WEEK 3
Footings And Foundations!
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1. Lot 6 Cafe!
Hoi Yin Ho, 662109, Tutorial 9 bluestone foundation is strong enough to support.!
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The Lot 6 Cafe is surrounded by 1888 Building which means it is limited in access, the construction must have considered not to cause any deconstruction to it.!
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2. South Lawn Car Park!
The Lot 6 Cafe is built out of concrete and its frame structure is expressed. The load path is shown below.! !
The use of concrete is to prevent getting moist in the structure. On top of the car park is the South Lawn park, the columns need to support greater load as it rains. According to our tutor, the columns are also used as part of drainage system and root systems.!
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As pointed out by the yellow arrows, the pad footing for the columns consist of different materials. The independent systems are to separate the vibrations, so that when accident occurs and one column collapses, the whole car park roof will not collapse.! ! ! 3. Arts West Student Centre ! !
seams
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Steel and engineered timber beam seemed to be supporting the exposing structure, but from our angle we can not understand the whole structure.! As the main building material is concrete, the self weight of the building is quite great, also, given that it also has a basement, the
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Hoi Yin Ho, 662109, Tutorial 9
WEEK 3 4. Stairs on west end of Union House! !
Hoi Yin Ho, 662109, Tutorial 9
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However, the cables pointed out by the purple arrow are neither in tension or compression, so the forces are probably transmitted to other points (black circles).! This part of the tensile structure preform the job of collecting drainage.!
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6. Beaurepaire Centre Pool!
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The stairs are made out of steel (partly stainless steel). From the right photo above, the stairs looked like it is suspended to the steel cantilever. When checking the cable, we discovered that the wires are not in tension, therefore most of the load may be supported by the steel structure pointed out my green arrow on the left.!
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One of the possible use of the cables is when many people are walking on the steel stairs and create vibration, the vibration can spread out.!
! ! ! 5. North Court Union House! !
Tensile Forces
The North Court shelter is a tensile membrane structure, the tent like structure provide a large coverage and still maintain the property of a open space. According to Ching (2008), the steel cables transmit external loads such as wind and rain to the masts and anchors in the form of tensile force. !
Portal Frame
The pool has a portal frame structure with steel framework. Since it required a clear indoor space, no columns are allowed in the middle, so concrete will be too heavy for the 2 brick walls on the side to support. In fact, steel is more light weight and low in cost. The steel frame on the side only support the self weight of the glass. !
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Although the structure of the building itself is not extremely heavy like those with solid structure or those with many levels, in order to support the weight of the swimming pool, the foundation is also important. !
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WEEK 3
Hoi Yin Ho, 662109, Tutorial 9 The canopy (red arrow) is not only supported by the steel column, but is also tied back to the building to transmit the dynamic wind loading form any direction.!
for the hit of falling objects (when there is an accident).!
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9. Old Geology South Lecture Theatre Entry !
Bricks (for privacy?) Glass (to provide natural lighting for indoors?)
Above is the detail of the brick walls. ! The holes pointed out by purple arrows are created to remove moisture from the inside to the outdoor. If too much moisture is kept in side, the steel frame may rust.!
! 7. Oval Pavilion! !
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The pavilion consists of preexisting and heritage structure (black square) and also basement. The construction process must be very careful not to deconstruct the heritage building. !
The use of different materials are not only for the structural purpose but also considering the environment it provides for the indoors.!
The whole site used a range of footing systems and has a hybrid structure. For the basement, concrete is used for greater support; the superstructure consists of timer and steel; the roof is steel.!
8. New Melbourne School of Design!
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Figure a. Photo retrieved from LostonCampus: http:// lostoncampus.com.au/img/poi/l/ front-entrance-16844.jpg!
This entry is actually constructed by steel frame, the brick skin is only the enclosure system for warmth and to make tie the entrance with the existing structure beyond. !
! 10. Frank Tate Pavilion! ! The curving glass ‘wall’ caught my attention. The glass surface should be strong enough
Similar to the Oval Pavilion, it has a hybrid structure that used timer, steel and concrete as building material. Materials all intertwine to form the structure of the pavilion. The
Hoi Yin Ho, 662109, Tutorial 9
WEEK 3 very strong. According to tutor, the foundation of the pavilion is rigged very deep and used around 3 tons of concrete.!
materials are prefabricated in order to have a clear and accurate cut/finishing.!
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! As shown in the above photo and sketch, the roof of the pavilion is leaning to different direction, the centre of gravity is mostly outside the building. In order to hold the building, the column and footing must be
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Hoi Yin Ho, 662109, Tutorial 9
Hoi Yin Ho, 662109, Tutorial 9
WEEK 3
! ! ! Learning Loop! ! -Structural Element! !
>Strut - compression element! >Tie - tension element! >Beam(horizontal) - tendency of the beam to change shape require both compression and tension! >Slap/Plate - provide larges supporting surface! >Panels - Walls / Shea Diaphragm(prevent overturning)!
! -Footings and Foundations! !
>Substructure! ! Support the superstructure and resist the forces of the soil pressing against (Ching, 2008)!
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Shallow Footings:! 1/ Pad! ! ! 2/ Strip!! ! 3/ Raft Foundation !
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Deep Foundations:! 1/ End bearing piles! 2/ Friction Piles! (to reach the bed rock!
Basement:! 1/ Foundation walls to prevent overturning !
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Mass Construction! -stone/ earth/ clay/ concrete! -strong in compression but bad in tension! -Modular and ! non-modular!
(bricks and blocks)!
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(rammed earth/stone)!
Masonry Materials! -stone/ ashlar blocks (clear edge), rubble stone (rough edge)! -earth (cheap/ labour intensive)! -clay bricks (labour intensive, need manufacturing)! -concrete!
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Masonry - build with units! >joined with mortar ( cement, bonding agent)! >building units are able to build the whole structure as a monolithic whole!
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Equilibrium! -force=reaction force! No movement is wanted in a building, therefore, the sum of vertical forces/ horizontal forces and moments must be 0.!
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Hoi Yin Ho, 662109, Tutorial 9
Hoi Yin Ho, 662109, Tutorial 9
WEEK 3
Glossary!
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Moment! - the turning effect of a force! - measured in Nm! - F x d! - F: the size of the force! - d: the distance from the force to the axis of rotation! (cyberphysics.co.uk)!
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Retaining Wall! -‘a structure built to retain a difference in ground level’! (Legal Services Commission)!
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Pad Footing! -‘holes are dug into the ground and fitted with a reinforcement cage then filled with concrete mix to ground level’! -vertical support, cost effective! (Australian Building Inspection Services)!
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Strip Footing! -‘a relatively small strip of concrete placed into a trench and reinforced with steel’! (Australian Building Inspection Services)! -support loads of walls and slabs!
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Slab on ground! -Slab-on-grande! -a foundation slab (mostly concrete) placed on the ground, supported by the earth only without basement! (Merriam-Webster Dictionary)!
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Substructure! -a structure that constructed underground to support and anchor the superstructure by transmitting its loads into the earth. The foundation also need to resist the forces of the soil pressing against and other movements. ! (Ching, 2008)!
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Hoi Yin Ho, 662109, Tutorial 9
Hoi Yin Ho, 662109, Tutorial 9
WEEK 3
Reference!
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Hoi Yin Ho, 662109, Tutorial 9
Ching, F. D. K.. (2008). Building construction Illustrated, 5th ed., John Wiley & Sons, INC.!
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Figure a. Lost on Campus. Retrieved from:! <http://lostoncampus.com.au/img/poi/l/front-entrance-16844.jpg>!
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Moment: cyberphysics.com.uk. Retrieved from:! <http://www.cyberphysics.co.uk/topics/forces/moments.htm>!
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Newton, C. (2014). W03_c1 Footings & Foundations. Retrieved from:! <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PAcuwrecIz8&feature=youtu.be>, accessed on 17th Aug, 2014.!
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Newton, C. (2014). W03_m1 Introduction to Mass Construction. Retrieved from:! <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Au2upE9JN8&feature=youtu.be>, accessed on 17th Aug, 2014.!
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Newton, C. (2014). W03_m2 Introduction to Masonry. Retrieved from:! <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DC8Hv8AKQ8A&feature=youtu.be>, accessed on 17th Aug, 2014.!
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Newton, C. (2014). W03_s1 Structural Elements. Retrieved from:! <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wQIa1O6fp98&feature=youtu.be>, accessed on 17th Aug, 2014.!
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Pad Footing: Australian Building Inspection Services, (n.d.). Retrieved from:! <http://www.abis.com.au/footing>!
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Retaining Wall: Legal Services Commission of South Australia, (n.d.). Retrieved from:! <http://www.lawhandbook.sa.gov.au/ch31s04.php>!
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Slab-on-ground: Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved from:! <http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/slab-on-ground>!
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Strip Footing: Australian Building Inspection Services, (n.d.). Retrieved from:! <http://www.abis.com.au/footing>!
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Hoi Yin Ho, 662109, Tutorial 9