1.0 Introduction to PJ Trade Centre
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1.0 Introduction
Figure 1.1 PJ Trade Centre (Krishnan, 2016)
Standing tall in Damansara Perdana, PJ Trade Centre is an office development designed by architect Kevin Mark Low, with considerations to an economically and environmentally sustainable construction. With focus on environmentally-friendliness and energy efficiency, the PJ Trade Centre is an award winning building which makes use of locally sourced raw materials and natural lighting and ventilation to craft a low maintenance, energy efficient masterpiece which is appreciated by all. There are four tower towers which makes up the PJ Trade Centre. The scope of our study is centred on Block A of the building, Menara Mustapha Kamal, a 22 storey tower operated by Emkay Group, connected to the other blocks by a 2.5 acre plaza.
Figure 1.2 PJ Trade Centre elevation (Havel, 2011)
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2.0 Mechanical Ventilation 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Supply Ventilation 2.3 System Pressurisation system 2.4 Extract Ventilation System 2.5 Conclusion
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2.1 Introduction In PJ Trade Centre, passive ventilation and air conditioning system are mostly used and the use of mechanical ventilation is very limited. Nevertheless, it continues to be one of the essential services for the building that serves to replace the stale air with fresh air in enclosed spaces. Two mechanical ventilation systems, i.e. supply mechanical ventilation and extract ventilation system are used for different purposes. In a building as tall as Mustapha Kamal Tower, pressurisation system is also required as part of fire requirement.
2.2 Supply Ventilation System Supply ventilation is a system used to deliver fresh air from the exterior environment to enclosed spaces.
Figure 2.1 the conceptual process supply ventilation system function. (Hometips, 2015)
Fresh air is drawn in with fan and distributed to intended spaces by the use of ductwork. Components of Supply ventilation System
Fan room Air duct
Figure 2.2 Distribution of supply ventilation system (Wong, 2019)
Air is drawn into the supply ventilation system through centrifugal fan located at the top of the - then passes through ductworks to be sent to intended spaces. The fresh air is then building, and distributed by grill or diffusers to different rooms.
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Figure 2.3 Conceptual diagram of centrifugal fan ( google image, n.d.)
Centrifugal fans in fan rooms located in basements function to move large quantity of air over the supply ventilation system.
Figure 2.4 Supply ductwork in the basement.(Chong, 2019)
Fresh air from exterior is transported by ductwork. Axial fan is installed to help maintain the air pressure throughout the ventilation system.
Figure 2.5 Grille inlet in fire stairs. It helps to preserve oxygen content of the fire staircase, allowing people to use. (Chong, 2019)
Figure 2.6 Grille inlet in AHU room. It helps to provide fresh air and prevent heat concentration. (Chong, 2019)
Figure 2.7 Grille inlet in fire pump room. Fire pump room is required to be properly ventilated. Thus, supply ventilation is installed to provide fresh air to the room. (Chong, 2019) 5
2.3 Pressurisation system Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VII: Fire requirements Clause 202: Pressurised System for Staircases All staircases serving building of more than 45.75 metres in height where there is no adequate ventilation as required shall be provided with a basic system of pressurisation.
More than to provide exterior air into enclosed spaces, supply ventilation system in PJ Trade Centre is also used as a mean to form pressurisation system to keep smoke out of the fire stairs in case of fire. It is an essential mechanism that protects the occupants’ escape routes and firemen access.
Figure 2.8 Conceptual diagram of pressurisation system. (Stlfamilylife, n.d. )
During fire, air is supplied to the shaft of fire stairs, forming a positive pressure against other spaces, preventing smoke from entering the shaft. A pressure relief is required to prevent excessive pressure from building up that results to difficulty in opening fire door.
Figure 2.9 The outlet grille allows pressurised air into the fire stairs. (Chong, 2019)
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Distribution of Supply Ventilation
AHU room
Figure 2.10 Supply ventilation to AHU rooms at typical floor. (Yew, 2019)
Fire staircase
Figure 2.11 Pressurisation system in fire staircases at typical floor. (Yew, 2019)
Fire pump room
Figure 2.12 Supply ventilation in fire pump room at basement 7. (Yew, 2019)
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2.4
Extract
Ventilation
System
PJ trade Centre employs extract ventilation system as to remove the stale air in a space out to an exterior environment. There are two types of extract ventilation being used: centralised extract system connected to ductwork and only with the use of fan.
Extract ventilation system with Ductwork
Figure 2.13 Conceptual diagram of extract ventilation (hometips, 2015)
Extract fan creates a negative pressure, sucking in the stale air from grills and remove to the exterior through ductworks. In PJ Trade Centre, it is mainly used in the basement parkings to remove the stale, contaminated air. Due to the fact that the basement car park is open to the surroundings, supply ventilation is not needed.
Figure 2.14 & Figure 2.15 Grille inlets at basement carpark to extract stale air.
The centralised extract system is used in the basement parking areas. Grilles are installed both over the parking area and next to the columns as to maximise the efficiency of removing contaminants that settle at different levels due to their difference in densities.
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Figure 2.16 Distribution of extract ventilation on basement 1 plan.
The use of propeller fan Other than the basement parking, the extract ventilation of PJ Trade Centre is using the simple installation of propeller fans on exterior wall as there are many open spaces integrated in the building, allowing stale air to be removed to the immediate surroundings without the use of ductwork. Although it has lower efficiency than the extract system with ductwork, it has the advantage of convenience and cost, while also using less space than to use a ductwork system.
Figure 2.17 Propeller fan installed in the lift room. It functioned as to remove built-up heat in the room and prevent overheating of the control board. However, it is not effective enough and split air-conditioning was installed a few years ago to cool down the machineries. (Chong, 2019)
Figure 2.18 Extract ventilation in genset room. At level B7, genset rooms are equipped with the propeller fan to prevent heat concentration of the machinery and condensation. (Chong, 2019)
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Lift motor room
Figure 2.19 The use of extract ventilation system in lift motor room at roof plan. (Yew, 2019)
Genset rooms
Figure 2.19 The use of extract ventilation system in genset rooms. (Yew, 2019)
2.5 Conclusion Both supply and extract ventilation systems are used in the building as a complement to the natural ventilation throughout the building. For instance, supply ventilation is used in various service rooms to provide fresh air and extract ventilation is used to remove heat and contaminant in basement car parks and genset rooms. Pressurisation system is installed in fire staircases as part of fire requirements.
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3.0 Air Conditioning System 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Centralized Air-Conditioning System 3.3 Split Unit Air-Conditioning System 3.4 Conclusion
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3.1 Introduction Air-conditioning is generally defined as the simultaneous control of humidity, cleanliness, temperature and air motion in a building (Prasad, 2006) to produce and maintain a predetermined internal environment. To achieve this, various strategies to heat, cool, humidify, dehumidify, clean and propel are employed. However, in our hot and humid tropical climate, cooling and dehumidifying is the main concern of air-conditioning system.
Air-conditioning is designed for two different purposes, i.e. industrial cooling and human comfort. Our case study, PJ Trade Centre is a commercial building comprising of offices and shops. Thus, its air conditioning system is designed mainly to cater for human comfort by cooling down spaces within the building to a comfortable range.
Refrigerant Cycle Although there are many different air-conditioning systems designed to cool, they are built on a common foundation of the refrigerant cycle (McDowall, 2007). Normally housed in a chiller, the refrigerant cycle comprises of four main components, i.e. compressor, condenser, expansion valve and evaporator. Cooling is achieved by a process of heat transfer from interior spaces to exterior when a fluid called refrigerant undergoes various phase transitions when passing through these components.
Figure 3.1 Refrigeration cycle diagram (Warmair, n.d.)
The compressor is the key of refrigeration cycle. It compresses the refrigerant, providing pressure for the refrigerant to move between the evaporator and the condenser through the circuit of tubing the fins in the coils. Refrigerant enters the compressor as low-pressure gas and is released as high pressure gas after being compressed. When the gas reaches condenser, it is condensed into liquid and release heat to the exterior. The cooled refrigerant then passes through the expansion valve, resulting in a drop in pressure and temperature. Heat from interior space is absorbed to vaporise the low-pressure liquid at the evaporator before it move to the compressor again. The cycle repeats and transfer heat from the interior space to the exterior (Hoffman, n.d.). 12
3.1.1 Components of Air Conditioning Systems The air-conditioning system can be divided into a few types which are room air-conditioner, split unit air-conditioning system, packaged unit air-conditioning system and centralized or plant air-conditioning system. In PJ Trade Centre, the air-conditioning system used are mainly centralized air-conditioning system, complemented by split unit air-conditioning system in some spaces.
Air-conditioning system
Centralized air-conditioning system
Chilled water central air conditioning system
Split unit air-conditioning system
Indoor Unit
Evaporator Chiller
AHU
Cooling Tower
Outdoor Unit
Condenser
Compressor Pipe System
Figure 3.2 Components of refrigeration system used in Tower A (Sim, 2019)
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3.2 Centralised Air Conditioning System Centralized air conditioning plant can be divided into two categories, Direct Expansion (DX) type of central air conditioning plants and Chilled Water type of the central air conditioning plants. For DX system, the air from the space to be air conditioned is directly passed over the cooling coil of the refrigeration plant. In the chilled water system, chilled water from the refrigeration system is used to circulate the cooling coil in air handling unit air which then function to cool air of the rooms or spaces (Ananthanarayanan, 2013). Tower A uses chilled water system. Compared with DX system, chilled water system is more suitable for large scale commercial building such as Mustapha Kamal Tower in PJ Trade Centre as it is more cost effective and there is a reduced hazard by not having refrigerant piped all over the building (Dave, 2014).
Chilled Water Central Air Conditioning System
Figure 3.3 Chilled water HVAC system schematic diagram(Stanford III, 2016).
Chilled water central air conditioning system used in PJ Trade Centre functions with the combination of three separate system: air system that distributes cool air, chilled water system that absorbs heat of warm air, and condenser water system to remove the heat absorbed by refrigerant and release to the atmosphere (Stanford III, 2016) Air system: AHU units make use of the chill water to cool down the warm air and distribute the cooled air to the intended spaces. Chilled water system: The warmed chilled water returns to the evaporator of chiller. The refrigerant in the chiller’s evaporator then absorbs the heat from the chilled water. The chilled water is then circulated to air system again (Evans,2019). Condenser water system: Heat absorbed by refrigerant is transferred to condenser water system at condenser. The condenser water is pumped up to the cooling towers on rooftop to be cooled. Heat is released to the atmosphere successfully and the cooled condenser water is then recirculated to the condenser (Evans, 2019).
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3.2.1 Air Handling Units Air handling units (AHU) is a box type of unit which is used to circulate and condition the room air.
Figure 3.4 Draw through fan arrangement in AHU (Saleh, 2015).
The air handling units mainly comprise of cooling coil, air filter, fan, supply and return air ducts. The components in the air handling units used in Tower A’s AHU room is assembled as a draw through arrangement. Centrifugal fan draws the warm return air through return air ducts. It passes through filters to be filtered and cooling coil to be chilled by the chilled water system before supplied to the rooms to be air-conditioned (Khemani, 2018). Dampers are used to control the flow of air. The air handling units in Tower A are vertical air handling units. Vertical air handling unit contain a fan in its cabinet that can produce high profile static pressures. This type of air handling unit occupies small area in the space, and is cost effective with high performance. The vertical air handling unit used in Tower A is installed with vertical air outlet.
Figure 3.5 Section of vertical air handling units with vertical air outlet (Lytte, n.d.)
Figure 3.6 Vertical air handling units found in the AHU room (Wong, 2019)
Figure 3.7 Vertical air handling units with vertical air outlet (Sim, 2019)
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AHU control panel functions as the soft starter system to switch on and off the AHU for maintenance and safety purpose.
Figure 3.8 AHU control panel in AHU room (Yew, 2019).
3.2.2 Inlet and Outlet of Air Air supply to the AHU is a mixture of both recirculated air from the air-conditioned rooms and fresh air. Recirculated and fresh air should be mixed in the ratio of no more than 3:1 (Greeno, 2015). The air mixture is filtered before cooled by AHU.
Figure 3.9 Return air grille in office rooms to extract recirculated air (Sim, 2019).
Figure 3.10 Return air duct found in the AHU room to provide recirculated air (Sim, 2019).
Figure 3.11 Sidewall vent inlet in AHU room to provide fresh air (Yew, 2019).
After treated in AHU, the cooled and filtered air is distributed to the air-conditioned rooms by supply ducts and air diffusers.
Figure 3.12 The exposed duct connect with diffuser found on typical office floor (Sim, 2019).
Figure 3.13 Aluminium square air diffuser (Sim, 2019).
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3.2.3 Ducts Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements Clause 160: Fire Precaution in Air-Conditioning System (1) All air-conditioning ducts, including framing, except ducts in detached and semi-detached residential buildings shall be constructed entirely of non-combustible materials and shall be adequately supported throughout their lengths. (2) No air-conditioning ducts shall pass through fire walls unless as provided for by-laws 148 and 156. (3) The air intake of any air-conditioning apparatus shall be situated such that air shall be recirculated for any space in which objectionable quantities of inflammable vapors or dust are given off shall be so situated as to minimise the drawing in of any combustible material.
The air conditioning ducts which is made of galvanised steel in Tower A are comply to the Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 where the air conditioning ducts, including framing, shall be constructed entirely of non-combustible materials and shall be supported adequately throughout the lengths. Galvanised steel is non combustible material and it is capable to withstand high pressure. For air-conditioning pipes found in Tower A, they are all layered with spray foam to prevent condensation and provide cold insulation.
3.2.4 Locations of Air Handling Unit The air handling units are installed in the air handling units room. Two air handling units (AHU) rooms are found on each office floor of Tower A so that the cooling and ventilation could be controlled separately on each office to cater the needs of each floor (Ho, Kitching, Siu, & Yang, 2018). The air handling unit rooms located in Tower A are all located vertically above one another for the ease of running the chilled water piping.
AHU room
17 Figure 3.14 Typical office floor plan with AHU room highlighted (Sim, 2019).
3.2.4 Chiller A chiller is a refrigeration system which functions to remove heat from chilled water which is used to remove heat from air-conditioned spaces via vapor compression or absorption refrigeration cycle. Heat absorbed by chilled water is transferred to chiller, which makes use of phase changes of refrigerant to remove heat via condenser (ref to refrigeration cycle). Chillers are divided into two categories: air cooled chiller and water cooled chiller. For air cooled chillers, fans are used to blow cool ambient air over their condenser to remove heat (Evans, 2019). Thus, it must be placed outdoor to allow heat to be dissipated easily. Water cooled chiller is used in Mustapha Kamal Tower due to its higher efficiency which can handle larger cooling loads. Besides, this type of chiller is less energy intensive due to the higher heat capacity of water which ease the heat removal (Evans, 2019). Moreover, water cooled chillers last longer generally as they are located indoor as they rely on condenser water system to remove heat.
Figure 3.15 The refrigerant cycle in chiller (Evans, 2019).
Compressor
Evaporator
Condenser
Expansion Valve
Figure 3.16 Water cooled chiller with components labelled (Evans, 2019).
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3.2.5 Cooling Tower The condenser water is pumped up to the cooling tower at the top of the building. The warm water to be cooled passes through the distribution basin which distributes warm water to the fill. Air is blown through the fill that provides a large contact area between the water flow and the airflow to promote evaporation and heat transfer. The hot moist air would be expelled out to atmosphere with an axial fan, connected to a motor via a mechanical assembly provide the motive power for airflow. There is a water collection basin located at the bottom of the tower, collecting the cooled condenser water that is recirculated to the condenser to transfer absorbed heat in the refrigerant to the cooling tower. There are two types of cooling tower: counterflow cooling tower and crossflow cooling tower.
Hot moist air
Hot moist air Fan
Fan
Distribution basin
Warm water in
Distribution basin
Warm water in
Fill Fill
Air
Air
Cooled water out
Water Collection Basin
Cold water out
Figure 3.17 Counterflow cooling tower working principle (Jin-Hui Plastics Industrial Co., Ltd. ,n.d.).
Water Collection Basin
Figure 3.18 Crossflow cooling tower working principle (Jin-Hui Plastics Industrial Co., Ltd. ,n.d.).
Type
Counterflow Cooling Tower
Crossflow Cooling Tower
Air movement
Vertically upward through the fill, counter to the downward fall of water
Horizontally through the fill configuration, across the downward falling water
Water to be cooled distribution method
Delivered to hot inlet distribution system. Distributed evenly to the fill by spray nozzles.
Delivered to hot inlet basins located above the fill areas. Distributed to the fill by gravity orifices in the floor of the basins.
Cool water
Cool water is delivered to cold water basin located at the bottom of cooling tower.
Pump horsepower/ energy
More energy used for increased pump operating energy with nozzles and taller height of tower.
Less energy used
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Location of Cooling Tower The location of cooling towers is crucial in allowing sufficient maintenance accessibility, maximizing fresh air flow and minimizing air recirculation, a situation in which hot moist discharged air from cooling tower flows back to the fresh air inlet. Cooling tower should be placed in an open space. The cooling towers of Mustapha Kamal Tower are placed on the open rooftop to maximize the efficiency of cooling process and reduce the possibility of bacterial and other microbial formation. Besides, it can prevent the noise pollution of the cooling tower from reaching to the building occupants. To allow the hot moist air to be discharged effectively, the top of the cooling tower unit need to be higher than any walls, buildings or other structures located around the tower (Truwater Cooling Towers Sdn. Bhd, 2016). Besides, there must be a certain distance the units to provide sufficient airflow as well as room for piping to the unit and access for maintenance.
Figure 3.19 Installation is elevated so the top of unit is higher than top of wall (Truwater Cooling Towers Sdn. Bhd, 2016).
Figure 3.20 The cooling tower units on the rooftop are elevated from the ground to raise the top of cooling tower higher than adjacent building. .(Yew, 2019).
Figure 3.21 The cooling tower need to be at the adequate distance from the wall (highlighted part) to allow efficient airflow (Truwater Cooling Towers Sdn. Bhd, 2016). Figure 3.22 Roof plan with cooling tower location highlighted (Sim, 2019).
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3.2.6 Condenser Water Pipe System The condenser water supply pipe (CDWS) functions to channel cold condensed water from cooling tower to the chiller. The refrigerant in the condenser is cooled down. The condenser water return pipe (CDWR) functions to channel back the warm condensed water which has absorbed heat and pumped by condenser water pump to the cooling tower for cooling (Evans, 2019).
Figure 3.23 The CDWR pipe connecting to the top of cooling tower to channel the condensed water for cooling(Wong, 2019).
Figure 3.24 The CDWS pipe runs horizontal that channel condensed water from bottom of cooling tower (Sim, 2019).
Figure 3.25 The CDWS pipe channel out from the pump room (Sim, 2019).
Figure 3.26 The CDWR and CDWS pipe found in AHU room (Sim, 2019).
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3.2.7 Cooling Tower Makeup Water Tank The cooling tower makeup water tank is a container that contains and holds water to provide water for operation of Tower A in case of incoming water supply failure (Yao, 2016). It is located beside the cooling tower on the rooftop and require regular maintenance to keep the cleanliness of water.
Cooling Tower Water Tank
Figure 3.27 Roof plan with cooling tower and water tank location highlighted (Sim, 2019).
Figure 3.28 The water tank and cooling tower are placed next to each other on rooftop (Wong, 2019).
3.2.8 Pump room The pump room located beside the cooling tower equipped with condenser water pump functions to provide enough pressure to the water from cooling tower to the chiller. The chiller will then send the water to the AHU. The chiller pump room located at basement one is equipped with chilled water pump that send the chilled water from chiller to AHU.
Figure 3.29 Roof plan with cooling tower pump room location highlighted (Sim, 2019).
Figure 3.31 Interior of the pump room (Adila, 2014).
22 Figure 3.30 Basement 1 plan with chiller pump room location highlighted (Sim, 2019).
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3.3 Split unit air conditioning system Different from centralised air conditioning, split air conditioning system transfers heat from interior space to its immediate exterior environment. The refrigeration cycle in split air conditioning system is separated into two units: indoor unit and outdoor unit. The indoor unit consists of the evaporator while the outdoor unit consists of the compressor and condenser.
Figure 3.32 Installation of outdoor and indoor unit of split unit system (Wiring Diagram, n.d.).
To reduce the loss of the cooling effect, the distance between the indoor and outdoor unit should be kept as minimum. There would be some loss of refrigerant which at very low temperature to the atmosphere from the tubing between indoor and outdoor unit. The maximum distance of indoor and outdoor unit is up to 15m (Khemani, 2018). The refrigerant lines connecting the indoor and outdoor units need to be installed. The connections divided into two which the first connection carries refrigerant at low temperature from outdoor unit to indoor unit while the other carrying refrigerant at medium temperature from indoor to outdoor unit (Khemani, 2018). To prevent the loss of cooling effect and leads to increase in efficiency, the refrigerant tubing is to be covered with insulation material.
3.3.1 Application of split unit air conditioning system
Figure 3.33 Indoor ceiling-suspended unit (Wong, 2019)
Figure 3.34 Indoor wall-mounted unit (Sim, 2019)
Figure 3.35 Outdoor unit found installed outside the lift motor room (Yew, 2019)
The outdoor unit for lift motor room of Tower A is located on the external wall of the room with some angle supports as there is no blockage to the flow of air and the heat can be dissipated by hot air easily. The outdoor unit of air conditioning for lift motor room on the rooftop is installed on the external wall of the room which is easily accessible and convenient via the rooftop space. 23
Split unit air conditioning system is installed in lift motor room as water leakage from chilled water centralised air conditioning could be disastrous to the lift system (Rabiah, 2007). Air conditioning is needed for the machine room to prevent overheating of the machineries.
Figure 3.36 Roof plan with lift motor room highlighted (Sim, 2019).
The management office room located at Basement 1 uses split unit air conditioning system too. In this case, it is because there is only a small room of the basement to be cooled for user comfort and centralised air-conditioning system is not needed. Hence using the split unit air conditioning as the supplementary cooling system is more advantageous as it has higher flexibility.
Figure 3.37 Basement 1 plan with management office room highlighted (Sim, 2019).
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3.4 Conclusion In conclusion, the main type of air conditioning system used by Menara Mustapha Kamal of PJ Trade Centre is centralised air conditioning system. The centralised air conditioning system is suitable for this multi storey office building. Chilled water system use to run the centralised air conditioning system is maintained well with regular maintenance carried out by the building management on the cooling tower, pump, air handling unit and more. Only certain part of the building that require special care to the machine or with special condition such as lift motor room is using split air conditioning system. The air conditioning system in Menara Mustapha Kamal of PJ Trade Centre comply to the UBBL 1984 requirements. The management team also carries out scheduled maintenance which maintains the cleanliness and good condition of the air conditioning system.
Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part 1: Preliminary Clause 41: Mechanical Ventilation and Air Conditioning (1) Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning is intended, the relevant building by-laws relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting and heights of rooms may be waived at the discretion of the local authority. (2) Any application for the waiver of the relevant bylaws shall only be considered if in addition to the permanent air-conditioning system there is provided alternative approved means of ventilating the air-conditioned enclosure, such that within half an hour of the air-conditioning system failing, not less than the stipulated volume of fresh air specified hereinafter shall be introduced into the enclosure during the period when the air-conditioning system is not functioning. (3) The provisions of the Third Schedule to these Bylaws shall apply to buildings which are mechanically ventilated or air-conditioned.
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4.0 Passive Fire Safety 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Purpose group of Mustapha Kamal Tower 4.3 Evacuation Route 4.4 Passive Containment 4.5 Fire Fighting Access 4.6 Conclusion
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4.1 Introduction Fires are one of the most dangerous hazards that can occur for any building. Fires are able to damage buildings and take precious lives. Therefore, the issue of fire is taken very seriously. Each building is obligated by UBBL to have systems in place that will protect the building and the users of the building. Systems are put in place to put out fires, as emergency communication devices during a fire, and control the fire, to prevent it from spreading. Therefore, it is important to a designer to be aware of the services in place to protect the users and the building itself from the hazards of a fire.
Introduction to Passive Fire Protection Systems Passive fire protection systems are an integral component of the components of structural fire protection and fire safety in a building. It works by limiting and containing the fire and smoke in a single compartment in its area of origin while protecting escape routes and providing sufficient escape time for occupants. Passive fire protection begins at the conceptual and designing stage of a building construction.
Objective of Passive Fire Safety (i) To protect the occupants in case of fire by providing safe evacuation routes. (ii) To protect the building structural components and allowing safe fire fighting access. (iii) to allow sufficient time of escape for the occupants (iv) to prevent or slow down the spread of fire to the adjacent buildings.
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4.2 Purpose Group of PJ Trade Centre Uniform Part VII Fire Requirements
Building
By-Laws
1994
Clause 134 Designation of Purpose Groups For the purpose of this Part, every building or compartment shall be regarded according to its use or intended use as falling within one of the purpose groups set put in the Fifth Schedule to these By-laws and, where a building is divided into compartments used or intended to be used for different purposes, the purpose group of each compartment shall be determined separately: Provided where the whole or part of a building or compartment, as the case may be, is used or intended to be used for more than one purpose, only the main purpose of use of that building or compartment shall be taken into account in determining into which group it falls ____________________________________________________________________________ According to the Uniform Building By-Laws 1987, Fifth Schedule;
Number of Purpose Group
Descriptive Title
Purpose for which compartment i intended to be used
IV
Office
Office, or premises used for office purposes, meaning thereby the purposes of administration, clerical work (including writing, book-keeping, sorting papers, filing, typing, duplicating, machine-calculating, drawing and the editorial preparation of matter for publication), handling money and telephone and telegraph operating
Block A, Mustapha Kamal tower of PJ Trade Centre comprise of purpose group IV (offices), and group V (shops). However, only the ground floor is used as retail shops while starting from level 3 and above are the administrative offices. Thus, Mustapha Kamal tower falls under the purpose group IV (office) as stated in clause 134 that only the main purpose of use of the building has to be taken into account.
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4.3 Evacuation Route Evacuation route is the obstruction free way to get occupants from any area from the structure to the exterior within any period of time. This includes sufficient escape routes, travel distance, protection of escape routes, the exit and exit discharge. This is important to be incorporated in the building at the early stage of planning. Besides, it is also vital to have exit signages to be displayed to guide the way of occupants in case of fire breakout. The principles in planning evacuation routes are discussed from the aspects of horizontal exit, vertical exit and assembly places.
4.3.1 Horizontal Exit In Tower A of PJ Trade Centre, various exits are provided to allow for accessible escape routes to occupants in different spaces within the floor to direct them safely to the assembly point in case of fire. Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements Clause 165: Measurement of Travel Distance to Exit (1) The travel distance to an exit shall be measured on the floor or other walking surface along the centre line of the natural path of travel, starting 0.300 metre from the most remote point of occupancy, curving around any corners or obstructions with 0.300 metre clearance therefrom and ending at the storey exit. Where measurement includes stairs, it shall be taken in the plane of the tread noising. Clause 166: Measurement of Travel Distance to Exit (1) Except as permitted by by-law 176 not less than two separate exits shall be provided from each storey together with such additional exists may be necessary. (2) The exits shall be sited and the exit access shall be so arranged that the exits are within the limits of travel distance as specified in the Seventh Schedule to these By-laws and are readily accessible at all times. Fifth Schedule: Purpose group
IV. Office
Limit when alternative exits are available (1) *Dead-End limit (metre)
(2) Un-sprinkled
(3) Sprinkled
15
45
60
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Distribution of Horizontal Exits at Different Levels
d = 7.3m d = 22m
d = 16m
Protected lobby Fire staircase Escape route
d = 12.3m
Travel distance Figure 4.1 Typical floor plan from level 3 to level 17 indicating the escape routes and travel distances from a compartment.(Ong, 2019)
d = 15.5m
d = 10.5m d = 12.3m
Fire staircase Escape route Travel distance
Figure 4.2 A floor plan of lobby mezzanine floor indicating the escape routes and travel distances from a compartment.(Ong, 2019)
Fire staircase Assembly point Escape route
Figure 4.3 A ground floor plan indicating the escape routes from the fire staircase to the open space or assembly points. (Ong, 2019)
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Figure 4.4 Basement 1-6 plan indicating the fire staircase of tower A that connects to the Ground floor and the escape routes to other fire staircase of other tower. (Ong, 2019) Tower A Fire Staircase Escape route
Figure 4.5 Basement 7 plan indicating the escape routes accessing the protected lobby and fire staircase of Tower C. (Ong, 2019) Protected lobby Escape route
Conclusion The analysis of floor plans of PJ Trade Centre shows that the basement level 1 and 7, Ground floor, lobby mezzanine floor and level 3 to level 17, compiles with the maximum travel distance 31 required based on the seventh schedule, and clause 165 (1), 166 (1) and (2).
4.3.2 Vertical Exit Vertical exit enables a safe vertical evacuation such as the for the occupants via the fire escape that is compartmented by fire resistance rated construction so that it protects the enclosure of stairwell in case of fire. It directs the occupants from the building floors to the final exit and (or) the assembly point. Block A Lift Motor Room 20th-21st Floor 18th-19th floor
3rd - 17th Floor
Block B
Lobby/Mezzanine Floor Sub-Mezzanine Floor Ground Floor
Fire staircase Assembly point Basement 1-7
Figure 4.6 shows how fire staircases connect to the ground level. (Ong, 2019)
Mustapha Kamal Tower of PJ Trade Centre is a tall commercial building consists of 21 levels above ground and 7 levels of basements down below the ground floor. Thus, vertical exits that connect people from various levels to the assembly place at ground level are essential.
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Fire Staircases Details Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VI Constructional Requirements Clause 106: Dimensions of Staircase (1) In any staircase, the rise of any staircase shall be not more than 180 millimetres and the tread shall be not less than 255 millimetres. And the dimensions of the rise and the tread of the staircase shall be uniform and consistent throughout (3) The depths of landings shall be not less than the width of staircases. Clause 107: Handrails (1) Except for staircases of less than 4 risers, all staircases shall be provided with at least one handrail. (4) All handrails shall project not more than 100 millimeters from the face of the finished wall surface and shall be located not less than 825 millimetres and not more than 900 millimetres measured from the noising of the threads provided that handrails to landings shall be not less than 900 millimetres from the level of landing. Clause 168: Staircases (5) Doors giving access to staircases shall be so positioned that their swing shall at no point encroach on the required width of the staircase or landing.
Figure 4.7 A fire staircase detail in PJ Trade Centre. (Ong, 2019)
Figure 4.8 A plan of fire staircase with estimated escape routing.(Ong, 2019)
The width of the staircase is 1050 millimeters with the tread measured up to 250 millimeters and risers of 150 millimeters. The handrail is measured at 950 millimeters high from the level of landing. As such, it is concluded that the fire staircases of PJ Trade Centre complies to the UBBL requirements of staircase specifications. All fire doors are also compliant to the rules of being swung in the direction of escape to allow ease of traveling along sharp turns of the staircase and
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There are 2 types of fire staircases in PJ Trade Centre, enclosed and natural ventilated fire staircase. Enclosed Staircase Most of the fire staircase provided by PJ Trade Centre are enclosed within a compartment, separated by fire walls and doors from the other spaces of the building. It is typically pressurized and mechanically ventilated.
Figure 4.9 Enclosed fire staircase (Ong, 2019)
Figure 4.10 The ventilation shaft in enclosed fire staircase (Ong, 2019)
Figure 4.12 Enclosed fire staircase from basement to open area (Ong, 2019).
Enclosed Staircase Open Staircase
Figure 4.13 Basement 1 plan indicating the location of the fire staircase.(Ong, 2019)
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Naturally ventilated staircase There are two fully open and natural ventilated staircase in Tower A of PJ Trade center. One connects to the offices at higher levels, another connects to the basement parking at lower levels. The open fire staircase (stair A2) that connects to the offices is located at the exterior of the building that leads directly to the main road. On the other end of the corridor, is the staircase that connects the basement to the ground floor (stair CP 1). It is fully open and protected by firewall and door of the horizontal exit on each underground storey.
Stairs Staircase to basement Staircase to upper floor
Figure 4.14 Ground floor plan indicating the location of the natural ventilated staircases (Ong, 2019)
Figure 4.15 The staircase connected to the basement (Ong, 2019)
Figure 4.16 The staircase connected to the upper floors (Ong, 2019)
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4.3.3 Places of Assembly Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements Clause 178: Exits for Institutional and Places of Assembly In buildings classified as institutional or places of assembly, exits to a street or large open space, together with staircases, corridors, and passages leading to such exits shall be located, seperated or protected as to avoid any undue danger to the occupants of the place of assembly from fire originating in the othe occupancy or smoke therefrom. Clause 179: Classifications of Places of Assembly Each place of assembly shall be classified to its capacity as follows: Class A - Capacity
…
1,000 persons or more
Class B - Capacity
…
300 to 1,000 persons
Class C - Capacity
…
100 to 300 persons
The assembly point of PJ Trade center is classified under Class B as it has an open space that can accommodate up to 1000 people including working staffs and visitors. During fire break outs, the evacuation routes and fire staircases leads the occupants from both the upper floors and basement to the open assembly point located on the ground floor.
Figure 4.17 Assembly point with the fire escape from basement (Ong, 2019)
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4.3.4 Signages Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements Clause 172: Emergency Exit Signs (1) Storey exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible signs and shall not be obscured by any decorations, furnishings or other equipment. (2) A sign reading “KELUAR” with an arrow indicating the direction shall be placed in every location where the direction of travel to reach the nearest exit is not immediately apparent (3) Every exit sign shall have the word “KELUAR” in plainly legible letters not less than 150 millimetres high with the principal strokes of the letters not less than 18 millimetres wide. The lettering shall be in red against a black background. (4) All exit signs shall be illuminated continuously during periods of occupancy (5) Illuminated signs shall be provided with two electric lamps of not less than fifteen watts each.
“KELUAR” sign The exit signage ac as a guide to direct the occupants to the evacuation exits in case of fire. It shall always be illuminated even during fire breakouts. The signages are equipped with backup electricity power system or reflective material in case of electricity shortage. Hence, the emergency signages of PJ Trade center complies to clause 172 of UBBL by-law.
Figure 4.18 Fire doors with illuminated emergency exit signages (Yew, 2019).
Emergency Lighting The emergency lighting illuminates the corridor or area around it to guide the occupants to the exit in case of fire. It also illuminates the location of the fire fighting equipments in that area.
37 Figure 4.19 Emergency lighting (Ong, 2019).
4.4 Passive Containment Passive containment is the ability to contain the fire in a building. It is very important to reduce the risk of loss of lives of building occupants and increase escape duration for them.
4.4.1 Principle of Compartmentation Compartmentation of building functions to limit the spread of fire by confining the fire by space segregation. The use of compartment wall, compartment floor, fire door, horizontal and vertical barrier of external wall and protected shaft can help to hinder spread of the fire.The definition of compartment, compartment wall and compartment floor can refer to UBBL by-law 133.
Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 PART VII Fire Requirements Clause 133: Interpretation "compartment" means any part of a building which is separated from all other parts by one or more compartment walls or compartment floors or by both such walls and floors; and for the purposes of the Part, if any part of the top storey of a building is within a compartment, the compartment shall also include any room space above such part of the top storey; "compartment wall" and "compartment floor" mean respectively a wall and a floor which comply¡ with by-law 148, and which are provided as such for the purpose of by-law 136 to divide a building into compartments for any purpose in connection with by-law 213 or 147;
The Objective of Compartmentation The building spaces are divided into smaller compartment for: (a) Contain the spread of fire (b) Limit the smoke movement (c) Maximize excavation routes during fire (d) Different activities (purpose group) which require different fire protection system
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Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Ninth Schedule Limits of Compartments and Minimum Periods of Fire Resistance for Elements of Structure [By-law 142 (3), 147, 158 (1), 162, 213, 216 (2)] (Minimum periods of fire resistance) In this Table- “cubic capacity” means the cubic capacity of the building or if the building is divided into compartments, the compartment of which the element of structure forms part; “floor area” means the floor area of each of each storey in the building or, if the building is divided into compartments, of each storey in the compartment of which the element of structure forms part; ‘height” has the meaning assigned to the expression by paragraph (2) of by-law 215 PART I-BUILDINGS OTHER THAN SINGLE STOREY BUILDINGS
Maximum dimension
Minimum period of fire resistance (in
hours)
Purpose group
for elements of structure (*) forming part of -
Height (in m)
Floor area (in m²)
Cubic capacity (in m ²)
Ground storey or upper storey
Basement store
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
No limit
No limit
No limit
1½
2
(1)
IV (Office) ...
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Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Fifth Schedule Designation of Purpose Groups (By-law 134, 138)
Number of Purpose Group
VIII
Descriptive Title
Storage and general
Purpose for which compartment intended to be used
Place for storage, deposit or parking of goods and materials (including vehicles), and other premises not comprised in groups I to VII.
Dimensions of Building and Compartments (By-law 136) Purpose group
Height of building
(1)
(2)
Limits of dimensions Floor area of storey in building or compartment (in m²) (3)
Cubic capacity of building or compartment (in m³) (4)
Part I - Buildings other than single storey buildings VIII (Storage and general)
Not 28m
exceeding
No limit
21 000
The basement car park is categorised as storage and general purpose group under UBBL Fifth Schedule by-law 136 and the maximum size for compartment protected with sprinkler is doubled which is 42000m³. The 6 level of basement of PJ Trade Centre used as car parking basement excluding the basement 7 which functions as the service area. As the basement storey is protected with sprinkler, hence the cubic capacity of basement car park compartment of PJ Trade Centre which is 31200m³ which is in accordance to UBBL compliance. The roller shutter used to divide the basement level into compartment is not needed in PJ Trade Centre.
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Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 PART VII Fire Requirements Clause 136: Provisions of Compartment walls & compartment floors Any building (other than single storey) of a purpose group specified in the Fifth Schedule shall be provided by compartment walls & floors. (a) any storey the floor area of which exceeds that specified as relevant to a building of that purpose group and height; or (b) a cubic capacity which exceeds that specified as so relevant shall be so divided into compartments, by means of compartment walls or compartment floors or both, that (i) no such compartment has any storey the floor area of which exceeds the area specified as relevant to that building; and ¡ (ii) no such compartment has a cubic capacity which exceeds that specified as so relevant to that building: Provided that if any building is. provided with an automatic sprinkler installation which complies with the relevant recommendations of the F.O.C;. Rules for Automatic Sprinkler Installation, 29th edition, this by-law has effect in relation to that building as if the limits of dimensions specified are doubled.
Figure 4.20 Basement 1 plan with fire resistance compartment highlighted (Sim,2019)
Fire resistance compartment Compartment
Fire resistance compartment Compartment
Fire resistance compartment Compartment
Figure 4.21 Ground floor plan (left) and typical upper level plan (right) with fire resistance compartment highlighted (Sim, 2019).
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To comply with UBBL by-law 138, the floor over basement storey of PJ Trade Centre exceeding 100m² need to be compartment floors. Hence, the ground floor of PJ Trade Centre which exceeds 100m² is compartment floor. Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 PART VII Fire Requirements Clause 137: Floor in Building exceeding 30 metres in height to be constructed as compartment floor In any building which exceeds 30 metres in height, all floors which are more than 9 metre above ground level shall be constructed with Compartment Floor, except mezzanine floor Clause 138: Other walls and floors to be constructed as compartment walls or compartment floors The following walls & floors shall be constructed as compartment walls & floors: (d) any floor immediately over a basement storey if such basement storey has an area exceeding 100 square metres.
Building height exceeds 30 m
63 m
Mezzanine floor
Compartment floor Non-compartment floor
The floor over basement storey is constructed as compartment floor as it is over 100 meter square.
Figure 4.22 Section with compartment floor and non-compartment floor highlighted. (Sim, 2019).
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4.4.2 Separation of Fire Risk Areas
Compartment area
Figure 4.23 Basement 7 plan with compartment area highlighted (Sim, 2019).
In accordance to UBBL by-law 139, fire risk areas of PJ Trade Centre such as genset rooms, pump room and data centre store are mainly located at basement 7 which is separated from the other areas of occupancy in the building.
Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 PART VII Fire Requirements Clause 139: Separation of Fire Risk Areas The following areas or uses shall be separated from the other areas of the occupancy in which they are located by fire resisting construction of elements of structure of a FRP to be determined by the local authority based on the degree of fire hazard: (a) boiler rooms and associated fuel storage areas; (b) laundries; (c) repair shops involving hazardous processes and materials; (d) storage areas of materials in quantities deemed hazardous; (e) liquefied petroleum gas storage areas; (f) linen rooms; (g) transformer rooms and substations; (h) flammable liquids stores.
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4.4.3 Fire Doors Openings in protecting structures, areas or enclosures which are fire resistant need to be installed with fire rated door. The protected structures include fire escape staircases, protected lobbies, mechanical and electrical room, room of high degree of fire hazard. Fire doors plays an important role in passive containment which completes the compartmentation of a fire resistant area or protected area and concurrently helps to separate an area from the spread of fire. The fire doors in ground storey and upper storey are Menara Mustapha Kamal are of 1½ hours according to the Ninth Schedule while for the basement storey are of 2 hours. Openings in compartment and separating walls such as AHU room and more, openings in protecting structures is refer to protected staircase and lobbies, openings in partitions enclosing a protected lobby or corridor are location where fire doors shall be provided according to UBBL by-law 162.
Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements Clause 162: Fire Door in Compartment Wall and Separating Wall (1) Fire doors of the appropriate FRP shall be provided. (2) Openings in compartment walls and separating walls shall be provided by a fire for having a FRP in accordance with the requirements for that wall specified in the ninth schedule to these By-laws. (3) Openings in protecting structures shall be protected by fire doors having FRP of not less than half the requirement for the surrounding wall specified in the ninth schedule to these By-laws but in no case less than half hour. (4) Openings in partitions enclosing a protected corridor or lobby shall be protected by fire doors of having FRP of half-hour. (5) Fire doors including frames shall be constructed to a specification which can be shown to meet the requirements for relevant FRP when tested in accordance with section 3 of BS 476:1951 Clause 173: Exit Door (1) All exit doors shall be openable from the inside without the use of a key or any special knowledge or effort. (2) Exit doors shall close automatically when released and al door devices including magnetic for holders, shall release the doors upon power failure or actuation of the fire alarm.
The fire doors in Mustapha Kamal Tower comply with UBBL by-law 173 that it can be open easily from inside without use of key. It is for the ease of fire escape for the building occupants. 44
Figure 4.24 Fire door in basement level (Yew, 2019)
Figure 4.25 Fire door in ground storey and upper storey(Yew, 2019)
The fire rated door is fitted with hydraulic spring to ensure the fire doors are closed all the time and prevent the escape of fire smoke into the areas and it helps in slowing down fire spread. Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements Clause 164: Door Closers for Fire Door (1) All fire doors shall be fitted with automatic door closers of the hydraulically sprint operated type in the case of swing doors and of wire rope and weight type in the case of sliding doors. (3) Fire doors may be held open provided the hold open device incorporates a heat actuated device to release the door. Heat actuated devices shall not be permitted on fire doors protecting openings to protected corridors or protected staircases..
Figure 4.26 Hydraulic spring of fire door (Yew, 2019)
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4.5 Fire Fighting Access 4.5.1 Fire Truck Access Uniform Building By-Laws 1894 Part VII Fire Requirements Clause 140: Fire Appliance Access All building in excess of 7000 cubic metres shall abut upon a street or road or open space of not less than 12 metres width and accessible to fire brigade appliances. The proportion of the building abutting the street, road or open space shall be in accordance with the following scale: Volume of building in cubic meter
Minimum proportions of perimeter of building
7000 to 28000
one-sixth
28000 to 56000
one-fourth
56000 to 84000
one-half
84000 to 112000
three-fourths
112000 and above
Island site
The volume of PJ Trade Center approximately 51660 cubic meters. Thus, it is required to provide one-half of its own perimeter for fire fighting access. Additionally, the fire fighting access road should over 12 meters to comply with Clause 140 UBBL. The road is approximately 15 meters wide, allowing for fire truck to make U-turn and ambulance to pass through at the same time. On the road located is the breeching inlet, allowing the fire brigade to pump water. The breeching inlet is required to be no less than 18 meters to the fire access road.
A Firemen circulation Firefighting truck circulation
B Figure 4.28 Basement 7 plan indicating the circulation of fire fighting truck and firemen (Yew, 2019)
Figure 4.27 Plan view indicating the fire fighting access from the streets (Raemi, 2019)
Figure 4.29 Highlighted area shows breeching inlet at Basement 7. (Raemi, 2019)
Figure 4.30 Access for fire truck. (Ong 2019)
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4.5.2 Fire Fighting Shaft Uniform Building By-Laws 1894 Part VII Fire Requirements Clause 157: Protected Shafts Consisting of Staircase A protected staircase or protected shaft containing a staircase shall not contain any pipe conveying gas or oil or any ventilating duct other than a duct serving only that staircase or shaft Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access Clause 242: Fire Fighting Access Lobbies Fire fighting access lobbies shall conform to the following requirements: (a) Each lobby shall have a floor area of not less than 5.57 square metres; and (b) The openable area of windows or area of permanent ventilation shall be not less than 25% of the floor area of the lobby and, if ventilation is by means of openable windows, additional permanent ventilation having a free opening of 464 square centimetres shall be provided except that mechanical pressurisation may be provided as an alternative.
The shaft gives the fireman access to conduct fire and and rescue services. Thus a firefighting shaft should link all necessary floors of a building. Upon the arrival of the fire trucks in case of fire in PJ Trade Center, the firemen will have access to the protected staircase and firefighting lifts in the firefighting shafts in of Tower B and Tower C.
Figure 4.31 Basement 7 plan indicating the firefighting shaft (Ong, 2019)
Figure 4.32 Fire staircase from basement (Yew, 2019).
Figure 4.33 Fire lift (Yew, 2019).
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4.6 Conclusion Passive fire protection system in PJ Trade Centre are abide to the Uniform Building By-Law 1984 and Guide to Fire Protection in Malaysia. As passive fire protection need to be considered at the planning design stage at building design. The design of Menara Mustapha Kamal in PJ Trade Centre is design with adequate fire safety measures by the architect. The horizontal and vertical escape routes are safe and comply with the minimum distance required by UBBL 1984 which allow the building occupant to escaped safely from fire. Meanwhile, the studied building has minimal setback and clearance of 6 metres for fire-fighting access and the passive containment found in the building is also comply with the UBBL law which enabling the escape time for occupants increase by limit the spread of fire while providing protected shafts. In conclusion, passive fire protection system of PJ Trade Centre is planned carefully through the design of the building and the system is well-maintained from our site visit observation.
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5.0 Active Fire Protection 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Fire Alarm and Detection System 5.3 Water Based System 5.4 Non Water Based System 5.5 Conclusion
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5.1 Introduction One of the two ways to protect against a fire is Active Fire Protection. It is defined as to protect a building from fire with the component of fire detection and prevention which reacts to action or motion. It is one of most important elements to consider when building modern structure. The main function of an active fire protection system is to detect, alert and seek to eliminate any potential fire hazards, ensuring a safe and hazard free environment for the safety of the building and the users. Generally, active fire protection can be divided into subcategories, namely water-based, non-water based as well as alarm and detection services.
5.2 Fire Alarm and Detection System During an event of an fire, it is important to ensure that, everyone in the building is well aware of the fire. Thus, it is important for any fire to be detected in the building early, to alert everyone early and potentially save lives. Therefore it is important to have systems that detect, warn as well as allow for communication during times of an emergency. PJ Trade Center is well equipped with alarm and detection systems such as smoke detectors, fire alarm bells, call points, fire control room, fire alarm panel, fire intercom system and fireman switch.
Figure 5.1 Smoke Detector (Raemi, 2019)
Figure 5.2 Fire Alarm Bell (Raemi, 2019)
Figure 5.3 Fire Alarm Panel (Raemi, 2019)
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5.2.1 Smoke Detector Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements Clause 153: Smoke detectors for lift lobbies (1) All life lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors. Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access Clause 225: Detecting and extinguishing fire. (1) Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire and fire alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the requirements as specified in the Tenth Schedule to the By-laws.
Tha smoke detector is an automatically initiated device. It can be seen frequently at PJ Trade Center and is automatically activated in the presence of smoke as well as high temperature readings. The device is located on the ceiling and kept in a disk shaped plastic enclosure. When the device is activated, it sends a signal and alerts the fire control room. It is also used to activate the alarms to alert of a fire as well as turn on the sprinklers to either stop or prevent the spread of the fire
Figure 5.4 Smoke Detector in PJ Trade Center (Basement) (Raemi, 2019)
Figure 5.5 Smoke Detector in PJ Trade Center (18th Floor Lobby) (Yew, 2019)
In PJ Trade Center, the smoke detectors are located at the lift lobby, in accordance to UBBL requirements, as well as the AHU rooms.
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Location of Smoke Detectors in PJ Trade Center
Mezzanine Floor
3rd Floor to 17th Floor
Basement 1 to 6
Smoke Detector Basement 7
Smoke Detector (Lift Lobby)
Figure 5.6 Location of Smoke Detectors in PJ Trade Center (Raemi, 2019)
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5.2.2 Fire Alarm Bell Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements Clause 155: Fire mode of operation. (1) The fire mode of operation shall be initiated by a signal from the fire alarm panel which may be activated automatically by one of the alarm devices in the building or manually. Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access Clause 237: Detecting and extinguishing fire. (1) Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule to the By-laws. (2) All premises and building with gross floor area excluding car park and storage area exceeding 9290 square metres or exceeding 30.5 metres in height shall be provided with a two-stage alarm system with evacuation (continuous signal) to be given immediately in the affected section of the premises while an alert (intermittent signal) be given in adjoining section. (3) Provision shall be made for the general evacuation of the premises by action of a master control. When a fire detector is tripped, the fire alarm will be triggered, sending audible warnings throughout the building, alerting the occupants about the presence of a fire. Call-points are also able to trigger the fire alarm by manually setting it off. It is important to warn the occupants of a fire so evacuation can begin swift and early, preventing any further unwanted situations. Fire Alarm Bells in PJ Trade Center are located close to manual call points at lift lobbies, as well as fire staircases.
Fire Alarm Bell 3rd Floor to 17th Floor (Typical) Figure 5.8 Location of Fire Alarm Bell (Raemi, 2019)
Figure 5.7 Fire Alarm Bell in PJ Trade Center (Lift Motor Room) (Raemi, 2019)
Figure 5.9 Fire Alarm Bell connected to CO2 suppression system (B7) (Raemi, 2019)
Figure 5.10 Fire Alarm Bell in PJ Trade Center (Lift Lobby) (Raemi, 2019)
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5.2.3 Call Points Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements Clause 155: Fire mode of operation. (1) The fire mode of operation shall be initiated by a signal from the fire alarm panel which may be activated automatically by one of the alarm devices in the building or manually.
Call points are manually initiating devices used in the PJ Trade Center to manually trigger the fire alarm and notify the occupants as well as the fire control room regarding the presence of a fire. The user breaks the glass and activates the fire alarm, this will notify the security at the fire control room as well as contact the fire brigade, in which they will immediately come to the building to respond to the fire. The glass panel on the device is extremely easy to break if there is force applied so that users of the building can easily notify and warn others. The call points are located at the lift lobbies and specific rooms with high potential of fire.
Figure 5.11 Manual Call Point located close to the Fire Alarm Bell (Lift Lobby) (Raemi, 2019)
Figure 5.12 Manual Call Point located in fire hazardous room (Lift Motor Room) (Raemi, 2019)
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5.2.4 Fire Control Room Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access Clause 238: Command and control centre. Every large premises or building exceeding 30.5 metres in height shall be provided with a command and control centre located on the designated floor and shall contain a panel to monitor the public address, fire brigade communication, sprinkler, waterflow detectors, fire detection and alarm systems and with a direct telephone connection to the appropriate fire station by-passing the switchboard. As PJ Trade Center is over 30.5 metres tall, it is required to have a command and control center, in which, is able to do certain tasks stated above, such as fire brigade communication. The Fire Control Room is located by the side of the lift lobby on the ground floor. It contains the building’s fire protection system, lift operation system, surveillance system along with an emergency communication system with the buildings occupants and the fire brigade.
Fire Control Room Figure 5.13 Fire Control Room (Raemi, 2019)
Figure 5.15 Lift Control Panel in Fire Control Room (Yew, 2019)
Figure 5.14 Location of Fire Control Room at ground floor plan (Raemi, 2019)
Figure 5.16 CCTV Surveillance in Fire Control Room (Yew, 2019)
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5.2.5 Fire Alarm Panel Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VII Fire Requirements Clause 155: Fire mode of operation. (1) The fire mode of operation shall be initiated by a signal from the fire alarm panel which may be activated automatically by one of the alarm devices in the building or manually.
Fire Alarm Panel is one of the fire protection systems that is located in the fire control room, it is an alarm panel that manages all fire protection services in the building. This includes, the smoke detectors, manual call points, sprinklers, as well as fire alarm bells. When a smoke detector or a manual call points are triggered, or if a sprinkler is automatically activated, a signal is sent to the fire alarm panel, alerting the personel in the room to be aware of the detection or warning. From this, a proper action can be taken, whether it be, alerting the fire brigade, or manually activating the sprinklers and alarm bells. Next to the Fire Alarm Panel is a mimic diagram that shows the floor plan of the building and the indicators for the fire detection and fire control systems, including, call points, detectors, CO2 fire extinguishing system, and sprinklers allowing for ease of the personnel and fire brigade to locate the source of the fire, and plan accordingly. The Fire Alarm Panel is located in the Fire Control Room seen in Figure 3.14 (page ).
Figure 5.17 Mimic Diagram (Yew, 2019)
Figure 5.19 Fire Alarm Panel (Raemi, 2019)
Figure 5.18 Mimic Diagram (Raemi, 2019)
Figure 5.20 Instructions for Fire Alarm Panel (Raemi, 2019)
Figure 5.21 Computer connected to Fire Alarm Panel (Raemi, 2019)
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5.2.6 Fire Intercom System Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access Clause 239: Voice communication system. There shall be two seperate approved continuously electrically supervised voice communications systems, one a fire brigade communications system and the other a public address system between the central control station and the following areas: (a) Lifts, lift lobbies, corridors and staircases; (b) In every office area exceeding 92.9 square metres in area; (c) In each dwelling unit and hotel guest room where the fire brigade system may be combined with the public address system.
The fire intercom system is used to allow for constant two way communication between the control room and the occupants of the building via the remote telephone handsets located throughout the building. This allows for the occupants to stay calm and follow the proper instructions by the fire brigade, in the case of a fire. The remote telephone handsets are located at the lift lobbies as well as fire staircases, allowing people to communicate with the personnel of the office or the fire brigade during evacuation. The master telephone however is located at the fire control room ( page ) located on the ground floor ( figure ).
Figure 5.22 Fire Intercom System (Yew, 2019)
Figure 5.23 Remote Telephone Handset located at the fire staircase (Yew,
Figure 5.24 Remote Telephone Handset located at the Lift Motor Room (Yew, 2019)
2019)
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5.2.7 Fireman’s Switch Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access Clause 240: Electrical isolating switch. (1) Every floor or zone of any floor with a net area exceeding 920 square metres shall be provided with an electrical isolation switch located within a staircase enclosure to permit disconnection of electrical power supply to the relevant floor or zone served. (2) The switch shall be of a type similar to the fireman’s switch specified in the Institution of Electrical Engineers Regulation then in force. Fireman’s switch is a unique switch used by the fire brigade during the event of a fire. This specialized switch allows for the firemen to cut off electricity going into high voltage devices that may become a threat during an emergency. Based on the Institution of Electrical Engineers Regulation, 1,000 Volts AC or 1,500 volts DC, must be equipped with the switch. The switches are all located at the fire escape staircases, making it easier for the firemen to turn the switches off.
Figure 5.25 Fireman’s Switch (Raemi, 2019)
Figure 5.26 Sprinkler Head (Raemi, 2019)
5.3 Water Based System Water based systems are suppression systems that uses the medium of water as a means to extinguish fires. They do this via pressurised piping network, and are common in both commercial and industrial buildings as a means to suppress fires. PJ Trade Center utilizes Water Based Suppression systems such as sprinkler systems, hose reel system, wet riser system and external hydrants.
5.3.1 Automatic Sprinkler System An automatic sprinkler system is used to detect, control and extinguish a fire, as well as a warning to the users of the building in the case of a fire. Fire pumps, water storage tanks, control valve sets, sprinkler heads, flow switches, pressure switches, pipework and valves are all components used in PJ Trade Center’s sprinkler system. This system is able to be operated without any human intervention. 58
The operation of the automatic sprinkler system is as follows, the rising temperature due to the the presence of a fire, causes the glass bulb, located in the head of the sprinkler to break. The glass bulb breaking then causes water in the sprinkler to be released over the fire. Once water starts to be released by the sprinkler, the water from the water storage tank is then pumped to the pipes and to the sprinklers. The type of sprinkler heads that are located at PJ Trade Center are the pendent and upright sprinkler heads. The pendent sprinklers are located at the office areas, whereas the upright sprinklers are located at the basement. The difference between the two sprinkler heads is that pendent sprinklers are used where there are no obstructions, thus the water is sprinkled straight down. However, upright sprinklers are positions and designed that way to maximize water dispersion, in a location where there are many obstacles that are blocking what needs to be sprinkled.
Figure 5.27 Pendant Sprinkler Head in PJ Trade Center office and lobby (Raemi, 2019)
Figure 5.28 Upright Sprinkler Head in PJ Trade Center basements ( Raemi, 2019)
The type of sprinkler system used in PJ Trade Center is the wet pipe installation (figure 3.29), this is where the pipes are filled with water and is ready to be discharge once the glass bulb breaks.
Figure 5.29 Typical arrangement drawing of wet pipe installation Sprinkler System (Guide to Fire Protection in Malaysia, 2006)
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Figure 5.30 Sprinkler Water Tank (Raemi,2019) Pressure Switches
Figure 5.31 Sprinkler Alarm Valve outside Fire Pump Room (Raemi,2019)
Figure 5.32 Sprinkler Pump Starter Panel (Raemi, 2019)
Duty Pump
Jockey Pump
Standby Pump
Figure 5.33 Sprinkler Pressure Switches and Water Pumps (Raemi, 2019)
Figure 5.34 Sprinkler Breeching Inlet (Google Maps)
Most of the components in the system, including the fire pumps, water storage tank, control valve sets are located in the water pump room in B7 of the PJ Trade Center. Water tanks for the sprinklers, hose reel system and wet riser system are located here. The breeching inlet is located at outside on B7, allowing firemen to refill the sprinkler water tank that has been used up. Fire Pump Room Sprinkler Tank Wet Riser Tank Breeching Inlet
Figure 5.35 Location of Fire Pump Room, Water Tanks and Breeching Inlet at basement 7 (Raemi,2019)
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5.3.2 Hose Reel System Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access Clause 247: Water storage, (1) Water storage capacity and water flow rate for fire fighting systems and installations shall be provided in accordance with the scale as set out in Tenth Schedule to these By-laws. (2) Main water storage tanks within the building, other than for hose reel systems, shall be located at ground, first or second basement levels, with fire brigade pumping inlet connections accessible to fire appliances. (3) Storage tanks for automatic sprinkler installations where full capacity is provided without need for replenishment shall be exempted from restrictions in their location. Clause 248: Marking on wet riser, etc. (1) Wet riser, dry riser, sprinkler and other fire installation pipes and fittings shall be painted red. (2) All cabinets and areas recessed in walls for location of fire installations and extinguishers shall be clearly identified to the satisfaction of the Fire Authority or otherwise clearly identified.
Hose reels are used by the occupants of the building during the early stages of a fire. M.S.1447 requires the building to have one hose reel for every 800 square meter of usable space. Thus, the hose reels are located at every floor, near the exit doors and lifts in a fire cabinet along with the wet riser and a fire extinguisher. It is operated by turning on the valve located close to the pipe connection. Hose is then extended and the spray nozzle is aimed at the fire before it is turned on. The spray of the hose is able to reach up to 6 metres far and its throw can be adjusted by regulating the nozzle opening.
Figure 5.36 Hose Reel in Fire Cabinet (17th Floor) (Yew, 2019)
Figure 5.37 Hose Reel in Fire Cabinet (Basement) (Raemi,2019)
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Location of Fire Cabinet (Hose Reel and Wet Riser) in PJ Trade Center
Mezzanine Floor
3rd Floor to 17th Floor
Basement 1 to 6
Basement 7
Fire Cabinet
Figure 5.38 Location of Fire Cabinet (Hose Reel and Wet Riser) in PJ Trade Center (Raemi, 2019)
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Figure 5.39 Typical arrangement drawing of Hose Reel System (Guide to Fire Protection in Malaysia, 2006)
Hose reel system comprises of hose reel pumps, fire water storage tank, hose reels, pipework and valves (Guide to Fire Protection in Malaysia, 2006). The water tank is located at B7 and can be seen in Figure 5.35.
Figure 5.40 Hose Reel Pump Starter Panel (Raemi, 2019)
Figure 5.41 Hose Reel Pressure Switches (Raemi, 2019)
Figure 5.42 Hose Reel Pumps (Jockey, Standby and Duty) (Raemi, 2019)
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5.3.3 Wet Riser Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access Clause 231: Installation and testing of wet rising system. (1) Wet rising systems shall be provided in every building in which the topmost floor is more than 30.5 metres above fire appliance access level. (2) A hose connection shall be provided in each fire fighting access lobby.
As the building is over the 30.5 meter limit, it uses a wet riser system to allow the firemen to have readily available means to deliver water to extinguish the fire. Wet risers are a form of internal hydrants for firemen to use and are always charged with water (Hamzah Abu Bakar., 2006). As opposed to dry risers, wet risers have readily available water coming from a water tank in the building. Due to the tall height of the building, it is important for the water to be readily available, especially at the higher floors. The wet riser system in PJ Trade Center consists of duty fire pump, along with a standby pump, discharging into a 150mm diameter riser pipe, with landing valves at each floor. Canvas hoses, located nearby can be connected and can be used by firemen to direct the water jet to the fire. Jockey pump is used to maintain system pressure, ensuring a constant and fast flow of water. The location of the wet riser is inside a fire cabinet (along with a hose reel, canvas hose and a fire extinguisher), which can be seen in Figure 5.38 . On the roof, there 3 sets of wet riser pipes.
Wet Riser Pipe
Canvas Hose
Figure 5.44 Wet Riser pipes on the roof (Raemi, 2019)
Figure 5.43 Wet Riser pipe and Canvas Hose in the fire cabinet on Basement 1 (Raemi, 2019)
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Figure 3.45 Typical arrangement drawing of Wet Riser System (Guide to Fire Protection in Malaysia, 2006)
Similar to the hose reel system and sprinkler system, the wet riser system components are mostly located in the Fire Pump Room in B7, as well as having the breeching inlet on the exterior wall of B7, as seen in Figure 5.35 (page )
Figure 5.46 Wet Riser Pump Starter Panel (Raemi, 2019)
Figure 5.48 Wet Riser Breeching Inlet (Google Maps, 2019)
Figure 5.47 Wet Riser Pressure Switches (Raemi, 2019)
Figure 5.49 Wet Riser Pumps (Jockey, Standby and Duty) (Raemi, 2019)
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5.3.4 External Hydrants Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access Clause 225: Detecting and extinguishing fire. (2) Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant located not more than 91.5 metres from the nearest point of fire brigade access. (3) Depending on the size and location of the building and the provision of access for life appliances, additional fire hydrant shall be provided as may be required by the Fire Authority. The fire hydrants consists of a pipework system that is directly connected to the water supply mains, in order to provide water to each and every hydrant outlet and is intended to provide water for the firemen to fight fire. The water from the hydrant is pumped into the fire engine and then pumped and sprayed over the fire (Hamzah Abu Bakar., 2006). Complying with M.S. 1395, pillar hydrants should not be located more than 30 metres away from the breeching inlet for the building. Hydrant is required to be not less than 6 metres away from the building, as it is a high rise building, allowing firemen to operate the hydrant safely. The closest fire hydrant is to block A is located roughly 7 metres away from the building. The fire hydrant used in PJ Trade Center is a two way fire hydrant, providing a readily available water supply which is connected to a municipal water line to the firefighters. The system extends into the building which includes a water tank, fire pump, suction pipes and a distribution piping system (figure ).
Block B
Block C
Block D Fire Hydrant
Figure 5.50 Location of External Fire Hydrants at PJ Trade Center (Raemi, 2019)
66 Figure 5.51 External Fire Hydrants of PJ Trade Center (Raemi, 2019)
Figure 5.52 Typical arrangement drawing of pressurized hydrant system (Guide to Fire Protection in Malaysia, 2006)
5.4 Non Water Based System For most cases, water is the most effective component in extinguishing a fire and controlling its spread. However, that is not always the case, as water is also corrosive and conducts electricity, it is not suited as an extinguishing system for rooms or systems that are based on electricity. During such cases, non-water based systems that utilizes carbon dioxide is used to control and extinguish the fire safely and efficiently. The non water based system that is used in PJ Trade Center are fire extinguishers and automatic carbon dioxide suppression system.
5.4.1 Fire Extinguisher Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access Clause 227: Portable extinguishers. Portable extinguishers shall be provided in accordance with the relevant codes of practice and shall be sited in prominent positions on exit routes to be visible from all directions and similar extinguishers in a building shall be of the same method of operation.
The function of fire extinguishers located in PJ Trade Center is to combat fire at the initial stages of a fire outbreak by occupants to prevent the fire to escalate into a larger scale fire. It is intended for one occupant of the building to use, thus it is light, and easy to carry. They are mainly located close to fire escape staircases, close to the lift lobby as well as close to systems which are prone to fire.
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Figure 5.53 Fire Cabinet (Raemi, 2019)
Figure 5.54 Fire Extinguisher (ABC Dry Powder) (Raemi,2019)
Figure 5.55 Fire Extinguisher (Carbon Dioxide) (Raemi, 2019)
There are two types of fire extinguishers being used at PJ Trade Center, namely ABC Dry Powder Fire Extinguisher 6 kg 27A rating, as well as Carbon Dioxide Portable Fire Extinguisher 2.0kg capacity. Carbon Dioxide fire extinguishers are able to put off fires involving liquid and electrical equipment thus it is located and used at locations close to electrical systems in PJ Trade Center such as the AHU room and lift motor room, whereas ABC powder can be used for almost all types of fires except ones involving metals, thus it is more well rounded and placed close to lift lobbies to combat most types of fire.
Figure 5.56 Selection Chart for Fire Extinguishers (agamalaysia, n.d.s)
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5.4.2 Automatic Carbon Dioxide Suppression System Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VIII Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access Clause 235: Fixed installations. Fixed installations shall be either be total flooding system or unit protection system depending upon the nature of hazard process and occupancy as may be required by the Fire Authority. PJ Trade Center uses a Fixed Carbon Dioxide System in specific rooms with a higher risk of a fire outbreak, and not rooms that are usually occupied. The rooms in PJ Trade Center with this system, includes the TNB HT Switch Room, Battery Room and the AHU room. During an event of a fire, the heat detector sends a signal to the Carbon Dioxide system control panel and after a timely delay to allow any occupants to evacuate, releases carbon dioxide gas to flood the room. There is also a manual pull box for the fire brigade to activate to manually activate the CO2 Suppression System.
Figure 5.57 Manual Pull Box (Raemi, 2019)
Figure 5.58 Carbon Dioxide Cylinders (Raemi, 2019)
Figure 5.59 Typical arrangement drawing of Automatic CO2 Extinguishing System (Guide to Fire Protection in Malaysia, 2006)
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The Carbon DIoxide system is used by flooding the protected space with carbon dioxide, thus displacing air. Thus, removing one leg of the fire triangle (air, heat, fuel) (CO2 Flooding System, 2019). The reason as to why CO2 is used as compared to sprinklers or other systems, is that CO2 is non-corrosive and does not conduct electricity, making is a safer extinguisher for these rooms.
Figure 5.60 Location of the Automatic CO2 Extinguishing System (Raemi, 2019)
5.5 Conclusion There are many occurances, where due to poor integration of necessary systems, or a disregard for mandatory building regulations, lives have been lost and buildings have been destroyed. Therefore, fire safety is of an utmost importance, and it is necessary for all buildings, no matter size or height, to adopt and integrate the necessary fire protection systems according to the needs, requirements and regulations, such as UBBL 1984. PJ Trade Center puts fire safety at a high priority, especially because it is usually consisting of a high occupancy. The active fire protection systems in place at PJ Trade Center includes a fire detection and alarm system, an an automatic sprinkler system, a wet riser system, hose reel system as well as portable fire extinguishers and an automatic carbon dioxide suppression system. The building has all the necessary systems in place in the event of a fire. It can be concluded that all the systems mentioned before are in working order and PJ Trade Center has complied to the regulations set by the UBBL 1984.
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6.0 Mechanical Transportation System 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Lifts in Block A, PJ Trade Centre 6.3 Gearless traction lift system 6.4 Fire lift 6.5 Conclusion
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6.1.1 Introduction Mechanical Transportation systems are defined as the vertical transportation system, functioning as a transport to bring people and goods through multiple floors of the PJ Trade Centre. Lifts are the main form of transport between floors, driven by electrical motors, with help of traction cables or counterweights.
6.1.2 Objective of Mechanical Transportation Systems An important feature in buildings, mechanical transportation systems fulfils a few key objectives: (i) To transport a group of users or goods to connect different floors, traversing multiple floors in a short amount of time. (ii) To cater to the comfort of users travelling around the building (iii) To provide for the elderly, young and disabled to safely move around the building In tall buildings exceeding four storeys, it is required by the law to provide an lift every four storeys in the building
Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VI: Constructional Requirements Clause 124: Lifts For all non-residential buildings exceeding 4 storeys above or below the main access level at least one lift must be provided.
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6.2 Lifts in Block A, PJ Trade Centre 6.2.1 Overview Two main types of Lifts are normally found in buildings, which are traction and hydraulic lifts. Traction lifts can be further divided into geared and gearless lifts. Gearless traction lifts are used in Block A, with there being five passengers lifts and a fire lift. they need these lifts to carry users of the building to different levels. In order to maximize floor space the lifts are located at the corner of the building in order to maximize floor space and circulation flow.
Type of lift
Gearless Traction Lift (with Motor Room)
Manufacturer
Otis
Registration number
PMA 17955
Rated capacity
955kg
Max passengers
13 passengers
Rated speed
2.5 m/s Table 6.1 Lift specifications
Figure 6.1 Location of the lift lobby in Block A, PJ Trade Centre
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Prior to the operation of lifts, the lift carriages are required to be tested by the supplier or contractor of the building with load, inspected and evaluated by an inspector before receiving an operational permit. Regular maintenance is required, with monthly services and examinations every three months to ensure smooth operation and safety of users.
Figure 6.2 Lift specification panel: Manufacturer, Maximum capacity and load
Figure 6.3 Lift specification panel: Registration number
FACTORIES AND MACHINERY ACT 1967 FACTORIES AND MACHINERY (ELECTRIC PASSENGER AND GOODS LIFT) REGULATIONS, 1970 Part II: Design, Construction, Installation and Tests, Regulation 30 (1) Every new lift or substantially altered new lift shall be tested by the suppliers or erectors of such lift before it is put into service, with the contract load in the car. During such test the Inspector shall require that any brake, terminal stopping device, buffer, safety gear, overspeed governor or other apparatus be caused to function. Part III: Maintenance, Regulation 31 (1) The owner of every lift shall ensure that such lift is maintained. (2) For the purpose of complying with paragraph (1) of this regulation such owner shall enter into an agreement with an approved firm for the periodic examination and maintenance of such lift. For the purposes of this regulation, an approved firm means a firm which has satisfied the Chief Inspector that it employs persons suitably qualified and trained (hereinafter referred to as the competent person) and controls equipment and facilities to ensure a proper standard of lift examination, service and maintenance: Provided that such agreement shall not relieve the owner from the responsibility of maintaining the lift well enclosure where such enclosure forms an integral part of the building in which the lift is installed. (5) Such person shall thoroughly examine the lift at least once in every three months and cause the lift to be serviced and adjusted once in every month.
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6.2.2 Lift lobby Existing on each floor lift lobbies are nodes where users would gather to wait for the arrival of the lifts, allowing users to exit and enter the lift cabin. As with lifts grouped facing each other in block A, sufficient space is crucial for for users to be able to wait and move in a two-directional flow, with a width of at least 3.5 to 4 metres or an equivalent of the depth of two lift cabins. Sufficient lighting and ventilation is necessary for the comfort of users. Moreover, placement of smoke detectors and fire-sprinklers provide active fire control to the lobby.
Smoke detectors and fire sprinkler
Lighting Cooling fan
Figure 6.4 Lift lobby of Block A
Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements Clause 153: Smoke Detectors for the Lobbies (1) All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors. Important features of lift lobbies include -
Floor designators to indicate the current floor level and direction the lift is moving Lifts call buttons, inscribed with Braille, to call for an lift cabin Fire escape plan to show fire evacuation routes in an event of a fire.
Floor designator
lift call buttons
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Figure 6.6 Fire escape plan
6.3 Gearless traction lift system
Gearless traction lift systems are the lift systems used in the PJ Trade Centre block A, consisting of either a AC or DC motor, directly connected to a break wheel and driving sheave. A counterweight, which offsets the weight of the cabin and passengers of the lift, thus reducing the strain on the lift motors, making it more efficient. Connected directly to the driving sheave, this system does not consist of any gears, as the name suggests. This leads to a faster travel speed and more powerful motor. Another advantage of gearless systems over geared systems is its superior efficiency, quietness and durability, as well as requiring less maintenance. This is only slightly offset by the higher initial costs.
Figure 6.7 Gearless Traction lifts (AboutElevator, 2015)
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6.3.1 Lift motor room Located at the top of the lift shaft, the lift motor room houses the lift motor and controls. To accommodate the increased weight and stress of the motor and lift cabins, the floor slab of the motor room has increased reinforcement and thickness. Ventilation and temperature are also factors to consider. The motor room must be kept cool and well-ventilated to prevent overheating of the control panels. Rubbish and other objects should be kept clear of the motor room to prevent interference with the motors. The motor room should also be secure and locked from unauthorized access, with warning labels displayed on the door. A duplicate key should be stored by the motor room in an event of accidents or emergencies.
Figure 6.8 Motor room door, with fire safety within reach
Figure 6.9 Safety precaution sign
Figure 6.10 Gearless traction lift motors
Lift Motor Room 20th-21st Floor 18th-19th floor
3rd - 17th Floor
Block B
Lobby/Mezzanine Floor Sub-Mezzanine Floor Ground Floor
Basement 1-7
Figure 6.12 Air conditioning to regulate the temperature, and adequate lighting
Figure 6.11 Location of the motor room in Block A, PJ Trade Centre Motor Room location Lift
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Hoisting motor The main component in moving the lift cabin, the hoisting motor is an electrical motor directly connected to the driving sheave and brake. Passenger lifts in Malaysia are required to use cable ropes, as neigher flat belt or chain-driven machines are allowed. The motor driving sheaves and governors are secured in a steel cage to prevent accidents.
Figure 6.13 Gearless lift motor machine
Figure 6.14 Close up of gearless motor
Driving sheaves The component which provides support and grips the cable rope, the driving sheave acts as the fulcrum of the lift pulley system. The lift cabin ascends and descends when the driving sheave is rotated.
Figure 6.15 Driving sheave of the gearless motor
Figure 6.16 Cable rope
Control Panel Cabinet and control board Housing the electrical components, the large sized control panel cabinets are located beside the gearless traction motors, for ease of maintenance. These electrical components generate high amounts of heat, thus sufficient cooling is necessary to prevent overheating. As the ‘brain’ of the lift system, commands from the control buttons and control room are exchanged here.
78 Figure 6.17 Control panel cabinet
Figure 6.18 Close up of control panel
Lift Main Control Board Contained within the control panel cabinet, the inspection board consists of the main controller board and lift group control system. The main controller board processes the commands from the lift cabin and handles the weight compensation and control of the traction motor. The comfort, accuracy, steadiness and smooth run of the lift cabin relies on the controller board. Located in the fire control room of Block A, the electronic control boards requires strong anti-static and anti-interference capabilities. Acting as a collective coordinator for the lifts, it relays and communicate data from the lift lobby to the main controller board.
Figure 6.19 lift control board in fire control room
Figure 6.20 Intercom controls
Emergency Power Operation (EPR) An emergency backup power generator provides electricity in an event of power disruption. The lifts are guided by the emergency landing device back to the ground floor for users to exit safely
Figure 6.21 Emergency landing device
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FACTORIES AND MACHINERY ACT 1967 FACTORIES AND MACHINERY (ELECTRIC PASSENGER AND GOODS LIFT) REGULATIONS, 1970 PART II: Design, Construction, Installation and Tests, Regulation 8 (2) A flat belt or chain-driven machine shall not be used to drive any passenger lift. (6) Every drum, sheave or pulley shall be of cast iron or steel and shall have machined rope grooves; and in the case of every overhung pulley or sheave suitable flanges of rope guards shall be provided. (12) (a) Every lift machine and associated equipment shall be effectively supported PART II: Design, Construction, Installation and Tests, Regulation 9 (1) A machine room shall be provided for, and restricted to, the housing of the lift machine and associated equipment. (2) (e) be provided with permanent electric lighting and the illumination shall not be less than ten foot candles at floor level. At least one socket and plug for a hand-lamp shall be provided. The light switch shall be fixed adjacent to the machine room entrance; (f) be kept clear of refuse and shall not be used for the storage of articles or materials other than those required for the maintenance or operation of the lift; (g) be locked against unauthorised access. A duplicate key shall be provided and retained under a glass-fronted cabinet adjacent to the entrance: (3) The following notice shall be exhibited in a permanent place adjacent to the entrance of every machine room: BAHAYA BILIK JENTERA DI-LARANG MASOK DENGAN TIADA KEBENARAN UBBL 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements, By-law 154 (1) On failure of mains power of lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor, commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any car or landing calls and park with doors open. (2) After all lifts are parked the lifts on emergency power shall resume normal operation: Provided that sufficient emergency power is available for operation of all lifts, this mode of operation need not apply.
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6.3.2 Lift shaft A vertical void containing the lift cabin, the lift shaft is where the lift cabin travels between different floors. It also houses other components crucial to lift operation, and is must be fireproofed.
Figure 6.22 lift shaft components (AboutElevator, 2015)
6.3.2.1 Guide Rails & Roller Guides The guide rail ensures steady movement of the lift cabin, in a vertical direction. It also stabilizes the lift and acts as a safety feature in case of emergency situations. Roller guides in contact with the guide rail maintains a smooth uniform connection between the cabin and guide rails.
Figure 6.23 Guard rail in the lift shaft (Gerbis, 2011)
Figure 6.24 Roller guides (ESR Elevator, n.d.)
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6.3.2.2 Safety Brakes Acting as the brakes of a lift in an event of an emergency, the safety brakes grips the guard rail to slow the movement of the lift cabin in cases of hoisting cables snapping, or the cabin going to fast. Block A of PJ Trade Centre uses a progressive type of safety brake, which slows the cabin down before bringing it to a complete stop. This is safer than an instantaneous safety brake, which would stop the lift cabin immediately.
Connecting rod lift cabin Accelerometer Catcher lever
Progressive safety gears Strip Guides Terminal line
Figure 6.25 Section view of progressive lift brake system (Wolszczak, 2017)
Figure 6.26 Progressive safety brake (Shanghai Kisa, n.d)
6.3.2.3 Hoisting Rope Attaching the crosshead of the lift cabin,the driving sheave in the motor room and the counterweight, the hoisting rope supports and move the lift cabin and counterweights. The roping is usually grouped in 2-7 ropes. The roping system at PJ Trade Centre follows a double wrap and 2:1 roping method, due to its fast gearless motor. Double wrap systems wounds over the driving sheave twice for better friction, thus providing a safer operation of the fast fearless motors. The 2:1 roping method reduces strain on the ropes by connecting to the cabin or counterweight on one end, and the top of the shaft on the other.
Figure 6.27 Grouping of hoisting cable, seen from motor room
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6.3.2.4 Counterweight Balancing the lift system, the counterweight acts as a counter to the lift cabin, made of stacks of steel plates. With a counterweight, load is reduced on the motor as it does not have to carry the entire weight of the lift cabin by itself. The lift system functions as a pulley system, ascending and descending as the counterweight moves. This reduces strain on the lift motor, ropes and braking system.
Figure 6.28 The counterweight of the lift, located in the lift shaft (AboutElevator, 2015)
Figure 6.29 Lift counterweight (D'mello, 2015)
6.3.2.5 Landing Door Fixed at the lift lobby, the landing door prevents people from falling into the lift shaft while the lifts is in operation. Operated by a motor located above the doors, the doors are opened or closed using a series of rollers. The landing door may be manually opened using an emergency key by unlocking the Escutcheon tube.
Figure 6.30 Landing doors at the lift lobby
Figure 6.31 Lift motor, which works to open and close the doors using rollers. (ElevatorSchmelevator, 2016)
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FACTORIES AND MACHINERY ACT 1967 FACTORIES AND MACHINERY (ELECTRIC PASSENGER AND GOODS LIFT) REGULATIONS, 1970 PART II: Design, Construction, Installation and Tests, Regulation 10 (1) No piping, conduct or equipment other than that forming part of the lift or necessary for its maintenance shall be installed in any lift well or lift well enclosure. (5) (a) Every lift pit shall be soundly constructed. The floor of the lift pit shall be substantially level and, where necessary, provision shall be made for permanent drainage. PART II: Design, Construction, Installation and Tests, Regulation 12 (1) Every landing opening in any lift well enclosure shall be protected by a door which shall extend the full height and width of the opening. Such landing door when fully open shall leave no portion of the lift well unprotected at the sides of the car. PART II: Design, Construction, Installation and Tests, Regulation 20 (1) Every traction drive lift shall be provided with a counterweight. PART II: Design, Construction, Installation and Tests, Regulation 21 (1) Every lift car and counterweight shall be guided throughout its travel by means of rigid steel guides of round or T-section and of such length that it is not possible for the car or counterweight shoes to run off the guides. PART II: Design, Construction, Installation and Tests, Regulation 22 (1) Every lift car shall be provided with one or more safety gear which shall, singly or combined, be capable of stopping and sustaining the lift car with the contract load. Safety gears shall be fitted to the car frame, and at least one safety gear shall be located within or below the lower members of the car frame. PART II: Design, Construction, Installation and Tests, Regulation 23 (1) A governor shall be fitted to operate the safety gear of every lift car having a travel between terminal landings greater than twenty feet. PART II: Design, Construction, Installation and Tests, Regulation 24 (1) Buffers shall be installed under every car and counterweight and shall be located symmetrically with reference to the vertical centre line of the car frame or the counterweight frame within a tolerance of two inches, and shall be so arranged that the car or counterweight in normal operation does not engage them
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PART II: Design, Construction, Installation and Tests, Regulation 27 (2) Every traction-drive lift shall be fitted with not less than three ropes, independent of one another, and every drum-drive lift shall be fitted with not less than two ropes, independent of one another, for the car and not less than two ropes, independent of one another, for the counterweight. Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements Clause 151 Where openings to lift shafts are not connected to protected lobbies, such lift shafts shall be provided with vents of not less than 0.09 square metre per lift located at the top of the shaft. Where the vent does not discharge directly to the open air the lift shafts shall be vented to the exterior through a duct of the required FRP as for the lift shafts. Clause 152 (1) Every opening in a lift shaft or lift entrance shall open into a protected lobby unless other suitable means of protection to the opening to the satisfaction of the local authority is provided. (2) Landing doors shall have a FRP of not less than half the FRP of the hoistway structure with a minimum FRP of half hour. (3) No glass shall be used for in landing doors except for vision in which case any vision panel shall be glazed with wired safety glass, and shall not be more than 0.0161 square metre and the total area of one or more vision panels in any landing door shall not more than 0.0156 square metre.
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6.3.3 Lift Cabin The lift cabin is a box which transports users along the lift shaft quickly, with considerations to safety and comfort of users.
Figure 6.32 The interior of a lift cabin
Figure 6.33 Lift cabin diagram (Armstrong, n.d.)
6.3.3.1 Lift Frame The lift frame acts as the structural framework of the cabin, providing stability and rigidity to the cabin. The hoisting rope is connected to the frame.
1. Upper transom 2. Lower transom 3. Adjustable height side frame 4. Lower isolation 5. Roller guide shoe 6. Sliding guide show with lubricator 7. Upper isolation 8. Overload inductive sensor 9. Limit switch 10. Actuator lever 11. Safety gear 12. Braking system
Figure 6.34 Lift cabin with structural frame (Escalator, 2018)
6.3.3.2 Travelling Cable Connecting the electrical wiring, power supply and communications to the elevation cable, the travelling cable is loose and flexible to allow flexibility to move across floors.
Figure 6.35 Lift travelling cable (Elevatorpedia n.d.)
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6.3.3.3 Lift Door Sensor Infrared proximity sensors set between the doors of the lift cabin, which detects obstructions to the door, preventing the doors from closing onto users entering the lift..
Figure 6.36 Lift door sensor located between the doors of the lift ("Otis Elevator Door Sensor", n.d.)
Figure 6.37 Multi beam door sensor
6.3.3.4 Cabin Operating Panel (COP) The control panel in the lift cabin, the cabin operating panel includes the floor selector buttons, lift door controls, emergency button, intercom, stop button and key switch. All buttons are inscribed with Braille to assist the blind, The emergency button will trigger the alarms and alert the fire control room, while the intercom system allow for calls to the fire control room.
Figure 6.38 lift control panel with floor indicators and braille inscriptions
Figure 6.39 Emergency button and intercom speaker
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6.4 Fire Lift While being of the same model as the other lifts in Block A, the fire lifts are equipped with Fire Service Mode (EFS). During an event of a fire, EFS will allow firefighters to bypass emergency protocols and use the lifts. The fire lifts of PJ Trade Centre are padded to protect the walls of the lift cabin from damage from equipment. During a fire, lifts would be forced to descend to the ground floor, and will remain non-functional with the doors kept open. The fire lifts can be activated with a fire service key for firefighters to use the lift and access the higher floors.
Figure 6.40 Fire lift, marked by a fire lift label
Figure 6.41 Fire lift operating panel with an additional operating pamel to activate EFS (Havel, 2011)
Figure 6.42 Padding in the fire lift to protect lift cabin from damage by firefighter’s equipment
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FACTORIES AND MACHINERY ACT 1967 FACTORIES AND MACHINERY (ELECTRIC PASSENGER AND GOODS LIFT) REGULATIONS, 1970 PART II: Design, Construction, Installation and Tests, Regulation 14 (1) Every lift car shall comprise a platform, a roof, a car enclosure, gate or door and a supporting frame.
PART II: Design, Construction, Installation and Tests, Regulation 15 (1) A door or gate shall be provided at every entrance to a lift car. Every car door or gate when fully closed shall(a) in the case of a passenger lift, guard the full width and height of the car entrance opening and shall not be less than six feet and six inches high; (2) No lift car shall have more than two entrances. (3) (a) Every power operated car door or gate shall be capable of being opened manually. Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Part VII: Fire Requirements Clause 155 (1) The fire mode of operation shall be initiated by a signal from the fire alarm panel which may be activated automatically by one of the alarm devices in the building or manually. (2) If mains power if available all lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor, commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any car or landing calls, overriding the emergency stop button inside the car, but not any other emergency or safety devices, and park with doors open. (3) The fire lifts shall then be available for use by the fire brigade on operation of the (4) Under this mode of operation, fire lifts shall only operate in response to car calls but not to landing calls in a mode of operation in accordance with by-law 154.
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6.5 Conclusion The lifts in Block A, PJ Trade Centre fulfils the basic necessities of its user, including ease and convenience of travels, comfort and safety. The lift lobby allows for comfortable circulation while providing fire safety to the users of the space. The motor room is clean and well maintained, with adequate cooling, ventilation and lighting. Adhering to the regulations stated in Regulation 14 and Regulation 15, the lift cabin model consists of the basic structural necessities with a roof, car enclosure, door and a supporting frame. The fire lift also meets the requirements and operating procedures stated in UBBL 1984 by-law 155. In conclusion, the lifts found in PJ Trade Centre are in full compliance with UBBL 1984 and the Factories and Machinery Act 1967.
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Figure List 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Mechanical Ventilation 3.0 Air Conditioning System 4.0 Passive Fire Safety 5.0 Active Fire Protection 6.0 Mechanical Transportation System
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Figure List Figure 1.1 PJ Trade Centre (Krishnan, 2016) Figure 1.2 PJ Trade Centre elevation (Havel, 2011) Figure 2.1 the conceptual process supply ventilation system function. Figure 2.2 Distribution of supply ventilation system Figure 2.3 Conceptual diagram of centrifugal fan. Figure 2.4 Supply ductwork in the basement. Figure 2.5 Grille inlet in fire stairs. Figure 2.6 Grille inlet in AHU room. Figure 2.7 Grille inlet in fire pump room Figure 2.8 Conceptual diagram of pressurisation system. Figure 2.9 The outlet grille allows pressurised air into the fire stairs. Figure 2.10 Supply ventilation to AHU rooms. Figure 2.11 Pressurisation system in fire staircases. Figure 2.12 Supply ventilation in fire pump room. Figure 2.13 Conceptual diagram of extract ventilation Figure 2.14 & Figure 2.15 Grille inlets at basement carpark to extract stale air. Figure 2.16 Distribution of extract ventilation on plan. Figure 2.17 Propeller fan installed in the lift room. Figure 2.18 Extract ventilation in genset room. Figure 2.19 The use of extract ventilation system in lift motor room. . Figure 2.20 The use of extract ventilation system in genset rooms. Figure 3.1 Refrigeration cycle diagram Figure 3.2 Components of refrigeration system used in Tower A Figure 3.3 Chilled water HVAC system schematic diagram Figure 3.4 Draw through fan arrangement in AHU Figure 3.5 Section of vertical air handling units with vertical air outlet Figure 3.6 Vertical air handling units found in the AHU room Figure 3.7 Vertical air handling units with vertical air outlet Figure 3.8 AHU control panel in AHU room Figure 3.9 Return air grille in office rooms to extract recirculated air Figure 3.10 Return air duct found in the AHU room to provide recirculated air Figure 3.11 Sidewall vent inlet in AHU room to provide fresh air Figure 3.12 The exposed duct connect with diffuser found on typical office floor Figure 3.13 Aluminium square air diffuser Figure 3.14 Typical office floor plan with AHU room highlighted. Figure 3.15 The refrigerant cycle in chiller Figure 3.16 Water cooled chiller with components labelled Figure 3.17 Counterflow cooling tower working principle Figure 3.18 Crossflow cooling tower working principle Figure 3.19 Installation is elevated so the top of unit is higher than top of wall Figure 3.20 The cooling tower units on the rooftop are elevated from the ground to raise the top of cooling tower higher than adjacent building Figure 3.21 The cooling tower need to be at the adequate distance from the wall (highlighted part) to allow efficient airflow Figure 3.22 Roof plan with cooling tower location highlighted. Figure 3.23 The CDWR pipe connecting to the top of cooling tower to channel the condensed water for cooling Figure 3.24 The CDWS pipe runs horizontal that channel condensed water from bottom of cooling tower Figure 3.25 The CDWS pipe channel out from the pump room Figure 3.26 The CDWR and CDWS pipe found in AHU room Figure 3.27 Roof plan with cooling tower and water tank location highlighted. Figure 3.28 The water tank and cooling tower are placed next to each other on rooftop Figure 3.29 Roof plan with cooling tower pump room location highlighted. Figure 3.30 Basement 1 plan with chiller pump room location highlighted. Figure 3.31 Interior of the pump room Figure 3.32 Installation of outdoor and indoor unit of split unit system Figure 3.33 Indoor ceiling-suspended unit Figure 3.34 Indoor wall-mounted unit Figure 3.35 Outdoor unit found installed outside the lift motor room Figure 3.36 Roof plan with lift motor room highlighted. Figure 3.37 Basement 1 plan with management office room highlighted.
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Figure 4.1 A typical floor plan from level 3 to level 17 indicating the escape routes and travel distances from a compartment. Figure 4.2 A floor plan of lobby mezzanine floor indicating the escape routes and travel distances from a compartment. Figure 4.3 A ground plan indicating the escape routes from the fire staircase to the open space or assembly points. Figure 4.4 Basement 1 plan indicating the fire staircase of tower A that connects to the Ground floor and the escape routes to other fire staircase of other tower. Figure 4.5 Basement 7 plan indicating the escape routes accessing the protected lobby and fire staircase of Tower C. Figure 4.6 shows how fire staircases connect to the ground level Figure 4.7 A fire staircase detail in PJ Trade Center Figure 4.8 A plan of fire staircase with estimated escape routing. Figure 4.9 Enclosed fire staircase Figure 4.10 The ventilation shaft in enclosed fire staircase Figure 4.11 Fire staircase that connects directly from basement to assembly point Figure 4.12 Enclosed fire staircase from basement to open area Figure 4.13 Basement 1 plan indicating the location of the fire staircase. Figure 4.14 Ground floor plan indicating the location of the natural ventilated staircases Figure 4.15 The staircase connected to the basement Figure 4.16 The staircase connected to the upper floors Figure 4.17 Assembly point with the fire escape from basement Figure 4.18 Fire doors with illuminated emergency exit signages Figure 4.19 Emergency lighting Figure 4.20 Basement 1 plan with fire resistance compartment highlighted. Figure 4.21 Ground floor plan (left) and typical upper level plan (right) with fire resistance compartment highlighted. Figure 4.22 Section with compartment floor and non-compartment floor highlighted. Figure 4.23 Basement 7 plan with compartment area highlighted. Figure 4.24 Fire door in basement level Figure 4.25 Fire door in ground storey and upper storey Figure 4.26 Hydraulic spring of fire door Figure 4.27 Plan view indicating the fire fighting access from the streets Figure 4.28 Basement 7 plan indicating the circulation of fire fighting truck and firemen Figure 4.29 Highlighted area shows breeching inlet at Basement 7. Figure 4.30 Access for fire truck. Figure 4.31 Basement 7 plan indicating the firefighting shaft Figure 4.32 Fire staircase from basement Figure 4.33 Fire lift Figure 5.1 Smoke Detector Figure 5.2 Fire Alarm Bell Figure 5.3 Fire Alarm Panel Figure 5.4 Smoke Detector in PJ Trade Center (Basement) Figure 5.5 Smoke Detector in PJ Trade Center (18th Floor Lobby) Figure 5.6 Location of Smoke Detectors in PJ Trade Center Figure 5.7 Fire Alarm Bell in PJ Trade Center (Lift Motor Room) Figure 5.8 Location of Fire Alarm Bell Figure 5.9 Fire Alarm Bell connected to CO2 suppression system (B7) Figure 5.10 Fire Alarm Bell in PJ Trade Center (Lift Lobby) Figure 5.11 Manual Call Point located close to the Fire Alarm Bell (Lift Lobby) Figure 5.12 Manual Call Point located in fire hazardous room (Lift Motor Room) Figure 5.13 Fire Control Room Figure 5.14 Location of Fire Control Room Figure 5.15 Lift Control Panel in Fire Control Room Figure 5.16 CCTV Surveillance in Fire Control Room Figure 5.17 Mimic Diagram Figure 5.18 Mimic Diagram Figure 5.19 Fire Alarm Panel Figure 5.20 Instructions for Fire Alarm Panel Figure 5.21 Computer connected to Fire Alarm Panel Figure 5.22 Fire Intercom System Figure 5.23 Remote Telephone Handset located at the fire staircase Figure 5.24 Remote Telephone Handset located at the Lift Motor Room
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Figure 5.25 Fireman’s switch (Fire Staircase) Figure 5.26 Sprinkler Head Figure 5.27 Pendant Sprinkler Head in PJ Trade Center office and lobby Figure 5.28 Upright Sprinkler Head in PJ Trade Center basements Figure 5.29 Typical arrangement drawing of wet pipe installation Sprinkler System Figure 5.30 Sprinkler Water Tank Figure 5.31 Sprinkler Alarm Valve outside Fire Pump Room Figure 5.32 Sprinkler Pump Starter Panel Figure 5.33 Sprinkler Pressure Switches and Water Pumps Figure 5.34 Sprinkler Breeching Inlet Figure 5.35 Location of Fire Pump Room, Water Tanks and Breeching Inlet Figure 5.36 Hose Reel in Fire Cabinet (17th Floor) Figure 5.37 Hose Reel in Fire Cabinet (Basement) Figure 5.38 Location of Fire Cabinet (Hose Reel and Wet Riser) in PJ Trade Center Figure 5.39 Typical arrangement drawing of Hose Reel System Figure 5.40 Hose Reel Pump Starter Panel Figure 5.41 Hose Reel Pressure Switches Figure 5.42 Hose Reel Pumps (Jockey, Standby and Duty) Figure 5.43 Wet Riser pipe and Canvas Hose in the fire cabinet on Basement 1 Figure 5.44 Wet Riser pipes on the roof Figure 5.45 Typical arrangement drawing of Wet Riser System Figure 5.46 Wet Riser Pump Starter Panel Figure 5.47 Wet Riser Pressure Switches Figure 5.48 Wet Riser Breeching Inlet Figure 5.49 Wet Riser Pumps (Jockey, Standby and Duty) Figure 5.50 Location of External Fire Hydrants at PJ Trade Center Figure 5.51 External Fire Hydrants of PJ Trade Center Figure 5.52 Typical arrangement drawing of pressurized hydrant system Figure 5.53 Fire Cabinet Figure 5.54 Fire Extinguisher (ABC Dry Powder) Figure 5.55 Fire Extinguisher (Carbon Dioxide) Figure 5.56 Selection Chart for Fire Extinguishers Figure 5.57 Manual Pull Box Figure 5.58 Carbon Dioxide Cylinders Figure 5.59 Typical arrangement drawing of Automatic CO2 Extinguishing System Figure 5.60 Location of the Automatic CO2 Extinguishing System Figure 6.1 Location of the lift lobby in Block A, PJ Trade Centre Figure 6.2 Lift specification panel: Manufacturer, Maximum capacity and load Figure 6.3 Lift specification panel: Registration number Figure 6.4 Lift lobby of Block A Figure 6.5 Lift lobby Figure 6.6 Fire escape plan Figure 6.7 Gearless Traction lifts Figure 6.8 Motor room door, with fire safety within reach Figure 6.9 Safety precaution sign Figure 6.10 Gearless traction lift motors Figure 6.11 Location of the motor room in Block A, PJ Trade Centre Figure 6.12 Air conditioning to regulate the temperature, and adequate lighting Figure 6.13 Gearless lift motor machine Figure 6.14 Close up of gearless motor Figure 6.15 Driving sheave of the gearless motor Figure 6.16 Cable rope Figure 6.17 Control panel cabinet Figure 6.18 Close up of control panel Figure 6.19 lift control board in fire control room Figure 6.20 Intercom controls
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Figure 6.21 Emergency landing device Figure 6.22 lift shaft components Figure 6.23 Guard rail in the lift shaft Figure 6.24 Roller guides Figure 6.25 Section view of progressive lift brake system Figure 6.26 Progressive safety brake Figure 6.27 Grouping of hoisting cable, seen from motor room Figure 6.28 The counterweight of the lift, located in the lift shaft Figure 6.29 Lift counterweight Figure 6.30 Landing doors at the lift lobby Figure 6.31 Lift motor, which works to open and close the doors using rollers. Figure 6.32 The interior of a lift cabin Figure 6.33 Lift cabin diagram Figure 6.34 Lift cabin with structural frame Figure 6.35 Lift travelling cable Figure 6.36 Lift door sensor located between the doors of the lift Figure 6.37 Multi beam door sensor Figure 6.38 lift control panel with floor indicators and braille inscriptions Figure 6.39 Emergency button and intercom speaker Figure 6.40 Fire lift, marked by a fire lift label Figure 6.41 Fire lift operating panel with an additional operating panel to activate EFS Figure 6.42 Padding in the fire lift to protect lift cabin from damage by firefighter’s equipment
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Image References Introduction Mechanical Ventilation Air Conditioning System Active Fire Protection Mechanical Transportation System
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Image References
Introduction Krishnan, G. (2016). Power Cut at PJ Trade Centre Due to Fire. Retrieved from https://www.lipstiq.com/2016/114811/tnb-cable-catches-fire-causing-disruption-around-pj-trade-centre/ Havel, G. (2011). Elevators: Power Shunt Trip. Retrieved from https://www.fireengineering.com/articles/2011/02/elevators-power-shunt-trip.html
Mechanical Ventilation Stairwell pressurisation system, retrieved from: https://stlfamilylife.com/photo/stairwell-pressurization-fans.html Types of Ventilation Systems. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.hometips.com/how-it-works/ventilation-systems-exhaust.html
Air Conditioning System Evans, P. (2015). [The refrigerant cycle in chiller]. Retrieved from https://theengineeringmindset.com/chiller-cooling-tower-air-handling-unit-work-together/ Evans, P. (2019). [Water cooled chiller with components labelled]. Retrieved from https://theengineeringmindset.com/building-services-engineering-intro/ Jin-Hui Plastics Industrial Co., Ltd. (n.d.). [Cross flow cooling tower]. Retrieved from https://cooling-towers.com.tw/solution/cooling-tower-knowledge/closed-circuit-cooling-tower-technology/cross-flowvs-counter-flow-how-about-mix-flow Jin-Hui Plastics Industrial Co., Ltd. (n.d.). [Counter flow cooling tower]. Retrieved from https://cooling-towers.com.tw/solution/cooling-tower-knowledge/closed-circuit-cooling-tower-technology/cross-flowvs-counter-flow-how-about-mix-flow Lytte. (n.d.). [Vertical Air Handling Unit]. Retrieved from https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/HVAC-Systems-and-Parts-Vertical-Cabinet_60063024236.html Saleh, J. J. (2015). Types of ac units-hvac-apex[PDF]. Apex. Wiring Diagram. (n.d.). [How split unit work]. Retrieved from https://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjXspjO1KTiAhXELY8K HYGCCe4Qjhx6BAgBEAM&url=https://r37.autohaus-walch.de/mini-split-how-works-diagram.html&psig=AOvVaw2 EQHYhCHTh5eOXmC6NFpdN&ust=1558254526108593 Warmair. (n.d.). Refrigeration cycle [Refrigeration cycle]. Retrieved from http://www.warmair.com/html/refrigeration_cycle.htm
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Mechanical Transportation System Gerbis, N. (2011). How to Survive an Elevator Free Fall. Retrieved from https://www.livescience.com/33445-how-survive-falling-elevator.html Elevator Roller Guides Modernization | Lift Roller Guide Upgrade. Retrieved from http://esrelevator.com/upgrades/roller-guides/ Wolszczak, P. (2017). Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/figure/View-on-the-dynamical-system-of-the-lift-brake-and-measurement-configurati on-The-numbers_fig5_317339456 Elevator Safety Gear Manufacturers and Suppliers - Elevator Safety Gear Factory - Shanghai Kisa. . Retrieved from http://www.kisa-global.com/elevator-safety-devices/elevator-safety-gear/ Gearless Traction Elevators. Retrieved from http://www.aboutelevator.com/2015/11/geared-traction-elevators_21.html D'mello, B. (2015). Why Elevators Are Much Safer Than You Think. Retrieved from https://www.scienceabc.com/innovation/how-safe-are-you-in-an-elevator.html How Elevator Doors Work. (2016). Retrieved from https://schmelevator.wordpress.com/2016/01/14/elevator-doors/ Armstrong, J. Escape 6th Floor. Retrieved from https://harveyandlee.net/TSBD_Elevator/TSBD_elevator.html Escalator, C. (2018). Elevator Basic Components | Conai Escalator-. Retrieved from http://www.cnescalatorparts.com/BLOG/Elevator/new-84.html Traveling cable. Retrieved from https://elevation.fandom.com/wiki/Traveling_cable Otis Elevator Door Sensor. Retrieved from https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/otis-elevator-door-sensor-14559889748.html Havel, G. (2011). Elevators: Power Shunt Trip. Retrieved from https://www.fireengineering.com/articles/2011/02/elevators-power-shunt-trip.html Stairwell pressurisation system, retrieved from: https://stlfamilylife.com/photo/stairwell-pressurization-fans.html Types of Ventilation Systems. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.hometips.com/how-it-works/ventilation-systems-exhaust.html
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