of artificial light like LED lights & Bulbs.

CONCEPT & MOODBOARD

Lampvio floor lamp-cumbook stand follows the concept of: Sustainability with maple Wood - ECO-FRIENDLY WOOD with carving depicting Indian-ness. Hydroponic is with the help of artificial lighting in indoor helps to grow own plants, fruits, vegetables within the appropriate color spectrum. As for outdoor sunlight acts as a light to help grow plants, with the help of artificial light like LED lights & Bulbs. Energy Saver with the help of the latest hydroponic lighting system which includes reflector hood (the reflective casing around bulb directs light onto plant at different angles allows light to produce less heat with remote ballast (PowerBox). Hence, saving electricity. Another system includes timer that automatically turn lights after fixing hours for the plant.

CONCEPT MOODBOARD

DESIGN PRODUCTION

Carved Maple Wood depicting Indian motifs & Pattern. Rotating Book Stand.

Hydroponic Plant

(Can be replaced with a new plant when one plant is fully grown)

Maple Wood Column

Rotating Plate Rotating Column (Book Stand)

Bulb as artificial light acting as Sunlight

LAMPVIO IN LIVING ROOM

1625mm or 1.6 meters

THE END

NOW YOU KNOW WOOD BETTER