Eunji Jun – From peels to casein by Hochschule Luzern

FROM PEELS TO CASEIN

A research project of finding alternative material for conventional plastics by using food wastes as raw material by Eunji Jun

Author

Tutor

Eunji Jun Steinhofstrasse 15g 6005 Luzern +41 (0)76 683 84 34 +82 (0)10 9346 3373 iecq1817@gmail.com

Prof. Dr. Dagmar Johanna Steffen, Lecturer, Project Head Research and Development, LUCERNE SCHOOL OF ART AND DESIGN

Abstract

Food waste comprises things that we produce almost every day, even without noticing it. Its production ranges from huge industrial scales to small domestic scales (i.e. households). A large amount of food produced globally is never eaten. At the global level, large amounts of milk go to waste even before it reaches the store. Not only does this result in economic loss, it also has an adverse impact on planet Earth. There are possibilities to use wasted food as one of the raw materials for the product, instead of just throwing it away. Furthermore, because of the current "eco-movement", there is a growing number of people who want to live healthily and lead an environmentally-friendly life.

Major

Bachelor of arts objektdesign (Object Design)

Location, Date

Lucerne, May 12, 2019

In light of the above, the aim of this thesis is to suggest an alternative material, which is completely non-toxic, made out of food wastes, which increases the awareness of wastage, as well as providing an opportunity to show the appreciation towards food. In addition, what I am focusing especially on milk and plants based food wastes. Historically, dating back 5000 years ago, people used natural dye mostly made out of plants. Drawing from this concept I see the potential turning plant-based food wastes into color pigment or a chip as natural dyes. To accomplish this, I will research and discover how to turn food wastes into pigments or natural dye.

Table of contents

1 Introduction

1.1 Motivation and purpose

1.2 Target group and research questions

2 Biodegradable bioplastics made with renewable raw materials

Introduction to alternative materials for plastic 2.1 Biobased biodegradable bioplastics and renewable raw materials 2.1.1 Celluloid

4 6

Facts about celluloid and product examples 2.1.2 Galalith

Facts about galalith and product examples 2.1.3 Starch based bioplastics

Facts about raw material of starch based bioplastics and product examples 2.1.4 Microorganism based bioplastics

Facts about microorganism based bioplastics and product examples 2.1.5 Algae based bioplastics

Facts about algae and product examples 2.1.6 New bioplastics discovered by designers and researchers

Short descriptions and product examples 2.2 Summary and conclusions 3 Practical application and conclusion

22 26

3.1 Potential

3.2 Selected material experiments

3.2.1 Casein plastic

3.2.2 Pigments and dye

3.2.3 Whey protein-based bioplastic sheets

3.3 Concept for product made out of food waste based bioplastics References

35 36

Bibliography

Internet sources

Appendix

1. Introduction

Second, food waste is a massive market inefficiency, unlikely to other industries. Third, meanwhile 815 million people go to bed hungry every night. Which is 1 in 9 people on the planet who are starving or malnourished, while 200 tons of foods are being wasted in Switzerland per day.

1.1. Motivation and purpose As I live alone, I bear the full responsibility of my own daily life, including food and nutrition. I do a lot of groceries, cooking and dumping food wastes. I could not avoid noticing that there is a lot of food and ingredients which are thrown away, some of them are not even been used at all. The problem is not just personal, as it is occurring at a societal level as well. Keeping environmental degradation in mind, and to promote the principle of sustainability, we should reduce the harmful and unnecessary man-made waste. In recent years, reducing plastics has been a hot topic, and it is fascinating to see how people can change their attitude towards using plastic products and how fast their behavior is also changing. Plastics, especially single-use-plastic products are causing various harms to the Earth’s ecosystem. According to the BBC, “each year, 400 million tonnes of plastic is produced and 40% of that is single-use-plastic we'll only use once before it's binned and more than eight million tonnes of plastic enters the world's oceans each year and most of that escapes from the land.” 1 The experts in this field are assuming that by 2050, the amount of plastic in the world ocean will weigh more than the amount of fish in the world ocean. Also, the small plastics like bottle caps, microplastics which are being used for cosmetics and toothpaste, when they aren’t thrown away properly, they are most likely end up in the ocean through the water cycle and according to the BBC, “one in three sea turtles, and around 90% of seabirds, have eaten it.” 2 Therefore, people all around the world are trying to reduce the number of plastic wastes from individual scale to the national scale.

Therefore, in this thesis, I will put together the idea of making products with food wastes which are just thrown away because of the reason like aging, and the method of making bioplastic from milk, which is also taking a huge part of wasted food. I would like to encourage people to take a chance to think about their habits towards not only consuming single-use plastics but also, wasting foods which most likely have not been eaten at all. Furthermore, I would like to introduce people to the beauty of bioplastic made out of milk, and also the stunning color of the wasted fruits and vegetables that we easily forget about. Rather than just making bioplastics by chemical and lab-based methods, I would like to use a very simple, traditional and most importantly zero toxic methods. This involves turning the casein inside milk into the sustainable bioplastic and combining it with modern techniques to make unique, beautiful and usable products from it.

1.2 Target group and research questions Considering the current trend and my personal motivation, the target group of this project includes the people who want to live a more healthy and sustainable life. In order to find a solution for this plastic/ food waste problem, the research question which I seek to address is : "What kind of bioplastic made with biomaterials such as crops has the best potential to solve both plastics and food waste problems in developed countries including Switzerland, and how to create and develop the selected materials from a designer’s perspective"

Meanwhile, we are still ignoring the fact that food wastes are one of the most tragic, harmful and biggest problems that mankind is facing. Some might say that food waste is not that harmful to the environment because it’s from nature and decomposes. But, in fact, food waste is one of the biggest problems which is threatening both mankind and the environment. There are 10 or more aspects why we need to think again about the food waste and here are the three aspects which I found out the most important ones. First, “global quantitative food losses and waste per year are roughly 30% for cereals, 40-50% for root crops, fruits, and vegetables, 20% for oilseeds, meat and dairy plus 35% for fish” 3 , and the value of the wasted food is worth over 940 billion US dollars, which is almost 1 trillion US dollars.4 1 BBC, February 2019. 2 Ibid., February 2019. 3 Gustavsson, Cederberg, Sonesson, Otterdijk, and Alexandre, 2011, pp. 5-9. 4 Smith, 22, January 2015. 2

2. Biodegradable bioplastics made with renewable raw materials

Introduction to alternative materials for plastic In this part of the thesis, I would like to discuss biodegradable bioplastics made with renewable raw materials. The Oxford dictionary defines the term “biodegrade” of a substance or object “being decomposed by bacteria or other living organisms., ‘most plastics will not biodegrade in landfill sites”. 5 For the term “bioplastic”, the same dictionary defines it as “a type of biodegradable plastic derived from biological substances rather than petroleum”.6 Bioplastics can be biobased, biodegradable, or both. The term ‘biobased’ means that the material or product is (partly) derived from biomass (plants). Biomass used for bioplastics stems from e.g. corn, sugarcane, or cellulose. Biodegradation is a chemical process during which microorganisms that are available in the environment convert materials into natural substances such as water, carbon dioxide, and compost (artificial additives are not needed). The process of biodegradation depends on the surrounding environmental conditions (e.g. location or temperature), on the material and on the application. The property of biodegradation does not depend on the resource basis of material but is rather linked to its chemical structure. In other words, 100 percent biobased plastics, may be non-biodegradable, and 100 percent fossil-based plastics, can biodegrade.7 Therefore, it is really important to use biobased-biodegradable bioplastics in this modern era. There are two main benefits if we replace plastics with biobased-biodegradable bioplastics. First, using biobased-biodegradable bioplastics enables us to save fossil resources; and in turn, this reduces the emission of greenhouse gases. Second, most of the waste products end up in incinerators or landfills and remain there for long periods of time. However, if the product is biodegradable, it can open up a whole new chapter at the end of a product’s life.

2.1 Biobased biodegradable bioplastics and renewable raw materials This chapter is about the biodegradable bioplastics based on renewable raw material which can be categorized in the first quadrant of the graph(Fig.1).

Fig. 1 5 Oxford English Dictionary, 2019. 6 Ibid., 2019. 7 European Bioplastics, January 2016. 4

Shows, a material that is either renewable or biodegradable qualifies as a biopolymer.

(Kirk, R. E. 1957. Concise Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology.) adapted (added casein polymer on the first quadrant), Jun, E.

2.1.1 Celluloid Cellulose is a complex carbohydrate, or polysaccharide, consisting of 3,000 or more glucose units. The basic structural component of plant cell walls. 8 It is regarded as the world’s first “plastic”, discovered in 1855 by the Englishman Alexander Parkes and initially sold under the name Parkesine.9 He introduced the material successfully to the public at the Great International Exhibition of 1862. Although, it was a great invention which can be called as "the first plastic", he failed to make an economic success out of it. After that, Daniel Spill tried to make money out of the material, but he failed due to the lengthy and ultimately unsuccessful legal tussels with his American competitors. The American brothers, John Wesley and Isaiah Hyatt, who were the previous rivals of Daniel Spill, decided to carry Parkes' invention forward to make a more stable plastic. They were able to develop specific plastics manufacturing machinery, which all them to produce cellulose plastics in sheet, bar and stick form. The book "The plastics age : from modernity to post-modernity", describes the reason there were many competitors. As provided in the book, "[Cellulose] was created, in the first place, as substitutes for luxury materials which were in increasing demand and diminishing supply in the second half of the nineteenth century". 10 This means that there was potential to make money out of its production. It could be quickly adapted for other applications such as picture graphic film, decorative manufactured such as hairpins, spectacle frames, combs(Fig. 2,3), table tennis balls and other products(Fig. 4). 11 Although it sounds very promising, it had the same problem with biofuel and starch-based plastics. Directly or indirectly, it has an impact on food production and security. Furthermore, as like PLA plastic, celluloid plastics, especially the ones which are being produced(Fig. 5,6) with lots of chemical processes, they need a controlled composting environment to be degraded.

Fig. 2 Cellulose nitrate comb (1830s) ©Metropolitan Museum of Art Fig. 3 Cellulose nitrate comb (early 1900s) ©Metropolitan Museum of Art Fig. 4 Cellulose acetate box and cover (1923) Designer, Eduard Fornells Marco Manufacturer, René-Jules Lalique ©Metropolitan Museum of Art Fig. 5

8 Britannica Concise Encyclopedia, 14 February 2002. 9 Worden, 1911, pp. 290-298. 10 Sparke, 1990, pp. 7. 11 Tripathy and Mishra, October 2016, pp. 90-104. 6

Cellophane, transparent sheet made of regenerated cellulose Fig. 6 Bottle made from Cellulose Acetate Biograde ©F. Kesselring, FKuR Willich (2009) 7

2.1.2 Galalith Galalith is the forgotten material which has been used widely to make imitation ivory and jewelry from the early 20th century until the advent of petrochemical plastics in the 1950s. According to the PHS(The Plastics Historical Society), the first casein plastic was discovered by Wilhelm Krisch due to make a washable whiteboard for replacing the slates used in school because back than paper was so expensive, schools need a reusable whiteboard for children to learn how to write. He collaborated with Adolf Spitteler, a chemist in Bavaria and on July 15th, 1899, a patent for “plastic compositions” was taken out in Germany.12 After that, the product was introduced under the trade name Galalith (as 'Erinoid' in Britain 13) and shown to the public at the Paris Universal Exhibition in 1900. The material had several benefits which are the key abilities for manufacturing such as mouldable, easily dyeable, and can create colors by adding pigments. Therefore, in the early 20th century, it manufactured as a great number of articles including jewelry(Fig. 11) and decorative boxes, many shapes of buttons(Fig. 12) and even belt buckles. The material is based on casein which is a kind of protein found in milk. Due to the high consistency of casein in milk, the raw material of galalith is milk. The color of the material is white with a slight yellow tone, more commonly known as ivory. The production of galalith involves adding some water to make the dough into dried milk curd, then, using acid, extrude protein and finally treated with formaldehyde. After discovering the method to produce galalith, a lot of craftsmen and companies produced buttons for clothing and jewelry—which soon became a hit in the markets (Fig. 14). Even the Queen of England donned galalith jewelry. The only drawback was the protracted production time. To make 4 mm thick panel of galalith, the drying process took 2 months—which is long compared to the time for manufacturing petrochemical plastics. Even though it takes a long drying time, Casein absorbs water very easily and distorts. This is one of the biggest disadvantages of the material which leads casein industry to fall down and replaced with many new plastics after the Second World War.

Fig. 7 Clips made with celluloid, galalith and trim (1950s) ©Klaus-Peter Kuhn (2007) 8

12 PHS, 2015. 13 Sparke, 1990, pp. 20.

Fig. 8 Process of making galalith plastics ©Eunji Jun (2019) 9

The cell walls of microalgae generally contain important quantities of starch and glycogen, but also cellulose, hemicellulose, and polysaccharides. 25 From this advantage, it is possible to create bioplastic mostly based on starch inside algae. In 2019, Chile-based designer Margarita Talep created a sustainable, biodegradable alternative to single-use packaging, using raw material extracted from algae. In an interview with a designer from dezeen, the polymer and main ingredient, in this case, is agar, a jelly-like polysaccharide substance that is extracted from red algae by boiling(Fig. 35). Talep adds water as a plasticizer and natural dyes to add gentle color(Fig. 37). 26

Fig. 30 Fig. 26 Chinese mitten crab shells (2013) ©Jeongwon Ji (2013) Fig. 27

Experiments for producing with the five manufacturing machines (2019) ©Shellworks (2019)

Fig. 33 Algae in Water Supplies (1959) Illustrator, Harold J. Walter ©UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

Fig. 31

Material experiments samples (2013) ©Jeongwon Ji (2013)

The possibilities of different opacity of the material ©Shellworks (2019)

Fig. 28, 29

Fig. 32

Wi-Fi router, Trackpad (2013) ©Jeongwon Ji (2013)

Examples of material applications ©Shellworks (2019)

Fig. 34 25 Bulgariu and Gavrilescu, July 2015. 26 Hitti, January 2019.

Microalgae cultivated in open pond in West Texas ©Hank Schultz (2013) 17

These are all sustainable and completely biodegradable bioplastics. Some of them can even act as a fertilizer for plants after they degraded. The only problem is that they are not ready for mass production yet. They are only produced by designers and researchers in smaller scales. Even so, they can be good examples and have a high potential as an alternative material for conventional petroleum-based plastics.

Fig. 40

Fig. 43

Experiments for producing with the five manufacturing machines (2019) ©Shellworks (2019)

Membrane, grown in shallow containers by feeding agricultural waste to bacteria and yeast over a period of two weeks (2018) ©Roza Janusz (2018)

Fig. 41 The possibilities of different opacity of the material ©Shellworks (2019)

Fig. 44 Examples of material applications (2018) ©Roza Janusz (2018)

Fig. 42

Fig. 45

Examples of material applications ©Shellworks (2019)

Process of turing scoby into a food packaging ©The Dutch Institute of Food&Design (2018) 21

question through several emails (R. Guyer, personal communication, 3 April 2019) to the big milk processing companies in Switzerland like Hochdorf. They said “as in every industrial factory, there are production batches, which need to be reworked or liquidated. Liquidation usually means, that we sell unspecified milk products as a mix with varying protein and fat content to the feed industry at a low price." The interviews suggest that Switzerland has higher efficiency in milk industry compared to other European countries. However, as what Hochdorf mentioned, there are production batches which are somewhat the result of overproduction and this lowers the milk price and some of the milk ends up as pig food. According to the article form Politico European edition, European commission bought around 380,000 tonnes of skimmed milk powder from overproduction into public storage to try to boost the prices, which didn’t work that well. With all of this surplus milk products, the European governments are just piling them up in storage by paying rental fees for the storage unit. As a preliminary note, I did not want to make bioplastics using raw materials like starch which are also needed to be produced just to make bioplastics. This is because starch could potentially pose other problems such as, (i) its non-degradability in packed landfills; (ii) and the threats it poses to food security in countries where it might be used as a basic food.

III

In conclusion, firstly, I am going to create casein protein based bioplastic(Fig. 47-I) from the dairy industry wastes (dairy surplus, powders made out of unspecified milk products), which produce whey as its byproduct. Secondly, from the whey, I am going to separate milk sugar(lactose) solution and whey protein by using the ion separation technique. From the whey protein, by adding nontoxic alkaline substance, going to create whey protein-based sheets which can be used as food packagings or single-use-plastics(Fig. 47-II). Furthermore, there are possibilities to reduce even more part which going to be wasted. By using milk sugar(lactose) solution, the byproduct of whey protein. Then use it as a nutrition to grow SCOBY(symbiotic mixed culture of yeast and bacteria) which is also an easily decomposable byproduct of kombucha 32 and transform it into alternative textile material(Fig. 47-III).

32 Kombuca is a fermented, can be slightly alcoholic, lightly effervescent, sweetened black or green tea drink commonly intended as a functional beverage for its supposed health benefits. Sometimes the beverage is called kombucha tea to distinguish it from the culture of bacteria and yeast which is also known as SCOBY. 24

Fig. 47 Planned steps of creating bioplastics ©Eunji Jun (2019) 25

3 Practical Application and conclusion

3.1 Potential The possibility of bioplastic made from wasted milk and plant-based food wastes replacing conventional plastics may be an innovative approach to solve environmental problems that we are facing. The first step of producing bioplastic as an industrial material requires background knowledge of chemistry. While this may be time-consuming work, it possess the potential to be scaled up to an industrial production level, which may reap large economic benefits. Economically speaking, it can also reduce the discarded unqualified or surplus of dairy products which is the problem among western countries. By reducing the water footprint as well by using almost every single wasted part of dairy products, in the longer term, it can be a key for dairy factories to produce more, but pay less for the water purification considering milk needs 37,500 times larger amount of water for purification. Not only for the dairy industry but also for the farmers and bigger agriculture companies, by turning wasted parts of vegetables and fruits into natural dyes, they can also save the coast which occurs when they dump the fruits and vegetables without a commodity value. Environmentally, bioplastics is one hundred percent biodegradable and nontoxic, which can be achieved by not using artificial compound such as formaldehyde, also can be nutritious for plants and for the sea creatures like fish, after it degraded in a landfill, in the ocean or fresh water. Furthermore, when it used as a material for the products like tableware or trays, there is no wasted part, because the access parts from mouldimg process, they can be reused by mixing it with the fresh bioplastic by using terrazzo methods. For the second project, which is producing clear bioplastic sheet out of whey protein, it can be a game changer for single used plastics, especially plastic bags that are causing a lot of problems and harming marine animals. Also whey protein is heat soluble which means it can be sealed with a same method with LDPE plastic. As PLA bioplastic, whey protein bioplastic is also waterproof but it can be easily degraded after composed in landfill or water due to its molecular structure. Furthermore, the usage of biomaterials may generate new forms of appreciation. As they are made with wasted food, the users can think about the fact that harms the earth and at the same time it gives experience to the users by offering a satisfaction of living more sustainable and healthy lives. The technique, using milk to make bioplastics like galalith, is not recently invented or new way of creating a biomaterial, however, most of the formal works done by designers and scientists in this specific fabrication, used chemical ingredients such as formaldehyde or petroleum-based coloring and paid little attention towards making it nontoxic, one hundred percent biodegradable, and do no harm to the environment. In my perspective, if the material requires a lot of chemicals which is harmful while producing, I cannot see it as a sustainable and eco-friendly material. Therefore, using every ingredient which comes from nature and edible is 26

really important in this project, I see the potential for future exploration of this subject. As a result, color variations, structural strengthening, as well as possibilities as a biomaterial for product design field can be extended. From food wastes to bioplastic, I see the potential for those who appreciate the healthier, sustainable lifestyle and also for the manufacturing industries which are trying to produce eco-friendly products.

3.2 Selected material experiments 3.2.1 Casein plastic The following list of criteria summarizes the material experiments based on the researches in Chapter 2 and forms the basis for producing alternative casein bioplastic for petroleum-based plastic work. The tensile modulus experiments were carried out at KATZ, a plastic technology institute located in Aarau, for experimental accuracy.

I set four design criterias due to the final product will going to be produced by using the casein bioplastic as its material. (Tab. 1)

Design criteria

pure casein curd cooked casien curd

Press moulding

3D printing

Laser cutting

Hand shaping

cooked casien curd 5 2 5 2 + baking powder cooked casien curd 6 3 6 5 + natural dye cooked casien curd 5 4 5 4 + paper fiber cooked casien curd 5 2 5 5 + shredded food waste grading scale 1 ~ 6 (1= not able / 3= working at first but fail during drying process / 6= possible and promissing)

Tab. 1 Table of material criteria with selected 6 samples of casein plastics, Eunji Jun (2019) 27

References

Ibid. (February 2019). (accessed 10 May 2019) Design inSite, (n.d.). Material PHAs - Polyhydroxyalkanoates. Design inSite. Retrieved from http:// www.designinsite.dk/htmsider/inspmat.htm (accessed 10 May 2019)

Bibliography — Britannica Concise Encyclopedia, search term: "Cellulose", Encyclopædia Britannica, 14, February 2002

European Bioplastics, (January 2016). What are bioplastics?. European Bioplastics. Retrieved from https://www.european-bioplastics.org/bioplastics/ Hitti, N. (January 2019). Margarita Talep develops algae-based alternative to single-use plastic packaging. dezeen. Retrieved from https://www.dezeen.com/2019/01/18/margarita-talep-algaebioplastic-packaging-design/ (accessed 8 May 2019)

Blanco, A. & Blanco, G. (April 2017). Medical Biochemistry. U.S., Academic Press. Bulgariu, L. & Gavrilescu, M. (July 2015). ‘Bioremediation of Heavy Metals by Microalgae’. Kim, SK. Handbook of Marine Microalgae: Biotechnology Advances. San Diego, Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc.’ Gustavsson, J. & Cederberg, C. & Sonesson, U. & Otterdijk, R. V. & Alexandre, M. (2011) Global food losses and food waste. Gothenburg, Sweden & Rome, Italy, FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS. National Institute of Environmental Research of Korea. (2013) Data for purifying water. Retrieved from 국립환경과학원 (National Institute of Environmental Research of Korea) database (accessed 12 April 2019) Oxford English Dictionary, search term: "biodegrade", Oxford University Press, Oxford 2019 Oxford English Dictionary, search term: "bioplastic", Oxford University Press, Oxford 2019 Pauli, G. (2010). The Blue Economy: 10 Years, 100 Innovations, 100 Million Jobs. United states, Paradigm Publications.

OLIO. (2018). THE PROBLEM OF FOOD WASTE. Retrieved from https://olioex.com/food-waste/ the-problem-of-food-waste/ (accessed 10 May 2019) PHS. (2015). Casein. The Plastics Historical Society. Retrieved from http://plastiquarian. com/?page_id=14228 (accessed 8 May 2019) RCA. (n.d.). Jeongwon Ji, Royal College of Art. Retrieved from https://www.rca.ac.uk/students/ jeongwon-ji/ (accessed 10 May 2019) Ibid. (n.d.). (accessed 10 May 2019) Royte, E. (August 2016). Corn Plastic to the Rescue. Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved from https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/corn-plastic-to-the-rescue-126404720/ (accessed 10 May 2019) Shanker, D. & Mulvany, L. (17, October 2018). America Is Drowning in Milk Nobody Wants. Bloomberg. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-10-17/america-isdrowning-in-milk-nobody-wants (accessed 8 May 2019) Ibid. (17, October 2018). (accessed 8 May 2019)

Sparke, P. (1990). The plastics age. London, Victoria & Albert Museum. Ibid. (1990). Tripathy, D. B. & Mishra, A. (October 2016). 'Renewable Plant-Based Raw Materials for Industry'. Atwood, D.A. (ed.) Sustainable Inorganic Chemistry. New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Smith, R. (22, January 2015). How Reducing Food Waste Could Ease Climate Change. National Geographic. Retrieved from https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2015/01/150122-foodwaste-climate-change-hunger/ (accessed 8 May 2019) The shel lworks . (n .d .). M ACH I N E S . T H E SH ELLWOR K S . Retr ieved f rom ht tps://w w w. theshellworks.com/machines (accessed 9 May 2019)

Worden, E. C. (1911). Nitrocellulose industry. New York, Constable. Ibid. (n.d.). (accessed 9 May 2019)

Internet source — Andersen, R. A. & Lewin, R.A. (24, january 2019)‘Introduction’, in Andersen, R. A. & Lewin, R.A. (eds.) Algae. The Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/science/ algae (accessed 10 May 2019) BBC. (February 2019). What is the problem with plastic?. Newsround. Retrieved from https:// www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/42810179 (accessed 10 May 2019) 36

University of Cambridge. (December 2018). Starch levels in algae biomass. University of Cambridge. Retrieved from https://www.cisl.cam.ac.uk/resources/sustainability-horizons/ december-2018/starch-levels-in-algae-biomass (accessed 10 May 2019) whiteclouds. (2017). Polylactic Acid (PLA) Plastic. WhiteClouds Inc.. Retrieved from http:// ss.whiteclouds.com/3dpedia-index/polylactic-acid-pla-plastic (accessed 10 May 2019) Yalcinkaya, G. (May 2018). Roza Janusz grows edible food packaging. dezeen. Retrieved from https://www.dezeen.com/2018/05/21/roza-janusz-creates-sustainable-edible-food-packagingdesign/ (accessed 11 May 2019)

Appendix

Result of color measurement (using L*a*b*)

Result of glossiness

indicates glossiness (+ = glossier, - = more matte)

L* indicates lightness (+ = lighter, - = darker) a* red/green coordinate (+ = redder, - = greener) b* yellow/blue coordinate (+ = yellower, - = bluer)

G Strawberry Carrot

Onion

Avocado

Coffee

Artichoke

hours

s : 53.90 n : 50.26 d : 52.38

s : 43.06 n : 47.42 d : 43.02

s : 44.20 n : 50.67 d : 40.39

s : 44.67 n : 46.06 d : 38.39

s : 45.39 n : 46.27 d : 43.06

s : 39.37 n : 42.32 d : 34.75

s : 43.27 n : 44.33 d : 46.51

100 s : 50.25 n : 52.04 d : 50.24

s : 57.61 n : 47.67 d : 58.23

s : 47.84 n : 51.43 d : 47.43

s : 47.46 n : 51.34 d : 47.19

s : 49.74 n : 46.38 d : 45.50

s : 55.93 n : 45.41 d : 54.12

s : 44.04 n : 36.40 d : 44.44

s : 48.37 n : 50.24 d : 52.48

200 s : 51.60 n : 53.87 d : 51.22

s : 56.91 n : 48.19 d : 56.85

s : 47.37 n : 51.44 d : 47.52

s : 48.66 n : 53.11 d : 47.56

s : 49.43 n : 49.19 d : 45.80

s : 56.88 n : 56.03 d : 54.90

s : 44.47 n : 36.92 d : 44.83

s : 49.10 n : 49.40 d : 51.70

Onion

Avocado

Coffee

Artichoke

Butterflypea Butterflypea flower flower (powder)

hours

s : 19.38 n : 19.76 d : 20.07

s : 10.89 n : 10.70 d : 12.20

s : 12.25 n : 12.19 d : 13.39

s : 8.75 n : 8.26 d : 9.45

s : 5.12 n : 4.27 d : 4.91

s : 0.86 n : -1.27 d : -0.61

s : -0.82 n : -0.98 d : -0.36

s : -1.80 n : -0.68 d : 0.62

100 s : 16.88 n : 17.10 d : 16.57 200 s : 15.97 n : 15.92 d : 16.07

s : 9.47 n : 7.93 d : 10.25

s : 12.99 n : 11.91 d : 12.64

s : 9.19 n : 8.26 d : 9.25

s : 6.19 n : 5.04 d : 5.10

s : 7.05 n : 3.58 d : 4.62

s : 0.92 n : 0.43 d : 0.76

s : -0.88 n : 0.76 d : 1.17

s : 9.37 n : 7.66 d : 10.17

s : 13.24 n : 11.64 d : 12.99

s : 8.69 n : 7.81 d : 9.56

s : 6.57 n : 5.50 d : 5.85

s : 8.06 n : 4.81 d : 6.26

s : 1.49 n : 0.84 d : 1.66

s : -0.65 n : 1.27 d : 1.49

Onion

Avocado

Coffee

Artichoke

Butterflypea Butterflypea flower flower (powder)

s : 25.89 n : 26.40 d : 26.75

s : 20.39 n : 19.12 d : 19.53

s : 14.95 n : 15.94 d : 12.90

s : 13.99 n : 12.73 d : 11.17

s : 12.94 n : 9.56 d : 10.81

s : 6.01 n : 3.92 d : 4.27

s : 2.50 n : 5.30 d : 10.50

s : 24.12 n : 17.23 d : 24.17

s : 24.48 n : 20.62 d : 23.50

s : 16.44 n : 15.02 d : 16.62

s : 15.52 n : 12.90 d : 14.42

s : 20.31 n : 14.00 d : 17.47

s : 9.83 n : 4.58 d : 11.31

s : 3.50 n : 5.80 d : 10.12

s : 22.49 n : 16.04 d : 22.90

s : 24.37 n : 19.95 d : 23.47

s : 16.20 n : 13.67 d : 16.63

s : 15.84 n : 12.85 d : 14.95

s : 20.51 n : 14.57 d : 18.44

s : 9.70 n : 4.45 d : 12.02

s : 3.15 n : 5.50 d : 9.42

b* Strawberry Carrot hours

s : 13.77 n : 13.98 d : 13.78

100 s : 14.56 n : 14.03 d : 15.31 200 s : 14.57 n : 13.32 d : 15.24

Butterflypea Butterflypea flower flower (powder)

s : 45.69 n : 48.64 d : 43.64

a* Strawberry Carrot

Avocado

Coffee

Artichoke

Butterflypea Butterflypea flower flower (powder)

hours

0 L* Strawberry Carrot

Onion

s : 8.5 n : 1.6 d : 11.7

s : 17.3 n : 1.2 d : 33.8

s : 3.1 n : 2.7 d : 9.3

s : 18.6 n : 1.7 d : 20.5

s : 23.3 n : 2.0 d : 15.5

s : 8.2 n : 2.6 d : 8.2

s : 21.6 n : 0.9 d : 21.7

s : 4.1 n : 0.7 d : 22.2

100 s : 7.7 n : 1.5 d : 13.6 200 s : 8.4 n : 1.7 d : 12.8

s : 8.6 n : 0.0 d : 14.3

s : 20.2 n : 2.8 d : 8.6

s : 12.7 n : 1.5 d : 17.4

s : 9.4 n : 0.0 d : 8.5

s : 3.2 n : 2.0 d : 10.8

s : 8.8 n : 0.0 d : 3.9

s : 2.9 n : 1.0 d : 14.1

s : 3.7 n : 0.0 d : 5.7

s : 15.5 n : 2.7 d : 8.5

s : 3.6 n : 1.6 d : 17.9

s : 14.7 n : 0.1 d : 4.4

s : 7.8 n : 2.1 d : 3.9

s : 10.1 n : 0.0 d : 1.2

s : 1.5 n : 0.6 d : 20.1

Result of Delta E (ΔE*)

E represents the 'distance' between two colors (E stands for Empfindung; German for "sensation")

ΔE* Strawberry

Carrot

Onion

Avocado

Coffee

Artichoke

Butterflypea Butterflypea flower flower (powder)

hours

0h to 100h

s : 5.3 n : 4.3 d : 7.6

s : 4.3 n : 9.9 d : 6.7

s : 6.3 n : 4.3 d : 6.0

s : 3.6 n : 1.1 d : 7.8

s : 5.4 n : 0.9 d : 7.8

s : 14.3 n : 10.3 d : 13.9

s : 6.3 n : 6.1 d : 12.0

s : 5.3 n : 6.1 d : 6.0

100h to 200h

s : 1.6 n : 2.2 d : 1.1

s : 0.5 n : 1.1 d : -0.5

s : -0.4 n : -0.2 d : 0.0

s : 1.0 n : 2.3 d : 0.3

s : -0.1 n : 2.5 d : 0.6

s : 1.2 n : 2.2 d : 1.8

s : 0.4 n : -0.4 d : 0.9

s : 0.7 n : -0.7 d : -0.6

Test setting Irradiation: 0.37 W/m2 Black panel temperature: 55 °C Chamber air temperature: 40 °C Relative Humidity: 50% Filter: Window Glass

Tab. 4,5,6

Tab. 7

Tab. 8

Resault of color measurement (using L*a*b*) Resault of L*,a*,b* in order, Eunji Jun (2019)

Resault of color measurement (using L*a*b*) Resault of glossiness, Eunji Jun (2019)

Resault of color Delta E (using L*a*b*) Resault of glossiness, Eunji Jun (2019) 41

Affidavit I hereby solemnly declare that I have independently prepared this BA-thesis. Ideas directly or indirectly taken from outside sources are indicated as such. The work has not previously been presented to another examination authority nor otherwise published either in the same or in similar form.

Date: Lucerne, 12 May 2019 Signiture: ………………..……..