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BIBLIOGRAPHY 58
from #...B.ARCH THESIS
by Hinal Patel
8
This present thesis – “SEASONAL MARKET & URBAN PUBLIC SQUARE” by Ms. HINAL ARVINDKUMAR PATEL, ID: 2016BARCH023 is hereby approved as an acceptable work for the partial fulfillment of the Bachelor Degree of Architecture for which it has been submitted.
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The approval does not necessarily approve or endorse any statement made, opinion expressed, or conclusion drawn in the thesis, by qualifies as an academic work for the purpose for which it has been submitted as per the requirement laid down by the academic studies.
Thesis Topic: SEASONAL MARKET & URBAN PUBLIC SQUARE
Student: Ms. Hinal Arvindkumar Patel ID NO : 2016BARCH023 Semester: 10
Prof. Nidhi Shah Thesis Guide
10
1. BACKGROUND
2. INTRODUCTION
3. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
4. LITERATURE REVIEW
5. CASE STUDY
6. CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS
7. DESIGN AND CONCEPTUALIZATION
7. CONCLUSION
8. BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. BACKGROUND
URBAN PUBLIC SQUARE
Public spaces play a greatest role as a catalyst for social change and provide a place for gathering different community groups. Public spaces are places that let us to share with unknown persons, who are not our relatives, friends, or colleagues, and are spaces for politics, religion, trade, sports, spaces for peaceful coexistence and impersonal encounters. In particular, a square is a significant public space in each area. Old squares that were previously the spot to interact with individuals and play performances but have now become a place for passing vehicles. “Square in modernism of age moved to the transition in the round of the identity”
“In a society becoming steadily more privatized with private homes, cars, computers, offices and shopping centres, the public component of our lives is disappearing. It is more and more important to make the cities inviting, so we can meet our fellow citizens face to face and experience directly through our senses. Public life in good quality public spaces is an important part of a democratic life and a full life.”
HISTORY OF URBAN PUBLIC SQUARE
The first city emerged 6000 years ago, and city squares were established at the crossroads of consequential trade routes. An established earliest example of today’s public squares is the Greek “agora”. The agora was an open place in the downtown area where political, social and financial activities took place.
Greek “angoras” were public spaces for a wide range of social events, for example, political meetings, athletic and musical amusements, theatre exhibitions and business activities.
As mentioned previously, the square has played a main role in urban life since
Ancient Rome and this was much before formation of the modern street.
Regardless of whether the square permeated eastern towns from western towns or vice versa, it is important to recognize that in today's world as a prerequisite for the realization of any phenomenon, it's the concept. In the urban culture book by Robert Cowan (2005), a square is defined foot space and a green space as a closed rectangle that all or part of is surrounded by buildings. So, the importance of the walking role and social gatherings is the most important characteristic of a square
INCREASING CONCERNS OF URBAN SQUARE
The recent increasing interest on public spaces, including urban squares, with reference to a variety of reasons ranging from new urbanism approaches, demand on outdoor facilities, social polarization, and privatization trend, and in a general sense, globalization.
Another reason, the ‘demand on outdoor facilities’ is related to the growing interest in such activities as outdoor eating, walking, cycling, street vending and street performing, together with the sportive young, middle-class ‘urbanites’ call for the provision of public spaces that are easily accessible from their houses or works.
This part of the study concentrates on the roles and functions of contemporary urban squares. It gives brief data about reasons of using a square and identifies the utilities that squares provide. Urban squares have a diversity of roles and functions since they are the important and necessary forms of public spaces that attract vast number of individuals with a wide assortment of activities. It is a place where people have positive social interactions, meet each other, have lunch, hold a friendly chat, watch the world pass by, read something, rest for a while or shop around.
A public space performs as a place where people can express, confront difficulties, and take risks, all of which may create a condition of tension or relaxation – both needed for metal and psychological wellbeing of humans. They are the places where one can meet other individuals, experience diverse methods for conduct, or simply put, they are the places for "social interaction".
"Numerous urban spaces in the city contribute to the public realm of the neighborhood. They exist in many different urban spaces including parks, corners of streets, gardens, thresholds, city squares, temples, gateways, institutions, etc... These public spaces are the best suitable to generate recreational activities,social gatherings,and commercialactivities that one can find.These places offer the diversity of use and flexibility.Provisionof these places allows theusers to get the opportunity to create their own environment withinthe overall behavioralsetting."
Resentstate,marketisoneof the urbanspace, which actsasapublic spacefor many users.It also sustains the neighborhood for various needs of life.Many markets offer more than just functionalneeds of shoppingand trading.They are recreationalspaces where, people are found gathering around, eating,sitting, watching and watched by others. The market space provides behavioral settings for the neighborhood andallows people to use·t for diverse activities. The behavior of eachindividual is based on habits,past experience, nature of space, comfort,visualqual ty, time etc
BENEFITS OF GREAT PUBLIC SPACES
A successful public space generally needs to offer four qualities: it should be accessible, it should be comfortable and have a good image, people should be able to engage in an array of activities, and, it should be sociable. With these characteristics in mind, the possibilities are endless as to what type of public space can be successful, whether it's a street, waterfront, playground, market, or park.
Looking even more closely at the qualities of the Place Diagram, we've
While being a place to meet, a place for exchange, or a place of local or national pride, great public spaces can also be characterized by the presence of people remaining when they have no pressing reason to stay. You might call this the “lingering factor”. Successful public spaces are also well-managed: this includes cleaning, offering food or services, or scheduling events, and such implementations can be managed the community, by partnerships.
Great public spaces also serve as the heart of a community, often connecting two or more separate neighbourhoods together, and encouraging a central point where people can interact and participate in the public realm. Another important but sometimes overlooked element of great public spaces is their ability to highlight an area's cultural identity - whether through local practices, location, history, design, architecture, or art. This is crucial factor for creating a sense of place that can withstand the test of time.
Figure 1
THE POWER OF THINGS TO DO AT PUBLIC SPACE i. The public shall be visible from a distance. i. Site edges shall be permeable using boundary walls. ii. A unique identity or image of the place need to be created amongst the visitors. iii. The place shall be inviting and comfortable. iv. There shall be scope for multiple activities to happen at the place.
v.
Figure 2
2. INTRODUCTION
At a time when the cultural differences and diversity that could enrich a city’s social fabric are under threat due to political agendas, the marketplace appears to be a possible missing link for healing divisions and restoring trust by offering a unique opportunity for people of all ages, and from all cultures, social classes, and walks of life, to interact and build mutual respect. The biological necessity for food is not separate from the social need of humans to interact, which makes the market an excellent facilitator of interaction between those who otherwise might not ever come into contact with each other. People whose lives are seemingly disparate in every way would benefit from the chance encounters and interactions that inevitably occur at such a place.
Figure 3
Figure 5 Figure 4
Figure 6
Marketplaces —also known as market halls, market sheds, or market districts— have always played an important role in the history and development of cities around the world. While these markets are still present in many countries, they have all but disappeared in the United States, a casualty in an urban landscape that has changed quickly to accommodate growing populations and increasing urban density.
Studies in urban design have highlighted that creating a sense of place is fundamental to the realization of the modern, public space. Public spaces are reflected on the growth of cities and noted that increased traffic and “greater road capacity are products of very deliberate choices to accommodate the private automobile,” and that city planners could instead “design our streets as comfortable and safe places for everyone.”
In this manner, the marketplace helps public spaces thrive in cities and towns throughout the world. Designing the built environment around the market in a way that creates a sense of place is vital to the success of these public spaces. Increase in the number and vitality of public interactions within the surrounding communities by being “connected to the surrounding neighbourhood, fostering street life and creating a strong sense of place,” by using architectural design elements that result in “a comfortable place and an integral part of the community.” The market, in that sense, becomes both origin and destination, helping community residents recognize and value the public space as integral to their collective identity.
2.3 WHAT IS A PUBLIC MARKET?
i. The term public market has changed inmeaning over time and still differs from place to place. IntheIndia. a pubilc market has traditionally been definedas a municipally owned and operated building where vendors sell fresh food from open stalls. ii. While some public markets still match this definition.public markets now come in man shapes and settings offer a wide range of different products. and are owned end operated by various types of organizations. not just city governments. iii. They focus on businesses that arelocally owned and operated wh ch highlight the best of local foods. crafts. music. heritage and culture. iv. There are many types of markets depending upon the context. character of place, therequirement andtheculture.
2.4 TRANSFORMATION OF FORM AND SPACE OF MARKETS
Market Forms and space have been changed over the period of time. whichis based on the context. needof the peopleand behavior of the people.
Figure 7
"Indian context,the trading activities arefaundin the openor closed spaces where there is a possibility of people passing by on regular bases. Chowk, marginal spaces on the roads. Urban squares etc are very common spaces for markets to take place. Many times, the threshold spaces are connected with each other toform a market in many Indian cities.The qualities of such markets are very informalin nature. The market spaceis one of the pubilc space, which pravide the significant meaning to the place by weavingthe diversity of activity and social interactions. (gandhi2009)
The market spaces in Indian context are not pre planned activities.They don't have anydesignated space inthe city ora town.The existence of many markets spaces have happened along with the larger institutions, with the religious percent or ntheopenspaces.Theemergence of market is a process rather than a market 'place.These markets spaces are occupied as the time pragress and become aplace initself.
In the contemporary cities, the market spaces are within the enclosed enviornment. II could be in form of shopping complex, mall spaces, and departmental showraom and branded shops.These markets serve a different type of shopping experience in closed enviranmenlas compered to the traditional markets. These changes of creating a new behavioral setting of trading can be seen more prominently in last decades of Indian cities.
2.6 MARKETS IN AHMEDABAD
In old city old Ahmedobod.various market activities are happening ot different spaces l like on the streets, opens paces between pol houses.on the edges of the heritage monuments.All themarkets have different character of the place.
2.3 SEASONAL MARKETS
A Seasonal Business is based on specific timelines that range and change according to the customers' needs like Weekly needs Monthly Needs Yearly Purchases Festive shopping and daily usage
2.3.1 WHAT IS SEASONAL DEMAND? i. Marketing is the process of meeting needs that are both existing as well as unmet. ii. Marketing is all about identifying which goods and services the consumers would likely to buy and consume as well as determining which goods and services cater to unmet needs. iii. The concept of seasonal demand for goods and services which means that not all goods and services can be marketed around the year. iv. For instance, it is during the summer months that the sales of air conditioners and air coolers spike whereas it is during the winter months that sales of sweaters and other clothing spike. v. Therefore, marketers have to be conscious of the seasonal variations in demand and hence, tailor their strategies accordingly.
2.5 THE TWO TYPES OF SEASONAL MARKETING: LONG-TERM SEASONAL MARKETING–i. Comes into play when businesses create special promotions, offers and deals around an ongoing and/or long-lasting seasonal event. ii. A retailer can make a long-term seasonal strategy that lasts the entire three-month duration of spring. iii. Long-term seasonal marketing is about building relationships and using subtle, low-risk campaigns to do so.
SHORT-TERM SEASONAL MARKETING–i. Short-term seasonal marketing is best for one-o and/or fast-ending events that happen during a season. ii. Short-term seasonal marketing can afford to be more heavy-handed and in the customer’s face, because short-term campaigns have less time to engage people before losing novelty or relevance
2.5 SHORT-TERM STRENGT i. Long-term seasonal campaigns can’t solve all business needs. ii. If a company doesn’t want an ongoing, low-simmer campaign, In that case it should go with a shortterm seasonal campaign, which aligns more with transactional marketing than relationship marketing. iii. Retailers, for example, know holiday sales “can account for as much as 30% of their annual sales”. iv. These aren’t modest promotions meant to stay interesting to customers for a long period of time. v. In the short term, this kind of promotions valuable and profitable. vi. It attracts so many new customers that the difference between normal price and sales price is offset by the sheer volume of purchases
Figure 8
1. OPEN AIR MARKETPLACE - It is the most universal market typology. - open space is occupied by the vendors accordingly & shade themselves using temporary structures. 2. STREET MARKETS - These marketplaces are linear in nature. These elongated - Market places usually are located on publically Figure 9 owned land & are easy to expand. 3. MARKETS IN PUBLIC BUILDINGS - It is a form characterized by single building with open arcade on the ground floor where the market took place. 4. MARKET SHEDS They are the most common type of covered market & is usually rectilinear & supported by piers, posts, or columns, which allows for it to be open on one or more sides. 5. ENCLOSED MARKET HOUSE - This typology arose in late 1800s - Cast Iron developments allowed the structures to be large covered spaces
F i gure-18: Marketi ng Figure 10 Figure 11
Figure 12
3. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
A public space is collage of multiple activities. Since ages, these public squares have been a means of public gathering and social interactions. A public square is well constituted with different activities along with locally driven markets which are integral part of the square. The markets have always served as the centres for trade and economy. This locally driven markets serve as the icon of the city's culture. Ahmedabad (Alaverdi) blends together harmoniously with its ancient heritage and its vibrant present. The city's prosperous and eventful past and present is embodied in its rich kaleidoscopic of history, art and culture, rich architecture, and imposing monument. With the fast-growing city and rapid development, these locally driven markets have started losing their importance. This has greatly affected the local vendors, artisans, and the craftsmen. "THE SEASONAL MARKET AND URBAN PUBLIC SQUARE" along the banks of River Sabarmati is an attempt to rethink on the concept of a public space by studying different public places, markets etc. the thesis attempts to promote the local vendors, artisans, and craftsmen and to provide a unique experience to the people of Ahmedabad by analysing the site, its contexts, the users, and the vendors to design a successful public space. The thesis also lays emphasis to reflect the culture of the city through its Architecture.
Positives: 1. A Pedestrian Bridge connects the activities on the eastern and western wings of River Sabarmati. 2. The Exhibition center is oimportant part to display the culture and tradition. 3. Gujeri market (Sunday Market) has always been an Vitalpart af the city since decades so it isImportant to retain it and make it as a part of new development.
Negatives : 1. Business center proposed which will contrast the public activities. 2. The proportion of the Business center is too high considering the context and the sensi tivity towards the Monumental Structure. 3. Gujeri Market being a sunday market has been isolated awayfrom the river. Except sundays the area remains vacant and Under-Utilized.
3.3 GOVERNMENT PROPOSAL
The Proposal for the site bv the Govt. is as follows : 1. A business / Trade center i.e; around 25 floors high. 2. A temporary exhibition center for all kind of exhibit ion. 3. A pedestrian bridge from the event ground to the exhibition center.
1. Exhibition center : The site demands an Exhibition Center, the proposal is to have 3 different sections. a) A general Exhibition pavilion b) An Art Gallery . 2. TheCentral Core :
i. Food plaza:this is a major requirment as the site loops with different activity, the space for a pause is required for the people.
ii. Live performance: any active public space gets live due to the live counters or performances, may It be music, Dance,Drama etc.
iii. Traditional Mart :: Tradition is a important part to the city, so things associated with it has a huge importance like cloths, footware s ,jewellery, crafts, earth work etc. with constantly growing malls full of brands and contemporary stuff, there is a need to develop a mart which is locally driven and has a tradit ional touch.
iv. Seasonal Mart: This would be a sort of walk-in mart which would change as per seasons and could be booked by different vendors for monthly duration. v. Recreational Facility: Keeping every age group in mind,there is a requirement of a recreational space which works well for all age group.
3.5 WHAT TOPIC EXPLAINS?
i. Howvarious types of public spaces makes impacton human behavior? ii. How public Spaces Experienced and Interpreted? iii. DoesArchitecture Impacts onconsumerbehaviorsin seasonalmarkets? iv. How Spatial Arrangement Works in seasonal markets?
3.5.1 AIM TO UNDERSTAND AND EXPLORE ARCHITECTURAL ENVIRONMENT THAT HELPS TO DESIGN SEASONAL MARKET AND PUBLIC SPACES CONNECTING
3.5.2 OBJECTIVES i. ProvidingenvironmentwhichInspiresHumaninteractionsandattractsthemarketplace. ii. Enhances the spaces with the human comforts.
3.5.3 STUDY AREA i. Market types. ii. Pros and cons of existingold and famous markets. iii. The emerging behaviors of Indian costumers. iv. Need of different kind of buying process accordingto the variousproducts.
i. Seasonal markets will result into the profitable investments as pedestrian public bridge between old cityandnewcityisconnectingthissite,hencemarketplaceherewillbeattractingplaceforthepeople of the Ahmedabadcity. ii. This seasonal market is connecting the public square in its surroundings, which results into the socioeconomic and maximum factors in this site. iii. Develops interest among public to visit this market place several times as of shopping products differ from season toseason. iv. As oldwalled cityof Ahmedabad has variousold marketplace and arethe most important part of its culturalheritageinspiredfromitseasonalmarketsarethebestplaceformostprofitableseasonal business at the eastern bank of Sabarmati riverfront havingopen public spaces connected to the marketplace.
3.5.5 CONSIDERATION
i. Human Comforts ii. Built Environment iii. Climate Responsive DesignApproach iv. To create post pandemic Architectural spaces.
3.5.6 METHODOLOGY
Site selection Selection of primary/secondary case studies Site analysis : i. Questionnaire.pubilc survey. ii. interviews of local people.shop owners and visitors. iii. mappingthe actvity and movement patternof pedestrians and vehicles and shopping pattern. iv. changes during different timesin the market. v. relation of the market with nearby context. surrounding changes with time. transportation for the goods. vi. item that ore sold. Data analysis and SWOT analysis existing scenario identification the issues conclusion from the data Preparation of final brief Conceptualdesign Design development
PARKING ENTRANCE FOYER PUBLIC GATHERINGS
MARKET PLACE AND STORAGE
SPACE FOR LOADING/ UNLOADING GOODS
CONTROL OFFICE MARKET PLACE AND STORAGE EXIT FOYER KIDS ZONE
4. LITERATURE REVIEW
4.1 DEFINITIONS OF URBAN SQUARES Urban squares are also part of the public spaces; these spaces are a subset of a larger space and more general which is known as urban space.
Figure 13
4.1.1 URBAN SPACE Urban space are characterized as the “external space”, “all types of space between buildings in towns and other localities.” The concept of urban space needs to take into consideration the physical, social and symbolic aspects at the same time. Urban spaces are important segment of daily lives. Such activities of daily life take place both in public spheres and private spheres.
4.1.2 PUBLIC SPACE Public spaces also depict a crucial and essential part of the ‘democratic’ community life, particularly urban squares, a public property that serves as a site with the expectation of complimentary discourse and free judgment of chose authorities in full perspective of others. Public spaces are important components of daily lives
4.1.3 URBAN SQUARE. Every society has its own particulars for such urban public open spaces, every one of these terms addresses a typical point which is: ‘the open space for public use’ concept of urban square. In this respect urban squares have a social angle in appreciation of its public dimension and a spatial facet because of its physical organization. Urban Square frequently has been an image of social communication and majority rules system.
4.1.4 WHY PUBLIC SPACES (SQUARES) ARE IMPORTANT Importance of public spaces / squares and their contribution regarding preservation and development of social, economic and environmental fabric of the city. This can be summarized as: Provision of appealing living, working and playing environment Encourage people to have healthy lifestyle and well-being through active and passive pastime (leisure), in a type of organized activities, walking and social interaction. Destination for visitors and tourists. High quality public space attracts trade and investment. Commitment to scene and visual convenience. Opportunity for informal learning. Central location for events and activities. Opportunity for community preservation and participation, increased public awareness and upgrading.
Centre)
11 March 2011 Teh Bor Tsong B. Urban and Regional Planning (Hons) (UTM)
“THE IMAGE OF A CITY STEMS LARGELY FROM THE QUALITY OF ITS PUBLIC REALM-ITS STREETS, BOULEVARDS, PARKS, SQUARES, PLAZAS AND WATERFRONTS”
PAUMIER “IF STREETS ARE LIVELY, THE CITY IS INTERESTING; IF STREETS ARE DULL, THE CITY LOOKS DULL” JANE JACOBS “HIGH QUALITY PUBLIC SPACE PROMOTE LIVABILITY AND IS A KEY ELEMENT IN ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT”
CABE
4.1.6 PUBLIC SPACES URBAN ENVIRONMENT -INTRODUCING THE PUBLIC SPACE
URBAN SPACE AND PUBLIC SPACE o What is Urban Space?
Urban space are the exterior space between buildings. They are define by the building facades and the city floor.
Figure 14 o What is Public Space?
- Public space = Public urban space.
Figure 15
Ethnicity, age, religious or socioeconomic level.
4.1.7 TYPOLOGY OF PUBLIC SPACE - Basically, there are four types of public space could be found in urban area: i) Streets (All hierarchy of streets, avenue, boulevard, & promenade) ii) Squares/ plazas iii) Parks (Linear Park, Town Park, Pocket Park, playing field, & playground) iv) Waterfronts (Riverfront, Seafront, River & Canal)
Figure 16
Avenue des Champs Sankt Hans Tory Square, Lafayette Park, Washington the Regent’s Canal, London -Elysees, Paris. Copenhagen.
Rue Mouffetard, Paris.
FUNCTIONS OF PUBLIC SPACE: Public space are the space for social, economic, leisure and movement. (Gehl, 2004; CABE, 2007) Only better quality of public spaces would only offer more choices to users. This is because the human activities are very fragile one; none all of human activities could be took place for a given public space. Given two public space (image of left & right), which from the same typology of street poses different quality are function differently.
Figure/ 17 Function: Social, economic, leisure & movement
Figure 18 San Antonio, Detroit.
Function: Movement
5. CASE STUDY
6. CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS
THE SITE IS LOCATED AT THE EASTERN BANKS OF SABARMATI RIVERFRONT OF AHMEDABAD CITY, HAVING THE CONTEXT OF OLD WALLED CITY AND THE PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE CONNECTING THE NEW CITY AND THE OLD CITY.
SITE PLAN THE SITE IS SURROUNDED BY SUCH COMPLEX CLUSTER HAS A STRONG TENDANCY TO BE CONVERTED INTO PUBLIC SPACE, ALSO INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT THAT GIVES THE SITE A CULTURAL IMPORTANCE. THE LAND USE PATTERN AROUNDTHESITE SHOWS THAT THE SITE IS SURROUNDED BY 75% RESIDENTIAL AND REST 25% WITH COMMERCIAL, INSTITUTIONAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS
5.3 SMELL
5.5 TRANSPORTATION
5.7 GROUND COVERAGE
5.9 SPECIFIC LANDUSE
5.11 HERITAGE II
5.13 MASSING
5.15 SECTIONAL DETAIL
5.16 SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGTH 1. The site experiences a dynamic and kinetic characteristic due to the
Sabarmati riverfront along the site and the setting up of the Gujri Mzaar each Sunday 2. The site is located between the two main bridges (Eliis Bridge & Sardar
Bridge) that connects the east and west part of the city. 3. 3- The site comes under the recreational zone and hence provides ample possibilities for urban inputs/ interventions.
WEAKNESS 1. The site located such that it experiences traffic and congestion throughout the year. 2. Due to neglect in maintenance and awareness the river often gets contaminated and acts as a source of foul smell.
OPPORTUNITY 1. The upcoming footbridge that will be constructed right in the middle of the existing bridges, will lead to addition of new and varied user groups and activities. 2. Area along the Sabarmati river front is rime spot for development and urban interventions and hence the site gives great opportunities to intervene.
THREAT 1. Since the site is adjacent to the Sabarmati River, it has a lower slope compared to the context around it. The site tappers down in the center from both sides hence forming the lowest point in the site and also a water collecting area.
7. DESIGN AND CONCEPTUALIZATION
• Easy access to all the spaces in the site. • Social and interactive environment. • Visual connectivity between road and market place. • To design market place such that it can merge with the public square. • To provide public spaces at the higher level than that of roads and market, to have an fabulous experience with the nature.
1. CONNECTING MARKET SPACE AND RECREATIONAL SPACES
2. VISUAL CONNECTIVITY
• Level of seasonal market and public spaces both given equal importance. • Tried to maintain visual connectivity between road and river front.
3. FINAL OUTPUT
MARKET PLAN
Public spaces embrace a wide arrangement of spaces, from old notable focuses to rural improvements. Their structure, uses and support bring up a large group of critical issues with respect to urban planning from the neighborhood to the metropolitan scale. These spaces are viewed today as resources for urban reestablishment and new improvements –financial incentive, general wellbeing and prosperity, picture of the city, mobility, sociability – our feeling is that the need and the accomplishment of open spaces is before whatever else predestined by its capacity to unite two fundamental and vital quality whereupon all the rest depends: availability and communication. Today as public spaces decrease, worries for liveliness and live capability for the urban communities become greater. People are the primary elements of the city and without public spaces it is difficult to build up a physical and mental association in the middle of public and urban environment. Internet has turned into a noteworthy segment of our everyday lives.
Urban squares are undoubtedly the fundamental component that unifies urban formal and informal activities of many citizens, and are the principal procedures of city life, affecting social, economic and environmental processes of the city.
- https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/know-your-architects/a520-15-projects-by-tadao-ando/
LITERATURE REVIEW
- https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-40093-8_63#Notes - https://www.brainpickings.org/2013/08/22/the-social-life-of-small-urban-spaces-whyte/ - chrome-extension://gphandlahdpffmccakmbngmbjnjiiahp/https://www.divaportal.org/smash/get/diva2:971403/FULLTEXT03.pdf - https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-40093-8_63#Notes - https://www.archdaily.com/948252/11-steps-to-achieve-quality-public-spaces-at-a-neighborhood-
level-un-habitats-guideline?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_all#
- http://new.rushi.net/Home/Works/mobilework/id/215795.html
CASE STUDIES
- https://www.archdaily.com/944700/eagle-studio-waa/5f2143ebb357653d3a0007d8-eagle-studio-waa-
photo?next_project=no
- https://www.freedow - dcad.com/eagle-studio-waa/ - https://www.arch2o.com/eagle-studio-waa/ - https://officesnapshots.com/2017/12/18/studio-eagle-offices-springfield/ - https://architizer.com/idea/356651/ - https://architizer.com/image-search/popular-images - https://architizer.com/projects/q/ - https://architizer.com/projects/federation-square/ - https://architectureau.com/articles/federation-square/ - https://www.visitmelbourne.com/regions/Melbourne/Things-to-do/Art-theatre-and-
culture/Architecture-and-design/Federation-Square#tab-moreinfo
- https://seele.com/references/central-library - https://www.archdaily.com/11651/seattle-central-library-oma-lmn/572195ace58ece408a000004-
