Feasibility study report by Hollie Nevison

Ordsall Hall Feasibility Study

Ellie Siddall, Hollie Nevison, Rebecca Smith

Image by Rebecca Smith

Contents 4-9 Introduction and Historical Context 10-15 Elevations & Architectural Characteristics 16 Structural Grid 17 3D Model 18-25 Materials 26-27 Fire Escape Plans 28 Access, Orientation & Surroundings 29 References

Introduction & Historical Context 4

Introduction Ordsall Hall is position just off the south side of a large bend in the River Irwell which is now the site of the docks for the Manchester Ship Canal. Its only a 4 minute walk away from Exchange Quay tram stop. The Tudor manor dates back more than 820 years; the oldest surviving parts of the hall were built in the 15th century. The building was first recorded in print in 1177. Since 1177, it has been home to medieval gentry, Tudor nobility, Catholic loyals to the crown, butchers, farmers, an Earl, an artist, priests, scout troops, mill workers, cows and several ghosts. Ordsall has an old English origin, the personal name 'Ord' and the word 'halh', which means in a corner or nook, ‘halh’ has now become the modern dialect word 'haugh'. Surrounded by beautiful landscaped grounds, it displays small exhibitions on the upper floors, well-structured rooms throughout and a small café located near the entrance. The Heritage site is open 5 days a week. Monday - 10am till 4pm Tuesday - 10am till 4pm Wednesday - 10am till 4pm Thursday - 10am till 4pm Friday - *CLOSED* Saturday - *CLOSED* Sundays - 1pm till 4pm All entries are free and kids are welcome as long as they’re accompanied by a responsible adult. The Hall is available to hire for weddings, meetings and events.

Timeline: 1177 – The Tudor manor was first recorded. 1251 – David de Hulton was recorded as the owner of the hall due to William de Ferrer, Earl of Derby exchanging the manor for the land in Pendleton. 1335 – The manor became possession of the Radclyffe family. 1354 – Sir John Radclyffe established his rights of the inheritance. 1361 – Sir John was given a license for his newly built chapel. 1380 – Sir Johns son, Richard, sadly passed away. 1512 – Sir Alexander chose to have the Current Great Hall built. 1600’s – Sir John built the Star Chamber and some additional Private chambers. 1639 – A modest brick house was built at the West end which was later connected to the main building. 1654 – Sir Alexander passed away. 1662 – Sir John had to sell the Hall to Colonel John Birch. 1690 – Ordsall Hall was sold to Oldfield family of Leftwich. 1700’s – Canopy in Great Hall destroyed, East wing Demolished 1704 – Oldfield family of Leftwich sold Ordsall Hall on to John Stock, a trustee of Cross Street Chapel. 1756 – John Stock then sold Ordsall Hall to Samuel Hill of Shenstone. 1758 – John Stock passed away which meant it was passed on to his nephew, Samuel Egerton of Tatton. 1814 – John Markendale took lease of the hall. 1870’s – Other Residents, including a cotton Merchant, cotton manufacturer and artist, leased the Hall. 1871 – Occupation in the Hall Ended. 1872-75 – Frederic Shields "the happiest refuge I have ever nested in”. 1875 – Haworth's Mill rented the hall and used it as a working men's club 1896-98 – Earl Egerton restored the Hall using Manchester based Architect Alfred Daryshire. St Cyprian's Church was built in the north forecourt and a new servants' wing on the south side. Earl wanted to promote the opening of a Clergy Training School. 1908 – The Clergy School transferred to Egerton Hall as Manchester Theological College. 1939-45 – during the second world war the Hall was used as a radio station. 1940 – The working men’s club closed. 1959 – Salford Corporation purchased the Hall. 1962 – The servants wing on the south side was demolished. 1967 – The St Cyprian's Church was demolished. 1972 – Hall re-opened to the public after the restoration work. 2009-11 – Restoration to preserve the hall for future generations. Re-opened in May 2011. Image by Beckii Smith

Listing Ordsall Hall is listed under the Planning Act 1990 as amended for its special architectural or historic interest. It is listed at entry number 1386169 as a Grade 1 Tudor manor and was first listed on the 31 January 1952.

The Radclyffe Family The manor was passed into the hands of the Radclyffe family after the death of the childless Richard de Hulton in 1335. For the first 20 years in the possession of the Radclyffe ownership, they were very confused as there were several claims, but in 1354 Sir John Radclyffe finally established his right to inherit the manor on his return from the French wars. During the wars, he was granted the right to use one of the earliest mottoes for services in the battlefield. 'Caen, Crecy, Calais'. When Sir John inherited the manor, he was passed 120 acres of land, 12 acres of meadow and 12 acres of wood. Ten years on, Sir John decided to enlarge his house by including a new chapel, for which he received a license for in 1361. Once his son, Richard, had died in 1380; the manor was described as having a hall, five chambers, a kitchen and a chapel. It was also associated with two stables, three granges, two shippons, a garner, a dovecote, an orchard and a windmill, which together made up 80 acres of arable land and six acres of meadow. The current Great Hall was built in 1512 when Sir Alexander Radclyffe became High Sheriff of Lancashire for the first time (Sir Alexander became High Sheriff of Lancashire on four different occasions.) Further alterations were made to the Hall in the early 1600s as a modest brick house was built in 1639 by Sir Alexander Radclyffe. The additional brick house was located at the west end and positioned at a right angle to the timber framed building. This was later joined to the main building. The addition of the newly built west wing was followed immediately by the English Civil War during which he suffered financially. This left his son and heir, Sir John, in a difficult situation which meant that in 1662 he had to sell the Hall to Colonel John Birch. This also meant that the 300 years of Radclyffeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s occupation had come to an end.

Marriages, knighthoods, positions and connections The Radclyffe familyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s history shows multiple inter-marriages and feuds with other local families such as the Booths, Leghs and de Traffords, some of which sat in Parliament as Knights of the Shire. Most were knighted for services in battle and took part in Court: for instance, Margaret Radclyffe became a favourite Maid of Honour to Queen Elizabeth.

The Hall after the Radclyffe family At the end of the 1600s, the estate was sold to the Oldfield family of Leftwich, and then again in 1704 to John Stock, a trustee of Cross Street Chapel. The Stock family were the last owners to live in Ordsall Hall. The Stocks lived in the central section of the Hall as the other two wings were leased out to tenants in the 1700’s. His son's executors sold the property in 1756 to Samuel Hill of Shenstone, Staffordshire, on whose death two years later it passed to his nephew, Samuel Egerton of Tatton. Further Residents In 1870, Joseph Ryder, a cotton merchant, shared the building with Richard Alsop who was the innkeeper for the well-known 'Bulls Head' inn, which is located in Manchester. Alsop was an innkeeper for about 12 years from 1770 and later became a cotton manufacturer. The hall remained in occupation until 1871. The land was occupied for many years by the Mather family who were cow keepers and butchers. After Richard Alsop's death in 1814, the lease was taken over by John Markendale. Between 1872 and 1875, the artist Frederic Shields lived in the Hall. He painted in the Pre-Raphaelite style and was friends with John Ruskin, The leading English art critic of the Victorian era. He wrote a letter to Ruskin and described the Hall as "the happiest refuge I have ever nested in." Alterations It is likely that more alterations took place during the early years of the 1700s whilst Samuel Egerton was the owner. The canopy at the dais end of the Great Hall was destroyed when a floor was inserted and instead rooms were formed using lath and plaster partitions on both floors. Part of the canopy can be seen in the north wall of the dais. Probably at the same time, the east wing of the hall was demolished, most likely before the earliest estate map in 1812. Working Men’s Club Within the last quarter of the 19th century, the Hall, that was once surrounded by fields and woods, was engulfed in industrial housing and factories. Its future was uncertain until 1875 when it was leased/let to Haworth’s Mill, which is known as a cotton spinning factory located not far from the Hall on Ordsall Lane. Haworth’s Mill wanted to use the hall as a Working Men’s Club. The Great Hall was cleared of the inserted flooring and partitions which then became a gymnasium, whilst action was made to provide billiards, a skittle alley and a bowling green.

Clergy Training School In 1883 the hall was bought by the Earl Egerton of Tatton, and restored during 1896 and 1898 by the Manchester architect, Alfred Darybshire at a cost of about ÂŁ6,000. Earl Egerton wanted to promote the opening of a Clergy Training School in the Great Hall. At the same time St Cyprian's Church was built in the north forecourt and a new servants' wing was added on the south side. The clergy school got transferred to Egerton Hall in 1908 as Manchester Theological College, but an associated men's social club survived until 1940 when the building was put to various uses connected with the war effort. During the Second World War the hall was used as a radio station. In the 1960s the church and servants' wing built for the clergy school were demolished. Acquisition to Salford City Council Salford Corporation Purchased the Hall from the Executors of the Baron Egerton of Tatton in 1959 and, following the major restoration work, was finally opened to the public in April 1972 as a period house and local history museum. 2009-2011 Restoration Ordsall Hall enjoyed a complete restoration and redevelopment between February 2009 and May 2011, Funding was given from generous bodies and individuals from across the UK. The Hall now offers a true and honest interpretation of building styles over the centuries. The Hall had been falling apart for a while, the roof was in a bad state and historically significant rooms were completely inaccessible. The Restoration cost just under ÂŁ6.5 million, they did work on all architectural elements including the roof, woodwork, stained glass, plaster, stoneware, terracotta and paint. The objective of the project was to extend the life of the hall for future generations. They added two lifts to make it more accessible for those who are disabled. Also, they chose to add an opening to the unseen and unused roof spaces and opened the upper floor of the medieval East Wing. Due to the paintwork aging and fading, they chose to restore some of it in the Great Chamber, and then stripping back the Victorian blackened wood and including honey-coloured oak beside it to show the age. The building and site repairs, maintenance and general conservation work were carried out in compliance for the best results. Throughout the building, the original materials, or those that are similar, were used. Wireless technology was used for elements such as the fire alarm to avoid visually intrusive cabling.

Elevations and Architectural Characteristics 10

Ordsall Hall is has achieved Grade 1 Listing â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the highest in the England. From the late 19th Century it became engulfed in Industrial Development and was lost in sea of houses and factories. It has survived over 750 years. It is believed that the hall was originally constructed around a central quadrangle, but the other half is no longer there. There are 2 main elements to Ordsall Hall. There is the original Timber built South Range erected in the 15th Century and the Brick West range built in 1639. It was built on a Quadrangle Internal Characteristics Quatrefoils A quatrefoil is a decorative symmetrical shape which is usually formed using circles. These patterns have been represented both inside and out of the building. It is thought that this type of design was more common in the South of England and since Ordsall replicated the pattern it was later used in the North of the country. The Great Hall The Great hall is open to the roof. A Spere-Truss divides the former cross passage. There are 3 arched doorways that lead to the service areas. There are moulded cornices. The Quatrefoil detail is dominant in the great hall, with large expanses of the decorative detail. Mullioned and Transomed Bay Windows survived and were restored in the renovation work done in recent years. There is a large two-storey canted bay window. There are spere posts with elaborate moulded stone bases. It is thought that these are significant as they are similar to those in Manchester Cathedral. There are spere -trusses. In a medieval hall of timber construction, a roof-supporting wooden arch, rising from trusses attached to the sidewalls, marking the division between the principal area of the hall. The Star Chamber The room has its original moulded ceiling beams with later panelling between the beams decorated with gilt lead stars. There is the original stone fireplace on the eastern wall. â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Star chamberâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; behind the dais end of hall has massive stone fireplace which may also survive from this earliest building, but the panelled ceiling, embellished with gilded stars, is thought to be late C16. The Great Chamber The Great Chamber boasts an original Medieval Roof Brace which has been painted with Pomegranates and Oak leaves. It is said that pomegranates represented fertility and oak leaves symbolised the strength of faith. Armonial Panels-Handmade Plaster panel inscribed with the date 1568-90. The fireplace in this room is ornate, with corbels adorndd with carved crenellation.

South-East Elevation -Carved Heraldic Plaque dated 1897. Heraldic Plaques frequently show a Coat of Arms and specific dates. Families and Knights used them throughout history to represent signs and symbols -Mullioned Windows. A mullioned window is the vertical element that divides parts of a window. Usually made from stone or timber, they provide structural support to arches or lintels above the windows. Egerton doubtless wanted to promote a religious atmosphere throughout the rebuild in 1896 and the style he deemed appropriate was Tudor though with large Perpendicular style hall windows of a sacred nature. -Timber Gable End- Constructed in Oak -Tudor Doors - Arched with panelled and carved decoration. Reflecting a religious theme. -Terracotta Window Dressings -Brick Chimney Stacks- rebuilt in 1896.

Brick Chimney Stacks

Carved Heraldic Plaque

Stone Slate Roof

Timber Gable End

Mullioned Windows

Terracotta Window Dressings

West Elevation -Terracotta Window Dressings- These are ornate consist of Mullions, Lintels and Jambs. They were rebuilt from 1896-98 by the restoration work carried out under Manchester architect Alfred Darbyshire. -Cast Iron Rainwater Goods- High production costs of rainwater goods in previous centuries meant that they were more common on larger buildings. Decorative crestingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, barley twists, highly ornate embossed hopper heads and motifs became common. The level of embellishment in Ordsall Hall depicts a higher status of the building. -Stone Slate roof- The older timber support for the roof is made from Oak. It has been suggested that the other timbers constructing later parts are Baltic Pine. -Mullioned Windows- Smaller mullioned Windows than on the South Elevation.

Stone Slate Roof

Brick Chimney Stacks

Terracotta Window Dressings

Mullioned Windows

North Elevation -Timber Frame made from Oak (main structure 1512-13) -Bay Windows-Two bay windows - polygonal bay dates to the mid to late 16th century, threesided bay to the 17th century -Timber Mullioned Windows. These are vertical Beams seperating a window section. -Transomed Openings-Transomed refers to a horizontal structural beam separating a window from a door. -Timber Doors- thought to have been replaced in the 1897 restoration project. -Quatrefoils- The outer fsce of the North Elevation is embelished with Quatrefoil Panels. These were constructed in Oak and filled with Wattle and Daub. In later years the infils were replaced with render.

Brick Chimney Stacks

Timber Doors

Stone Slate Roof

Sandstone Plinth

Timber Gable End

Bay Windows

Quatrefoils

East Elevation -Mullioned Windows-Vertical elements that are used to divide adjacent panes. They provide structural support. -Stone Slate Roof-Low water absorption. In a medieval hall of timber construction, a roof-supporting wooden arch, rising from trusses attached to the sidewalls, marking the division between the principal area of the hall ion and resistance to extreme weather temperatures. -Brick Hood Moulds over windows. -Brick Chimneys -Corbelling-This is a structural piece of stone. A solid piece of material in the wall, load bearing. -Carved Stone Heraldic Plaque-Date Unknown

Brick Chimneys

Mullioned Windows

Carved Heraldic Plaque

Stone Slate Roof

Arched Brick hood moulds

Structural Grid Ground Floor

First Floor

Second Floor

It is apparent that the structure does not follow straight lines nore specific angles. The original building dates back to the 15th Century. Tools and technologies available at the time of construction will have been limited and this will have had an impact on the craftmanship and accuracy in which they were able to build. Ageing of materials and weathering will have had a significant impact on the building throughout the ages adding to the irregular grid The Hall was originally built using Timber frame construction.

3D SketchUp Model of Hall drawn by Ellie Siddall

Materials & Finishes 18

Materials and Finishes Ordsall Hall is rich with many different materials, new and old. Lots of the materials used to help build Ordsall Hall have required a lot of maintenance and refurbishment as they date back to the mid fourteenth century. Therefore, some parts of the hall have been renovated for conservation purposes so that visitors can still be able to look around the hall without it being unsafe and also to help preserve the architecture. There is a great contrast between the old and the new, as some of the timber has been restored to show what it used to look like, as the traditional timber has aged and got much darker with time.

Timber The quatrefoil (four-leaf) shape was first used at Ordsall Hall which is used throughout the architecture in the timbers, which set the trend for Tudor building style, as it was copied throughout the country. Timber is the most commonly used material in Ordsall Hall, as it was one of the main construction methods in the 15th century. A lot of the timber has been restored as timber is prone to rotting and decaying due to the moisture and humidity in the hall.

Oak Oak is a hardwood from deciduous trees. There is a huge variety of species and appearance of oak, having over 600 different species coming in a range of different colours and grain patterns. It is strong and hardwearing so doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t take much maintenance, which is why it was a perfect choice for Ordsall Hall. Oak is the main timber which is used externally and internally at Ordsall Hall. It is used for the roof structure, which is a wooden framework of beams. A decorative half-timbering method was used which is exposed framework with the spaces between the timbers filled with masonry. Internally, there is an oak timber frame on the ceiling in the great hall which is one of the earliest and most impressive timber-framed halls built in the region. There are beautiful solid oak floors throughout, oak panelled walls dating from the 1600s and an oak dining table dating back to the 1500s.

Red Brick Red brick is used for the walls and chimney at Ordsall Hall. One of the main characteristics of a traditional Tudor home is to have an elaborate red brick chimney.

Slate Slate is a fine-grained, foliated metamorphic rock. It is very durable and looks very attractive. A steeply pitched slate roof makes Ordsall Hall a traditional Tudor style home. Slate is one of the longest lasting roof types in history, with soft slate lasting from 50-125 years, and hard slate lasting anywhere from 75-200 years.

Lead It was during Tudor times that glass was first used in homes. It was very expensive and difficult to make big pieces of glass so the panes were tiny and held together with lead. Traditional Tudor houses like Ordsall Hall had tall and narrow casement windows with small window

Moulded Terracotta Terracotta was occasionally used on Tudor houses like Ordsall Hall, but it really made its mark on British architecture from the 1860s. It was embraced by the Arts and Crafts movement. It is produced from moulded clay, and is often used within brick built facades to provide rich ornamental detailing where stone would of been too expensive to use. Many terracotta elements were hollow, making them light in weight, and could be mass produced, but custom-made elements were individually sculpted and handmade by craftsmen. At Ordsall Hall, moulded terracotta was used for the window surrounds.

Stained Glass Stained glass is most commonly used in churches, mosques and other significant buildings like Ordsall Hall. The glass is coloured because metallic salts were added to the glass during its manufacture. Beautiful patterns are created by using small pieces of the glass which are then held together by strips of lead. The stained glass at Ordsall Hall is coloured glass which date back to the 1550s. The light shines through creating beautiful colours and patterns on the oak floors.

Cast Iron Cast iron is made by re-melting pig iron. The history of cast iron radiators can be traced back to the early 18th century. Cast iron became a decorative feature within the home, as a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Nouveauâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; look could be created by installing an iron radiator with a scrolled elaborate detailed design. Cast iron radiators were usually delivered to the site in a dismantled state, because some could weigh half a ton, so that the workmen didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have to struggle with man-handling and transporting the radiators. There are traditional cast iron radiators throughout Ordsall Hall. Ancient Lime Plaster Ancient lime plaster is mixture of sand, water and lime, but horse hair was also added for reinforcement. It contained horse hair and pozzolan additives to reduce the working time. Many of the walls at Ordsall Hall are coated with ancient lime plaster as it is very durable. One of the earliest examples of lime plaster dates back to the end of the eighth millennium BC when three statues were sculpted with lime plaster, which are still in tact, which shows the durability and strength of lime plaster.

Wrought Iron Wrought iron is an iron alloy with a very low carbon content compared with cast iron. It has a grain which resembles wood when it is bent. It is a very tough material which is corrosion-resistant and easily welded. A wrought product is something that has been mechanically worked by extruding, rolling or hammering. There are wrought iron door hinges throughout the hall which give the oak doors a beautiful and traditional finish. Wrought iron can also be seen on the main entrance door, which has large metal studs on it. As well as being decorative, this strengthened the door.

Moulded Lime Plaster The Coat of arms of the Radclyffe family in The Coat of Arms Room is moulded lime plaster dating from the 1500s. It is located in the oldest part of the hall which is the East Wing. The plaster is a mixture of sand, water, and lime.

Gilded Lead

Victorian Tiles The beautiful coloured Victorian tiles at Ordsall Hall were uncovered when the restoration took place in 2011. During the restoration they took the wood floor up and found them. The original victorian floor tiles add character to Ordsall Hall, even though some were cracked, it just added more originality.

Gilded lead stars are on the ceiling in the Star Chamber, which is the oldest wing in the hall. They add a nice and decorative touch to the chamber. Fine gold leaf was applied to the lead stars to create a thin coating of gold. Gilding is a skill which takes a lot of time and skill to create, and today gilded objects are often highly valued and are collected as decorative art objects. Gilding has been used for many things.

Drawing by Rebecca Smith

Embroidered Material When you first walk into the Ordsall Hall, you are greeted by a hanging tapestry which is used as a curtain to separate the great hall from the entrance room. There are lots of high quality embroidery found around Ordsall Hall which has brought beautiful and bright colour and pattern to the large and open spaces.

Medieval Paintwork There is medieval paintwork on the roof braces in The Great Chamber, which is the oldest wing in the hall which dates back to c.1360. It has been hand painted on the wood which is 650 years old so therefore it has faded over time, so it has been repainted on the opposite side of the wood so that visitors can see how it used to look.

Stone Stone is a natural substance which is a hard and solid common building material. Stone can be found everywhere in and around Ordsall Hall. Outside, stone tiles can be found on the floor which are engraved with quotes and they surround the hall and the gardens. Stone is very cold but inside it really compliments the rooms in Ordsall Hall as the fireplaces are huge architectural features which should be shown off. You can see the sword marks on the fireplace which is located in the Star Chamber, which were made by the men by sharpening their swords.

Drawing by Hollie Nevison Italian Plaster An Italian plaster ceiling features in The Italian Plaster Ceiling Room. The room was built as a privy chamber for the Radclyffe family. The ceiling was made from panelled plaster which was decorated with an Italian â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Lozengeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; design dating from the mid-late 1500s. It is very fragile, therefore visitors cannot enter this room due to the sensitive nature of the ceiling. The Italianate style of architecture was a distinct trend in England during the Tudor period.

Landscape As a part of its ÂŁ900,000 restoration, Ordsall Hall is now surrounded by beautiful landscaped grounds and gardens. The quatrefoil shape is used throughout the gardens, and

Knot Garden A knot garden is a very formal design in a square frame. As you can see from the images, the quatrefoil shape is set in a square frame within Ordsall Hall gardens which I think

Dig for Victory Garden A Dig for Victory Garden got its name in 1940 when the Ministry of Agriculture launched the Dig for Victory campaign to help combat food shortages in Britain by promoting the planting of allotments in gardens on public land.

Herb Garden The herb garden at Ordsall Hall has beautiful ornamental borders with colourful flowers in which were cherished by the Tudors, and also includes medieval and Tudor herbs.

Heritage Garden The heritage garden has plenty of historic variety of herbs, flowers and vegetables which amazingly date back to Medieval and Tudor times. Orchard The orchard includes historic varieties of apples, pears, medlars and soft fruits.

Fire Escape Plans

Fire Exit Fire Extinguishers Refuge Point Ordsall Hall - Ground Floor

Ordsall Hall - First Floor

Ordsall Hall - Second Floor

Access, Orientation and Surroundings Originally, the north and south sides of Ordsall Hall were the same, but the south facing side got damaged as it was bleached by the sun, so they removed it. The north facing side is still in good condition because the sun rarely sees it due to the surroundings.

In the last quarter of the 19th century (1875 onwards) the surroundings, which were once fields and woodland, were destroyed so that industrial housing and factories could be built.

Deansgate-Castlefield to Ordsall Hall

Manchester Piccadilly to Ordsall Hall

The easiest and quickest route is from Deansgate-Castlefield, the Line E tram towards Eccles (6 minutes) to Exchange Quay, then walk 0.3 miles (5 minutes) to Ordsall Hall. The map below shows the walking route from Exchange Quay, which is at the bottom of the map, to Ordsall Hall.

Walk from Piccadilly station (8 minutes) to Piccadilly Gardens stop P, 33 bus towards Worsley (11 minutes, 8 stops) to Comus Street, then walk to Ordsall Hall (15 minutes). The map below shows the walking route from Comus Street, which is at the top of the map, to Ordsall Hall.

References http://www.salfordcommunityleisure.co.uk/culture/ordsall-hall http://www.lep-architects.co.uk/ http://www.visitsalford.info/ordsallhall.htm https://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/101386169-ordsall-hall-ordsall-ward https://www.salford.gov.uk Robinson,J.M. (1986). The Architecture of Northern England.London.Pan Macmillan http://www.salfordstar.com/article.asp?id=981 http://www.buildingconservation.com/articles/dob/dating_buildings.htm http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/manchester/hi/people_and_places/ newsid_9358000/9358085.stm

Report Layout by Ellie Siddall

Drawing by Ellie Siddall

Image by Rebecca Smith

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