Key Dates for the Wars of Independence
The Golden Age of Scotland
Golden Age
• • • •
1249 Oct. 1263 1264 1265
• 1266 • 1284 • 1285 • 1286
— Alexander III crowned King of Scotland — Battle of Largs — Scotland conquers the Isle of Man — Ross, Caithness and Skye submit to Alexander — Treaty of Perth — Scottish nobles accept the Maid of Norway as Alexander’s heir — Alexander marries his second wife — Alexander dies whilst travelling to meet his wife
The Great Cause
The Great Cause
• 1286 • • • • •
1288 1290 Sept. 1290 Apr. 1291 Nov. 1292
— 12 Guardians are appointed to administer Scotland — Duncan Earl of Fife Murdered — Treaty of Birgham — Maid of Norway dies — Edward arrives at Norham Castle — Edward announces John Balliol as King
The Reign of King John Balliol
John Balliol
• Nov. 1292 • Dec. 1292 • Feb. 1293
• Sept. 1293 • June 1294 • July 1295 • Oct. 1295
— John Balliol is crowned King of Scotland – pays homage — Balliol pays homage to Edward for the second time — Balliol’s first parliament – nobles support him — Balliol is summoned to England to answer the MacDuff case – pays homage — England declares war on France — Edward calls on Balliol to provide a Scottish army — A Council of Twelve is appointed — A delegation of Scots go to Paris — Treaty with France is signed
John Balliol
• Mar. 1296
• Apr. 1296 • July 1296 • Aug. 1296
— English Army reaches the Scottish border — Robert Bruce (father of Robert the Bruce) joins the English Army — Berwick is sacked — Balliol renounces his homage — English army take Dunbar — Balliol surrenders and abdicates — Edward holds a parliament in Berwick and appoints his own people to run Scotland
Early Rebellions and Battles: Stirling & Falkirk
Early Rebellions
• Apr. 1297
• Sept. 1297 • June 1298 • July 1298 • Aug. 1298 • 1302 • 1304 • 1305
— Rebellion in the Western Isles — Robert the Bruce rebels in the west with Bishop Wishart and James Steward — Andrew Murray rebels in the North — Battle of Stirling Bridge — Edward returns to England and gathers his army at Roxburgh — Battle of Falkirk — After the defeat Wallace resigned as Guardian — Robert the Bruce and John Comyn appointed as Guardians — Bruce surrenders to Edward I — Comyn and the rest of the nobles surrender to Edward I — Wallace is executed
Robert the Bruce
Robert the Bruce
• • • • • • • • •
June 1304 Feb. 1306 Mar. 1306 June 1306 Winter 1306-07 Feb. 1307 May 1307 July 1307 March/May 1308 • March 1309 • 1312-1314
— Cambuskenneth Bond — Bruce murders Comyn in Greyfrairs Abbey — Bruce crowned King of Scotland — Battle of Methven — Bruce disappears — Bruce recatpures Turnberry castle — Battle of Louden Hill — Edward I dies — Battle of Inverurie — Bruce holds his first Parliament — Bruce captures 7 vital castles from the English
The Rise and Triumph of Robert Bruce: 1314–1328
Triumph of Bruce
• June 1314 • Nov. 1314 • 1315-18 • 1318 • 1320 • • • •
1323-26 1326 1328 1329
— Battle of Bannockburn — Bruce forbids Scottish nobles to hold land in Scotland and England — Bruce raids England — Edward Bruce invades Ireland — Berwick is captured by the Scots — Soules Conspiracy — Declaration of Arbroath — Truce between England and Scotland — Edward II deposed, Edward III comes to power — Treaty of Edinburgh — Robert the Bruce dies, David II comes to power