Sustainable Urban Form base on Urbanization context in Danang City, Vietnam

SUSTAINABLE URBAN FORM

CONTENT

Introduction 1. Background (Global, Local, Vietnam) 2. The scope of study 3. Aims and objectives 4. Methods 5. Structure

Part I/ Literature review 1. General information historical establishment 1.1

Historical of urban form in global context (timeline) 1.1.1

Urban form determinant for early settlements (natural and was made determinants).

1.1.2

Medieval towns (the wall, the market places, the church)

1.1.3 1.1.4

Renaissance and Baroque (Aesthetics determinant, aggrandizement and urban scenery) 1.1.4 Nineteenth century

1.1.5

Garden city

1.1.6.

1920- 1950 (Modernism, rationalism, standardization)

1.1.7.

1950- 1970 (Structuralism, brutalism and pop)

1.1.8.

1970 to nowadays

1.2

Urban Form problem in context of urbanization

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2. Definition 2.1 2.2

Urban form Sustainable city

2.2.1 Compactness 2.2.2 Sustainable Transport 2.2.3 Density 2.2.4 Diversity 2.2.6 Greening

2.3 Sustainable Urban Forms

3. Theories of Sustainable Urban Form 4. Summary Part II/ Urban form elements and affected urban impacts: 1. Introduction 1.1 1.2

Urban develop without planning Evaluate role of appearance of urban form

2. Urban form elements.

3. Effect to features of urban area 4. Summary Part III/ Sustainable Urban Form application 1. Introduction of Sustainable Urban Form 2. Principle design of Sustainable Urban Form 2.1

Design spiral 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.4

2.2

Neo traditional Development Urban containment Compact city The eco- city

Life’s principle

3. Indicator for Sustainable Urban Form 4. Summary 2

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Part IV: Case Study 1. Hong Kong 2. Chinese compact city 3. The Green Space System Planning of Beijing Urban Area 4. The eco- compact city in each of city with high efficient in sustainable urban form 5. Portland Plan 6. Summary Part V/Application in Da Nang context 1. Introduction 1.1 1.2 1.3

Background Context- historical development Problem statement

2. Solutions: 2.1 2.2 2.3

Principle design Proposal for the site base on the problem existing Design application

Conclusion

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List of Figure Figure 1: Examples of urban forms across regions Figure 2: Cities of the Ancient World: Classical Greece Figure 3.Topography: Characteristic topographical circumstances for urban settlement and subsequent growth Figure 4: Location determinants the market- place factor exemplified at Figure 5: Form of Medieval Town and Cities: The Origins and basic of the growth Figure 6: Diagram layouts of four basic types of Dutch urban settlements. (Amsterdam) Figure 7: Michelangelo creates two axes, one to the Capitoline, one to Santa Maria Aracoeli, Campidoglio, 1536 Figure 8: Renaissance idea city: Increasing the size of the diverse elements according to scale of interaction.

Figure 9: Cerdรก city Figure 10: Garden city model Figure 11: Le Corbusier, Saint- die plan figure- fondo(1) Pama, plan de figure and fondo (2) Figure 12: Golden lane, urban structuring diagram in which Lane- type housing weaves between existing buildings interlaced with main PS, fourth composite drawing of a set of four prepared for CIAM Grille, 1953.

Figure 13: Population development in Urban Asia Figure 14: Trends in World Urbanization Estimates and projections from Population Reference Bureau and other sources.

Figure 15: Past and Projected Population Figure 16: City scale diagram: Network interrelationships are organized by settlement scale. The generalized, schematic diagram does not represent a model pattern or actual place.

Figure 17: Masdar City's proposal for the Sustainable City: built on the back of oil exports. (Masdar City, 2011) Figure 18: Circles of Sustainability Figure 22: The potential of compactness Figure 23: 10 principles for sustainable urban transport Figure 24: Planning dense and human scale cities for direct sustainable urban form Figure 25: Energy Use Index of building Figure 26: The guide captures the experiences of BIDs and insights from landowners, tenants, property developers, local authorities and organizations involved in Green Infrastructure Figure 27: Sustainable city development elements Figure 28: Evaluation Framework: Production Process of Urban Form Figure 29: A typology of regional scale develop pattern. Image credit: Peter Newton, Ore shaping Cities for a More Sustainable future (1998) Figure 30: Complex set of factors affect Urban Form Figure 31:The conventional Neighborhoods and Neo- traditional Neighborhood in USA Figure 32: Map of Chyeonggi Province and Seoul's greenbelt Figure 33: Compact city design Figure 34:Comparing between eco- city and urban sprawl in San Sebastian and Modena 4

SUSTAINABLE URBAN FORM

Figure 35: Indicators of a successful Urban Form in Creating Sustainable Communities Figure 36: Hong Kong development timeline Figure 37: China compact city development timeline Figure 38: The structure of landscaping system of Beijing Figure 39: The planning of Green Space of layout landscape system. Urban Space Structure Planning based on the General Planning of Beijing Figure 40: Spatial Structure of Mega-Beijing Table 12, 13: The categories of the eco- compact city Figure 41: Five neighborhood type of Portland Figure 42: Da Nang city and site location Figure 43: Map on 1894, the Tourane Figure 44: Map Danang,1969 Figure 45: The historical residential development of Da Nang City Figure 46: Planning oriented Da Nang city 2020- 2030 Figure 47: Flooding in Da Nang 2013 Figure 48: Typhoon along Thuan Phuoc bridge Figure49: Typhoon along the coastal 2013 Figure 50: The spontaneous in a small alley at Hai Chau ward 2014 Figure 51: Underground model Figure 52: Type of building creates the diversity and identity for area Figure 53: Urban Archipelago Figure 54: Urban form and identities apply the ring growth, greening and compactness Figure 55: The Super Sustainable City addresses this issue by forming a dense city center that will house one third of the city‘s growth until 2020 while forming a strong connection between each bank of the site‘s river.

Figure 56: An assessable and vibrant community with a wealth of amenity. A low carbon sustainable development, pioneering low cost‘ home grown‘ building solution Figure 57Boundary of the site Figure 58 Transport system Figure 59 Altitude Figure 60 Micro geomorphological Figure 61: Existing land use of the site Figure 62: Oriented land use Figure 63: Proposal zoning Figure 64: Application for zone 1 Figure 65: Application for zone 2 Figure 66: Application for zone 3 Figure 67: Application for zone 4 Figure 68: Combines 4 zones for proposal plan of sustainable urban form adaptation

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List of Table Table 1: Summary of theories for a sustainable urban form Table 2: Models of Sustainable Urban Form– Neo Traditional Development Table 3: Models of Sustainable Urban Form– Urban Containments Table 4: Models of Sustainable Urban Form– Compact City Table 5: Models of Sustainable Urban Form– The Eco- City Table 6: Sustainable urban form matrix: assessing the sustainability of urban form Table 7: Summary about principles, which conditions to achieve the sustainable urban form of Barton, Yosef Rafeq Jabareen, Jens and Burgess, Boarnet and Crane, Stead and Marshall, von Brocke Table 8: Framework to identifying the influential drivers on achieving more sustainable urban form in the context of GCC Countries Table 9: The role of indicators in developing design concepts to producing more sustainable urban form Table 10: The role of indicators in developing design concepts to producing more sustainable urban form Table 11: Example of indicators

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Abstract This dissertation identifies Sustainable urban form and their theories, principles and practices in urban design context for Asian countries, also the historical development of the issue was presented for long time, which takes experiences from others countries in the world with suitable urban form apply to develop sustainability in urbanization context. Moreover, it shows the advantages and disadvantages of each project have finished, takes knowledge to apply for the site in Vietnam, Da Nang City.

Finally, this essay proposes ideas for oriented planning and design also suggestion for the sustainable city, supports ideas for project and fields relate to urban form.

Introduction 1. Background Urban areas are facing many problems, challenge for development of economics, population explosion, environment and climate change that‘s the consequences of development urbanization without planning and design. The opportunities of urban area that got the solutions to adapt and harmonize between many features relating the problem environment is the most effected to human being and social development.

Urban decay when parts of the city become run down and undesirable to live in and traffic congestion. Challenges of the urban sustainable debate are to consider the form from many features in urban development as well as addressing the existing problems.

How to create the sustainable living in urban area to reduce and limit its‘ consequences through the researches show that‘s the best solution is Sustainable Urban Form?

Overall, the Sustainable Urban Form is one of the most issues in design city, having many people researched to define the problem and improve it, applying to each city around the world and also got challenges for urban development by itself. However, for each of city will get different application of sustainable urban form as well as changing to suitable and harmonize with urban context.

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Figure 1: Examples of urban forms across regions Settlement of US cities in the fringe area is characterized by the cul-des-sac (Fig. 4a).

Australian cities display only a mass of tiny patches without the same circuitous network of roads (Fig. 4b). Europe and Japan evolved the bigger and more regular settlement in the urban periphery (Fig. 4c and d). Latin American cities have the most compact and densest urban core areas, and the radial and concentric road system (Fig. 4e). Cities in Asian countries vary more widely in form in the fringe area. For most Chinese cities, the separation of urban and rural land uses is very clear (Fig. 4f). India cites have a much more convoluted and irregular fringe (Fig. 4g). In the peripheries of Korea cities, mixture of urban with rural land is obvious (Fig. 4h). (Note: Scales roughly ranges between 1:40,000 and 1:60,000).

2. The scope of study  To research historical development of Urban Form.  To research urban form, impacts of urban form on every aspect.  To research sustainable urban form and its functions to improve the problems of the city on urbanization context also concerning the indicators have verified.  To find out and evaluating the theories, principles, case studies about Sustainable Urban Form apply to Vietnamese context to solve the existing city problems.  To propose tailored solution for form of the determining site in Da Nang city.

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3. Aims and objectives The main aim of this dissertation is establishment knowledge base of sustainable urban form on problem of urbanization context for upcoming project in Da Nang city also explore the potential of the area in the future.

The objectives:  To understand and master about history, definition on theories, principles of Urban form, Sustainable city and Sustainable Urban Form.  To access and learn from case studies to take useful lessons to apply to study, research in the future thence form design thinking.  To explore the potentials of Sustainable Urban Form to adapt for the city design, minimizing problems relate to urban area.  To develop specific ideas to propose a new Urban Form for Da Nang city base on Asian and Vietnam background.

4. Methods The thesis is getting information by methods:  Literature review: theories, definitions …  Review with advisers.  Researching on the internet with international data with scientific and major websites.  Reading the references: books, articles, thesis…  Sketching, drawing diagrams: morphology, process, ideas…

5. Structure The research was divided in five parts to make clearly the ideas, aims, objectives.

The introduction takes overview look for the whole content of thesis, shows the structure and main arguments for each part.

First part synthesizes information about literature review of historical development through the timeline, theories, definitions and elements relate to Sustainable Urban Form. The second part shows types and roles of urban form effect to urban features realizing the important of sustainable city development. At the last three parts almost research about principles, indicators and case studies was practiced can be applied in Vietnamese context with determining site in Da Nang city, which assessing base on background to propose the new sustainable urban form not only restricting problems but also promoting multiple and comprehensive growth.

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Part I: Literature review Through reading many articles, books, and researches about Urban Form around the world to get the thesis, and understand definitions, roles, methods to design and solve the city problem base on context. Moreover, the thesis is offering process of historical development of urban form from over the world to make clearly the trend of urbanization. This issue has influent to many aspects especially direct to the benefits and people living standards.

Collecting the information from preferences have read to summary with exactly what is research about, who had researched it before from Western, American, Africa to Asian background to confirm the role of the issue. Base on knowledge relative to urban design, the direction effected to urban elements, the main research about Sustainable Urban Form to improve the city life at the present also for the future.

1. General information historical establishment 1.1 Historical of urban form in global context (timeline).

Which the research information can see that‘s have 8 periods development of urban form from the natural context, planning until now. Including 8 periods: Urban form determinant for early settlements, Medieval cities, Renaissance and baroque, Nineteenth century, Garden cities, 1920- 1950, 1950- 1970, 1970 to nowadays.

From the beginning of cities development, gets two types of Urban Form: Organic and planned with determinants of Urban Form on natural World by four elements: Topography, Climate, Water supply, Building materials and technology, when the human- made determinants of Urban Form effect to Economic, Political, Religious, Defense, Aesthetics and Leisure.

By the end of the ancient era three of the four major regions of the ‗Old World‘ had been fertilized by the Urban Revolution: West Asia (e.g. Babylon), the Mediterranean (Mycenae), and East Asia (Yin, near Anyang, a major Shang capital) researching about Urban Form is one of the most features for design sustainable city.

How was urban form created, and where was it forming?

Figure 2: Cities of the Ancient World: Classical Greece.

By grid form of the transport network, the city was form with normal and clear form, easy to recognize the function and design of model because the popular not dot many problems by urbanization like nowadays.

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1.1.1

Urban form determinant for early settlements (natural and was made determinants).

At the beginning people living for social communication, they was construct the living spaces with many determinants from climate, materials and technology (vernacular), trade also the religious, which Europe is the first foundation for the urban structure or urban form. Besides, the growth of population and infrastructure creates the spontaneous frame or urban fabric for the first constitute. When urban growth structures appearance the organic, as the natural result of information over preexisting cadastral land subdivisions.

A: Sea front, island and peninsular origins (Brighton, Manhattan, Miletus)B: Riverbank origin, initially with ferry or ford limitation on cross- river settlement and a waiting later (modern) construction technology for significant bridgehead development. Both locations usually resulted in growth directions away from the nucleus (London, Kiev) C: Hill and ridge top origins (Edinburgh) and the valley base converse (Makka) D: Flat, open prairie location, with no major topographical growth constraints (Oklahoma City)

Figure 3.Topography: Characteristic topographical circumstances for urban settlement and subsequent growth Figure 4: Location determinants the market- place factor exemplified at A: Land route crossings B: Intersections of land and water routes C: at entrances to mountain passes

1.1.2 Medieval towns (the wall, the market places, the church) From the start, the original of the city is castle, burg or village. An essential characteristic of both villages in the long back garden, frequently amounting in effect to a small- holding, which was attached to each dwelling, and which in many instances was approached from the rear by an access lane.

The back lanes were generally upgraded into roads providing access to new houses during early stages in the expansion of a village. And small market towns have many back gardens of the original cottages have yet to be developed. Then in towns which proposed and continuous to expand the spaces was usually built over by advent of the Industrial Revolution.

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Figure 5: Form of Medieval Town and Cities: The Origins and basic of the growth Every street in a medieval town, even the bridges, was a market street‖. Although the streets of medieval cities were very narrow - 8 to 12 feet wide - there was considerable green space in the deep lots behind the streetscape. Historians of urban history are now reconsidering what this condition might mean to life in the medieval city.

Figure 6: Diagram layouts of four basic types of Dutch urban settlements. (Amsterdam).

Dutch urban cartography of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries has provided a fascinating, detailed record of the period. The whole city as a marketplace, trade as a reason for existing, the need to trade of every citizen increases the value of the façade length.

1.1.3 Renaissance and Baroque (Aesthetics determinant, aggrandizement and urban scenery) Cannon- proof geometries Avoid perpendicular impact of the buffets on the wall, both in cross section and floor plan and proper cannon orientation through cross fire, extend the distance between the enemy and the city, the thickened wall.

Figure 7: Michelangelo creates two axes, one to the Capitoline, one to Santa Maria Aracoeli, Campidoglio, 1536 The geometries of the plan: The trapezoid piazza creates a forced perspective to the hierarchical element of the composition.

The oval, unlike the circle, is directional and axial, reinforcing and further defining the piazza. Cross axes open at either end of the piazza, allowing space to flow into and out of the piazza, opening it further to the civic life of the city.

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Figure 8: Renaissance idea city: Increasing the size of the diverse elements according to scale of interaction.

1.1.4 Nineteenth century Grand urban renewals and extension plants, early dissociation between streets and interstreet. In the original regulations purposed

by Cerdรก, for the first time ever built facades would partially from the streets. Due to exploitation circumstances, a higher edification and density were required.

Figure 9: Cerdรก city Source: http://www.slideshare.net/paarsegeit/a-brief-history-of-urban-form Objectives: Hygienization, Mobility, Aggrandizement, Speculation, Riot control

1.1.5 Garden city The first failure of urban design as a social tool: Dependence on the private fund, Ideas got blurred in favor of private, higher class interests.

Economical elites soon discovered the speculative potential of the concept: Figure 10: Garden city model Garden suburbs, Low density, Mono-functional housing, Dependent on mobility infrastructure, Endless spread, Lack of army sort of social or productive amenities, Romantic- style urban trace or the idea of living in the nature Destruction of the city as a social catalyst Designed as a set of self- sufficient rather dense autonomous cities of 30 000 inhabitants included social venues, housing, factories and green recreational spaces.

1.1.6. 1920- 1950 (Modernism, rationalism, standardization) Modernism got deconstruction of traditional city repetition, standardization and homogenization of both public and domestic spaces optimization of urban function separately zoning.

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Traditionalist baroque visual lines enclosed public spaces, urban aggrandizement, classically composition tools: axis and symmetry. Variations on scale and composition according to the urban function Figure 11: Le Corbusier, Saint- die plan figure- fondo (1) Pama, plan de figure and fondo (2)

1.1.7. 1950- 1970 (Structuralism, brutalism and pop) The city was development with the vertical direction, architecture with the new materials almost concrete, steel in starkly massive blocks.

Figure 12: Golden lane, urban structuring diagram in which Lane- type housing weaves between existing buildings interlaced with main PS, fourth composite drawing of a set of four prepared for CIAM Grille, 1953.

Revisiting modernism (new approach, same old problems) If the streets have disappeared let‘s re-incorporate them to in our blocks. The building becomes the city: connectivity meaning connected buildings, choice meaning electric organic-like layout, identity meaning only choosing post war scenarios for the proposals and relationship meaning standing on top of the preexisting city.

1.1.8. 1970 to nowadays (Revisionism, eclecticism and pragmatism) For a long time from urban structure was forming design of city until 19 century. With the twentieth century and the automobile, cities have increased considerably in population size and have sprawled extensively in area and in every direction with low density development.

Urban design with first failure by garden city along with construction system, for the industrial period economic have the vital roles for urban development effect to structure and form of architect also all urban elements. Besides that‘s from historical can show clear about program where urban was form, following the urban growth planning was effected to people, and many features but can‘t negate importance of its that‘s the base for improving and upgrading lands in present and for the future.

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1.2

Urban Form problem in context of urbanization

Cities is existing for many reasons that are collective need for defense, sacred site centers for religious practices and humans are social animals we seek the company of others.

Figure 13: Population development in Urban Asia Industrialization accelerated urbanization: o Increasing labor productivity in agriculture meant that there was surplus labor led to change settlement. o The surplus labor found ―better‖ jobs in cities. o Agriculture was productive to feed the population even though the remuneration of labor was less.

Now, more than half the world‘s population lives in cities.

Figure 14: Trends in World Urbanization Estimates and projections from Population Reference Bureau and other sources.

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

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The history of cities is characterized by a high degree of dynamism, in economic systems and production technologies, whilst being offset by a remarkable continuity in certain aspects of physical structure. The dynamics of cities is considered in the research through reviewing economic theory of capitalist, creative destruction‟ cycles, and the changing modes of production and urban technologies that result from these cycles. The evolution of transportation technology is central to changing urban form and is reviewed in detail, particularly the rise of the automobile and subsequent urban dispersion in the 20th century.

Moreover, the forces of proximity are simultaneously economic, social and political in nature, and have been manifested in a rich variety of urban forms, influenced by the historical diversity of socio-economic systems and modes of urban technology (Hall, 1998a). As urbanization has accelerated and the number of city dwellers has swollen to over half the global population at 3.3 billion (UNFPA, 2007), the forces driving urban growth are clearly more central than at any time in the organization of global society.

Figure 15: Past and Projected Population Growth Redrawn from Population Bulletin 53, no. 1, p. 12 (Population Reference Bureau, 1998) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

In summary, cities enable contact and communication by bringing populations into close proximity. The advantages of proximity are simultaneously economic, social and political, and are connected to the culture and technology of the city and its era. The continuity of urban spatial structure depends on the ability of cities to be flexible and adapt to new economic phases of capitalism, and to associate urban cultures and lifestyles.

Problem of the urban form in urbanization context effect to elements that‘s created the unsustainable cities: Physical form of urban area has contributed the massive problem of cities is not disputed. Zoning different land use has meant that people have had to travel longer distance to work, shopping centers and leisure activities. (Potter, 1997) Management of transit and settlement residents, worker…

Environment of the city get problem for living and human activities.

Infrastructure construction is serving for the people in the city need more quantitative and qualitative, which effect to development of economic.

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2. Definition: 2.1 Urban Form Thesis in the world, the Asian and Vietnam have many professors, students have been researched about urban form, it shows that‘s this issue is very impressive with urban design and city challenges. Although, each region got different definitions and theories for urban form on their researching but it‘s still understood with the same meaning through various ways reflecting by following some evidence below.

Firstly, following the planning design urban form is defined as the physical characteristics that make built-up areas, including the shape, size, density and configuration of settlements. It can be considered at different scales: regional, urban, neighborhood, block and street. It evolves constantly in response to social, environmental, economic and technological developments; planning, housing and urban policies; and health, transport and economic policies. (Katie Williams, June 2014).

Urban form, by definition must be urban, as in pertaining to cities. Form expresses the physicality of the city. Therefore, when we talk about urban form, we essentially talk about the ways cities are built. It is important to understand the purpose of a built environment, and that is to house human settlement in order for us to agglomerate in a certain place to interact, communicate, and cooperate together to form a better livelihood. (Shue-nam and Alfred, 2011, p.

11) In different context, the form of the town is established in the relation between the outdoors space and buildings, which exist in a given landscape/soil.

These are then the elements to be analyzed by themselves, between themselves, and in their relation with other urban elements. (Luz Valente - Pereira, Urban form definition in urban planning, p.8) In conclusion, the urban form was defined with physical characteristic of cities resulting from evolutionary process of urban activities and planning actions that are built up area including the shape, size, density and configuration of settlements. Form expresses the image from outside including structure, grains, construction.

It can be considered at different scales: regional, urban, neighborhood, block and street.

Urban form evolves constantly in response to social, environmental, economic and technological developments; planning, housing and urban policies; and health, transport and economic policies.

2.2 Sustainable City From information to defines sustainability as thriving within our means to achieve balance between environmental health, economic prosperity, and social equity.

Sustainable cities are not only improves living standard of people but also their health, activities attract more activities to area make its livability.

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The sustainable network classification consists of the following 5 elements: o Connectivity and place accessibility o Block scale relationship: person-capacity per lane to place context. o Neighborhood scale relationship: network accessibility to land use movement sensitivity. o City scale concept: network interrelationships organized by settlement scale. o All of the above conditions and relationships must be considered concurrently and coordinated to the maximum degree possible.

Figure 16: City scale diagram: Network interrelationships are organized by settlement scale. The generalized, schematic diagram does not represent a model pattern or actual place.

At the city scale, the sustainable network has multiple relationships between settlements, centers, different networks and different scales. The classification uses settlement scale to organize and present a nexus of interrelationships. The diagram includes a concise list of the key multi-scale relationships. A more detailed explanation of the list follows.

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Figure 17: Masdar City's proposal for the Sustainable City: built on the back of oil exports. (Masdar City, 2011) Sustainable city needs to be adapted with: Energy generation and management, Water generation and management, waste management, planning, engineering and architecture, sustainable building‘s materials and transportation planning and management.

Figure 18: Circles of Sustainability Diagram show 4 sectors to get sustainable city through Economics, Ecology, Politics and Culture is not balance between economics and ecological, when many features of economics develop in the other hand environment was influence for the high rate so the responsible of urban that‘s how to harmonize all elements and solving the city problem.

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Jabareen identifies four urban forms based on seven design principles to attain the goals of sustainable urban development. The seven concepts or principles of sustainable cities are: Compactness, Sustainable Transport, Density, Mixed Land uses, Diversity, Passive Solar Design and Greening.

All of these aim at reducing travel distances, saving energy, increase quality of life, efficient use of land, save infrastructure costs, etc. contributing to sustainable urban development.

2.2.1 Compactness Compactness of the built environment is a widely acceptable strategy through which more sustainable urban forms might be achieved. Compactness also refers to urban contiguity (and connectivity), which suggests that future urban development should take place adjacent to existing urban structures (Wheeler 2002). When the concept is applied to existing rather than new urban fabric, it refers to the containment of further sprawl, rather than the reduction of the present sprawl (Hagan 2000). Compactness of urban space can minimize transport of energy, water, materials, products, and people (Elkin, McLaren, and Hillman 1991).

Compact cities, the distinctive concepts of the compact city are high density and compactness. It proposes mixed land uses like the approaches of new urbanism or neo-traditional development.

Over the most sustainable urban form have two principal alternatives. One side advocates a high density, mixed use centralized urban form. The other side advocates a low density, dispersed urban form. Arguments in favor of a compact, centralized city claim that this type of urban form provides environmental, social and economic benefits.

In terms of residential preferences, a compact urban form may be less desirable for some individuals. Households with children may prefer to locate further away from the city center, where they have a garden. Other households may experience an increase in income and demand more space, which is found in less dense developments, further away from the city center. The compact city can also fail to adequately consider future changes in population. A high density, compact city is less likely to be able to cope with significant population growth, as there is less potential for expansion if development is already at a high density (Anas et al, 2000).

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Figure 22: Diagram show the potential of compactness it can work within the grain of cities, restore their compactness; a revival of clustered, higher-density settlements that follow popular patterns, rebuild our cities by taking simple steps, block by block, street by street.

The environmental benefits of a compact urban form are seen to include reduced energy usage and greenhouse gas emissions following a lesser demand for polluting modes of travel, reduced pressure on greenfield sites and greater use of more efficient technologies.

2.2.2 Sustainable Transport Transport is arguably the single biggest issue for environmental debates relating to urban form (Jenks, Burton, and Williams 1996, 171). The form of our cities reflects, to a large extent, the transport technologies that were dominant at different stages of their development (Barrett 1996, 171)

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Figure 23: 10 principles for sustainable urban transport Source: http://sustainabletransport.org

To achieve 10 principle of Sustainable Transport need to get the conditions below: Walk to walk, Powered by people, get on the bus, Cruise Control, get real, connection, mix and deliver the goods. (Sustainable transportation, 2014)

2.2.3 Density Density is a critical typology in determining sustainable urban forms.

Density and dwelling type affect sustainability through differences in the consumption of energy; materials; and land for housing, transportation, and urban infrastructure (Walker and Rees 1997). Holding constant the mix of land uses, residents of higher density areas were more likely to commute by transit, walking, bicycling, or combinations thereof, and less likely to drive, than people who live in lower-density areas (Transportation Research Board of the National Academy 1996).

Clark, Burall, and Roberts (1993, 146) have argued that sustainable development implies a ―self-support economy‖ and requires ―more land for outbuildings and outdoor activities . . . and a general reduction in net residential densities.‖ Similarly, Robertson (1990) has argued in favor of a decentralized future based upon a return to the countryside and a revival of rural values.

Controlling the people outdoor and energy efficient also manage transport vehicle in the city, encourage the community and public transport for the high density more than lower density are also friendly with environment.

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Figure 24: Planning dense and human scale cities for direct sustainable urban form.

2.1.1.4 Mixed Land Uses Mixed land use indicates the diversity of functional land uses such as residential, commercial, industrial, institutional, and those related to transportation Reducing the need for travel is on the agenda of achieving sustainable urban form, and mixed land use has a prominent role in achieving it. Mixed land use reduces the probability of using a car for commuting, shopping, and leisure trips, since jobs, shops, and leisure facilities are located nearby (Alberti 2000; Van and Senior 2000). For a sustainable urban form, mixed uses should be encouraged in cities, and zoning discouraged (see Breheny 1992b, 22).

The aim is to reduce air pollution and traffic congestion, as well as to stimulate the interaction of residents, by increasing pedestrian traffic and generally improving neighborhood charm. Numerous studies report that higher densities, mixed land uses, more open circulation patterns, and pedestrian-―friendly‖ environments are all associated with less car travel. Others argue that these results are difficult either to confirm or to interpret (Rutherford, McCormack, and Wilkinson 1996).

2.2.4 Diversity Jane Jacobs (1961) popularized the diversity dimension, subsequently adopted and widely accepted by many planning approaches, such as new urbanism, smart growth, and sustainable development, diversity is vital; without it, the urban system declines as a living place and a place to live.

Its promotes further desirable urban features, including greater variety of housing types, building densities, household sizes, ages, cultures, and incomes (see the Congress for the New Urbanism and U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development 2000).

Thus, diversity represents the social and cultural context of the urban form.

2.2.5 Passive Solar Design Passive solar design is central to achieving a sustainable urban form.

This design affects the form of the built environment through, for example, the orientation of buildings and urban densities (Thomas 2003).

Interaction between energy systems and urban structure takes place at all spatial scales from the regional, city, and neighborhood to the individual building 23

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(Owens 1992, 81-82). So far, sustainable forms have had a crucial role in the reduction of energy usage.

Figure 25: Energy Use Index of building Source:http://mitei.mit.edu/system/files/20131216-model-mixeduse-analysis.jpg

This diagram shows the results of analyzing the model neighborhood with UMI‘s energy module, which calculates the energy use of individual buildings taking into account shading and other impacts of nearby buildings, trees, and other objects. Buildings with high energy intensity are readily evident by their red coloring. (UMI: unities management infrastructure) (Nancy W. Stauffer, MITEI, 2013)

2.2.6 Greening Greening of the city, or green urbanism, appears to be an important design concept for the sustainable urban form. Green space has the ability to contribute positively to some key agendas in urban areas, including sustainability (Swanwick, Dunnett, and Woolley 2003).

Greening of the city makes urban and suburban places appealing and pleasant (Van der Ryn and Cowan 1995; Nassauer 1997) and more sustainable (Dumreicher et al. 2000).

In Green Urbanism, Timothy Beatley (2000) emphasizes the important roles of cities and positive urbanism in shaping more sustainable places, communities, and lifestyles. He contends that our old approaches to urbanism are incomplete and must be expanded to incorporate more ecologically responsible forms of living and settlement.

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Figure 26: The guide captures the experiences of BIDs and insights from landowners, tenants, property developers, local authorities and organizations involved in Green Infrastructure.

Figure 27: Sustainable city development elements. (http://www.tengbom.se/enUS/projects/228/sustainable-urban-development) 25

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The environmental perspective is included at each stage - from general planning to completion of urban environments - and integrated planning with a coordinated ecocycle for energy, waste, water and sewerage is a vital prerequisite for successful, sustainable urban development.

2.3 Sustainable Urban Forms Sustainable urban form needs to be considered in relation to infrastructure. Successful infrastructure meets demand and provides reliable, cost effective, and high-quality services. Other important infrastructure aspects include the affordability and accessibility of services and the resilience and sustainability of infrastructure. (Ibid. See also RTPI, Thinking Spatially, June 2014) From the researching references can offer the analysis identifies seven design concepts related to sustainable urban forms: compactness, sustainable transport, density, mixed land uses, diversity, passive solar design, and greening.

Moreover, it identifies four types of sustainable urban forms: the neotraditional development, the urban containment, the compact city, and the ecocity. Finally, this article proposes a matrix of Sustainable Urban Form to help planners in assessing the contribution of different urban forms to sustainability.

What are the distinctive urban forms proposed by each of these approaches? And what are the design concepts and principles that these forms share? In addition, the article aims to offer a conceptual framework for assessing the sustainability of urban forms.

3. Theories of Sustainable Urban Form Theoretical framework is developed through literature review and review of overseas case studies. This sets a foundation to understand the relationship between the two key variables, urban form and sustainable communities.

(Law, Shue-nam and Alfred, Urban form in achieving sustainable communities: mega-podium versus at grade development in urban regeneration, 2011, p. 8) Theories about sustainable urban form bases on 4 elements such as Organization, Activities, Social Cohensions and Place Making in many year and urbanist. Following Wheeler in 2003 had researched about the connectivities and continuity also visual and path connection but in the past almost the research from urban designer Jacobs in 1961 she had identified about Transpotation and accessibility, diversity and Mixed- use relate to urban form moreover in 1987 Jacobs researched more about Living and Working in reasonable proximity. So each people have their own viewpoint about sustainable urban form and its changing follow the urban development. Lynch (1981) considers five basic dimensions and two meta-criteria for the performance dimensions of the spatial form of a city. These are; how settlement form affects vitality, how settlement form affects human sense, the degree to which the settlement form fits the requirements of people, how able people are to access activities, services etc, and how much control people have over services/ activities/spaces etc.

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Table 1: Summary of theories for a sustainable urban form

This issue has seen a considerable interest in urban sustainability and has ensued about the impact of urban form. There is a growing literature on the issues, with sustainability seen as depending on three constructs – environmental (including transport), social and economic dimensions. The physical dimensions of urban form represent an amalgam of land use patterns, the transportation system and urban design features. The conclusions of this debate about the sustainability of urban forms has focused on increasing the density of development, ensuring a mix of uses, containing urban ‗sprawl‘ and achieving social and economic diversity and vitality‘(Jenks et al, 1996).

This study has identified seven design concepts that are related to sustainable urban forms. The literature analysis shows that different combinations of these concepts produce a number of distinguished urban forms. Eventually, the study has identified four models of sustainable urban forms: Neo traditional development, Urban Containment, Compact City, The Eco- City …(Yosef Rafeq Jabareen, Sustainable Urban Forms Their Typologies, Models, and Concepts).

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In conclusion, Sustainable urban form implies an inter-linkage of sound environmental, social and economic foundations. This thesis initially focuses on the nature of the economic debate surrounding sustainable urban forms. It then considers the principal elements of urban form - land use patterns, position/ transport infrastructure, density, characteristics of the built environment.

4. Summary This part gets definitions from previous searcher‘s viewpoints in their thesis about urban from and sustainable city also sustainable urban form. The historical effect to urban form development and in each period urban growth process improve city solve the problem in urbanization context. From the research shows principle of sustainable city and forming of four model sustainable urban form for urban area.

Part II/ Urban form elements and affected urban impacts: Urban form is developing for a long time can get important role in city growth also have great influence for on features such as economics, culture, ecology, society,…in the global also the local context (Asian countries). Which types of urban form got effect to the city and compatible with weather and context in Asia and reasons was applied to urban growth.

1. Introduction: 1.1 Urban develop without planning Through the development historical of urban form can imagine the city without planning can get many problems and in each period of decade urban form was change for harmonize city factors and promoting the potentials of previous models. Almost people living together with their benefit like a group living not for the social or economics purposed. In that time the urban form was not constituted the definitions also people‘ awareness not enough to understand about how urban form effect to living and space where they are living.

1.2 Evaluate role of appearance of urban form Development and redevelopment have been taking place across the city, continuing to shape the character of city‘s neighborhoods, streets, commercial areas, and other key places. In the world, when urban form was development some changes are raising community concerns about the future of cherished places, as development replaces open spaces, transforms street environments and neighborhood character.

Asian cities in general have taken on a more compact approach than their Western counterparts. The post-World War II period in Asia saw a rapid rate of increase in urban population with an increase in birth rate as well as an increase 17 in migrants coming into the urban area in search of work. Hong Kong in 28

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particular is a showcase for high-density living, with density mainly driven by an explosive population growth and land scarcity, resulting in a strategy for highrise and high-density development (Zhang, 2000). It is a manifestation of the ideologies of centralization and has largely been successful despite the failure of modernism in the Western world. Its success can be attributed to a high level of tolerance of the Chinese to congested conditions, the economic use of land through vertical building, high level of accessibility, few roads and a comprehensive public transportation network (Mahtab-uz-Zaman, Lau, & Mei, 2000).

The physical dimensions of urban form represent an amalgam of land use patterns, the transportation system and urban design features. The conclusion of this part about the sustainability of urban forms has focused on increasing the density of development and the urbanization.

Figure 28: Evaluation Framework: Production Process of Urban Form Diagram shows the process of urban form elements effect by many factors such as religions, economic, government, housing layout, street network and open space‌, which created design language, building guidelines with the controlling of site and environment conditions. Through the process sees the important of urban form in design city relates with environment. That shows how urban form directly effect to urban area.

2. Urban forms’ Elements and the influence in urban area Physical form of the city including Circulation, Land use, Open spaces, Building forms, urban furniture ‌ In urban form definitions have many elements have been showed but each point will get different effect to urban development. The Urban Form report is organized around four topics, each addressed in individual elements: 29

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1. Places – The landmarks and prominent features that shape the form, structure and identity. These include both natural and built elements - hills and bridges, rivers and roads, open spaces and commercial districts.

2. Patterns – The urban fabric of neighborhoods and districts. Variations in street and block configurations, natural features, building types and architecture across area contribute to the distinct character of the city‘s neighborhoods and districts. This chapter identifies five basic patterns: the Inner Neighborhoods, with their main street commercial districts and compact street grid; the Western Neighborhoods, whose urban form is shaped by hilly terrain, streams and other natural features; and the Eastern Neighborhoods, whose diverse mix of urban and rural forms.

3. Public Realm – the parts of our city that are owned by all of us together.

The streets, parks, plazas and other open spaces are where public life in the city is experienced. There are many challenges to meeting community objectives for improvements and expansions to the public realm of streets and parks. In some areas, especially in eastern and western parts of the city, the network of streets breaks down, with fewer connecting streets and more cul-de-sacs, and with many of those streets lacking sidewalks to accommodate pedestrians. The lack of sidewalks and connectivity make it hard for the city to foster walking as an attractive transportation option in these areas.

4. Private Realm – the development that takes place mostly on private property, but is visible from and affects the public realm. Buildings on private property shape and bring activity to our public streets and are part of the continuing evolution of neighborhoods (Sam Adam, Mayor, Urban Form, 2009)

3. Effect to features of urban area: The knowledge of the relation between the characteristics of these forms‘ elements and those of the urban system elements - activities, behavior, and environment with 3 elements: 1. Landscape/Soil The influence of landscape/soil in morphologic terms mainly concerns location, topography, sun and wind exposure, and soil and subsoil quality and aptitude and landscape composition.

Such data influence the following: o Great distribution of buildings and green areas throughout built and open spaces o The infrastructure outline laying particular stress on the road infrastructure o The general definition of building typologies, their forms of association, and distribution throughout the landscape/soil 30

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o The three-dimensional urban composition o The general reading and readability system for the space arising from the topographic configuration and landscape characteristics 2. Outdoors Space Considering its morphologic definition, the outdoors space shall be analyzed based on two categories in terms of use, which have serious implications on its form, therefore we must consider: o Circulation space - the circulation scheme for vehicles and pedestrians, analyzed in terms of spatial formal expression as well as its access relations, that is, the roads‘ circulation hierarchy and access to activities, type of access network connecting the roads, their relation with the buildings and outdoors meeting spaces. o Outdoors meeting space - urban being spaces - analyzed based on dimensional categories related with the type of private or public permanence as well as how they are linked with the buildings and the spatial circulation system. The analyzed categories in these outdoors meeting spaces are those of paved and non-paved (green areas) spaces, as well as public and private spaces.

Figure 29: A typology of regional scale develop pattern. Image credit: Peter Newton, Ore shaping Cities for a More Sustainable future (1998).

The lowest exposure to air pollutants was in the corridor pattern, where growth is focused on transit corridors connected to the city center. More recent modeling has yielded similar results (Martins et al., 2007).

Polycentric or transit corridor patterns may also provide better access to recreational parks and urban agricultural land, can allow more continuous greenbelts and green corridors for wildlife habitat and riparian protection, and can reduce the urban heat island effect. Sustainable city encourage people living with pedestrian system, public transport, resolve contesting human and ecological needs for contiguous, connected networks.

Besides, in different scale the effect of urban form, urban elements are not only by form, spatial but also in street pattern and each type can get the role suitable for each function of urban area.

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3. Buildings The buildings are characterized according to their typological definition and forms of association regarding their relation with outdoors spaces and the way buildings access the outdoors space. Urban form is the combination of all urban elements, incorporating: • Building shape and design, including character and identity • Built streetscape and urban structure • The physical layout through the subdivision pattern, including public and private space • The interrelationship of activities and functions of centers or towns • Open space and recreation areas.

Urban form differs from place to place, and is relative to its location and function. Centers within the region have excellent examples where competing needs have been balanced to create functioning urban areas, creating strong sense of place, accessibility, safe public spaces, inviting landscaping and urban green space, and opportunities for social interaction. New development has the opportunity to contribute positively to the urban form through a compact, well designed development that integrates with the existing urban structure.

Figure 30: Complex set of factors affect Urban Form

Diagram shows how manage effect of urban form to five elements of urban area through people, environment, infrastructure, form and economy to enhance quality of living standard and create sustainable urban form by achieve the purpose of each factor.

(Source: http://images.slideplayer.com/23/6658146/slides/slide_8.jpg) 32

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4. Summary The urban form direct city development base on three mains elements effected people living and control activities, economic, transportation and infrastructure also environment, form of urban with control itself through manage landscape or soil, the outdoor space and buildings to improve the city quality for urban sustainability.

Part III/ Sustainable Urban Form application 5. Introduction of Sustainable Urban Form Urban form was design with sustainable like a tool for improve the city by many principles in researching also in reality. Understanding context of the urban it can led designer or planner the adaptable and harmonize in oriented design project. With learning from the principle around the world especially in Asian country can help to understand and get methods, experiences for the application on the final project with determining site in Da Nang City.

6. Principle design of Sustainable Urban Form 2.1 Design spiral The analysis identifies seven design concepts related to sustainable urban forms: compactness, sustainable transport, density, mixed land uses, diversity, passive solar design, and greening. Moreover, it identifies four types of sustainable urban forms: the neo-traditional development, the urban containment, the compact city, and the eco-city.

The four identified sustainable urban forms by Jabareen are Neotraditional Development, Urban Containment, Compact City and Eco-City; comprised of combination of the seven design principles or concepts. Each of these urban forms contribute differently in making cities sustainable, however conceptually compact city seems to be more convincing than other urban forms.(Measuring Compact Urban Form: A Case of Nagpur City, India)

2.1.1 Neo traditional Development: Traditional built environments have inspired planners and architects to seek better urban forms based on some of their physical qualities, in a movement called ―neo traditional town planning‖ (Nasar 2003, 58).

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New urbanism advocates design-based strategies based on traditional urban forms to help arrest suburban sprawl and inner-city decline and to build and rebuild neighborhoods and cities.

Figure 31: The conventional Neighborhoods and Neo- traditional Neighborhood in USA Despite their many similarities, the two neighborhoods embody key differences between conventional and neo-traditional designs, including lot sizes, net density, type of residences, mixture of land uses, street pattern, presence of sidewalks, accessibility to local stores, and presence of bicycle and walking trails, reflecting the neo-traditional design feature that pairs heavily developed areas with land kept in its natural state. Southern Village also has higher street density and connectivity, and shorter blocks, and includes the commercial space absent in the conventional neighborhood.

Neo traditional development new urban is an effort to create prototype communities that‘s foster the development of positive social capital favorable human interaction. Neo-traditional planning, also known as the new urbanism or traditional neighborhood develop, is more or less the latest urban planning. Its advocates assume that people would rather walk, ride a bicycle, or take the bus than drive. The only reason why people drive so much, the theory goes, is that cities are so poorly designed. The solution is to redesign the cities so that people won't need to drive.

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Table 2: Models of Sustainable Urban Form– Neo Traditional Development

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Advantage: The residential design features can satisfy residents, encourage local walking and use, support pleasing neighborhood contacts, and bolster a strong sense of community, while increasing residential densities beyond the suburban norm (Leccese and McCormick 2000). It can supply the principle of density, greenery and diversity when planning the urban. However, this model get disadvantage about energy and distance transit with sprawl of building and people, waste the space and hard to manage the residential and planning structure

2.2.2 Urban Containment The goals of containment policy vary widely and include preservation of natural land, as well as farmland and resource extraction land, whose economic value will not be able to compete with urban development; cost-efficient construction and use of urban infrastructure; reinvestment in existing urbanized areas that might otherwise be neglected; and the creation of higher-density land use patterns that encourage a mix of uses and patronage of public transit, leading to a more efficient utilization of land in urbanized areas (Pendall, Martin, and Fulton 2004).

Urban containment policies include the enactment of regulatory urban growth boundaries, limiting utility extensions to outlying areas, delineation and acquisition of greenbelts, controls on pattern and density of development, restricting new residential development in agricultural areas, pacing new development to match development of new infrastructure, restricting the numbers of new residential permits issued, land preservation programs, tax incentives, and a variety of other measures (Porter 1997; Razin 1998; Tjallingii 2000; Gillham 2002; Nelson et al. 2004).

Greenbelts are a spatial technique for containment. A greenbelt usually refers to a band drawn fairly tightly around a city or urban region that planners intend to be permanent, or at least very difficult to change.

Urban growth boundaries (UGBs) are limits on land development beyond a politically designated area—to curb sprawl, protect open space, or encourage the redevelopment of inner-city neighborhoods (Staley, Edgens, and Mildner 1999).

A UGB is a line between urbanization and rural lands, rather than a physical area. Some jurisdictions use the terms urban limit line (ULL), blue line, or green line to mean the actual physical boundary separating urban and rural areas.

Figure 32: Map of Chyeonggi Province and Seoul's greenbelt.

Source: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol11 /iss1/art3/figure1.jpg

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Table 3: Models of Sustainable Urban Form– Urban Containments

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2.2.3 Compact City This was to be done through clearance and the erection of tower blocks, allowing high-population densities within wide-open spaces. Following Le Corbusier‘s ideas of the radiant city, Dantzing and Saaty (1973) proposed the compact city. Their vision was to enhance the quality of life but not at the expense of the ―next generation‖ (p. 10)—an idea that is compatible with today‘s principles of sustainable development. Generally, the idea of a compact city includes many strategies that aim to create compactness and density that can avoid all the problems of modernist design and cities.

First, compact cities are argued to be efficient for more sustainable modes of transport. Second, compact cities are seen as a sustainable use of land. By reducing sprawl, land in the countryside is preserved and land in towns can be recycled for development. Third, in social terms, compactness and mixed uses are associated with diversity, social cohesion, and cultural development. Some also argue that it is an equitable form because it offers good accessibility. Fourth, compact cities are argued to be economically viable because infrastructure, such as roads and street lighting, can be provided cost-effectively per capita. Also, population densities are sufficient to support local services and businesses (Williams, Burton, and Jenks 2000).

The purpose of a compact city policy in developing countries Infrastructure supply Close urban-rural linkage Social equity A compact city policy has to be applied as urban development strategy to control urban expansion caused by a rapid population growth. Characteristic of compact city with are high dense settlement, less dependence of automobile, clear boundary form and surrounding area.

Figure 33: Compact city design. (Source: internet)

The compact city development with new center development around high capacity rapid transit, redevelopment of existing urban fabric helps fabric helps ensure that residents can live close to jobs, schools, services and other destination, resulting reduced travel times and emissions. Maintain commute times to employment centers at 20 minutes or less by public transport.

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Table 4: Models of Sustainable Urban Form– Compact City

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2.2.4 The Eco-City The distinctive concepts of the eco-city are greening and passive solar design. In terms of density and other concepts, the eco-city might be conceived as a ―formless‖ city or an ecoamorphous city. There are some approaches that emphasize the passive solar design, such as the Eco-village, Solar Village (Van der Ryn and Calthorpe 1986), Cohousing (Roelofs 1999, 240-42), and Sustainable Housing (Edwards and Turrent 2000; Boonstra 2000).

Therefore, the city is managed to achieve sustainability through different land use, environmental, institutional, social, and economic policies (Robinson and Tinker 1998; United Nations Conference on Environment and Development 1992; United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 1992; Council of Europe 1993; Europea Commission 1994).

Elkin, McLaren, and Hillman (1991, 12) argue that sustainable urban form must be a form and scale appropriate to walking, cycling, and efficient public transport and must have a compactness that encourages social interaction. It must enable access to the facilities and services of the city while minimizing the resulting external costs.

Table 5: Models of Sustainable Urban Form– The Eco- City

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Table 6: Sustainable urban form matrix: assessing the sustainability of urban form.

Table of summary the applied of principle on sustainable urban form Sustainable Urban Form

Principle design

Neo traditional

Sustainable Transport and Greening

Urban containment

Compactness and Diversity

Compact City

Compactness, Sustainable transport, Density, Mixed Land Uses, Diversity, Passive solar Design

Eco- City

Greening and Sustainable transport

2.2 Life’s principle Cities for People reports use and advocate The 8 Principles from Planning Cities for People, a guide of urban form and transportation solutions to some of the most pressing challenges facing modern cities, including congestion, pollution, and urban sprawl. The 8 Principles are essential ingredients to sustainable, economically vibrant cities that deliver quality of life for people.

THE 8 PRINCIPLES 1. Walk. Develop neighborhoods that promote walking.

2. Connect. Create dense networks of streets and paths for non-motorized transit.

3. Transit. Build extensive, high quality transit. Make connections between modes.

4. Cycle. Prioritize bicycle networks that offer protected lanes.

5. Mix zone for mixed-use neighborhoods.

6. Densification actively to encourage greater density around major transit hubs.

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7. Compact. Set growth boundaries and plan for compact regions with short commutes.

8. Shift. Increase mobility by regulating parking and road use.

(City for people in practice 2015) The principles have applied in model around the world and Asian countries with successful in Singapore, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Korea, Netherland ‌ ECO-COMPACT CITY

SPRAWL CITY

San Sebastian

Modena

180.000 inhabitants Urbanized Area: 2.000 hectares Mall Surface:55.000 m2 Retail Surface: 1.370.000 m2

180.000 inhabitants Urbanized Area: 4.300 hectares Mall Surface: 1.200.000 m2 Retail Surface: 176.500 m2

Figure 34: Comparing between eco- city and urban sprawl in San Sebastian and Modena Source: http://www.ecocompactcity.org/home.html Comparing between the advantage of eco- compact city more than sprawl city through the same 180 000 inhabitants but improving of smaller scale but can get more efficient of surface of using space nearly 10 times and safe space for living also retail surface when applied the principle of sustainable urban form.

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Table 7: Summary about principles, which conditions to achieve the sustainable urban form of Barton, Yosef Rafeq Jabareen, Jens and Burgess, Boarnet and Crane, Stead and Marshall, von Brocke

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7. Indicator for Sustainable Urban Form Research proposed to do so firstly according to dimensions found in the history of urban theory and methods and would like to suggest now a second way of assessing urban performance: a set of indicators geared to address directly well-known dimensions of cities.

The indicators with defined clearly which rate and when its be sustainable urban form, how many elements, who have research and verified it in the past, present and apply for future.

Table 8: Framework to identifying the influential drivers on achieving more sustainable urban form in the context of GCC Countries

Through the frame work shows that how many elements in sustainable urban form achieve the elements and adapts conditions when design city, it‘s be foundation to design with factor relate to design of models to see how sustainable urban form direct urban development.

Concepts of sustainable development get seven components such as ethical paradox, natural capital stock, equity, eco- form, integrative management, political global agenda, utopianisation.

Four models of sustainable urban form with neo-traditional development with design new urbanism and transit- oriented development (TOD), urban containment that design the growth management, compact city and design eco city including eco-village, sustainable housing, environment city, sustainable urban living, sustainable community and living machines. Urban form elements design need to concern about density, land use, transport and infrastructure, layout and housing typology.

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Table 9: The role of indicators in developing design concepts to producing more sustainable urban form

Table 10: The role of indicators in developing design concepts to producing more sustainable urban form

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Table 11: Example of indicators

Figure 35: Indicators of a successful Urban Form in Creating Sustainable Communities (Source: Achieve sustainable urban form) After analysis of the various elements of a sustainable urban form, the set of elements and sustainability indicators can be re-illustrated in the following pyramid:

8. Summary Through the sustainable urban form to control the city development with collect principle design sustainable elements into take experience from four model and the real principle have applied on the project also get the compare the advantage of sustainable for lesson learnt.

By collect the indicators to take the frame for design sustainable urban form and be a practice establishment to verify design principle when design a model for urban growth and expansion, also the example for real adaptation into determining site with exactly implementation, which is learn from that to be example for design a site in Vietnam context.

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Part IV: Case Study As the rapid growth of world population and its concentration in cities around the globe takes place sustainable urban development has constituted a crucial element affecting the long-term outlook of humanity (Auclair, 1997).

Urban development are required to minimize threats from wasteful use of nonrenewable resources, to avoid the uncompensated geographical or spatial displacement of environmental costs onto other places, and not to draw on the resource base and waste absorption capacities to the levels which disrupt dynamic equilibrium of the ecosystem (Burgess, 2000; Williams, 1999).

1. Hong Kong Description Figure 36: Hong Kong development timeline

Review of several experiences in sustainable urban development: Hong Kong/ Calcutta/ Caracas a sustainable urban development experience (in different levels of sustainability) has different aspects based on local factors of a city. In this paper, we discuss three cities each involving examples of the most important local factors in urban development and sustainable urban density.

Hong Kong without a doubt makes efficient use of land, and its level of compactness is notorious throughout the world. It also takes advantage of mixed-use 47

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development, creating very accessible and highly connected environments in order to keep up with the fast-paced environment. Podium development represents an efficient mixed land use typology that maximizes convenience through aggregation. It is an effective and recommended form of development in large development sites, a combination of podium development together with at-grade development will result in a more coherent neighborhood pattern that maintains a welcoming atmosphere.

The unique topography of Hong Kong has resulted in a specific urban compactness. This city is located on hilly terrain with slopes mostly ranging from 30 to 45 degrees surrounded by natural obstacles like the sea and mountains. These natural obstacles are a major impediment to horizontal urban growth. The methods of reconstruction of urban areas have been applied mostly in older urban areas, and, also by conversion of low rise to high rise developments.

The scarcity and high price of land are the other reasons for high-rise development. Multinucleated urban development patterns have been applied in Hong Kong by making connections between metropolitan city centers and new satellites cities.

The disadvantages of high-rise and high-density development in Hong Kong: The breakdown of identity Tensions Lack of privacy, lack of communication, and isolation The scarcity of land, high densities and high property values The main environmental problems are associated with over-concentration due to high-rise and high density development, and include poor air quality, water depletion, noise, and excessive waste production.

(5 X.Q., Zhang (2000), ibid. P 251-252)

2. Chinese Compact City Description Land saving in the process of rapid urbanization is critical to the long-term sustainability of China.

Compact cities, characterized by relative high density, mixed landuse and pedestrian-oriented habitation, have been proposed as one solution for sustainable urban planning.

Figure 37: China compact city development timeline 48

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However, given the fact that Chinese cities are characterized by high population densities, the applicability of a more compact solution to expanding cities in China remains questionable. Essential to the decision-making is a deeper understanding about the relationship between urban compactness and the sustainable performance of the cities. Urban air pollution is a major environmental issue threatening the health of the Chinese citizens. China‘s industrialization, urbanization, and motorization have not only resulted in domestic environmental problems, but also raised global concerns of energy security and climate change.

Besides its key role in facilitating economic growth, urban transportation affects urban environmental quality, energy efficiency, and emissions of greenhouse gases. A notable characteristic of urban transportation in China is motorization, especially the growth in automobiles.

Many have expressed concerns about low-density urban growth, or the environmental and social costs of sprawl, and have recommended policies for sprawl control. Among major arguments against sprawl are energy and environmental costs of motorized transportation and food security impacts resulting from loss of agricultural land.

In summary, city size seems to be a huge benefit, given that China expects more than ten million rural migrants a year in the coming decades. The Chinese government needs to design appropriate policies that can lead to large cities that are cleaner, more energy efficient, and more competitive in the global economy.

3. The Green Space System Planning of Beijing Urban Area Description The structure of landscaping system of Beijing has summed up as: embraced by green-mountain, surrounded by green ring road, Green Cross-axes and 7 Green wedges, parks spread like stars and chessboard. The Green System Figure: Structure of Beijing (Source: Yao, Y. 2004) Figure 38: The structure of landscaping system of Beijing.

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The planning of Green Space will be focus on planning of layout of landscape system: dig the potential of the land and construct the green wall of 2nd ring road; on the outer rim of margin group return the farmland to forestry; open the park ring at the suburb area; intensify the green passage, and extend the wedge-shaped green land.

Figure 39: The planning of Green Space of layout landscape system.

Urban Space Structure Planning based on the General Planning of Beijing The concept: two zones and cross-axes with multiple centers: West Zone of Ecological Restoration and Preservation; East Zone of Development; Cross-axes: emphasizing the historical central axis and extend Chang‘an Street; Multiple centers: organic decentralization.

Figure 40: Spatial Structure of Mega-Beijing (Source: Beijing Municipal Institute of City Planning & Design)

4. The eco- compact city in each of city with high efficient in sustainable urban form

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Table 12 : The categories of the eco-compact city:

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51

Table 13 :The categories of the eco-compact city:

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The levels of sustainable urban form with the eco- compact city are metropolis, city, neighborhood and district. The metropolis in Paris is the mother city by the foundation terms of public function and population development than a special level with a million of popular scale compare with the model in Spain is the city scale, Splessis Robinson Neighborhood in France and Akroken Campus in Sweden. These are almost the model of city in Western country below with more example to see clear into village, plaza, block also the building of eco- compact city.

Lesson Learnt: Divided with each levels of eco-compact city to see the effected of elements into development city direction and oriented with metropolis meet problem in manage population in urban area to contact with improve connection and design principle implementation.

5. Portland Plan Description Portland‘s urban fabric is woven in several patterns, each a different combination of streets and blocks, natural features, building types and other physical characteristics. Since these occur at the neighborhood scale, the Urban Form background report describes a set of patterns which are essentially five neighborhood types. These are helpful in understanding the nuances, similarities and differences in various neighborhoods and districts.

Figure 41: Five neighborhood type of Portland

Inner Neighborhoods Urban form shaped during Streetcar Era. Consistent pattern of rectilinear blocks Highly interconnected street system with mostly fullyimproved streets Extensive system of main street commercial districts Fine-grain pattern of development on small lots, with buildings oriented to the street 53

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Dispersed system of neighborhood parks, typically intensely landscaped, located on major streets and rectilinear in form to fi t into the area‘s urban grid

Eastern Neighborhoods Diverse range of urban patterns, reflecting incremental development Poor street connectivity in many areas, with vehicles dependent on a small number of major streets for through connections Commercial areas in the form of automobile oriented strip commercial, located on multi-lane streets Most residential streets, and some major streets, lack sidewalks Large, deep lots common in many areas, and have been the location of much recent infill development.

Trees and other vegetation, rather than consistency in built patterns, serve as character-giving aspects of many residential areas.

Neighborhood parks are usually located in the middle of superblock areas surrounded by single-family houses.

Buttes and Douglas Firs a distinctive characteristic of area skyline

Central City Portland‘s most intensely urbanized area, with its largest concentration of tall buildings.

Building types reflect role as the region‘s center for finance, commerce, government, and culture.

200‘ by 200‘ block structure and highly interconnected street system.

Predominance of full-block building coverage contrasts with the fi ne-grain pattern of detached structures in surrounding residential neighborhoods.

Extensive system of urban parks Downtown‘s location between the Willamette River and West Hills provides a strong sense of orientation, boundaries and transition.

Lesson Learnt: Design by divided the area for zoning easily management and identities area ―One site does not fit all‖ Determine how streets might complement the broader system of public spaces, not only as conduits for transportation, but also as places for community interaction, environmental benefit, open space and other purposes.

Guiding private development to achieve particular urban form outcomes, such as street environments, development patterns, open space or urban forest characteristics that are desired by the community. A more intentional approach to Portland‘s future form could help ensure that new development contributes to creating the kinds of places Portlanders want.

Raising community concerns about the future of cherished places, as development replaces open spaces, transforms street environments and neighborhood character.

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6. Summary The case study have summarized base on the context relate to sustainable urban form with solve the problem about population, the expanding of urban development, environment, economic or polluted impacts. Solution adapted with context of the country and the experience good practice applied of sustainable urban form how to achieve successful design.

The lesson learnt from Asian country in Hong Kong, Chinese with the compact city model and green space system of Beijing city to create the environment of urban area. Moreover, study from the good model of eco- compact city with high efficient of in sustainable urban form. The last project learnt about design planning for Portland in each element of application.

Part V. Application in Da Nang context 1. Introduction: 1.1 Background

Figure 42: Da Nang city and site location Da Nang is the largest city in central Vietnam and one of the country's most important ports. Ringed by mountains on one side and the South China Sea on the other, Da Nang borders Hue Province across the Hai Van Pass to the north, Quang Nam Province to the south and west, and the ocean to the east. It is 759 km (472 mi) south of Hanoi, and 960 km (600 mi) north of Ho Chi Minh City. (Wikipedia, Geography, 2016). The site have researched locate on Hai Chau District with 13 wards, nearly 130ha, and get 23.96persons/m2, is the center of economic, culture, politic and education of Da Nang city.

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1.2 Context-historical development of area In the middle of the 16th century, when Hoi An was a busy center of the south, Da Nang was only a small port for goods in transit and ship repair. It gradually developed into a commercial port replacing Hoi An in the early 18th century, when European shipbuilding was improved and large deep draught vessels could easily enter Da Nang Bay. The first step in urbanization step from 1889-1899, Da Nang is one of the most business port was appreciated from the others country, therefore the ocean gate Da Nang (Tourane) used to be the exchange condition in the Treaty of Versailles (28/11/1787) was signed between Louis XVI (Franchap1and lord Nguyen.

Figure 43: Map on 1894, the Tourane In 1835, Da Nang became the largest commercial port in the center region, with small- scale industries including shipbuilding, preliminary processing of agricultural, forestry and fishery products and trade, services prospered accordingly.

Figure 44 :Map Danang 1969

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In the early 20th century, Tourane was developed on a European model, which focused on social infrastructure and manufacture technology. Many kinds of business activities took shape and thrived, the city development together with Haiphong and Saigon.

Figure 45: The historical residential development of Da Nang City Before 1975, almost residents are settlement along the Han River and Port easily for transport and natural condition for agriculture development. The site with next period is increasing by North- West direction and over double population.

Nowadays, in the East was limited of coastal boundary so the city development

by West and South direction.

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1.3 Problem statement Da Nang when the newly formed French planned to be divided into two distinct areas. French district is located in the city center and local area is where Vietnamese live including large parts of the rest of the city. If the French area with paved boulevards and paths for strolling the tree-lined enclave of origin is an area mixed among substandard housing and wealthier, asphalt and flagstone road, dirt road. Quai Courbet road serves as the backbone of Tourane French colonial period, running from north to south along the left bank of the Han river. This along with many buildings from the French colonial period, as well as the starting point from which the French expansion westward city streets and formed a distance almost equal. However, France is only noticed the construction on the left bank.

After 1975, the city has invested in planning to the Han River Park, promenade along the waterfront, several consecutive bridges connecting the two banks of the eastwest. Han River became "the balcony" represents the urban area.

Figure 46: Planning oriented Da Nang city 2020- 2030

Follow the planning oriented to 2030, vision to 2050 is planning population scale, project determined 2030 Da Nang get 2.5 million and constructed area will be develop respectively 37500ha. Comparing present the population and area will increase over 2.5 times. In development direction, Da Nang city will expand on North- West, South and East- North especially focus on greenery foundation friendly with environment.

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Vision and goals Da Nang City has adopted the ―Environmental City‖ concept as its vision for the city and objective of development.

The above vision for Da Nang City, which is fully supported by the stakeholders of the city, connotes the following ideas and intentions; for Da Nang City not only to become free from pollution, but also to ensure broader environmental sustainability by preserving ecosystems and cultural assets, for Da Nang City to develop a distinct identity and an appealing image as a significant urban core in the Asia-Pacific region with a key role of connecting CFEZ with the world, and for Da Nang City to become a national center for developing new industries. In order to realize this vision for the city, a set of goals is elaborated, as follows fist is manage growth effectively and the second is develop a competitive economy, also ensure an inclusive social development, manage environment effectively, and the last one is strengthen governance.

The alternative scenarios have been rapidly assessed from the viewpoint of Da Nang City‘s sustainable development, wherein:  Urban growth avoids sprawl and promotes effective land use.  Economic sustainability refers to competitiveness, including industry mix, investment attractiveness, impact on the region, and others  Social sustainability refers to livability, including employment, access to services, equity, and others,  Environmental sustainability considers pollution levels, preservation of the ecosystem, disaster preparedness, and others.

Existing Problem One problem is the difficult in drainage system of these areas not improved yet, during the rainy season or even in dry season, these areas easily to inundated and polluted.

Moreover city got the problem with calamity especially typhoon in summer time.

Figure 47: Flooding in Da Nang 2013 (Source: http://infonet.vn)

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Figure 48: Typhoon along Thuan Phuoc bridge

(Source: http://res.vtc.vn/)

Figure49: Typhoon along the coastal 2013

(http://baochinhphu.vn/)

City exists many problem like population growth, high rate of unemployment, flooding and climate change create the challenge for urban development, the new planned residential development has not keep up with modernization and sustainable creating the spontaneous area in the city with low living standard and slum area.

Figure 50: The spontaneous in a small alley at Hai Chau ward 2014.

(Source: http://www.baogiaothong.vn/) The city was develop depend on the river (Han) that‘s the main structure of the city, all activities focus on landscape, design to impress the identities and spine of urban form with grid network follow the transportation and river. Besides, the changing of livelihoods for the people from agriculture and fishing to non-farm encountered many obstacles. A household in this city want to change jobs to be vocational training, capital needs, they should have the means, should have experience and skills to new job and need a higher level.

The main issues facing the city pertain more to the future than the present due to the fact that urbanization is expected to accelerate and development investments and pressures will increase. These issues are briefly as follows:  Growth and expansion of urban areas which are already taking place.

Current types of developments may create: Poor land use through low-density residential developments in peri-urban areas, 60

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







Congestion due to high-rise buildings in the city center Adverse environmental impacts due to resort projects along the coast The environmental situation may further degrade due to the following: Observed poor quality of groundwater and lack of systematic data on the situation of aquifers Large number of construction projects, resulting in land reclamation which in turn has affected coastal forests and riverbank stability Solid wastes dumped in water bodies, such as urban rivers, lakes, and sea, and problems raised by the partial treatment of medical and industrial wastes Traffic situation will quickly worsen due to the unavailability of competitive public transportation, shift from motorcycles to cars, further concentration of activities due to the accumulation of high-rise commercial / business facilities in the city center. The lack of traffic management measures will further amplify traffic problems all over the city.

For sustainable economic growth, the city must be prepared to generate employment opportunities to match the population increase and the change in the industrial structure from agriculture to industries and services.

As the urban area expands and development activities intensify, vulnerability to natural disasters may increase and ecosystems will be under pressure.

2. Solutions: 2.1 Principle design applied the problem Design applied into the area base on the context and the problem existing also get a new model to development urban form through that saw the compactness, containment and eco city can solve the problem and city growth.

The sustainable urban form suitable for Da Nang city but with the suitable for the context of economic, cultural, social …

1. Compact City 2. Urban Containment 3. The Eco- City Besides, design connects with seven principle design sustainable city adapt to solve the problem of the site also urban area: compactness, sustainable transport, density, diversity, passive solar energy and greening.

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2.2 Proposal for the site base on the problem existing 2.2.1 Compact City Improve the problem of explore population, energy efficient in the city To save the space and create more greenery area for the city by maximize open space base on indicators of sustainable city through greening principle. Moreover it can apply the underground model to direct development by vertical building.

Figure 51: Underground model (Internet) Developing underground space provides the opportunity to use surface space for other purposes such as green space for parks or other aboveground development within or closer to urban centers, but quantification of such opportunities is difficult. Low-impact design of infrastructure systems that reduces environmental impacts and transportation costs is now being incorporated into urban development (TRB, 2009). Compact city trends support an underground development concept including a wide range of underground facilities that contribute to an efficient but highly livable environment.

Maximizing space of building, upgrade the density and high of building for multiple functions, transportation parked in underground.

In the context of housing and residential buildings, the principal sustainability issues to address include how to minimize operational energy use, particularly in the heating, and lighting systems and any specific planning requirements for renewable energy systems.

This module type is often applied to building base structures which spread out at the foot of a building, below a block which is set back from the podium's perimeter. It can often be linked to the podiums of joined towers, and a common podium shared by different towers can constitute a single module. Podiums can also be used to define the lower floors of a building without setbacks, when these floors hold common areas in contrast to the private floors above them.

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Figure 52: Type of building creates the diversity and identity for area

2.2.2 Urban Containment Improve the problem of the city with control the development the scale of residents combine with green growth, sustainable, wind direction and connection between the areas.

Figure 53: Urban Archipelago The design for island and the study area to the west is conceived of as an archipelago of three ‗urban islands‘: neighborhoods are composed of tower buildings sitting on elevated mounds and framed by ring roads. The site is flanked in the west by a main boulevard that connects to the new urban area. Public and office buildings align this axis and provide a transition towards the more private areas and the waterstructured villa area.

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Attract more people to the river bank to improve the city with community space and waterfront design for the strategy also the high of the building create the images of the city base on context and historical development of the site.

Figure 54: Urban form and identities apply the ring growth, greening and compactness.

The combination of adaptive reuse and new urban structures reveals a sensitive way to combine historic conservation and modernization. The design works with the existing structures and logics in place, rather than superimposing new logics.(Kelly Shannon).

2.2.3 The Eco- City Figure 55: By 2020 the city of Gothenburg, Sweden will be growing at a rate of 8000 new inhabitants per year, and thus far the majority of this growth has taken the form of lateral sprawl.

The Super Sustainable City addresses this issue by forming a dense city center that will house one third of the city‘s growth until 2020 while forming a strong connection between each bank of the site‘s river. (source:http://inhabitat.com/swedish-super-city-envisions-gothenburg-asecotopia/#popup-20922) 64

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The plan calls for energy-efficient apartments topped with roofs that serve multiple functions. South-facing terraces provide space for leisure, solar panels generate energy, and food-producing rooftop gardens provide a local source of food while helping to reduce the structure‘s heating and cooling demands. Many of the roofs also feature small scale wind turbines, which further help reduce their energy needs.

Figure 56: An assessable and vibrant community with a wealth of amenity. A low carbon sustainable development, pioneering low cost‘ home grown‘ building solution (Axel Baeumler, Ede Ijjasz-Vasquez, Shomik Mehndiratta, Sustainable Low-Carbon City Development in China)

Existing area information:

Figure 57Boundary of the site

Figure 59 Altitude

Figure 58 Transport system

Figure 60 Micro geomorphological 65

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Figure 61, 62

The site with land uses existing base on medium residential, get small red with the commercial function on existing context. For the new planning until 2030 the site was design with new residential, commercial and green space land uses plan.

Base on the existing map propose for the site into zoning area:

Figure 63: Proposal zoning Zone 1: Have the lagoon can development model residential with greening, sustainable applied in the area with the landscape and passive solar energy, low residential combine with communities garden.

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Zone 2: With the center of the site can develop with the compact building base on the wind direction, transportation and identities with the high rise, underground construction.

Zone 3: Low residential combines the park to improve environment, or the villa for luxury and enjoy the water front scape connect to the others river bank.

Zone 4: Commercial area can design with high density, building with podium and underground to serve for the people living in this site. It‘s also need open space to attract people with public activities.

2.3 Design application: 2.3.1 Zone 1 Applied the principle The Eco- Compact City Nearly 80% for natural conditions area applied the technique with high sustainable measurement: Park, sustainable building, low density, using passive solar energy, building lower than 10 floors with the green group.

Figure 64: Application for zone 1.

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Applied the green group to reduce the construction of building, applied the podium and greening to create ecological park for local people and visitors. Keep the existing water system, which is lagoon to harmonic the environment also create landscape for living and entertainment space. The inner connections designed with pedestrian lines to link two sides and encourage using bike for transit.

2.3.2 Zone 2 Applied the compact and urban containment into design mixed use land between residential area, low apartment and commercial building for increase high efficient land but still keep contact with environment, landscape, view contact.

Figure 65: Application for zone 2 Along the main road with main function of commercial but keep highest floor for connect the view with the water front, in the center create the new road for a containment residential but still connect with outside by green buffer space. For the low apartment serve for the people when they settlement from the existing living in the site and upgrade the population, infrastructure adapt to urbanization in the future with over 2.5 times increasing also connect with zone 1through open space in residential area.

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2.3.3 Zone 3 Combine the Neo traditional and compact city, the eco- city and urban containment principle.

Figure 66: Application for zone Urban sprawl with low density of housing (villa) applied for the side adapt to the low land and infrastructure adaptation, create the green boundary along the river for open space activities, landscape design and water front connect view with other side. The boundary and buffer zone between different functions also make the green round for limit expand of construction building. Multiple function for the commercial building, economic development and attract people activities.

2.3.4 Zone 4 Eco- compact city application Follow the oriented the land with 100% is commercial function, but proposal with 50% is green space along the river and canal connect people activities and landscape for vibrant area, attract people to the water, not limited into commercial building. Applied with the podium building for mixed many function also can maximize the pace and density of construction. Eco city contacts with the greenery element, waterscape and development economic to serve all need of people in the side also the visitors.

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Figure 67: Zone 4 proposal Figure 68: Combines 4 zones for proposal plan of sustainable urban form adaptation

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CONCLUSION The development of sustainable urban form in case got many solutions to adapt with urbanization growth in the world. Sustainable urban form was applied on many cities in the world but the cities have not same identities or structure, it will be change by context and base on where places was take to cause of different between weather, economic, culture or the politics and religion. In generally, looking around Asian countries and Da Nang context almost applied the compact city to develop urban form cause the problem of urbanization effects also the people habitant for long time get the neo- traditional development, and now many new model of sustainable urban form was be found making a new era for urban development in many features. Sustainable urban form that applied seven principle of sustainable urban form to four models with neo traditional, urban containment, compact and eco city for great serve the development are.

The thesis with learned how to improve city with sustainable is the best method and create the principle for new ideas design with the final Urban Design project like a small model can be applied to areas in Vietnam to encourage development city and potential in the future, also got the problem of sustainable urban form though the researching and learning from the references its help to recognize the problem statement such as the adaption, politics, people benefits, economy development and land efficiency of the issues when applied to the site, it can be good and friendly with environment but sometimes is not only base on the sustainable but also the city living conditions. Its open for a further research to solve the problem follow the site in Da Nang city:  Da Nang sustainable compact city and combine with urban containment for a methodology.  Which is the best method to achieve a sustainable urban form for residential development with low density housing in Da Nang city?  The eco- compact city with the efficient of land for center of Da Nang applied to Urbanization context.  Combine between compact and ecological city into sustainable urban form in Da Nang center.

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