Natalie Hoch
Undergraduate Comprehensive Thesis
Spring 2021
Architecture shapes lives. It is a backdrop, a tool, and a lesson fo architecture, therefore, is to provide a healthy and supportive fram well as human convenience, practicality, and longevity.
The importance of sustainability is beginning to surface throughou provide a foundation for human efforts, sustainable practices will a expected to make efforts toward a more sustainable life when the Contemporary architecture must incorporate every conceivabl undermines hard-earned progress through its poor example. T design and dynamic site considerations that impact the building’s
With this requirement in mind, architecture’s second goal must be architecture is the least sustainable of all. Adaptability is paramo be able to react effectively to evolving uses.
Practicality supersedes fleeting trends; effective architecture n
or the society that evolves around it. The great responsibility of mework for civilization through its dedication to sustainability, as
ut public discourse, however, without sustainable buildings to always lag behind environmental needs. How can a person be buildings they experience everyday don’t reflect those goals? le effort toward sustainability, because if it doesn’t, it This goes for not only energy systems and materials, but for form interaction with its surroundings and its climate conditions.
unwavering usefulness and convenience, because unused ount in the complex future of modern society, and buildings must
never ceases to satisfy.
Bulfinch Triangle is a small, recently redeveloped historical district in the West End neighborhood of downtown Boston. Many of the original industrial buildings have been repurposed with public attractions like bars and restaurants on the first floor, and mixed use above. These features and location mean that our site is likely to be most vibrantly active during the evenings and on the weekends. Canal Street is larger and more active than Friend Street, but the site is primarily oriented toward Friend Street, which provides opportunities to further activate Friend Street while creating a community connection between the two sides.
Canal Street
Friend Street
Although it is now a vibrant part of Boston, this area used to be part of Mill Pond, and was not filled in until around 1828, where it was subsequently laid out with a triangular street pattern by architect Charles Bulfinch. The consequence of this site’s history is that with its high groundwater (around 3-5 feet below street level) and low elevation, it is vulnerable to flooding during worsening weather events as a result of climate change.
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Bulfinch Triangle’s orientation skewed nearly 45 degrees from the North-South axis means that this site is often shaded at ground level, and the strip of the site that connects to Canal Street is almost always at least partially shaded by the buildings to its South, and will only be further shaded by a new massing on the site. In contrast, the larger footprint of the site along Friend Street gets significantly more direct sunlight thanks to its orientation as well as the relatively low buildings surrounding it. These observations suggest that the southwestern area of the site is the best suited for energy production via photovoltaic panels, but also needs the most sunlight mitigation in order to create a comfortable interior environment.
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This site is currently owned by the City of Boston, but will be leased out to a local non-profit organization with a secure 99 year lease. The city announced that Hope Kitchen, a non-profit community-outreach organization that engages with minorities and under-served communities to teach valuable skills in cooking, food service, and entrepreneurship, will be granted the space. Although the foundation’s needs could change in the future, they currently require a training kitchen, administration and teaching spaces, entrepreneurial spaces, and a large event space for their annual fundraising gala and frequent public gatherings. Community engagement is vital to this organization, which works to educate and feed individuals and families in need, therefore the building should engage with the public realm and radiate warmth and compassion while maintaining practical functionality and allowing the organization to grow and evolve with the needs of locals. Timber construction perfectly complements this building’s size, while the exposure of the timber and treated timber cladding ensures that the building stands out and becomes a beacon in the neighborhood. Timber creates a warm, comforting environment which fosters positive interactions within the community through Hope Kitchen’s action. Timber also stands in direct contrast to traditional institutional architecture which often feature unappetizing concrete, CMU, and steel, further removing the organization’s beneficiaries from possible traumatic past experiences and signalling to their subconscious that this building is different, this organization is different, and this place marks the beginning of a new chapter in their lives. In addition to the sociopsychological benefits of exposed timber construction, mass timber is more environmentally responsible, supports local skilled construction and manufacturing jobs, and is faster to construct on site than other construction materials, making it less disruptive to the neighborhood and surrounding businesses during construction. Although the carbon sequestration narrative of mass timber construction requires more research to fully back it up under the circumstances of the practical world (such as the reality of manufacturing and transportation processes), timber construction nonetheless provides an opportunity for renewable construction materials and a shift in the future of construction, and modern society will only find ways to improve these processes by starting where we are now and learning as the industry grows into the future (Robbins).
A 99-year lease provides and exciting opportunity for the Hope Kitchen Foundation, but attempting to look nearly a century into the future of any building reveals a plethora of unknowns. In addition to the changing programmatic needs of Hope Kitchen, which could shift exponentially before their lease is fulfilled, the state of mechanical systems, technological needs, or community gathering could change dramatically over the next 99 years. If the last 14 months have taught architecture anything, it is that spatial conditions can have a profound impact on public health, and therefore it is vital for interior flexibility as well as ample room for mechanical changes in order to maintain the usefulness that is essential to successful architecture in a continually evolving world. Simple, consistent geometry within the building’s structure serves as an adaptable framework for varying interior use, and a light touch on the exterior of the site creates a useful public space that doesn’t exclude diverse and evolving programs for engaging with the community and connecting to the outdoors and beyond into the urban area with an overabundance of sculpted earth and plantings. If the future of the site dictates a more park-like or garden-like condition on the exterior of the building, this space can be easily redesigned and relandscaped to fit those needs.
Public circulation goal: foster a connection between Friend Street and Canal Street
Building location: allows for egress, service access, and access to desirable natural light
Extruded shape: simplifies construction and provides adaptable interior layouts
Top hier for
p floor penthouse: create a spatial rarchy and physical separation specialized program
Mid-level outdoor space: provides inviting outdoor space above street level for improved natural light, fresh air, and acoustic comfort
Interior public circulation: invites the public through the building in order to strengthen the connection to the community beyond the foundation
This sectional diagram articulates flows through the building, beginning to organize light, air, and people into the center of the building, while service necessities hug the edge and stormwater makes nearly a complete cycle around the building’s perimeter in its journey from rainfall to storage and eventual reuse.
winter summer
Solar Powered Production
fresh air inlet exhaust air outlet
blackwater
Ceremonial Stair Street to street
The central atrium serves as a light well through the main four stories of the building. The stepping shape of the building allows more natural light to make it into the center of the building via select curtain walls built with triple pane glass to mitigate thermal exchange.
Solar panels mounted at the optimal 42 degree angle on an adaptable rooftop frame produce electricity through photovoltaic cells taking advantage of the site’s Southeastern exposure.
The central atrium also acts as a pathway for warm air to make its way through the building before venting out of the automated operable skylight. On the small top floor, which doesn’t have direct access to the atrium, a miniature double skin system allows for better thermal and fresh air control, while the opening between the two layers of glass provides a view down into the rest of the building through the atrium below.
Water is channeled to the lowest point within the roof system and then brought into an underground cistern with a 3,000 gallon capacity, allowing it to store the first one inch of rainfall from the building’s roofs. This water is then used for flushing toilets before making its way to the city water system.
The ceremonial stair facilitates the flow of users up through the building, encouraging them to take these stairs rather than the elevator, which is tucked away at the back of the building, thus encouraging exercise while providing a unique way to experience the building’s vertical characteristics.
In order to create long-lasting building, some features need to be understood as enduring so other elements have a framework for function and adaptation. Prior to the development of an enduring structure, building orientation must be first considered with the utmost importance, as it could be understood as the most permanent feature of all. As a result of sunlight studies, public circulation observations, and interior layout adaptability goals, this building sits along Friend Street and opens up to the south to take advantage of sunlight and engage with the street. Next, the gravity and lateral structure is laid out, setting the rhythm of the building’s grid and ensuring a stable structure. Lastly, two egress cores are located for personal safety requirements, further framing the building with a thickened service wall and maintaining flexible floorplates elsewhere.
CODE COMPLIANCE
REQUIRED
ACTUAL
Height
80’ Max.
80’ Max.
Distance from rear neighbor 15’ Min.
15’
Floor Area Ratio
6 : 1 Max.
2.2 : 1
Floor Area
48,720 SF Max.
17,833 SF
Maximum Egress Distance
300’ Max
110’
After establishing enduring features, long lasting features such as envelope assemblies create an identity for the building now, but in the future these features could be modified, adapted, or replaced altogether as performance and design goals develop and change.
Incorporating three distinct systems of ecology into the design proposal spotlights ecological interests without compromising practicality. The extensive green roof provides aesthetically pleasing vegetation that benefits local bees and other small creatures, and the permeable pavers efficiently absorb stormwater while remaining occupiable and practical for public gathering.
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Extensive Green Roof Engineered soil with beefriendly plantings
Filter fabric
Reservior layer Aeration layer Drainage layer
Moisture-retention layer
Thermal insulation Root barrier
Membrane protection
roof waterproofing membrane
5-Ply CLT
Glulam beam
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Terrace Garden Six raised garden beds for agricultural education, food production, and entrepreneurial endeavors Programming of terrace adaptable for future use
Permeable pavers with vegetation Compacted aggregate Soil with natural high water table
3 Permeable Pavers Bedding sand Geotextile fabric
In order to maintain the public connection and flow through the site, the ground floor of the building is the least programmed, most open space of the building. It provides the necessary square footage and adaptable layout for events from formal galas to weekend markets, as well as serving as a buffer between the public realm and the active users of the building above. Moving upward through the building, the program becomes more and more specialized for Hope Kitchen’s patrons, which provides privacy for entrepreneurs in the fourth floor incubator space and ends with the training kitchen, which breaks the sectional pattern of the building to symbolize its specialty as well as provide for the specialized conditions needed in such a space.
The ground floor boasts a simple open plan which provides for easy adaptability as needs and events change. This layout demonstrates a possible presentation event, with seating organized in the center of the building and catering stations located between the central stair and the restrooms, adjacent to the service door. The thickened wall serves as a partition between the gathering and the public circulation between Friend and Canal Streets, allowing the path to remain open to the public during an event, if desired. The following page shows an example articulating how the ground floor could be laid out for an indoor-outdoor public market.
This modular system forms a sort of freestanding cabinet when in a closed position, but can be folded open in a number of different ways to create a seat, table, awning, or bike storage. Together the system can form a thickened wall condition that serves as a partition when closed and an active space for human engagement when open in various positions. The image to the right shows a 5-unit module separated by inactive units surrounding columns that function as corkboards. The following page demonstrates another set up for the system, this one with a 3 unit module separated by vertical garden units in an outdoor setting. This system activates the public path both inside the building and in exterior without imposing furniture or masses that limit potential uses.
The second floor serves as an administrative space with a private office, conference room, individual desks, collaborative tables, and bookstacks for a reference library that can provide further resources for the community in cooking, healthy eating, gardening, business management, and more. The central atrium provides primary vertical circulation to promote taking the stairs, as well as visual and ventilation connections with the first four floors of the building. The open layout fosters human interaction and creates easy opportunities to change the layout of the majority of the level by simply rearranging furniture to create different spaces.
The third floor contains two generously sized classrooms as well as more space for independent and small-group work at a series of movable tables and seating areas. The classrooms are acoustically removed from the rest of the building with solid walls and glass partitions in order to reduce noise distractions and assist those with auditory-based focus challenges.
Above the ground floor, every level has regular punched openings organized by the grid with in-set windows and exterior vertical wooden slats for shading. These slats are mechanically controlled to recede to allow for unobstructed views to the outside, or remain closed to mitigate overheating and glare from the sun. Behind the slats, triple paned glass helps to further insulate from outside temperatures, while the top two feet of each window is operable, both independently and mechanically within the automated thermal control system of the building, as needed. The independent controls provide human comfort through choice, while the automated controls allow the building to maintain a set temperature without human involvement.
The interior mass steps back at the fourth floor to produce a rooftop terrace which can be set up as a garden to facilitate on-site food production and urban farming. This floor is dedicated to an adaptable incubator space which can be used to help local entrepreneurs test out their ideas and develop business proposals that are supported through Hope Kitchen’s goals. The terrace garden can be used as a growth space for groups using the incubator space, or as a larger building resource which draws visitors through the incubator space during public presentation and investment events.
The double-glass wall between the terrace and the interior incubator space creates an adaptable zone that can be used in different ways depending on the season, weather, and programmatic needs at any given time.
This scenario shows the glazed transition space with the exterior glass partition open, creating a covered outdoor area for the garden. This feature creates both a shady respite on a sunny day, and coverage from the rain during inclement weather gardentending.
By opening the interior glass partitions, the incubator space expands to create more room for activity as well as providing a closer view to the garden beds without being exposed to the elements. This scenario would be useful if the incubator space was particularly busy, or if users frequently needed to go out to the terrace but inclement weather did not support opening both partitions.
When both partitions are open, the incubator and garden terrace become a single space, allowing for seamless connection to the outdoors and ample air flow throughout the level that can permeate throughout the entire building via the central atrium. Ideal for enjoying a beautiful Boston day, this scenario creates a completely different environment on the incubator level and turns the space into a luxurious party space for investment events.
The top floor is the only level to be completely sealed off from the rest of the building, though the double-envelope at the facade provides a peak down to other levels of the building. The separated zone of the fifth floor provides the perfect opportunity for the training kitchen, which benefits from separate ventilation and acoustic separation to accommodate the hustle and bustle of a commercial kitchen environment. This proposed layout contains two full kitchen set ups as well as a series of movable tables for demonstration and student work.
KEY ADA required
3 Hour Fire Re 2 Hour Fire Re
Atrium Fire Re Rating via fire curtain with ba deployment
Fire extinguish Fire hose locat Egress Paths: 1 Egress Exits (G
This entire building is ADA compliant with 36” wide doors throughout and ample circulation space eases mobility and provides room to transport equipment as needed. All eight restrooms contain an ADA compliant stall, wheelchair-accessible sink, and open space sufficient for a 60” turning circle, per code. In addition to meeting traditional ADA standards for usability, the building features many individual spaces where users can step away to be alone if needed, or meet in small groups.
Y clearances
esistance Rating esistance Rating
esistance: 1 Hour and smoke ack-up gravity
her location tion 110’ max distance Ground Floor)
Atrium Control In addition to sprinklers, a smoke control system at the atrium resists vertical spread and gravity-induced fire curtains with a one hour resistance rating can seal each level in the event of fire. Party Walls Party walls are fire rated from both directions, as indicated in the plan, and all fire walls are continuous from foundation to roof, per code. User Safety Each floor contains a fire hose and extinguisher adjacent to the mechanical room and the maximum travel distance to an egress core with a three hour resistance rating is 110 feet, well below the 300 foot
maximum required by code for buildings in this category with sprinkler systems. HVAC Safety Dampers are included at all fire/smoke treatment zone boundaries, with 3 hour rated dampers located at 3 hour fire walls and 1.5 hour rated dampers at all other locations, per code.
Although the primary goal for building comfort is via passive ventilation and design strategies, it is important to realize that Boston’s climate is not always conducive to passive commercial comfort. This building utilizes an all-air VAV system for thermal comfort with air supplied via concealed ducts from above and exhausted through the central atrium via stack effect as applicable with mechanical support as needed. The top floor uses a separate HVAC system to control comfort and ventilation in the training kitchen with VAV supplied air and exhaust as necessary in addition to stove exhaust vents as required and natural ventilation via operable windows in both street-facing sides as well as within the double-envelope wall.
Kitchen Exhaust Heat Recovery Syste
Cooling Tower
Heat recovery systems are used both at the atrium exhaust and the kitchen exhaust to recycle tempered air back into the system to reduce heating loads as needed. All punched openings have integrated shades on the exterior and curtain walls can be shaded using supplementary systems as needed for thermal and lighting comfort. A building-wide sprinkler system is connected to city water to ensure safety in the event of a fire and increase construction feasibility for the heavy-timber construction.
Maximum Heating and Cooling Loads Heating (gross area) x (average ceiling height) x ( TH) x (0.135) (17,833 SF)
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(13.33’)
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(40.5°)
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Peak heating load: 1,300,025.7 Btu
Natural Gas Boiler Chiller Air Handling Unit
Cooling (gross area) x (average ceiling height) x ( Tc) x (0.135) (17,833 SF)
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Peak cooling load: 192,596.4 Btu VAV System: 20,000 CFM Fan rooms: 600 square feet Boiler and chilled water room: 375 square feet Roof mounted cooling tower: 60 square feet Fresh air supply: 50 square feet
Main supply ducts: 12 square feet
Branch supply ducts: 20 square feet
Exhaust air: Through atrium
Sprinklers connected to city water
em Stove Exhaust Vents
Mechanical Return for Kitchen Ventilation Separate Training Kitchen HVAC
Exhaust Through Atrium Heat Recovery System within Atrium
Fully-Recessed Sprinklers
Supply Air from above Mechanical Exhaust Air Handling Unit Natural Gas Boiler Chiller
See page 65 for additional VAV system information
Sprinklers from above Fresh Water Grey Water Black Water
Sprinkler water from city Fresh water from city and on-site cistern as applicable Grey water channeled into toilets for flushing Black water channeled to city for treatment off-site
Operable windows throughout the building create a natural air flow across the open floorplates and into the central atrium, where warmer, less fresh air is whisked upward via the stack effect and expelled from the building via openings in the skylight, creating a continual flow of fresh air that ventilates the building without activating the building’s HVAC system during mild weather. The one to one ratio between the atrium and the floor plates along this axis help to activate this natural flow.
1 Sprinkler System Fully recessed sprinklers throughout building Max distance apart: 15 feet Training Kitchen HVAC Training kitchen on separate VAV system with units at top floor mechanical room (beyond section) Dedicated mechanical exhaust
Terrace Transition Hidden tracks allow two layers of glass walls to be opened independently to create a sheltered outdoor space or a larger interior space When both glass walls are closed it creates a buffer zone for thermal comfort and garden usage See pages 47 through 54 for details TOP
BOTTOM
Extensive Green Roof Engineered soil with plantings Filter Fabric Moisture-retention layer Aeration layer Thermal insulation Drainage layer Root barrier Membrane protection Waterproofing membrane 5 ply CLT roof structure Glulam beam
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Operable Windows with Exterior Shades
Triple-pane glass in-set from exterior walls Top 2’ of windows independently operable for fresh air and individual comfort, with automation optional Operable wooden slats on exterior provide shade when closed and can be moved with mechanical controls located at each window and through building-wide automation
Accessibility Service User accessibility ADA-compliant elevator ADA-compliant restroom stalls ADA-compliant circulation throughout building Fire extinguisher and fire hose Service accessibility Service vehicle access Service parking Service overhead door
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All-air VAV system supplied from above Third floor mechanical room: Chiller Boiler Air Handling Unit Roof: Cooling Tower Fan rooms as needed in mechanical core
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Exhaust via stack effect through atrium
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Recovered exhaust air mixed with fresh air to pre-temper via heat recovery ventilator
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Natural ventilation through operable windows and skylight atrium
Smoke and Fire Control
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Smoke exhaust fan unit located at top of atrium with naturally-supplied makeup air via automated opening of all operable windows
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Automated fire curtains with gravity-induced back up located at all atrium openings to seal off the atrium in the event of a fire
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Dampers are located in HVAC system at all fire/ smoke treatment zone boundaries, with 3 hour rated dampers located at 3 hour fire walls (for egress) and 1.5 hour rated dampers at all other locations
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Sprinklers connected to city water located throughout, see callout 1 and page 62 for additional life safety information
Beyond Section Along Friend Street
Future Use Adaptability
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Rationally gridded open floor plates allow for interior layout adaptability, and generous floor to floor heights of 15’ on the first four floors and 20’ on the fifth floor create ample room for differing uses or future changes to mechanical needs within the building.
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Simple permeable pavers covering the site’s exterior allow for versatile use as a pop-up public space for community gatherings, while being easy to re-landscape in the future to incorporate a pocket park or another outdoor urban ammenity as needed. Module-based components for urban intervention with several uses, see page 29 through 31 for details
Over the course of the semester we have covered an immense amount of information, from approaching structure and building code, to urban integration and architectural resilience. The learning curve has been challenging, but the outcome has been exceptional. Through the semester, I learned more about myself as a designer and future architect through our in-depth studies of theory and practice via outstanding case studies, guest speakers, and supplemental readings.
Theory to Practice I drew profound inspiration from Michael Green Architects’ work, including the Wood Design and Innovation Center in Prince George, British Columbia. Through this example I developed my passion for timber architecture, for its beauty, strength, and suggestion of a hopeful, more sustainable built environment in the years to come. Beyond its materiality, the WDIC proved to me that beautiful architecture doesn’t have to have a complex plan or form. Beauty and comfort can be created through other means, and emptiness is not inherently soulless. An empty floorplate can nurture a multiplicity of meaningful uses that create a timelessness in the building’s design and use. This realization brought my early manifesto for architectural practice to life. I knew intuitively that my passion for design lies in practicality above beauty for beauty’s sake, but exploring that belief throughout this semester via highly useful architecture has only strengthened my conviction. Bernoulli’s quote “a complicated construction cannot be adapted to changing conditions as easily as a simple one,” (Deplazes 295), will continue to stick with me throughout my career as an architect as a powerful argument for not only beauty in simplicity, but the importance of considerations for future use in design and construction. Adaptability, resiliency, and integration have been the cornerstone of this semester’s exploration, and I’ve developed a much greater understanding of these goals and necessities through the studies. Integration is in many ways an obvious manifestation of my interest in practicality and efficiency in design, however, the practice of integration in architecture is more complicated than I could appreciate prior to this experience. The many facets of architectural and urban experience creates an intricate web of interconnected elements that all play into effective integration. The most straightforward of which surrounds interior conditioning for human comfort, which demands that a building’s envelope be more than just a pretty skin, but a functional, efficient, thickness which contributes positively to the building’s conditions. This approach is in direct contrast to much of contemporary architecture, which often touts all-glass facades as peak design, when in fact this exact feature is a handicap that must be compensated for throughout the rest of the design process. Acknowledging the drawbacks of all-glass facades allowed me to more intelligently approach glazing in my building, focusing on its performance as a portal for ventilation and intentional lighting.
Practice to Theory Understanding the concept of the “politics of envelope” as written by Alejandro Zaera-Polo challenged me when approached as a theory, but examining my building’s envelope through the socio-politicized lens brought clarity to the concept. Intuitively, I designed my envelope to have a much more transparent ground level because I wanted to engage with the street front, and I came to understand this as a political approach. I also began to comprehend how the third fourth floor terrace could be viewed as a hierarchical polical move, by removing that exterior space from the street I removed passersby from the experience of that space, creating an “in” group and an “out” group, although I stand by the decision for the many other factors that went into its design and location, as previously explored in this book. Through my work this semester, my understanding and appreciation for Bernoulli’s quote and Michael Green Architects’ work became cyclical. The reading and case study expanded my grasp of simple design, and then a multitude of design iterations enhanced my appreciation for architecture that remains simple, clean, and clear
throughout the many phases of the design process. Implementing active systems for thermal comfort challenged aesthetic goals for the project, but in the end, working to resolve the issues made my design stronger and more practical, with room for systems within raised floors and a consistent bar of service space along one party wall, which guided my programmatic decisions down the road and resulted in a convenient and intelligently laid out plan for MEP services and egress.
Learning Outcomes The rigor of learning and implementation throughout the semester was quite challenging and occasionally overwhelming, but I’ve learned more over the course of this semester than I have in any other semester of architecture school. The vast range of my learning goes from detailed requirements for safety features I had never previously heard of, to broad conceptual approaches to design and construction. When I first incorporated the atrium into my design, I had a somewhat vague goal for natural light penetration and an even vaguer understanding of the ramifications of stack effect, but through this semester I have learned all about the systems that go into atriums in order to make them effective for ventilation, such as the depth of floorplates and the inclusion of motorized operable openings, as well as safe in the event of an emergency. Thankfully, I have never personally experienced a building fire, let alone one with an atrium, so I had never considered how that vertical connection between floors can become such a danger in the event of fire and smoke spread. Now I feel much more knowledgeable about the practical factors of atriums, and I am glad to have this understanding before beginning my work at a firm. Resilient design as an approach has been an incredibly valuable theory to study. Although I must admit I am still developing my comprehension of the more nuanced aspects of resiliency in architecture, just having this approach in the back of my mind as a goal in the design process will continue to impact the way I think about design and construction for the rest of my career.
Looking Forward This semester is clearly a concentrated dose of an entire career’s worth of architectural understanding, the experience has propelled my understanding of architecture as a practice exponentially beyond my comprehension prior to the semester. I believe I will continue to make connections between practice, theory, and my personal design passions for the rest of my career and this semester has been a very solid foundation for this ongoing journey.
Works Cited Deplazes, Andrea. Structural Issues.
Basel, Switzerland: Birkhäuser, 2005.
Robbins, Jim. As Mass Timber Takes off, How Greeen is This New Building Material? Wood Design and Innovation Center, by Michael Green Architects. Prince George, B.C. 2014.
2019.