Istanbul Analysis by Hina Shah

Historical Development Historical Narrative The European Capital of Culture Programme and its Legacy 2010 Modernity and the Cinema in Istanbul Image of the City Transport Urban Space, Orientation, Prospect and Aspect Building Typology, Form and Materials Building Analysis Townscape Studies Memories of the City The Relationship of the City to Water The Futures of the City

Contents ISTANBUL ANALYSIS

The architecture of alter ego can be seen as the meeting of East and West, of Asia and Europe, of Istanbul and Constantinople contained within one place. “It was a brutal symbiosis: Western observers love to identify the things that make Istanbul exotic, non-Western, whereas the Westernisers amongst us register all the same things as obstacles to be erased from the face of the city as fast as possible.” Orhan Pamuk, ‘Istanbul: Memories and the City’, 2005, p218

This study was carried out prior to the Istanbul Field trip in October 2011

Context ISTANBUL ANALYSIS

Jane Wilkinson, Jordan Blacker, Gemma Walker Industrial development continued to promote migration, and by 1990, the country was threatened by uncontrolled development, further fuelled by the opening of two bridges spanning the Bosporus.

In the late Ottoman era, the city started to develop from the historical peninsula on the Bosporus.

In 2000, the built-up area spread further outwards on the European and Asian sides. A significant portion of this recent expansion can either be tied to the development of gated communities for the wealthiest of the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population or to mass housing for its middle classes

By 1950, the built-up area expanded along the East-West axis, covering most of the coast.

Roman Empire 330-395 1261-1453

Ottoman Empire 1453-1922

Republic of Turkey 1923 -

Byzantine Empire 395-1204 Latin Empire 1204-1261

Between 1950 and 1970, the first wave of large scale migration brought with it gecekondu (informal) settlements occupying large areas on the peripheries.

Historical Development ISTANBUL ANALYSIS

The Great Palace The Great Palace of Constantinople was the large Imperial Byzantine palace complex located in the south-eastern end of the peninsula now known as Old Istanbul.

Basilica of Ravenna- Di sant Vitale Literary sources record new building and restoration of a number of impressive architectural projects and monuments survived the travails of the Latin Occupation, such as the Basilicas of Ravenna.

Hagia Sofia The Hagia Sophia is famous in particular for its massive dome, it is considered the epitome of Byzantine architecture and is said to have â&#x20AC;&#x153;changed the history of architecture. It was the largest cathedral in the world for nearly a thousand years.

Roman Empire 330-395 1261-1453

Byzantine Empire 395-1204

Latin Empire 1204-1261

Bosphorus Bridge Not only does the bridge provide a physical connection between Europe and Asia in terms of trade and travel routs but it unites two continents

Grand Bizzar Today, the grand bazaar houses two mosques, two hamams, four fountains, and multiple restaurants and cafes. The bizzar is of high importance for local trade

Ottoman Empire 1453-1922

Republic of Turkey 1923 -

Historical Development ISTANBUL ANALYSIS

Istanbul Land Walls survive to-date from the 5th century Roman era. The Land Walls are regarded as the most fortified defense structures for the period between the antique age and end of medieval age

The registered wooden buildings, solid elements of civil architecture, are characterizing S端leymaniye and Zeyrek districts

The square will be redesigned by putting emphasis on its past functions and its present identity. With the improvements and re-organization of the square, it is aimed to design a livable area.

Historical Development ISTANBUL ANALYSIS

Ashley Ball, Sam Spence, Ross Couper, Ben Courtney

Why Remember Me All of a Sudden? The film is about duality - a parallel, a paradox. Existing film representations have been edited to create a new interweaving narrative. The film explores the identity of Istanbul and how it has been portrayed from internal sources. A communal feeling of melancholy, nostalgia and loss compose the concept of huzun. But this goes deeper. Be patient, listen... Bleak, quiet and neglected occurancesbuildupthisuniversallyacceptedculturalemotion. The film begins with a sombre notion â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;drink to deathâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, within which is an undertone of hope and desire. Walkingthroughacolourlesslandscape,protests,neglectedbuildingsallcometogetherto create an image of the everyday notion of living in Istanbul.

In dichotomy to this, the second film contrasts against the first. This time collating external representations of Istanbul. The main rule for the film was to embrace the legacy of Capital of Culture 2010. It investigates a possible cultural shift required to appeal to a Western society, namely the tourist. By highlighting what Istanbul has to offer, does it lose its original sensitivity? A new injection of artistic interventions, combined with consumerisation and tourist spots has shifted Istanbul from an outsider of the EU into a possible contender. This film has many deeper dualities, some of which may be misinformed which is important to recognise. Theintertwiningofimages,movement,sounds,andpoetrybuildsupamixtureofidentities. But does Istanbul have its own identity, or is it shifting? Why remember me all of a sudden?

European Capital of Culture 2010 ISTANBUL ANALYSIS

Film stills Film length 13 mins 11 secs Films used: -Uzak -Crossing the Bridge -Edge of Heaven -Capital of Culture advertisements -Youtube documentaries

European Capital of Culture 2010 ISTANBUL ANALYSIS

Harry Robinson, Morgan Cope, Katie Neal, Launa Cowen HUZUN IN ISTANBUL: Huzun denotes a feeling of deep spiritual loss but also a hopeful way of looking at life. It is a state of mind that is ultimately as life-affirming as it is negating. It is the spiritual anguish one feels at not being close enough to God; for Saint John of the Cross, this anguish causes the sufferer to plummet so far down that his soul will, as a result, soar to its divine desire. Huzun is a sought-after state, and it is the absence, not the presence, that causes the sufferer distress. Huzun is not a singular preoccupation but a communal emotion, not the melancholy of an individual but the black mood shared by millions. Those Millions of Istanbul.

Text box (size 12 text)

LEEDS SOUL: This is our Huzun, our Keyif. Our code of conduct. We’re a city defined by our immediate actions, not our longing regret. We’re not depressed by it’s soul but enlightened, We don’t skulk in the shadows, we bask in our light. Because it is our light, not the darkness that frightens people. For playing small does not serve the world as we do. We shine because we can, we shine because we do, there’s an arrogance embedded into Leed’s soul. It’s created by our everlasting youth, constantly regenerating, year after year. We just live it, day after day. Week after week. It and our faults both inspire and define us as a city, as an entity.

Modernity and the Cinema in Istanbul - ‘Huzun’ ISTANBUL ANALYSIS

CINEMAS IN ISTANBUL

Location map

1st camera equipment

The first film

AFM Fitaş

Atlas

First Showing at Yıldız Palace

Emek

Istanbul Modern

The first cinema

Fuat Efendi - First patron of turkish cinema

Kanyon Mars

Propoganda - demolishion of the Russian monument

Sinepop

Omer Lutfi Akad Strong influence

Taksim-Beyoĸlu

Most successful film of the Yeşilçam era

One of the only two movies released in Turkey during the decline of the Yeşilçam era

Yeşilçam

Most profitable film released in Turkey

To the left are a few images that show the slide viewer in use. It shows how it cuts everything else out and gives an enclosed personal experience that can be interpreted in each individuals own way.

We decided to produce a Slide Viewer to give an individual experience of film in Istanbul. We had two slide reels as above that showed the various different cinemas, and a history timeline through the start and development of cinema in Istanbul to present day. Along side this we had an audio track that would be played through headphones to the individual that gave a brief description of each slide as you moved through the reel.

Modernity and the Cinema in Istanbul -’Huzun’ ISTANBUL ANALYSIS

Nick Hart-Woods, Kimberly Ward, Danielle Landrum

Image of the City ISTANBUL ANALYSIS

Chris Paraskos, Richard Harcourt, Nathalia Azevedo Ataurk airport first opened on the European side in 1924 , it was europeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s busiest airport in 2010 and handels nearly 30,000,000 passengers yearly. Sabiha GĂśkĂ§en Airport is the smaller of the two aiports on the Asia side of istanbul . The most used flights are to germany, France, England and Russia. Sabiha aiprt built in 2009 is the largest earthquake safe structure and Ataturk aiprot was built with simmilar technologies .

Currentlythemostcommonmodeof intercitytravel isautomobileandwithautomobile ownership rising constantly in larger citys like Istanbul a traffic problem and polloution is arrising. People seam to be resorting to using the car because there has been little development to the public transeport system untill more recent years. International flights from Istanbul Departures per week

Planes

Changes in modes of intercity trasportation, Turkey , 1990 - 2004

Domestic travel in turkey Departures per week

Buses

Trains

Planes

Transportation ISTANBUL ANALYSIS

B1/B2 lines - Suburban trains, also known as the istanbul commuterrailway, carries an average of 22,000passengers daily M2/M4/M5- Underground trains, M6 lines The underground was in planning since 1800â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s but the first one opened in 2000. M1/M3 lines- Light rail , first opened 1989 between Aksaray and Kartaltepe but now reaches the airport MB 34/34A/ - Busway, Route follows main highway 34G/34T/34Z on its own designated road, approximatly 500,000 passengers daily. T1/T4 - Historic tramway F1/F2 - Vehicular tunnels

The public view on solving the transport problems

Transportation ISTANBUL ANALYSIS

Commuter traffic by mode of transportation, 2008

Total track distance of metro-undergrounds in selected major cities, 2009

Exsisting and future vehicular tunnels

1 Üsküdar Iskelesi Frequent ferries cruise across to Üsküdar, the principal Asian suburb, once called Scutari. If you just want to take a short cruise across the Bosphorus, hop aboard, and ride it right back if you like. 2 Kadıköy Iskelesi The suburb of Kadıköy is not of much interest to most visitors, but this ferry also frequently stops at Haydarpaşa Railway Station, the terminus for trains to and from Anatolia. 3 Bosphorus Dock Dock for those daily Touristic Bosphorus Cruise ferries. 4 Boğaziçi YolTur A third choice for a 1-1/2-hour Bosphorus cruise. 5 Harem Feribot Iskelesi This car ferry also takes passengers across the Bosphorus to the Harem Otogar, the intercity bus terminal on the Asian shore. 6 Sarayburnu Dock For larger ship/ferries on longer routes. 7 Karaköy Feribot İskelesi Ferries every 15 minutes to Haydarpaşa Station and Kadıköy on the Asian shore. 8 TurYol Eminönü Ferry Docks TurYol boats for Bosphorus cruise, Üsküdar & Kadıköy. 9 TurYol Karaköy Ferry Docks TurYol ferries to additional destinations 10 Kabataş Ferry Docks Ferries to Üsküdar & Princes Islands

Transportation ISTANBUL ANALYSIS

Traffic congestion key facts: - 1.8 million cars on the roads, rising by 84,000 a year - Average trip time 40 mins - Car ownership 139 per 1000 - 59% of people in urban age study say traffic is their main concern

Comparing istanbul and Londons public transeport system, after comparingthesytemlenthandpopulationyoucanseethatIstanbul has a larger population but less public transport system length.This has contributed to the gridlock on the streets of istanbul, people who would use the public transport have resorted to using cars because the system that is in place just carnt handle the demand for travel.

Istanbul 12,697,164 Inhabitants 195 km Sytem Length

Transportation ISTANBUL ANALYSIS

London 7,556,900 Inhabitants 1,760 km Sytem Length

Restricted crossing of the bosphorus cause the issue of bottlenecks during rush hours because large numbers of commuters are attemting to cross the bridge, which was orginally designed to handle half the traffic.The resticted number of crossing also makes the Asia side of Istanbul feel cut off from the European side.

Increassing the crossing points on the bosphorus would decrease the stress on the one bridge, there is a proposed underground highway crossing and a underground rail crossing, improving the connection with the west and the east side of istanbul.

Trade over air only accounts for 10% of all trade exported from Istanbul, the main reason for this is that is infrastructure isent in place for air trade, the rest is a combination of land and sea. The major trading countries are Russia, Germany, Italy, China and America. Over 60% of istanbuls trade through Istanbul. Historic exports from Istanbul - Textiles - Clothing - Leather - Leather Products - Carpets More recent additions to trade in Istanbul - Tobacco - Electronics - Rubber and Metals - Glass - Alcoholic Drinks - Fruit - Olive Oil

Land Sea

Transportation ISTANBUL ANALYSIS

Jonny Wrynne, Tom Rawson, Jonathan Evans, Jack Green

Urban Grain/ Sites A, B, C

Urban Space / Orientation, Prospect and Aspect ISTANBUL ANALYSIS

Building Purposes & Distribution - Site B

Urban Space / Orientation, Prospect and Aspect ISTANBUL ANALYSIS

Building Purposes & Distribution - Site B

Public Green Spaces/ Sites A, B, C

Urban Space / Orientation, Prospect and Aspect ISTANBUL ANALYSIS

Space Uses - Street Views

Post Visit Conclusion

Urban Space / Orientation, Prospect and Aspect ISTANBUL ANALYSIS

Urban Spaces > Through Axes and Intersection

It is commonly observed that Istanbul has a lack of Urban/Public space in their City Centre. To the visiting tourist this may be seen as an issue and may be considered something the city needs.

Kizanlik Caddesi To those who live in the city would disagree. Public space in Istanbul just isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t used, the main form of interaction between the city dwellers are in amongst their busy streets. Axes and intersections are substitutions for the public squares found in most Europeancitiesandispartoftheintriguing urban fabric of Istanbul. Onalti Mart Sehitler Caddesi Urban Spaces > Macar Kardesler Cad The lack of urban/public space is shown in this area.The Aquaduct that runs across the main road is an interesting focal point however there is a lack of footfall. The image below shows the sparsely populated streets and lack of commercialism and trade. Consequently the local people arenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t drawn to the area. Factors such as lack of shading for pedestrians adds to the problem as the area is prone to over heat. In a city with such large spells of high climate this is essential. The people of Istanbul have no need for areas such as this.

Macar Kardesler Cad is the main road which runs through Eminonu over the bridge at the North of the Penninsula.

Urban Space / Orientation, Prospect and Aspect ISTANBUL ANALYSIS

Private / Semi Private Spaces

Tatar Beyu Sk, Beyoglu.

This planning system involves Urban â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;spaceâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; being set back from public streetsand pedestrian routes. This planning works systematically with idea the routes should be shaded for walkers in high climate countries.

This graphic shows a typical street formation in Istanbul and can be linked to the The result is a very pourous looking city ideals of tradditional Islamic planning. plan and within these pours are a cellular network of spaces.

Public Space / Mosque.

Majlis.

There is no distinct separation between public and private space, the two seem to merge in to one. Subsequently there is a symbolic relationship between the two.

The breakdown of spaces runs along this program: The Majlis - Center of the Home

In this system each smaller space is a microcosm of larger spaces and each microcosm has the same inward looking typology.

Mirrors The Courtyrad - Center of the building. Mirrors The Mosque or Public Space - Centre of the community.

The reality of these spaces are difficult to map and to visualise. The pourous formation is clear with first hand experience but many of these spaces in the centre of buildings are being left as voids and un-usable spaces. The symbolism is still there however the influence that globalisation is having on the city is turning an inward looking Istanbul outwards.

Urban Space / Orientation, Prospect and Aspect ISTANBUL ANALYSIS

Urban Spaces > Fatih Park

FatihParkisthesectionofopenspaceinthisarea,theparkincludesamonument and park benches for the public to use. The shaded red area shows the area of land which has little to no built structures and the land is flat surrounding it.The topography of this area enables agreater aspect, which means that a lot can be seen of the surrounding locality. The benefits of the area are still not utilised due to the push towards trade, which brings with it the need for for shade. Found in the areas of much higher density buildings.

Gedikpasa > Areas of high density.

Balipasa Yokusu

High density of buildings obstruct the aspect of a substantial amount of the area of Eminonu. Many views across the penninsula are unobtainable. These obstructions can either be helped or hindered by the topography of the area. In this situation the streets are in valleys or in areas of flat land which is a significant hinderence to aspect views.

Yahya Pasa Sk

The streets are not in a grid formation and follow and amorphous form which obstruct aspect views even more. In high density built-up areas it is difficult to see even to the end of the street.

Urban Space / Orientation, Prospect and Aspect ISTANBUL ANALYSIS

James Bromley, Nino Takvarelia, Hina Shah

Building Typologies, Form and Materials ISTANBUL ANALYSIS

Sam Stalker, Thomas Booen, Sarah Wardrope, Sandeep Sandhu

Building Typologies, Form and Materials ISTANBUL ANALYSIS

Sam Stalker, Thomas Booen, Sarah Wardrope, Sandeep Sandhu

Townscape Studies ISTANBUL ANALYSIS

Amy Featherstone, Matthew Pickersgill

The Relationship of the City to Water ISTANBUL ANALYSIS

Will Board, Naomi Rayner, Lauren Di Pietro, Ayesha Lqbal

Memories of the City ISTANBUL ANALYSIS

Paul Pilkington, Hamani Bucheeri

The Futures of the City ISTANBUL ANALYSIS