Urban Planning Portfolio by Hongyi Zou

PORTFOLIO & RESEARCH ZOU HONGYI

CONTENTS POSTGRADUATE WORK

UNDERGRADUATE WORK

"Jurong Lake District, Where the Pioneering Spirit Continues" Planning for JLD in Support of a 2050 Scenario to Remain Competitive

"REVITALIZE" Upgrade of Public Open Space in Cuiyuan Community Urban Planning 2019, Hangzhou, China

Urban Planning and Design 2022, Jurong Lake District, Singapore

"ECO·NNECTING"

Planning for a Self-sufficient Town in 2040

"CONNECTION" Design of Sanjiangkou Park

Urban Planning and Design 2021, Simpang, Singapore

"FRESH Lim Chu Kang" Planning for Singapore’s Agri-Food Hub for “30 by 30” Vision Urban Planning and Design 2021, Singapore

Urban Planning Research Based on R Project 1: How People’s Travel Destinations Change with Pandemic Phases Project 2: Relationships Between Dietary Habit, Income and Diabetes Prevalence Urban Planning Research 2021, Singapore

Landscape 2019, Hangzhou, China

"INTERACTION" Upgrade of Google Maps App Human - Computer Interaction Design 2019

A crossroad of industry, residential, recreation, and innovation. Reinforcing the position of Jurong East Regional Centre, continuing the pioneering spiring of Jurong’s industrial legacy.

Jurong Lake District, Where the Pioneering Spirit Continues / Planning for JLD in Support of a 2050 Scenario to Remain Competitive Urban Planning and Design Site Location: Jurong Lake District (JLD), Singapore Graduate Academic Work: Integrated Urban Planning Studio (Team Work) Instructors: Heng Chye Kiang, Jeffrey Ho, Rahul Mittal 01.2022 - 04.2022 From a pivotal industrial estate in 1960s, now positioned as a model district for sustainability and innovation, the pioneering spirit is throughout the development process of JLD. The ambition of this plan is to develop this district into a place where the pioneering spirit continues, anchored by a future-oriented mixed-use district. Qualities of the plan are its vibrant corridor, innovative live-work-play-learn elements, charming gardens, and extensive greenery that weave through the entire district to give it a distinctive identity. The plan proposes to accommodate 47,600 residents and provide 75,000 new jobs in Lakeside District. A total of 3.2 million sqm GFA will be developed including 35% office, 45% housing, 10% retail, and 10% for other uses. Existing heritage buildings, landscapes and ecosystems are respected and repurposed in a powerful dialogue with the new development. To foster long-term flexibility and encourage vibrancy, it introduces three new land use types. With its strategic location, the area will become the crossroad of industry, residential, recreation and innovation. As an anchor for these uses, JLD will raise the status of Jurong East as the Regional Centre of the west and acquire a new identity for Jurong Lake.

DEVELOPMENT BACKGROUND OF JLD

POSITIONING

When we look at the history of JLD, from a pivotal industrial estate in 1960s to a commercial hub and lifestyle destination in 2010s, now positioned as a model district for sustainability and innovation in 2020s, the pioneering spirit is throughout its development process and that is what we aim to preserve in its future planning. JID / NTU

2000s

1970s -1980s

Maturity: Model District for Sustainability and Innovation

PIONEERING SPIRIT 1960s

Evolution: Setting off to be an industrial estate

Western Living Region

2020s+

Growth: Blueprint for a mixeduse business district

Extension: Further comprehensive development for west region

Tengah / Bukit Batok Nature Corridor

Western Gateway for Industrial Activity Innovation corridor

1990s

Pandan Reservoir

2010s

Transformation: A Tropical City of Excellence indicates a transformation to liveable city

NUS / One-north

Upgrading: Commercial Hub & Lifestyle Destination

West Coast Park

Jurong Island

GSWF

Recreation Corridor GSWF

Sentosa

CONTEXT

A crossroad of industry, residential, recreation, and innovation

Potential Economic Shifts

Reinforcing the position of Jurong East Regional Centre, continuing the pioneering spiring of Jurong’s industrial legacy

Key Issues: a) Increasing necessity to remain economically viable and competitive. b) The dominant industry in Jurong Lake District should not duplicate the CBD’s finance business. Key questions for consideration: a) What will be JLD’s function within the region? b) What will be the dominant industry in JLD?

VISION & GOALS Key Issues Issues Key

Unpredictable Future Lifestyle Key Issues: a) Future changes to life expectancy and population structure. b) Future changes to the physical & digital workplace, and working habits.

Keyquestions questionsfor forconsideration consideration Key

necessity to to remain remain economically economicallyviable viableand and • Increasing necessity competitive

Whatwill willbe beJLD’s JLD’sfunction functionwithin withinthe theregion? region? •• What Whatwill willbe bethe thedominant dominantindustry industryininJLD? JLD? •• What

industry in in Jurong Jurong Lake LakeDistrict Districtshould shouldnot not • The dominant industry duplicate the CBD’s CBD’s finance finance business business

Key Issues

Key questions for consideration: a) What will be our target population and how to better their diverse needs? b) How to redefine workplace and living space?

Fragmented Hotspots Key Issues: a) Lack of physical connectedness between existing points of interest. b) Single purpose spaces are not capable of supporting future changes and promoting flexibility.

2050 Goals

Potential economic shifts

New Economy

Unpredictable future lifestyle

New Lifestyle

Fragmented leisure hotspots

New Destinations

Key questions for consideration Key questions for consideration

Key Issues Key Issues • Future to life expectancy and population structurestructure • changes Future changes to life expectancy and population • Future to the physical & digital&workplace, and • changes Future changes to the physical digital workplace, and workingworking habits habits

Jurong Lake District where the pioneering spirit continues

What• willWhat be our population and how and to better willtarget be our target population how to better their diverse theirneeds? diverse needs?

•

How •to redefine workplace and livingand space? How to redefine workplace living space?

•

Key questions for consideration: a) How to shape the new attractiveness of JLD? b) To what extent will spaces become flexible?

Increasing Environmental Concerns Key Issues: a) Heavy industrial profile of Jurong region. b) Singapore Green Plan 2030 of promoting sustainability and forging a greener future.

Key Issues Key Issues

• Lack of physical connectedness between existing points of • Lack of physical connectedness between existing points of interest interest • Single purpose spaces are not capable of supporting future • Single spaces are not capable of supporting future changes and purpose promoting flexibility changes and promoting flexibility

• •

Key questions for consideration Key questions for consideration

How to shape the new attractiveness of JLD? • How to shape the new attractiveness of JLD? To what extent will spaces become flexible? • To what extent will spaces become flexible?

Increasing environmental concerns

Key questions for consideration: a) How to respond to environmental issues and national green plan key with existing green & blue features of the JLD? b) How the environmental concerns shape future building form and infrastructure? Key Issues • Heavy industrial profile of Jurong region

Key Issues

•

• Singapore Green Plan 2030 of promoting sustainability Heavy profilefuture of Jurong region andindustrial forging a greener

Key questions for consideration

New Environmental Responsibility

Marina Bay

OBJECTIVES

New Economy

New Lifestyle

New Destination

New Environmental Responsibilities

1. Establish an industrial service centre in the West – acting as an anchor for Western industrial activity.

1. Provide car-lite living environment and services supporting healthy lifestyle, contributing to wellbeing of all age groups.

1. Rejuvenate the existing urban and green activity nodes.

1. Pilot carbon neutral, zero waste and water recycling solutions to achieve an integrated sustainable district.

2. Create nodes of interest to compliment the various uses in the site.

2. Increase ecological connectivity and biodiversity of green and blue network.

2. Create a hybrid and vibrant corridor(district) to encourage mixed-use, innovation, resource & knowledge pooling.

2. Create non-gated communities with innovative housing typologies that encourage groups to interact and share.

PLANNING PRINCIPLES

STRUCTURE PLAN 3 Zones Industrial Service Centre to forge new economy; Inclusive Living zone to accommodate new lifestyles; Vibrant Corridor as the crossroads of different zones to develop new destinations, providing various experiences along the waterfront.

gT ow nH

all

Bukit Batok West

ra st Ce nt

2 Gateways Business gateway as a hotspot of industrial service centre; Lakeside gateway as the entrance of living zones.

Ju ro

Toh Guan

Ju ron

Chinese Garden

Jurong East Station

Industrial Service Centre

Jurong Town Hall

Living Central

E Old AY

Business Gateway

To h

Gu an

Lakeside Gateway

Inclusive Living

Jurong Town Hall MRT

Jurong Gardens

AYE

Vibrant Corridor

1. Synergize with the commercial and business developments in Jurong Gateway and International Business Park . 2. Promote high density development and shape site based on surrounding future MRT stations.

1. Enhance connection between north and south residential communities. 2. Realign AYE and diverting underground, while downgrading existing AYE as a major access, attracting traffic and releasing more development opportunities.

Living Playing

La Ga ke s i d tew e ay

New Science Museum Chinese Garden

Japanese Garden

Science Museum

Crossroad

Jurong East New Destinations

Lakeside Garden

Living

New Lifestyle Jurong Town Hall New Economy

New Gardens

Living Central

Business Gateway

New Environmental responsibilities

Teban Garden Jurong River

1. Rejuvenate the existing hotspots and create new civic and leisure destinations.

1. Develop a central Vibrant Corridor along the waterfront as crossroad of different zones.

2. Develop a comprehensive green and blue network centered Jurong Lake and permeating into communities.

2. Weave the existing and future hotspots into a wellconnected network.

Working Living

Business Gateway

LAND USE

ROAD NETWORK With the realignment of AYE, there will be three minor arterials in the site, with one primary access to Jurong east.

Business white 40% oﬀice, 50% resi, 10% retail (GFA)

Commercial white

To encourage car-lite communities, a service road will be introduced to run throughout the site, providing future mobility service.

25% retail, 35% office, 40% resi (GFA)

Residential white 85% resi, 10% retail, 5% others (GFA)

Commercial Existing Residential Utility Civic & Community Institution

Park Sport & recreation Open Space Worship Hotel

DENSITY High density developments will be encouraged close to Jurong east and International Business Park. Areas along the green spine will be developed with relatively lower density to create a pleasant built environment.

DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

ZONING

Population To provide 85% of new homes, 75% of new jobs in JLD* · Living population: 47,600 · Working population: 75,000 · Average household size: 2.8 · Dwelling units: 17,000

Land use To achieve the development density proposed by URA

100%

· Total land area: 143 ha

90%

· Development area: 94 ha

80%

· Total GFA: 3.2 million sqm · Breakdown: 35% office, 45% housing, 10% retail, 10% others

70% 60%

Land use

Land area (ha)

Percentage

Average plot ratio

GFA (sqm)

Commercial

7.9

5.50%

10.1

798290

Business white

7.7

5.41%

7.3

560880

Commercial white

14.4

10.04%

3.5

500270

7.7

Residential white

27.1

18.97%

3.9

1062760

14.4

Utility

3.1

2.16%

1.2

37135

Hotel

0.9

0.65%

6.3

58397

Civic & Community Institution

5.5

3.88%

2.0

110931 48152

3.1 7.9 4.8 5.5 19.6

50% 40%

27.1

30% 20%

*Note: According to URA’s proposal, by 2040 to 2050, JLD will have 100,000 new jobs and 20,000 new homes.

49.3

10% 0% Land area (ha)

Sports & Recreation

4.8

3.37%

1.0

Park

49.3

34.51%

Educational institution

2.0

1.42%

1.2

24284

Place of worship

0.6

0.42%

1.0

6004

Road

19.6

13.68%

Total

143.0

100.00%

3,207,104

Gambier Gardens

Cultural Hub

Eco-experience Hub

Living Central

Co-living Complex

Waterfront Gardens

Industrial Heritage Museum

Jurong Town Hall Gardens

Industrial Service Centre

NEW ECONOMY Capitalizing on JLD’s strategic location among industrial activity to promote new economic competencies and lead the innovation-driven industrial transformation for global competitiveness Industrial Service Centre: Acting as an Industrial Service Centre for the West; To achieve industrial integration and synergy in the West region. Interactive Streetscapes: Diversified and dynamic experiences through streetscapes; Toolkit of different streets with a focus on pedestrian experience.

INDUSTRIAL SERVICE CENTRE

INTERACTIVE STREETSCAPES

NEW LIFESTYLES Providing convenient and inclusive living environments by creating a district of comprehensive services, seamless mobility and pioneering housing options for diverse population

INNOVATIVE AND INCLUSIVE LIVING

TYPOLOGIES Co-living Complex

Mini Apartment

Waterfront Condo

Smart Living HDB

Target Population: students, single professionals, digital nomads

Ta r g e t P o p u l a t i o n : s h o r t - t e r m stay researchers, single / couple professionals

Target Population: intergenerational family, elderly couples

Target Population: couples, smallsized families

Features: · Walkable ground floor with easy access to green space and waterfront · Private deck every 3-5 levels; Private access to roof garden

Features: · Easy access to transit · Ground floor void decks with all-age friendly facilities and green space

Features: · Dynamic and porous ground floor · Shared & interactive living space · Small housing unit with 1 bedroom

ACTIVE AND SEAMLESS MOBILITY

Features: · Fully furnished and equipped with comprehensive facilities · Personalized home services for daily or special needs

NEW DESTINATIONS

NEW ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBILITIES

Developing the urban and green hotspots of JLD, to curate a new identity and deliver vibrant new destinations for all

Enhancing Jurong Lake’s rich greenscapes and lead a sustainable urban model, to alleviate local and national environmental issues

OLD AND NEW HOTSPOTS

NEW GARDENS

ECOLOGY Ecology Network: Comprehensive and well-connected green space and waterbodies to enrich biodiversity, manage rainwater and mediate ground temperature.

Gardens

To enhance the connection of wetlands with eco trails and bridges

Natural edge and sinuous streams to create aquatic habitats

Central green spine

Green corridors

Extended waterbody providing more dynamic habitats and landscape

Rain garden, bioswales and other sponge city elements

Community parks

INNOVATIVE AND INCLUSIVE LIVING

Ecological water edge

Green fingers

VIBRANT CORRIDOR Open space for exercise and interaction

BUILDING FORM Sustainable building form: Increase the permeability of the urban fabric, encouraging natural ventilation to reduce urban upheating and energy demand.

UTILITY The existing Science Centre will be transformed into an eco-experience hub focusing on environmental issues and sustainability technologies, co-locating with urban solution utilities such as waste recycling park and water treatment park for both educational and self- sufficiency purpose. These utilities will connect to the whole site through underground Common Service Tunnel.

Roadside tree canopy

PHASING

ANNEX

Phase I: 2023 to 2028

Annex A: Population and Housing Units

Aims · To synergize with existing hotspots in Jurong East · To shape the gateway with iconic developments

Annex B: Industrial Connections Flowchart

Household profile:

Population Dwelling units

17,000

Average household size

• Single/couple researchers and professionals (35%) • Families of small and medium sizes (65%)

2.8

Residents

47,600

Residential space per capita (sqm)

Public space per capita (sqm)

9.0

Total residential GFA (sqm)

1,428,000

Working population

75,000

Office space per capita (sqm)

Total office space (sqm)

1,125,000

Population: 20,800 Implementation · Jurong Town Hall Gardens and Waterfront Gardens · Business, commercial and residential developments along the northern part of vibrant corridor

Typology

Blocks

Storeys

No. of units per storey

Total no. of units

Average household size

Smart HDB

8,500

Residents

GFA per storey (sqm)

Total GFA (sqm)

1200

1,020,000

34,000

Co-living Complex

5,280

450

198,000

Mini Apartments

1,440

1.5

2,160

900

108,000

Waterfront Condo

1,920

3.5

6,720

900

216,000

Annex C: Breakdown of New Land Use Types Commercial

Annex D: Public Transport

Where is business space?

Average plot ratio: 10.1 Uses and examples of developments: • Business (90% of GFA): Headquarters, government offices, MICE

Business white, 20%

• Commercial: (10%): Retail, MICE

Business white

Phase II: 2028 to 2035 Aims · To grow into an influential business district · To shape the attractiveness in physical environment Population: 5,280 (total 26,000) Implementation · Business Gateway with the completion of MRT station · Recreational and civic hotspots around Jurong Lake Gardens

Average plot ratio: 7.3 Uses and examples of developments: • Business (40% of GFA): Offices, labs, test-beds, makerspace • Residential (50%): Mini-apartments • Commercial: (10%): Retail

Commercial, 20%

Average plot ratio: 3.5 Uses and examples of developments: • Commercial: (25% of GFA): Retail • Business (35%): Co-working space, co-learning space • Residential (40%): Co-living complex

Commercial white, Residential 35% white, 30%

Business white, 15%

Where is residential space?

Residential white Average plot ratio: 3.9 Uses and examples of developments: • Residential (85% of GFA): Waterfront condo, smart living HDB • Commercial: (10%): Retail • Community (5%): childcare centres, senior citizens' clubs

Business white, 20%

Residential white, 65%

Commercial white, 15%

Annex E: List of Amenities Living circle (walking distance)

5min Institutional

Commercial

Phase III 10min

Institutional

Sports and recreational

Population: 21,600 (total 47,600) Implementation · Commercial and business developments along the southern part of vibrant corridor · Residential developments along AYE

Where is commercial space?

Commercial white

Commercial

Aims · To deepen the identity of JLD as a pioneering district · To drive the development of surrounding areas

Commercial white, 15%

Commercial, 65%

Commercial

15min

Facilities

Planning standards

Size of each

Standalone or not

Shops Kiosks Eating houses Kindergarten Child Care Centre Senior Citizens' Club Restaurants Supermarket Mini-Market Polyclinic Primary school Library Community hall Resident's Committee Centre Neighbourhood police post Hard courts for badmintopn, volley ball, etc. Precinct Garden Emporiums Market produce shop Market produce lock-up shop

1 per 70 du 1 per 600 du 1 per 750 du 1 per 2000 du 1 per 2000 du 1 per 2000 du 1 per 1000 du 1 per neighbourhood 1 per 8000 du 1 per 4600 du 1 per neighbourhood 1 per 8000 du 1 per 8000 du 1 per 5000 du

300-400 sqm 5-15 sqm 450 sqm 0.2 ha 0.1 ha 0.1 ha 90-2000 sqm 1200 sqm 450 sqm 0.5 ha 1.8 ha 0.3-0.4ha 0.2 ha 0.1 ha 100 sqm

Not Not Not Not Not Not Not Not Yes No Yes Yes Not Not Not

To provide (amount) 194 20 22 9 9 9 12 1 2 3 1 1 2 2 3

1 per 1200 du

16.5*8.5 sqm

Yes

1 per 3000 du 1 per neighbourhood 1 per 3000 du 1 per 5000 du

0.2 ha Yes 4500-6500 sqm Yes 130 sqm 40 sqm

6 1 6 3

1 per 15000 du

0.2 ha

0.2

1 per 10000 du

2.7 ha 6 ha 3000 sqm 0.2 ha 0.3-0.4 ha

Wer market-cum-Cooked Food Centre Secondary school Junior College Mosque Institutional Chinese Temple Church Hindu Temple Community center Swimming complex Sports complex Indoor stadium Sports and recreational Football field Neighborhood park Town Gardens

1 per 9000 du 1 per 12000 du 1 per two new towns 1 per neighbourhood

1 per neighbourhood 1 per neighbourhood

0.4 ha 1.5 ha 3 ha 1.2 ha 140x100 or 95x 70 sqm 1-1.5 ha 5-10 ha

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Land area (ha)

GFA (sqm) 58286 298 9894 17000 8500 8500 1071 1200 900

2 1.8 0.4 0.4 0.2 340 1987 4500 737 136

1 1 1

0.3 0.2

A well-connected urban destination for ecologically sustainable and innovative, self-sufficient living

ECO•NNECTING / Planning for a Self-sufficient Town in 2040 Urban Planning and Design Site Location: Simpang, Singapore Graduate Academic Work: Urban Design and Planning Studio (Team Work) Instructors: WONG Sheaufong, TAN Shee Tiong, NGUYEN Do Dzung 01.2021 - 04.2021 Simpang 2040 will be resource-resilient in the face of crises. Technology and digital transformations will affect the urban environment, increasing the need for social connection. In future, city dwellers will be more interested in living in an urbanized environment, but will not compromise on greenery for wellness and health. Technology will act as the catalyst for more city-resilience testing. And the climate change and resource scarcity concerns underscores the relevance of a suitable controlled site for testing self-sufficient systems. Simpang, with lush pre-existing ecology and unique location within the North Coast Innovation and Agri-tech Food Corridor is suitable to be developed into an urban destination for ecologically sustainable, and innovative selfsufficient living. ECO·NNECTING refers to "Eco" and "Connecting". "Eco" highlights the commitment to reliving existing mangrove and rebalancing the relationship between city and nature, and "Connecting" relates to the connecting which will take place: establishing digital and physical connections in the site and region which can help us test smart innovations to achieve the self-sufficiency and get better connected with the nature.

IMAGINING 2040 Traditional retail, hypermarts, super malls

VISION Rise of multigen homes, single schemes

Wellness architecture, biophilic design

Climate change, environmentalism

A well-connected urban destination for ecologically sustainable and innovative, self-sufficient living

Resource self-sufficiency

GOALS REBALANCE

SELF-SUFFICIENCY

CONNECT

Releasing more land to nature for restoration and achieve better balance between city and nature

Testing out innovative ideas on urban solutions to build a self-sufficient town

Good connections between communities, "nature" and "urban"

STRATEGIES

2000

2020

Open floor plans, large floorplates

Reliance on non-renewable energy resources

2040

Rise of co-working, working from home, co-location

Carbon-friendly transport modes

CONTEXT

Restoration

Granularity

Diversity

Connectivity

A new town grown into the forests

Small, porous plots with easy access to green space

Vertically and horizontally mixed land use with flexible functions

Connect at multiple layers: green, PMS, self-sufficient networks

Mangrove Ecosystem

BASE MAP Ecology Profile

Base Map

Soil Profile

Vegetation

Industry

Coastal ecosystems have rapidly declined. As one of the few mangrove habitats in Singapore, Simpang has high ecological value for northern ecological corridor perservation, biodiversity maintenance, coastal protection and carbon sequestration. Lush existing vegetation within the site provides possibilities to achieve a new balance between the built environment and the nature. Locations within 2 innovative corridors provides Simpang the opportunity for Simpang to act as a testbed for self-sufficient solutions and city-resilience strategies.

Flooding vulnerability

Ecological sensitive area (29.2ha): current mangrove area, high ecological value & sensitivity. Key developable area 1 (22.2ha): scrubland/non-vegetated area with granite, development performs less destruction to nature. Key developable area 2 (45.6ha): scrubland/non-vegetated area with alluvium, development performs less destruction to nature. Developable area (52.6ha): secondary forest area with granite. Flooding vulnerable area (16.3ha): area <5m above sea level, opportunities to develop waterways. Tradable area (126.1ha): secondary forest area with alluvium

DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

MASTER PLAN

Greenery

Water body

Guideline + Minimize footprint to mangroves & secondary forests

Guideline + Water bodies developed on the basis of flooding vulnerable area + Waterways for food & water self-sufficiency

Develop + Mangrove restoration in ecological sensitive area + Forest restoration in areas with large parcels of secondary forest + Tradable area mostly for greenery

Develop + 3 retention ponds in large parcels with flooding vulnerability + Good connections with communities, food production areas

Restoration area: 86.4ha Total greenery: 164ha

Retention pond: 3.6ha Total water body: 11ha

Development Area

Green Connection

Waterways: 7.4ha

LAND USE Residential 46 ha (15.39%) Residential White 25 ha (8.41%)

Road 22 ha (7.46%) Guideline + Release more land to nature

Guideline + Bring nature into communities

Develop + Constrain community development in concentrated developable area + Minimize the use of tradable area with few uses of tradable area to meet land use requirements + Scattered developable plots for diverse uses

Develop + 5 community parks + Green corridors connecting community parks and surrounding green

Community development: 117.8ha Scatter development area: 10ha Tradable area for development: 7.4ha

Park 29 ha (9.76%)

Open space 105 ha (35.12%)

Nature reserve 30 ha (9.88%)

GOAL 1: REBALANCING CITY AND NATURE

GREEN & BLUE SYSTEM

MASSING Green Character Zone

Green Hierarchy

Water body: 11ha Mangrove restoration: 29.6ha Mangrove buffer: 9.8 ha Forest restoration: 38.8ha

Nature park: 76.4ha Community park: 3ha Green corridor: 6.7ha

Green & Blue Connection

Massing

Park A: Restoration & Innovation + Waterways for water treatment, irrigation, recreation + Food production, innovation

Massing Type I

Park B: Restoration & Experience + Running through the whole site, connecting to park connector

Massing Type II Park C: Restoration & Interaction + Tr a i l s & s k y w a l k connecting among 3 communities + Diverse spaces for activities and interaction

Waterways: Connection with Sungei Khatib Bongsu, Straits of Johor Park trails: Walking & cycling; Connection with park connectors Green corridors: Bring nature into communities; Connect residents to surrounding green Mangrove restoration: Intentionally engineered ecosystems supported by the placement of permeable structures in front of coastline; 20 meters from existing mangroves designed as buffer zone, serving as a testbed for novel combinations of mangrove specie; minimal human footprint allowed in this area except for research and education. Secondary forest restoration: Framework species method adopted to plan native nitrogen fixing species; avoiding destructive human activities, leisure activities like walking are still allowed for the public to enjoy the green benefits.

Restoration Plan

Massing Type III

Plot Ratio

GOAL 2: SELF-SUFFICIENT SYSTEM DEMAND

GOAL 3: CONNECTING COMMUNITIES MOBILITY SYSTEM Road Network

PMS System

Road Section CAT 3

CAT 4

SELF-SUFFICIENT SYSTEM Water

Energy

Food

REGIONAL CONNECTION

Food

Waste Management

2-Lane A-PRT Road

Logistics 1-Lane Forest AV Loop A powerful node in the growing agritech ecosystem to strengthen domestic food production capabilities and enhance food security. A regional pioneer along innovative corridor to seek cutting-edge urban solutions for smart and sustainable living. Integration with northern ecological corridor to safeguard coastline ecosystem and contribute to the carbon neutral aspiration.

PLACEMAKING

FRESH Lim Chu Kang / Planning for Singapore’s Agri-Food Hub for “30 by 30” Vision Urban Planning and Design Site Location: Lim Chu Kang, Singapore Graduate Academic Work: Urban and Regional Planning (Team Work) Instructors: Heng Chye Kiang, Jeffrey Ho, Rahul Mittal 09.2021 - 11.2021 The future of Lim Chu Kang will seek to transform the nature of current food system - from one that is linear and import reliant, to a future of circular and self-sufficient. This will help to increase Singapore’s food self-sufficiency through achieving of the 30 by 30 master plan and also falls in line with the sustainable practices of the zerowaste masterplan. Lim Chu Kang will contribute to the national food system through provision of space for production and research, and cultivate the expertise in resource management, involving creating efficient and sustainable practices, a research campus, and increasing success through the involvement of the public. We envision Lim Chu Kang to transform into a hyper-efficient agri-district to produce the freshest homegrown food, incubate fresh ideas, and to provide fresh experiences. This will lead to the creation of a fresh identity for the site in the future. We hope to leverage on the fresh qualities of produced food as a means to compete against imported food, and contribute to a new food identity in Singapore.

POSITIONING

IMAGINING 2030 FOOD SYSTEM

VISION A hyper-efficient agri-district to produce the freshest homegrown food, incubate fresh ideas and provide fresh experiences LCK'S CONTRIBUTION TO FOOD SYSTEM

STRUCTURE PLAN Developing Structure Plan

Structure Plan

1. Eastern gateway more closed to urban living and residential; southern gateway leading to airbase / cemetery 2. Neo Tiew Road as part of Park Connector Plan, with several tourist attractions alongside 3. Poor green accessibility: within the site; abundant coastal natural resources 4. Existing egg farms and aqua farms

1. Eastern gateway: public; Southern gateway: logistics 2. Neo Tiew Road as rustic belt providing rustic feeling along PCN 3. Enhance green connection and accessibility to the surrounding green 4. Upgrade and expansion of existing protein clusters

MASTER PLAN

GOALS

LAND USE

HEIGHT CONTROL

GOAL 1: INTEGRATED FOOD DISTRICT CLUSTERED PRODUCTION

Open Space

Vegetable

Business 1 R&D

Showcase + R&D

Agriculture

Fruit

GOAL 1: INTEGRATED FOOD DISTRICT INTEGRATED LCK Proposed Food Cycle

Protein

CONNECTION DIVERSION Industrial-Used Road

Industrial-Public Road

Public-Used Road

An agriculture-focused developer mainly founded and managed by SFA and JTC LCK Gateway: Proximity to SBWR and external communities, suitable for public activities Vegetable District: Large concentrated parcel meets the highest space demand; Proximity to Gateway allows more interactive and showcasing greenhouse Fruit District: Proximity to logistic center meets the higher requirements of freshness for fruit Protein District: Building on the expertise of existing poultry and aqua farms

Responsible for making short-term and long-term development plan, introduction of players and overall operation of LCK To shape the branding of LCK through unifying packaging design and quality control, etc.

GOAL 2: RUSTIC SENSE OF PLACE

GOAL 3: FORSTERING INNOVATION

GREEN SYSTEM

RESEARCH CAMPUS Research Campus

Worker's Space

Rustic Belt

Food Corridors Research campus integrated within the public gateway

Relying on a consortium of local and global knowledge providers for collaboration and innovation

Spatial clustering of 3 functions and key infrastructure to incubate fresh ideas

A heartland along Greater Rustic Coast to preserve rural ambience and provide laidback lifestyle for urban dwellers

A complete innovative ecosystem to prototype cutting-edge farming methods and testbed new ideas

REGIONAL IDENTITY Activity Corridor

Singapore’s high-tech food bowl to strengthen food security and shape the branding of local produce Nature Corridor

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Retaining of rustic landscape and character

Preservation of local ecosystem and green space

Creation of participatory food journey

PHASING

Project 1: How People’s Travel Destinations Change with Pandemic Phases 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND 1.1.1 Rail Ridership: Correlated to Urban Development Rail network is the backbone of the public transport system in Singapore. The first MRT section was opened in November 1987 (Xuan Zhu et al., 2004). According to LTA (2013), the rail network will be expanded to about 360 km by 2030 from 200 km in 2020. This means connecting eight in 10 households to within 10 minutes of a train station. Ridership, or passenger volume, is one of the most commonly used measures to capture the effect of the surrounding land use, clustered development, diversity, density, transit supply, system efficiency on transit use (Chakraborty & Mishra, 2013). Higher ridership also reveals higher popularity and better economic benefits. The difference in land use allocation has an effect on the popularity of rail stations. As Xuan Zhu et al. (2004) mentioned, the existing urban land use configuration helps to shape travel patterns. In Singapore, the urban center hierarchy and the new town development concept have led to the difference in land use characteristics of the TOD stations (Shaofei Niu et al., 2019). Many studies did the correlation analysis of ridership data and land use data. Sidek et al. (2017) summarized related papers and concluded that high public transit ridership is related to high land use density. In addition, a diversity of land uses among three major categories within the walking radius of the station can also accumulate transit passenger volume. Kim et al. (2017) used transit smart card data to identify the travel pattern and reveal the relationship between travel patterns and the surrounding environment in Seoul. Through quantifying linear functions consisting of ridership and GFA, Berawi et al. (2020) found that office development can generate more passengers while residential development can generate less.

1.1.2 The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic also influences the ridership of public transport. Because of the breakout of COVID-19, the transport sector has experienced a drastic reduction in passenger traffic (Sarbast Moslem et al., 2020). According to LTA (2020), ridership of MRT plummeted by 75 per cent in April compared to pre-COVID levels in Singapore. Singapore exited Circuit Breaker from June 2 June 2020 and started Phase One: Safe Re-opening. Economic activities which do not pose high risk of transition were gradually reopened in this stage, while social, economic and entertainment activities with a higher risk will remain closed. Passenger flow of the railway partly recovered compared with the time during Circuit Breaker. Phase Two of reopening started from 19 June 2020. Certain places for recreation and activities gradually reopened in the late June or early July under strict restrictions. Therefore, passenger flow of many MRT stations increased significantly in July. The Land Transport Authority (LTA) reported on Feb 10, 2021 that average daily ridership for public transportation fell by 34.5 per cent to 5.04 million (11 year low), which broke the trend of consecutive rises in public transportation in the previous 15 years. Work from home induced by Covid-19 led to the reduction of MRT and LRT lines to 2.162 million a day. The reduction in public transport ridership has raised concerns regarding the financial sustainability of the MRT network, which was primarily designed with pre-pandemic usage in mind.(Christopher Tan, 2020) Singapore, with limited land, requires more careful and effective urban planning. The analysis of railway passenger volume can help to understand human mobility, and therefore further understand human daily activities.

1.2 OBJECTIVES

Urban Planning Research Based on R / Project 1: How People’s Travel Destinations Change with Pandemic Phases Project 2: Relationships Between Dietary Habit, Income and Diabetes Prevalence Graduate Academic Work: Planning Technologies Instructor: Filip Biljecki 02.2021 - 04.2021

Identify the changing trend of people’s destination across different pandemic phases. Identify how the pandemic influences the types of urban areas that people visit most.

1.3 DATA INTRODUCTION There are two main datasets used in this project. Firstly, the orgin-destination (OD) dataset is published by the Land Transport Authority at their Datamall. It contains a varaiety of information about transportation patterns at a high spatial and temporal level of detail from January 2020 to Feburary 2021. The second dataset will be using is the Master Plan 2019 Land Use downloaded from Department of Singapore, which includes the geographic location and coordinates of each MRT station. Combining these two datasets together will facilitate spatial analysis.

2 DATA PREPROCESSING 2.1 DATA WRANGLING

2.2 LAND USE CLASSIFICATION Station locations follow urban planning principles. Land use of the station surrounding area can illustrate the urban functions it serves, its user group and people’s travel behaviors. Therefore, we try to use the proportion of different types of land sue to classify stations into several typologies, and to explore how people’s travel destinations change with pandemic phases.

The land use distribution varies a lot among different rail stations. To standardize the land use classification, we identify 9 station typologies based on the proportion of different land use.

We create a 700 meters buffer zone for each station since its a suitable walking distance within 10 minutes. Further, we intersect Singapore 2019 land use map and stations wtih 700-meter buffer and figure out the proportion of different types of land use surrounding each station.

Figure 2.2.3 Rail Station Typologies Based on Land Use

Figure 2.2.1 Land Use within 700-meter Buffer Zones of Rail Stations (Interactive Map) This figure illustrate different types land use in the surrounding area each rail stations. We need to further calculate the proportion of each type of land use for each station.

Figure 2.2.4 Rail Station Typologies (Interactive Map)

All rail stations are classified into different land use typologies according to their land use profile. Some stations have multiple typologies like CC2 (commercial, open space), CC25 (business, public facilities), PW2 (public facilities, open space), etc. We didn’t try to restrict each station to one typology, since the diverse identity can make our analysis more accurate. Figure 2.2.2 Proportions of Different Land Use in 700-meter Buffer Zones of Rail Stations

The typologies of rail stations are joined to od data so we can further explore how people’s travel destination change according to different station typology in different pandemic phases.

3 DATA ANALYSIS 3.1 The Trend of Rail Passenger Volume during the Pandemic According to policies from Singapore government, we identify three phases of pandemic: pre pandemic (January 2020 - March 2020), Circuit Breaker (April 2020 - June 2020), and reopening (July 2020 onwards). To get a general idea about our people’s travel behaviou change during the pandemic, we first calculate the total rail passenger volume on weekdays and weekends/holiday eadh month.

Therefore, the influence of the breakout of pandemic is sharp and enormous while the recovery process is slow. During the pandemic, no matter in weekdays or weekends/holidays, people’s activities were, actively or passively, minimized. But people’s commuting demand still exists. We speculate that the travel behaviors happened during the circuit breaker phase were essential while the increased number of travel behaviors happened in pre-pandemic and Reopening were relatively nonessential, which can consider as the travel happened based on ‘attractive’ factors.

3.3 Popularity of Different types of Rail Station Introducing land use typology to analyze what types of land use are essential to people, and what types of land use are attractive to people.

Figure 3.1.1 The Trend of Rail Passenger Volume during the Pandemic - Daily Rail Station Passenger Volumn on Different Months Generally, passenger volume during weekdays are higher than during weekends/holiday. Passenger volume showed a sharp decrease from March 2020 to April 2020, when Singapore started to implement Circuit Breaker. May 2020 had the lowest passenger volume. Then passenger volume started to increase with weekday growing faster than weekends. After October the passenger volume are relatively stable despite a few fluctuations.

Figure 3.3.1 Popularity of Different Types of Rail Station - Daily Passenger Volumn of Different Types of Rail Stations during Different Pandemic Phases The boxplot indicates the popularity of different typologies of rail stations in three phases. The median indicates the average of passenger volume. Overall, Residential with Town Center is the most popular typology in every phase while Reserve typology is the least popular one. The passenger volumes fo each typology all experience a decrease in the circuit breaker phase with Commercial decreased the most. In the reopening phase, the passenger volume of Business typology and Residential typology almost backed to the pre-pandemic level while the passenger volume of Open Space and Public Facilities still kept a relatively low level.

3.4 The Variation of Passenger Volume in Different Types of Rail Station

3.2 Popularity of MRT Station

Figure 3.4.1 Weekday - Weekend Variation of Passenger Volume in Different Types of Rail Stations Figure 3.2.1 Popularity of Rail Stations on Weekday (Interactive Map)

Figure 3.2.2 Popularity of Rail Stations on Weekends / Holiday (Interacticve Map)

Zooming in to see the distribution of popularity, Figure 4.2.1 and Figure 4.2.2 shows the popularity of each rail station from January 2020 to February 2021. Overall, the central region influenced by the pandemic the most and even in February 2021, the passenger volumes still did not back to the pre-pandemic level. Similarly, Jurong East, Woodlands and Changi Airport also experienced a sharp decrease and gradual increase during the past 14 months.

It is noted that there is a large decrease in variation of business from weekdays to weekends indicated by the low median value compared to other land uses. The main reason could be the declining use of MRT for commuting . The interquartile range reflects the variation in popularity between weekdays and weekends. Residential and residential with town center show little variation, which may be led by the stable daily routines and activities and use of MRT near passengers’ home. Public Facilities also present distinct outlier, and the possible reason could be the increasing traveling during weekends which lead passengers to places where located far away like Changi Airport.

3.5 Spatial Variation of Passenger Volume Variation during Different Pandemic Phases The analysis of commuter pattern from the period of prepandemic to circuit breaker indicates a relatively higher variation in the residential, residential with town center, commercial and Business typologies. This variation analysis draws to a conclusion that the significant change in ridership pattern after the circuit breaker to residential MRT typologies might have been the result of increasing safety regulations and work from home implementations since the pandemic outbreak. Additionally, commercial typologies largely concentrated into the central region, which can also explain why the central region suffered the most in the pandemic.

Figure 3.5.1 Spatial Variation of Passenger Volume Variation (Pre-pandemic - Circuit Breaker) Figure 3.4.2 Weekday - Weekend Variation During Different Phases of the Pandemic

This map ndicates an increased positive variation in the residential typology, especially in Punggol area. At the same time, commercial and business activities began to recover, which had positive impact on Marina Bay and the surrounding areas. There is a outlier of White typology with sharply increased passenger volume, which may also contributed to its location that near the waterfront or other unclear reason.

This plot presents that there is an increase in popularity from weekday to weekend in the use of MRT stations in residential with town center and commercial areas before the pandemic. The reason could be that people who need to work from Monday to Friday tend to spend time shopping and go to town center on weekends. During the circuit breaker, the changes in variation were shrunk for all typologies, which was due to the circuit breaker measures including closure of all schools and non-essential workplaces and restrictions on movement and gatherings Furthermore, during the reopening stage, MRT station in residential with town center experience the greatest increase in use from weekday to weekend, and residential, public facilities, commercial and business show similar amount of variation. The variation of all MRT station typologies decreases from pre pandemic to circuit breaker. The mean value of commercial is relatively low compared to other typologies, indicating the declining use of MRT close to shopping mall where used to be crowded with high flow of people prior to the pandemic. The variation of MRT station in residential area is relatively higher although it is decreasing, it was probably due to people choose to move around their residences to purchase necessities in those uncertain times.

Figure 3.5.2 Spatial Variation of Passenger Volume Variation (Circuit Breaker - Reopening)

4 CONCLUSION 4.1 General Conclusion (1) The influence of breakout of pandemic is sharp while the recovery process is slow The passenger volume in each rail station experienced a dramatic decrease in April and the central region, where the passenger volume most concentrated, suffered the most. However, the recovery process is much slower. After the reopening in July, the passenger volume increased gently and in February 2021, the volume still did not return to the pre-pandemic level due to possible reasons such as switching to work-from-home mode. (2) Rail stations located in Residential, Residential with town center, and Open space are more popular

Figure 3.4.3 Pre Pandemic - Circuit Breaker Variation The median illustrates higher increase in the variation in popularity of commercial areas, open spaces, and others from circuit breaker to reopening phrase, while the variation in business areas is relatively low. The reason could be the reopening status of different land uses in Phase One and Phase Two after June, 2020. Business first recovered from the Circuit Breaker from 2nd June 202, while pert of commercial activities and open spaces gradually reopened after 19th June. Most of them reopened in July, 2020. On the other hand, besides others typology, the interquartile range of commercial vary to a great extent. There are some typologies showing notable outliers. For example, the outliers of open space are possibly resulted from the different reopening status and the development of each open space. Additionally, the outlier of public facilities is mainly caused by the reopening of transit systems such as flights. Figure 3.4.4 Circuit Breaker - Reopening Variation

For the first time period from pre pandemic to circuit breaker between January and June 2020, rail stations in Residential areas witnessed higher passenger volume compared to other typologies while there was a significant decline in the use of rail stations in Commercial areas. The second period between circuit breaker and reopening phases till Feb, 2021, it was noted that the passenger volume variations are relatively high in stations with Residential, Residential with town center, and Open space. People tend to travel more frequently to places near their dwellings rather than long-distance trips in daily life. In addition, they seem to value the opportunities for open spaces after they experienced restricted quarantine measures during circuit breaker. (3) The pandemic greatly influenced the place people work The variation of weekday and weekend in passenger volume changed dramatically from pre-pandemic to circuit breaker, the shrunk in variation indicates that people travel less in workdays. The shrunk in variation is most significant in Town Center, Commercial areas, as those areas gather a large number of office jobs, we can perceive people that worked there were working from home during the pandemic. Whereas the shrunk in variation of Business stations are relatively small, suggesting that manufactory, industrial jobs still need workers to work on-site. Additionally, as the Commercial and White types of stations are largely concentrated into the central region, we can conclude that there is a shifting trend of people working in concentrated CBD toward their individual homes.

4.2 Limitations The project has some scope of limitations in terms of data acquisition and data analysis. For instance, the current land use is not in Singapore’s government database therefore we adopt the Master Plan 2019 land use layer that represents the future land use, thus led to bias of some undeveloped stations. Moreover, there might be other unaccounted factors affecting the passenger volume of a station and our analysis could be improved.

Project 2: Relationships Between Dietary Habit, Income and Diabetes Prevalence

Comparison of energy intakes from different nutrients with recommended compositions Fractions of energy from fats, saturated fats, sugar, protein, carbohydrate, fibre and alcohol are compared with compositions recommended by WHO and USDA.

1 BACKGROUND Food consumption can reflect dietary habits to some extents and may influence people’s health conditions. Healthy dietary pattern helps to protect against malnutrition and noncommunicable diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, stoke and cancer[1]. For instance, in “Tesco Grocery 1.0, a large-scale dataset of grocery purchases in London (Aiello et al., 2020)”, authors illustrated the close relationships between carbohydrates and diversity/entropy of energy from nutrients with diabetes[2].

Fats, saturated fats and sugar intakes are all far more than recommended fractions (which are 30%, 10% and 10% respectively). Protein is mostly within the recommended range, but at a relatively lower level. Energy from carbohydrate is partly below recommended level. Overall, people in London have an unhealthy diet with large fats and sugar intakes and relatively low energy intakes from protein and carbohydrate.

According to WHO and Dietary Guidelines for Americans, a healthy diet requires for less than 30% of total energy intake from total fats (with less than 10% from saturated fat), less than 10% of total energy intake from free sugars[1], 45% - 65% of energy intake from carbohydrates and 10% - 35% from protein[3]. Dietary behaviour may vary depending on various factors, including age, lifestyle, physical activities, cultural context, food availability, social economic status, etc. Previous studies have illustrated that lower income is associated with a poor quality dietary intake with less consumption of fruits and vegetables and more consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages[4]. Based on previous indications about the relationships between healthy diet and diabetes, as well as dietary behaviour and income, this research examines the relationships between dietary habits (reflected from food purchasing), income and diabetes prevalence in London, UK.

2 DATA PREPROCESSING Dataset: 1. Area-level grocery purchases in London (2015, ward): The data contains 202 columns, including the number of transactions and nutritional properties of the typical food item bought (including the average caloric intake and the composition of nutrients) in different areas of London. 2. Household Income Estimates for Small Areas (2001-2012/13, ward): The data contains mean and median average gross annual household income in different areas of London, from 2001 to 2012/13. 3. Diabetes Estimates (2016, ward): The data illustrates the number of people aged 17+ on a register for diabetes at each GP practice in different areas of London.

Figure 2 Nutrition structure - fractions of energy intake from different nutrients

3 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DIETARY HABIT, INCOME AND DIABETES PREVALENCE 3.1 Spatial Distribution of Nutrition Intakes, Income and Diabetes Prevalence According to Figure 1, fractions of nutrition intakes vary in different areas. I visualize the fractions nutrients that significantly exceed the standards (fats, saturated fats, sugar) as well as carbohydrate and entropy of energy from nutrients (which are highly related to diabetes in literature[2]) on map to observe spatial variation of nutrition intakes. Spatial distributions of annual average household income and diabetes area also visualized to map to see if there are certain patterns illustrated.

Clean data

Higher fractions of energy intake from total fat are represented in central areas and some south-western areas. Eastern region generally has lower fraction of fat intake, though it still far exceeds the standard.

1. Use “f_energy_{nutrient}”(fraction of energy from different nutrients), “h_nutrients_ calories”(diversity/entropy of energy from nutrients), “f_{liquids}”(fraction of liquids purchased) and "f_{food category}_weight“(fraction of food weight purchased) as indicators for dietary habit.

Higher fractions of energy intake from saturated fat are represented in western London.

2. Use”Mean 2012/13" as indicator for annual household income since it’s closet to 2015. 3. Use“estimated_diabetes_prevalence” as indicators for diabetes prevalence.

Lower fractions of energy intake from sugar are represented in central and northern London. Intakes in marginal areas are relatively higher.

Food and liquids consumption composition Fractions of liquids and food purchased are illustrated below to provide a general idea of food consumption pattern in London.

Lower fractions of energy intake from carbohydrate are represented in central London. Intakes in marginal areas are relatively higher, especially in the east. Higher diversity/entropy of energy from nutrients is represented in central and southwestern areas. Higher income is represented in central and some south-western areas.

Fruit and vegetable and grains take up largest proportion of consumption and varies more in different areas. While the variations of other items consumption are smaller.

Figure 1 Food consumption pattern

Lower diabetes prevalence is represented in central and some south-western areas. Prevalence in the northwest and north east are higher.

Figure 3 Spatial variation of nutrients fractions, nutrition diversity, income and diabetes prevalence

All factors show observable spatial variation to some extent. In general, higher fraction of fat intake, nutrition diversity and income, and lower fraction of sugar and carbohydrate intake and diabetes prevalence usually show similar spatial pattern.

3.2 Relationship between Income and Diabete Prevalence

4 REGRESSION MODELS

According to Figure 2, household income shows similar pattern with diabetes prevalence. To further explore possible relationship between these two factors, the correlation of income and diabetes are calculated.

Based on previous analysis, I choose fractions of energy intake from protein, carbohydrate and fibre and diversity/entropy of energy from nutrients as indicators to predict household income. To make predicitons more accurate, fractions of consumption of dairy, fruit and vegetable and grains are also used as indicators.

4.1 Nutrition/Food Intakes and Income Higher annual income areas are usually with lower prevalence of diabetes. The coefficient is around -0.7. Regions with higher income population probably have lower rates of diabetes patients. However, there are various and complicated factors which may influence diabetes prevalence, so we can not simply conclude direct relationships between household income and diabetes prevalence. The observed are positively correlated with the predicted with a coefficient of 0.83. Dietary habit can be an indicator to household income.

Figure 4: Correlation between income and diabetes prevalence

3.3 Correlation between Nutrition Intakes, Income and Diabetes Prevalence To explore the relationships between nutrition structure, income and diabetes prevalence, I calculated the correlation between different nutrient intakes which are shown as unhealthy above (fat, saturated fat, sugar, carbohydrate), diversity/entropy of energy from nutrients, income and diabetes prevalence. Incomes are positively correlated with nutrition diversity and negatively correlated with diabetes prevalence and fraction of energy intake from carbohydrate.

Figure 7: Correlation between the observed and the predicted of diet - income model

4.1 Nutrition/Food Intakes and Income

Diabetes prevalence is positively correlated with fraction of energy intake from carbohydrate and negatively correlated with nutrition diversity and income. Unhealthy dietary habit with over fat, saturated fat and sugar doesn’t have a strong correlation with household income and diabetes prevalence, while carbohydrate intake and nutrition diversity have a relatively strong correlation. Purely correlating nutrition structure (with unhealthy nutrient intakes) with income and diabetes may be insufficient to explore relationships diet, income and diabetes.

The observed are positively correlated with the predicted with a coefficient of 0.86. Dietary habit can be an indicator to household income.

Figure 8: Correlation between the observed and the predicted of diet - diabetes model

Figure 5: Correlation between nutrition structure, income and diabetes prevalence

3.4 Correlation between Nutrition/Food Intakes, Income and Diabetes Prevalence To further explore relationships between dietary behaviour, income and diabetes prevalence, I calculated the correlation between other nutrient intakes (other than the ones in figure 4), proportion of food and liquids consumption, income and diabetes prevalence. Incomes are positively correlated with fractions of fibre and protein intake, consumption of wine, dairy, fruits and vegetables, and negatively correlated with consumption of soft drinks and grains. Diabetes prevalence is positively correlated with consumption of grains and soft drinks, and negatively correlated with fractions of protein and fire intake, consumption of wine, dairy, fish, fruits and vegetables. Higher incomes are probably more related to healthier diet with more fibre and protein intakes through more consumtion of dairy, fruits and vegetables. Also, healthier diets are probably more related to lower diabetes prevalence.

Figure 6: Correlation between nutrition & food structure, income and diabetes prevalence

5 CONCLUSION Overall, general diet habits in London are unhealthy with high intakes of fats, saturated fats and sugar. Dietary pattern has some correlations with incomes and diabetes prevalence. Areas with higher household income are likely to have low diabetes prevalence, which is probably due to people’s different dietary behaviours in certain areas. Higher incomes are more likely related to healthier dietary habits with more energy intake from protein and fibre, more consumption of dairy, fruits and vegetables and high nutrition diversity. However, the overly intake of fats, saturated fats and sugar doesn’t represent a high correlation with household incomes. Also, healthier diet with more energy intake from protein and fibre, more consumption of dairy, fish, fruits and vegetables and high nutrition diversity are related to lower prevalence of diabetes.

6 LIMITATIONS 1. The data was collected from Clubcard customers of Tesco, which may be not representative for the overall population. 2. There were food consumption other than food purchasing from Tesco, so the dietary habits may be different when we take all kinds of food consumption into consider. 3. The distribution of Tesco may influence people’s purchasing pattern. 4. Food consumption cab be influenced by many social economic factors other than income, for instance, employment, education status, etc. 5. Diabetes can be influenced by many factors like accessibility to health care facilities, daily physical activities, etc.

Day

Night

REVITALIZE / Upgrade of Public Open Space in Cuiyuan Community Urban Planning Site Location: Cuiyuan Community, Hangzhou Undergrate Academic Work Team Work, Reworked Individually in 07.2019 Instructor: Deng Yunlan, Xie Yuting, Christian Nolf Well-designed public open space contributes to the vitality of communities. However, conflicts and incompatibility between community public open space and its users, especially elderly users are becoming increasingly prominent in some old communities. Upgrading public open space can make a community more attractive and improve the living standards of its residents. In the Cuiyuan Community, elderly people are observed as the most common users in public open space. For the elderly, public open space in their residential area is the main carrier of their daily activities and an important interface for social interaction. Therefore, upgrades of public open space in the Cuiyuan Community should fully consider the needs of the elderly. In order to create an attractive and age-friendly environment in the Cuiyuan Community, this project proposes five strategies on upgrading public open space, including providing sufficient public open spaces, diversifying public open spaces, improving connectivity, unifying planting system and improving management.

1 INTRODUCTION

1.4 PROCESS

1.5 BACKGROUND OF RESEARCH OBJECTS

1.1 BACKGROUND

Table 1: Process

Cuiyuan Community

With the development of urbanization in Hangzhou, people's living environments have changed a lot. New communities with high-rise buildings are emerging. City parks are constructed in new city districts. Old communities in old districts become isolated and are usually ignored. However, these old communities still play an important role in the development of the city. They occupy a large area in old districts, connect the present and the past of the city and provide a sense of belonging to people who have lived in Hangzhou for a long time. Cuiyuan Community, constructed in the 1980s, is a typical old community in Hangzhou. It locates in a busy area without any external public open space around. Therefore, the internal public open space in the community is important. It contributes to the vitality of the Cuiyuan Community and provides residents with places for activities and social interaction. However, there are many conflicts between public open space and its users, especially elderly users.

Wenyi Rd.

Background Research & Review

Mapping

Cuiyuan Community, located in the northeast of Xihu District - one of the oldest districts in Hangzhou, is relatively isolated from the new city area. It consists of six communities (Cuiyuan Community No.1- No.5, and Gudangwan Community), covering two blocks, 1.25km². It has a relatively low building density (26% of average). And the average greening rate is 30.9%.

Public Open Spaces in Cuiyuan

Identification of Study Objects

Figure 2: Water

Figure3: External Vehicle Way

Figure 4: Internal Vehicle Way

Figure 5: Figure Ground

Public open space studied in this project includes concentrated parks in communities, accessible green spaces around dwellings and riverside green space. Elderly Residents Elderly residents in Cuiyuan Community account for 15.5% of the total population. They are the most common users in public open space.

Mapping

Many elderly people have been living here for a long time, and they have a relatively stable and harmonious neighborhood relationship. There are also some elderly people who just moved in with their children. Literature Reference

China Figure 1: Position Analysis

1.2 GOALS Engagement with the Elderly Users

Field Observation

1.3 METHODS 1.3.1 FIELD OBSERVATION • Site visit: public open spaces in the Cuiyuan Community • Activity observation: when, where and how the elderly use each public open space

1.3.2 INTERVIEW WITH RESIDENTS & COMMITTEE Public Open Spaces

Analysis

Activities

• Engagement with the elderly to understand their preferences and demands of public open spaces

Literature on the regeneration of public open space in old communities and public open space appropriate for the elderly

Xueyuan Rd. Wener Rd.

Public Open Space (see 2.1) Elderly Users

Based on the analysis of public open space and elderly users, this project provides feasible strategies to make public open space in Cuiyuan more attractive, convenient and agefriendly.

1.3.3 LITERATURE REFERENCE

Gucui Rd.

Yuhangtang River is adjacent to the north side of the community and the Gudangwan River flows through the community.

This project takes the public open space in Cuiyuan as the main object to improve the living environment of the residents. Considering that elderly people are the most common users of public open space, this project also analyses activities carried out by elderly residents.

• Face-to-Face interview with the neighborhood committee to gain basic knowledge of community background, including current population structure and construction statistics

Gudangwan River

Cuiyuan Community is bounded by four main roads Yuhangtang Rd., Gucui Rd., Xueyuan Rd. and Wener Rd. There are many walkways inside communities, but most of them are not separated from vehicle ways and are not in a systematic system.

Field Research

In the 1980s, young and middle-aged people constituted the majority of the community population. Therefore, public open spaces constructed in the 1980s were designed according to the needs of young and healthy people rather than the elderly. As these people aged, their demands for activities and facilities changed, while public open spaces in their living environment remained unchanged.

Provide strategies for space and facility transformation to make public open space more attractive and age-friendly.

Yuhangtang River

Identification of the Issues in the Study Site

Strategies

1 km

Zhejiang Province

Hangzhou

Xihu District

2 ANALYSIS Site analysis can be divided into the variables of public open space and how elderly people use the space.

2.1 THE VARIABLES OF PUBLIC OPEN SPACE Quality of public open space in a community can be influenced by its size, distribution and accessibility. The size of public open space is related to its capacity to accommodate people. The number and distribution of public open spaces illustrate whether there are enough places for activities. These two aspects are studied by mapping of the community.

Accessibility of each site is influenced by its boundaries, entrances and position. Therefore, enclosed boundaries, number of entrances, car parking around the sites and distance from each site to community centre are analyzed in this section. The analysis is carried out through field observation and mapping.

2.1.2 BOUNDARIES & ENTRANCES Table 3: Boundaries and Entrances

Site No.

Length of Enclosed Boundaries (m)

Circumference Enclosed Mark1 Number of (m) Rate Entrances

Site No.

Length of Enclosed Boundaries (m)

Circumference Enclosed Mark1 Number of (m) Rate Entrances

In order to quantify the research of car parking, lengths of boundaries blocked by car parking are based on the assumption that possible parking places (spotted on weekdays) are fully used.

185

280

274

176

0.44

135

106

0.52

0.82

Distance to the community centre is the shortest distance from each site to the geographical centre of the community it belongs to.

0.23

137

226

0.40

197

0.09

0.26

203

301

0.13

150

0.12

147

Accessibility affects the elderly's willingness to use a site.

127

0.38

149

2.1.1 SIZE & DISTRIBUTION

0.25

160

Table 2: Size and Distribution of Public Open Spaces

219

239

0.92

145

Site No.

Area (m²)

Circumference (m)

Community

Site No.

Area (m²)

Circumference (m)

1260

185

4300

260

Cuiyuan No.2

1950

274

1250

176

816

135

720

106

480

390

1000

137

855

226

2000

197

260

2100

203

4000

301

1210

150

310

1200

147

740

127

1320

149

1290

160

900

145

225

4560

239

Cuiyuan No.3

Cuiyuan No.1

Community

Figure 7: Enclosed Boundaries and the Number of Entrances Enclosed Boundaries Entrances

Enclosed Rate = Length of Enclosed Boundaries / Circumference

Gudangwan Community

Enclosed Rate ~ Mark1 0.00~0.09 Mark1=10; 0.10~0.19 Mark1=9; 0.20~0.29 Mark1=8 0.30~0.39 Mark1=7; 0.40~0.49 Mark1=6; 0.50~0.59 Mark1=5 0.60~0.69 Mark1=4; 0.70~0.79 Mark1=3; 0.80~0.89 Mark1=2 0.90~0.99 Mark1=1

Findings： · Some boundaries of public open spaces are enclosed walls, which decrease the accessibility of the sites. · Some public open spaces don't have enough entrances.

Cuiyuan No.4

Cuiyuan No.5

2.1.3 CAR PARKING AROUND PUBLIC OPEN SPACES Figure 6: Size and Distribution of Public Open Spaces

Table 4: Car Parking around Public Open Spaces

Site No.

Length of Boundaries Blocked by Car Parking (if full-used) (m)

Circumference (m)

Mark2 Site No.

Length of Boundaries Blocked by Car Parking (if full-used) (m)

Circumference (m)

Blocked Rate

Mark2

151

185

0.82

233

280

0.83

242

274

0.88

176

0.13

135

1.0

106

0.45

0.32

137

1.00

226

0.15

167

197

0.85

0.51

173

203

0.85

114

301

0.38

101

150

0.67

0.12

122

147

0.83

127

0.38

149

0.39

0.5

128

160

0.80

239

121

145

0.83

Figure 8: Car Parking around Public Open Spaces Boundaries Blocked by Parking

Findings： • There are insufficient public open spaces in some communities. • Some of the public open spaces are too small to support the daily activities of the elderly.

Blocked Rate

Blocked Rate = Length of Blocked Boundaries / Circumference Blocked Rate ~ Mark 2 0.00~0.09 Mark2=10; 0.20~0.29 Mark2=8 0.40~0.49 Mark2=6; 0.60~0.69 Mark2=4; 0.80~0.89 Mark2=2

0.10~0.19 Mark2=9; 0.30~0.39 Mark2=7; 0.50~0.59 Mark2=5 0.70~0.79 Mark2=3; 0.90~0.99 Mark2=1

Findings： · Some open boundaries are blocked by car parking, which makes it inconvenient for the disabled elderly people to pass through.

2.1.4 DISTANCE TO COMMUNITY CENTRE Figure 9: Distance to Community Centre

2.2 ACTIVITIES Table 5: Distance to Community Centre

Site No.

Distance to Mark3 the Centre (m)

Site No.

Distance to Mark3 the Centre (m)

131

201

2.2.1 SITE VISIT: POPULARITY OF EACH SITE

152

(figure 12)

163

107

136

205

152

Distance to community centre ~ Mark3 0 Mark3=10; 1~50 Mark3=9; 51~100 Mark3=7 101~150 Mark3=5; 151~200 Mark3=3; > 200 Mark3=1

Findings： • Some public open spaces are far from the centre of the community they belong to, which discourages the elderly to use the space.

2.1.5 CONCLUSION: ASSESSMENT OF ACCESSIBILITY Figure 10: Assessment of Accessibility

Public open space serves as places for people to do activities, so the improvement of public open spaces should be peopleoriented. Elderly people are spotted as the most common users in public open space. Therefore, this section analyses how the elderly use public open spaces and the demands of the elderly. The research was carried out through field observation and engagement with 36 elderly people.

Table 6: Assessment of Accessibility

Site No.

Total Mark

Site No.

Total Mark

Total Mark= (Mark1+Mark2+Mark3+ Number of Entrance)

Assessment of accessibility is based on the quantitative analysis of enclosed boundaries, the number of entrances, blocked boundaries and distances to the community centre.

Popularity of each site generally illustrates the elderly's preference for existing public open spaces. Characteristics of popular public open spaces can also provide foundations for the selection of position and function of new sites. The popularity of each site is analyzed through field observation on weekdays. The marks from 1 to 4 are measured by the number of elderly people and the size of the site. 4 refers to the most popular sites where more than 2/3 of the total area in the site is occupied by the elderly. 3 refers to the situation where people occupied 1/4 to 2/3 of the total area in the site. 2 means there are less than 10 elderly people on the site or the area occupied by people is less than 1/4 of the site. 1 refers to the least popular sites which are observed to be empty for a long time or there are only 1-4 people at a certain time of a day. It is observed that most of the concentrated parks with larger size are more frequently used than those scattered and small ones. Public open spaces with great accessibilities are better used than blocked or distant ones.

2.2.2 SITE VISIT: PROVIDED FUNCTIONS IN EACH SITE (figure 13) Existing functions provided by public open spaces are quite limited. Only 7 sites have space like squares for gathering. Most of the public open spaces are simply designed as winding paths with dense plants alongside. Facilities for rest and exercise are insufficient, especially in some small sites around dwellings.

2.2.3 SITE VISIT: ACTUAL ACTIVITIES AND PLACES OCCUPIED BY THE ELDERLY (figure 14) Actual activities carried out by the elderly are more diversified than the functions provided in certain sites. And the elderly are spotted to occupy places which were not originally designed for activities.

2.2.4 INTERVIEW: ACTIVITIES OF THE ELDERLY (figure 11) 4 of 36 people interviewed are selected to illustrate the daily routines of the elderly, their preferable places and their dissatisfaction. According to the interview, 78% of elderly people take morning exercise and then go to the market nearby. Chatting with others, playing cards and exercise are the most common activities elderly people do in public open spaces. Activities like taking care of grandchildren, quietly sitting alone and gardening are also spotted in public open spaces. Disabled elderly people tend to stay inside or sitting in the place near their flats because there are insufficient barrierfree facilities in each site.

Public open spaces in Cuiyuan Community No.4 are relatively better used. The possible reason could be the skywalk system in this community.

2.2.5 INTERVIEW: DEMANDS OF THE ELDERLY

Most of the public open spaces in Gudangwan Community are not used. It is probably due to the large amount of external population in this community. And the spaces in this community are also the least maintained ones.

According to the engagement with 36 elderly people and the comparison between provided functions in public open space and the actual activities of the elderly, demands of the elderly can be concluded as more sheltered space, more space for different activities, spaces in different scales, toilets, water dispenser, barrier-free facilities, and more available facilities.

Figure 11: Record of the Engagement with Elderly People

(figure 15)

Figure 12: Popularity of Each Site

Figure 14: Activities and Places Occupied by the Elderly

Figure 13: Provided Functions

Figure 15: Demands of the Elderly

Sheltered Space

Toilets

Barrier-free Facilities

Space for Gardening

More Space & Space in Different Scales

Water Dispenser

Available Sports Facilities & Chairs

Space for Clothes Hanging

3 ISSUES OF PUBLIC OPEN SPACE

• Provide sufficient public open spaces

3.1 INSUFFICIENT PUBLIC OPEN SPACE

• Diversify public open spaces

According to the analysis of the size and distribution of each site and engagement with the elderly, there are insufficient public open spaces in the Cuiyuan Community. Insufficient public open space contributes to the elderly's unwillingness to take part in outdoor activities and may cause safety problems. Although the greening rate in each community is not low, available public open spaces are limited, especially in Cuiyuan Community No.1, Cuiyuan Community No.2, Cuiyuan Community No.3 and Gudangwan Community. Many green spaces around dwellings have enough capacities in size to support activities but they do not serve as public open spaces. Therefore, many activities of the elderly happen outside public open spaces. It was observed that elderly people occupied road space and other unavailable green spaces for activities like hanging clothes, playing cards, gathering and so on.

Figure 17: New Public Open Spaces

• Improve connectivity • Unify planting system • Improve management Figure 16: Strategies

3.2 LACK OF DIVERSITY Analysis of provided functions and actual activities carried out by the elderly illustrates the lack of diversity in functions, spatial scales and facilities in public open spaces. • Diversity in functions: The provided functions of public open space are limited and cannot support many activities that elderly people often do. The elderly have to bring their own chairs and tables into public open spaces to play cards, use public facilities to hang clothes and occupy green spaces for private gardening. • Diversity in spatial scales: The spatial scales of each site are monotonous. Concentrated parks can provide space for gatherings of large groups, but are not friendly for those who need a quiet and small space to sit alone. Small and distant sites can provide relatively private space, but cannot accommodate people when they want to sit and chat together. • Diversity in facilities: There are insufficient barrier-free facilities in public open spaces. And most facilities are designed according to universal human scale which may be unfriendly to elderly people.

New Public Open Spaces Original Public Open Spaces

3.3 LACK OF ACCESSIBILITIES • Location: According to the interview with elderly people, they prefer to use public open spaces which are in 6-10 minutes' walk from their flat. Some public open spaces are located far from the centre of the community, so they are not frequently used by the elderly. • Enclosed Boundaries (designed): Some boundaries of public open spaces were designed to be enclosed walls, which separate the site from the community and increase the difficulties in getting in. • Blocked Boundaries (not designed): Some open boundaries of public open spaces are blocked by car parking, which makes the elderly and the disabled hard to get in.

3.4 IMPROPER PLANTING DESIGN • Disorganized Vegetation: Some public open spaces are cluttered with vegetation and abandoned rest places, especially the riverside open space and small green spaces around dwellings. Messy vegetation also blocks sight and light, which makes elderly people feel unsafe. • Improper Plants: Improper selection of plants contributes to many fallen leaves on the site. And there are some poisonous plants like oleander which may do harm to the health of the elderly.

3.5 LACK OF MANAGEMENT

• Transform sites with great accessibility to exercise space and card-playing space. These sites could be scattered in different areas in communities to enable residents living in different residential areas to have easy access to exercise space and cardplaying space. Scattered exercise and card-playing space also encourage elderly people who dislike long walking distance to engage in more activities and social interactions.

4.1 PROVIDE SUFFICIENT PUBLIC OPEN SPACES Transforming some of the inaccessible green spaces around dwellings into public open spaces can alleviate the conflicts between elderly people's needs and insufficient activity space. Elderly people could have more choices of activity sites and walking distance. Public open space closer to the dwellings also encourages those who are unwilling to use concentrated parks because of long walking distance or disabilities to participate in outdoor activities. These new green spaces should:

• Tr a n s f o r m s i t e s i n r e m o t e a r e a s a n d s o m e i n a c c e s s i b l e g r e e n s p a c e s around dwellings into nursery gardens and clothes hanging space. These sites should be located in the area where sunshine is sufficient and should be distant from the main vehicle ways. • Transform more green spaces around dwellings into relax space. These sites can either be in small size or medium size. Small relax space near residential buildings provides the disabled and the elderly who prefer quietly staying alone with various and convenient choices.

• Have enough capacities to accommodate people and to support activities.

2. Design space in various spatial scales from squares to small and private sitting space.

• Be located in various areas in communities to make sure that residents living in different parts of the community have easy access to public open spaces.

3. Increase elderly-friendly facilities.

• Be accessible to the elderly.

• Increase barrier-free and age-friendly facilities in public open spaces and along walkways. These facilities may include slopes, banisters, benches with backs and so on.

4.2 DIVERSIFY PUBLIC OPEN SPACES

• Increase the sheltered areas in public open spaces.

• Facility and Vegetation Maintenance: Many public facilities are broken and out of use. Vegetation is in bad condition in some places.

Diverse public open space can encourage people to carry out their daily activities in a safer and better-equipped place rather than somewhere unsafe. Certain functions in a certain site also promotes social interactions among people with similar interests.

• Construct a few toilets and provide water dispensers in large-sized public open spaces.

4. Provide flexible facilities.

4 STRATEGIES

1. Endow different public open spaces with different functions and equip sufficient facilities.

• Car Parking: Illegal parking around public open spaces blocks the sceneries of public open spaces and increases the difficulties for the disabled. It may also lead to safety problems.

Five feasible strategies are developed on the basis of the issues of public open space and the current situation of the Cuiyuan Community. These strategies are aimed to provide a safe, age-friendly and attractive living environment for seniors through the upgrade of public open spaces. The five strategies include:

• Transform popular sites with relatively large size (larger than 1000 m²) into comprehensive space and equip each community with at least one comprehensive park. These sites should be close to the community centre and have the ability to support various activities like large group gathering, sitting, stroll, exercise, card-playing and children caring.

• Increase recognizable signals in communities.

Flexible facilities like movable tables and chairs enable elderly people to carry out activities in their preferable places on the site.

4.3 IMPROVE CONNECTIVITY 1. Create systematic walking system. Creating a systematic walking system connecting currently scattered public open

spaces in different communities makes it more convenient for the elderly to use public open spaces in different places. Elderly people can also have more choice of walking distance according to their preference.

4.4 UNIFY PLANTING SYSTEM 1. Use various plants.

2. Upgrade riverside green space.

Various plants could be used to create a safe and pleasant environment for the elderly.

Current riverside green space is nearly abandoned. It can help to connect different communities if it is well designed.

• Native plants are easier to maintain and give elderly people a sense of belonging.

• Transform riverside green space into places for strolling, resting and sightseeing.

• Plants with flowers or discolored leaves can change the sceneries in different seasons to enrich the visual experience.

• Increase the number of entrances of riverside green space.

• "Smellscape" created by aromatic plants can enrich the olfactory experience and make elderly people relaxed.

• Increase the number of entrances of community boundaries near the riverside. Some entrances could be closed during night time for security concerns. 3. Replace enclosed walls. Some enclosed walls around public open spaces can be removed or transformed into fences to make the sites more accessible.

Figure 22: Walking System

• Edible plants in nursery gardens encourage elderly people to take part in labor activities and help them gain a sense of achievement through gardening and harvest. 2. Unify the vegetation system and paving system. Unified vegetation system and paving system in communities could create a systematic environment.

Figure 18: Functions of Public Open Spaces

3. Leave enough space for small squares, winding paths, sports facilities, relax facilities and lighting facilities.

Figure 23: Fundamental Plants

4.5 IMPROVE MANAGEMENT 1. Restrictions & Guidance Restrictions could be imposed on car parking along walkways and private occupancy of public open space. Community managers should guide vehicles to park in designated parking places and guide elderly people to carry out activities in proper sites. 2. Participation of the elderly Elderly people could be encouraged to participate in the maintenance of the community environment. Retired elderly people usually have little work to do and have enough time to engage in maintenance activities. This can also give them a sense of achievement and participation and help them gain confidence. Figure 19: Increase of Connectivity

Figure 20: Walkway for Exercise

Figure 21: Walkway with Rest Facilities

A certain organization can be established by communities, elderly people or university students. The organization could organize activities like maintenance of vegetation and public facilities, traffic guidance and neighborhood assistance on a regular basis. 3. Regular community activities

Light

Bench

Well-organized social activities on a regular basis can encourage the elderly to participate in more outdoor activities and have more social interactions with others.

Figure 24: Nursery Garden

Figure 25: Relax Spaces

CONNECTION / Design of Sanjiangkou Park Landscape Design Site Location: XiangHu Lake, Hangzhou Academic Work Team Work, Reworked Individually in 10.2019 Instructor: Deng Yunlan Urban residents always have a strong desire to get close to the nature. However, with the expansion of cities, natural landscapes are usually separated from the urban space. Sanjiangkou park, located in the transition zone from nature to urban area, has a superior geographical location and rich natural resources. However, improper land use and the lack of management result in its current situation of being deserted. In my reconstruction work, Sanjiangkou Park is designed as a comprehensive park with the concept of connection. Nature and the city are connected through harmonious spatial transition. Isolated lake system is connected to the water system of three rivers, solving the current situation of pollution and waste of water. The historical culture is expressed in an entertaining way to meet visitors' needs of traveling or simply taking a rest.

Loss of Historical and Cultural Spirit

Ecological Degradation Unreasonable Use of Land

CURRENT ISSUES Water Pollution turbid water / dead aquatic animals & plants

Green System

Water System

Road System

Reclaimed Farmlands reclaimed farmlands by local people in the west of the site

Excessive Aquatic Plants

Deserted Riparian Area

excessive aquatic plants occupying the whole surface of water in some places

deserted riparian area in the west and the northeast of the site

Disorganized Vegetation lack of planting design / fallen leaves / pests & diseases

Blocked Water Body original water body blocked by illegal structures

Discontinuous Road System

Standardized Architecture

no continuous road system in the west / roads blocked by plants and abandoned structures

buildings in standard antique style without any features related to the site

POTENTIALS BACKGROUND Sanjiangkou Park, with a total area of 45 hectares, is located on the west side of Xianghu Tourist Resort, and on the east side of the junction of Qiantang River, Fuchun River and Puyang River. The Park faces the Cultural and Creative Industry Park in the south, a technology zone on the northwest and Xianghu Residential Area in the north. The northeast side of the site has a relatively integral green system while the west side is dominated by illegal structures. The water resource is abundant around the site. And the water system is integrated with Xianghu Lake on the east and Qiantang River on the west. The site is surrounded by 4 main roads - Yatai Road, Xiangshi Road, Xianghu Road and Times Avenue.

Ecology continuous water system / abundant plants

Recourses abundant water resources / empty plots for reuse and revitalize / productive land

Tourism proximity to tourist resort, technology industry zone and residential area- tourists & visitors

History rich historical and cultural background

CONNECTION AS STRATEGY Based on the idea of “Connection”, this project builds a public park and uses three ways to transform spatial obstacles into new connections and integrate them into a network. There are connections between ecology and human activity, nature and the city, and historical culture and modern society. Connections are presented by the spatial transition from the east to the west.

Connection 1 - Ecological Network The ecological network is connected by water and vegetation systems. Ways of water purification are integrated with landscape and entertainment activities. Hills and valleys are created in the northeast of the site to direct the flow of rainwater and rebuilt wildlife matrix. Native vegetation is used to re-establish the diverse vegetation community. Cabins are constructed in this area providing places for bird watching. Hard artificial banks are replaced by natural sloping vegetated banks, and several wetlands are created to purify water and provide aquatic habitat.

MASTER PLAN 1 Trail Connecting to Xianghu Tourist Resort 2 Sanjiangkou Trail 3 Parking Lot 4 "Qixia" Cabins 5 "Zhenqu" Yoga Islands 6 "Liubi" Cabins 7 "Diecui" Forest 8 Slides from Skywalk to Squares 9 Slides from Skywalk to Squares 10 "Suxin" Yoga Islands 11 Water Monitoring Station 12 "Qingxue" Pier 13 Entrance Plaza 14 Parking Lot 15 Aquatic Plants for Agricultural Activities 16 Edible Plants for Agricultural Activities 17 "Sanjiangkou" Cultural Museum

3 2

4 6 8

A hierarchical and continuous transport system is created inside the park. A skywalk weaving up to 4m is built, starting from natural resort on the east, winding through Sanjiangkou Park, connecting the park to the junction of Qiantang River, Fuchun River and Puyang River on the west, and providing different experience of entertainment in different sections.

Connection 3 - History & Modern Society Cultural experience zone in the southeast of the site combines the strong historical and cultural backgrounds of Xianghu Lake with modern entertainment experience. Xianghu Lake was originally a bay with several lagoons appeared afterwards. Therefore, the shoreline in the southeast of the park is changed circuitous to imitate the shape of lagoons. These special shaped "lagoons" also provide special sightseeing experience and purify water through wetland plants and slight topographic relief. A pottery DIY studio and a cultural museum are built to memorize the culture of manufacture of bricks and tiles. The site was used as farmlands in a period of time. Agricultural activities in this zone like picking native edible plants can call back the memory of historical periods and enrich visitors' experience. The site is characterized with empty plots and productive lands, which also contribute to the potential for agricultural production. The west of the site is close to urban space. Therefore, structures, pavements and activities in this area are more modern to match with the modern society. An ecological education area and a cultural innovation zone are established in the west of the park.

10 19

11 12

21 22 29 15

17 14

25 26 27

Spatial transformation is introduced to integrate the natural resort on the east and the city on the west. The site, located in the transition area between nature and the city, is designed to be natural in the northeast part (Forest Exploration Area) and modern in the northwest part (Cultural Innovation Zone).

These transformations could increase the resilience of the ecosystem and raise public awareness of ecology.

Connection 2 - Nature & City

50m

• Cultural Experience Zone combines activities and the history of Xianghu Lake together.

18 "Weiliao" Square 19 "Qiyun" Rolling Path 20 Cultural Innovation Area 21 "Chunlan" Plaza 22 "Xunfeng" Pier 23 Rain Garden

24 Floating Wetlands 25 "Chengguan" Plaza 26 Ecological Tree Pool 27 Ecological Education Hall 28 Trails along Qiantang River 29 Platform over Qiantang River

Functional Diagram

• Forest Exploration Area enables tourists to return to nature. • Ecological Education Area introduces methods of water purification to visitors.

Forest Exploration Area

• Cultural Innovation Zone provides places for catering, festivals and selling cultural and creative products.

Ecological Education Area

• Sanjiangkou Park is vehicle-free inside.

Cultural Experience Zone

Cultural Innovation Zone

Road System

• Main roads with a width of 5m form a loop to meet fire demands. Main Road

• Skywalk weaving up to 4m runs through main scenic spots, connecting Sanjiangkou Park to the trails along Qiantang River.

Secondary Road Skywalk

• Original parking lots and two main entrances are reserved. One main entrance near the river and two secondary entrances are built.

Main Entrance Secondary Entrance

Topography Design • In order to imitate nature and collect rainwater, the terrain in the northeast of the site fluctuates greatly. • The original terrain in the southeast side of the site is retained, but the shoreline is made more tortuous. • The terrain on the west side is relatively flat, supporting various entertainment activities.

Edible Plants

Topography

Sloping vegetated banks along lakes purify water and provide aquatic habitats.

Empty plots and productive lands make it possible for agricultural activities like edible plants picking, which helps city residents return to the nature.

Changes in topography create small hills and valleys to reflect the old time when Xianghu Lake is surrounded by mountains and help to direct the flow of rainwater.

Stroll & Stopover

Boating

Natural Banks

Bird Watching

Spiral Bridge & Slides

Yoga & Meditation

Boating

Forest Exploration

FOREST EXPLORATION AREA

Agricultural Activities

Path on Water

Fishing

Agricultural Activities

Stroll & Picnic

Cultural Museum & Pottery Studio

CULTURAL EXPERIENCE ZONE

Plant Purification Stagnant Pool Permeable Dam

Oryza sativa

Myrica rubra

Trapa bispinosa

Diospyros kaki

Native Plants Native plants help to re-establish diverse vegetation communities and create a complex habitat system and wildlife matrix. Activities like birdwatching, drifting, forest exploration help to enrich the experience of visitors.

11m 9m 7m

Citrus reticulata

Brasenia schreberi

11m 9m 7m

Bighead Carp

Dragonfly

Hirundapus

Squirrel

Greenshank

Frog

Black-tailed Godwit

Bee

Little Egret

Greater Sand Plover Pond Snail

Silver Carp

Black-winged Stilt

Kentish Plover

Red-necked Stint

Bee

Lesser Sand Plover

Tree Sparrow

Cuckoo

Squirrel

Hirundapus

Restaurants & Stores

Weekend Market & Night Market

Festivals Rolling Path on Wetland

Platform over Qiantang River

CULTURAL INNOVATION ZONE

View of Wetland

Platform on Water

Amusement Facilities

Popular Science Education of Water Purification

Stroll & Stopover

ECOLOGICAL EDUCATION AREA

Cultural Innovation Industry

Mulch Layer

Amended Soil

Cultural Innovation Zone supports cultural creative industries. There are handicrafts studio, small exhibition hall, photography base and painting studio in this zone. There are also plenty of restaurants and cafes to meet visitors' needs for meals and rest.

Filter Fabric

Sand

Underdrain

Crushed Gravel

Underdrain

Rain Garden

Floating Wetlands

Ecological Tree Pool

Rooftop Garden

Stores & Restaurants Rooftop gardens on buildings help to collect rainwater in this area. Platform on Water

Grassy Knoll

Square

Educational Wall

Water Purification

Ecological Education

Various methods of water purification are implied in this area. The rain garden, ecological tree pool, eco-stagnation pool, grass swale and ecological pavements help to collect and purify rainwater. The collected rainwater could be used to supplement groundwater, sprinkler irrigation, toilet water, etc.

An ecological education hall is established in the west of this area. Methods of water purification and other ways of protecting the ecology are presented inside the hall.

Floating wetlands consist of islets of wetland plants that can purify water. These islets are not accessible but can be appreciated from the skywalk above.

Platforms on the Lake

Platforms on the lake, "Chunlan" Plaza near the water and "Qiyun" Rolling Path on the wetland island satisfy people's interests in getting close to the water.

Landscape sketch like educational wall, grassy knoll and "Chengguan" Plaza near the water introduce theory of ecology into entertainment facilities, which can better enrich visitors' travel experience and raise their awareness of environmental protection. (The purification facility in the bottom right of educational wall was drawn by Li Chao)

Concerts & Festivals

Weekend Markets

Platform over Qiantang River

The "Weiliao" Square on the wetland island could be used for concerts and festivals.

Night markets and weekend markets could attract more visitors and provide shopkeepers with more opportunities to sell goods.

The main road running through this area could lead to a platform over the Qiantang River, which provides a magnificent river view for visitors.

INTERACTION / Upgrade of Google Maps App Human - Computer Interaction Design Undergraduate Academic Work Team Work (Prototype Design Finished Individually) Instructor: Chen Yongting 03.2019 - 06.2019 Due to the development of technology, the information system of the city, people's traditional life, and the function of existing elements in the city have changed. Marshall Mcluhan even said in 1967 that "The city no longer exists except as a cultural ghost for tourists." During my half-year stay in Tunghai University in Taiwan, I was impressed by the importance of electronic information network in exploring cities for travelers. Therefore, I chose Google Maps app and travelers as objects, and developed a "travelers' map" plug-in prototype to provide travelers with more pleasant and personalized experience. The main upgrades are multi-destination route planning and more comprehensive route recommendation. Travelers can also buy tickets, pay for certain service or even socialize through the app. In addition, the prototype also improves some of the unpleasant operations, such as changing some of the operations from sliding up and down to sliding left and right, setting the "explore nearby" as a text input box so that users can quickly complete the operation of exploring the neighborhood of a distant area, etc. Diversified functions can not only grasp more users, but also attract commercial investment as advertising. Diverse route networks can promote tourism, or even make some unpopular areas alive. City sightseeing routes and new travel district like ArtDist may rise.

METHODOLOGY

Choose an Interface

User Journey Map

Stages

Touch Point

Sweet Points

Think Purpose

Pain Points

More Realistic, Accurate, and Easy Operated 3D Real-world Map

Possible Future Development of Maps and Navigation App

Interface Characteristics

Young People

Analyze Users

20-year Old College Student

Emotional Journey

Analyze Sweet Points and Pain Points by Principles of Human Machine Interaction

The History of Google Maps App

Persona

More Accurate Indoor Navigation Map

Middle-aged People & the Elderly

Direct Access to the Onboard Display Screen

Personalized Map

Artificial Intelligence Map

Young People

Decide the Object of the Upgrade

Select a Mission

More Convenient Voice Navigation

Personalized Map Middle-aged People & the Elderly

Analyze Each Stages of the Mission by Principles of Human Computer Interaction

Features • They are curious about new things and like to travel. • They have strong cognitive ability, self-confidence, and willingness to learn. • They have little fear or anxiety about electronic products or apps, and they tend to explore the operations by themselves rather than follow specific methods provided by apps. • They usually have basic experience with Google Maps App or related map products. So they can quickly acquire operation of similar apps.

Engagement with Target Users

Travel-Related Functions

• They are not satisfied with the basic functions provided by the map navigation app. There are needs for social and entertainment interaction.

Convenient Service Functions Problems about Visual Communication

Travelers' Map Plug-in

• They like to receive information by means of pictures and texts, and generally prefer the form of texts.

Amend the Object of the Upgrade

Redefine the Users

Young People

• They tend to combine relevant experiences in the past and realities when making decisions. • They usually use the Google Maps app when traveling.

Problems about Operations Problems about Information Presentation

Problems immediately needed to solve (severity score over 3) • Users cannot sort or filter attractions based on their means of transport and the required arrival time. • The function "Explore Nearby" can only be performed in current location, or users should manually move the map to another area to explore the neighborhood. • Users are unable to get continuous route plan directly on the map. • The recommended bus route are not actually the best choice. Some routes are hidden and users cannot choose the route they want. • When searching for an attraction, the recommendation interface will block the map. At this time, the back button will be subconsciously pressed, and the interface for exploring attractions will disappear.

Heuristic Evaluation

Upgrade Functions, Structure and Each Stages

Debriefing

Severity Rating

Conclusion

Origin Interface Structure Diagram

GOMS New Interface Structure Diagram

Develop the First Version of the Prototype

Cognitive Walkthrough

Develop the Final Version of the Prototype

Origin Action Flow Chart

Google Maps App Functional Structure Diagram

Fix Problems

New Action Flow Chart

NEW ACTION FLOW CHART

SOME PIECES OF THE PROTOTYPE Initial Interface

Travelers' Map

Explore Nearby

Filter by DIstance

Quick Multi-route Planning

Route Recommendation

Multi-route Planning

Sort the Attractions

Select Several Destinations

Use Recommended Route or Choose New Sequence

More Choices

Stages Open Google Maps app

Multi-route Planning User Control & Freedom

Commercial Investment

Enter Travelers' Map

City Sightseeing Routes

Vitalization of a District

Explore Nearby

Attractions

Ratings

Filter and Sort Attractions

Transport

Filters Interface

Distance Time Consuming

Browse Detailed Information

Information Interface

Location

Photos

Contact

Overview

Tickets

···

Reviews

Nearby

Select a Destination or Multiple Destinations

Use Recommended Route

Sort Destinations

Best Scenery

Search for Routes

Transport

Choose the Route for each Section

Route Information Interface

Recommendation Set Time of Departure

Depart First Least Time Less Walking

···

Follow the Navigation to Destinations

Maps

New Sequence

Urban Planning Portfolio

Articles inside

Project 2: Relationships Between Dietary Habit, Income and Diabetes Prevalence

Project 1: How People’s Travel Destinations Change with Pandemic Phases

GOAL 1: REBALANCING CITY AND NATURE GOAL 1: REBALANCING CITY AND NATURE