Acknowledgement I hereby take this opportunity to express my deep and heartfelt gratitude to Prof. (Dr.) Jaydip Barman for his constant support, encouragement and guidance. His insightful thoughts and strategic ways to problem solving inspired me to work hard at every stage of my thesis. I am very grateful to his belief in my ability to give my fullest effort towards the project. I would like to thank all the jury members and the professors of the Department of Architecture and Regional Planning at IIT Kharagpur. Special thanks to our thesis coordinator Prof. Haimanti Banerjee for her guidance throughout the stages of thesis. The love and support of my parents and brother gave me immense strength and support to follow my dreams. I am also indebted to my seniors and juniors, especially Mr. Kushagra Ramnani, Mr. Vignesh Kumar, Ms. Purnimah Thota for their help, suggestions and motivation. I would also like to thank Mr. Nagarjuna, Tanflora, Hosur for his valuable insights during my case study. I am grateful to the Almighty for making this entire process complete smoothly.
Husna Begum M R
CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ABOUT THE PROJECT Project Brief Aims & Objectives Scope Clientele Users Spaces DESIGN METHODOLOGY LITERATURE REVIEW Native flowers of Nilgiris Floriculture in Nilgiris Flower Cultivation Flower Processing Cold storage Greenhouse Flower Shows and Festivals Flower Arrangements and Crafts Flowers and Design Climate Sensitive Design Energy Efficeint Design Barrier Free Design CASE STUDIES Tanflora Industrial Comple, Hosur Kamaraj Flower Market, Chennai Gardens by the Bay, Singapore Keukenhof Flower Garden, Holland SITE Site Location Site Details Site Views Site Study DESIGN PROGRAMMING Site Analysis Site Zoning Space Inter-relation Diagram AREA PROGRAMMING
05 06 07 07 08 08 09
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10 10 12 13 15 21 23 24 25 26 26 27
28
29 33 37 41
44
45 46 47 48
49
50 51 52
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DESIGN CONCEPT Symbolic Concept Spatial Concept Structural Concept User Behaviour Energy Efficient Concept Landscape Design Materaial & Technology CIRCULATION Public Visitors Business Visitors Staff & Trainers Field Workers Goods In Goods Out SERVICE PLAN ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Introduction I wandered lonely as a cloud That floats on high o'er vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A host, of golden daffodils; Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.
“Flowers gives fragrance
(‘Daffodils’ – William Wordsworth)
even to the hands that crushes it”
Human lifecycle and flowers
What does flower means to humans? The flower is one of the God’s finest workmanship in the world. It is his finest gift to the mankind. It is an eternal treat to human sight, that inspires the poet and taps the artists inside people. Flowers are associated with human life from birth to death. There is no festival/event that is complete without a flower. Apart from aesthetic values they have uses in medicinal, food, cosmetics, therapy, crafts and many by product industries.
Floriculture as an industry at global and national level? Presently, flowers represent billion dollar industry. Internationally, the floriculture business is estimated to be worth $11 billion and growing at 15 per cent per annum. Owing to steady increase in demand of flower floriculture has become one of the important Commercial trades in Agriculture. The Indian floriculture Industry is now undergoing a gradual shift from a highly unorganised sector to a professionally managed industry and growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 25 per cent over the past decade, has blossomed into a $230 million business. Postliberalisation, the government identified it as a priority sector and accorded it 100 per cent ‘export oriented unit’ (EOU) status. While exports remain the prime motivator for cultivators, local demand is also growing by leaps and bounds, especially in cities. The states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, West Bengal, Maharashtra, Haryana and Andhra Pardesh have emerged as major floriculture entries. The Indian flowers and flower related products are exported worldwide in various forms. This industry has gained popularity due to the varieties of ornamental flowers grown in various part of India. Rose, Chrysanthemum, Marigold, Gerbera are some of the widely sold commodities. “FLORANG” - The Floriculture Promotion Centre, Mettupalayam
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Project Brief Govt. of India in March 2001 has identified Nilgiris District as Agri Export Zone (AEZs) in TamilNadu for flowers The Tamil Nadu State Government has drafted an ambitious plan to focus on floriculture development in the Nilgiris and make it a “floriculture district”. Nilgiris was predominantly known for its tea estates and tourism is gradually diversifying its economy towards floriculture and enhanced tourism. In response to this ambitious plan and with increasing demand for Nilgiris flowers both at domestic and international market, a comprehensive floriculture promotion centre – “FLORANG” is being setup to support and grow this nascent industry. Why Mettupalayam? Mettupalayam is located at the foothills of Nilgiris has excellent connectivity to major cities, airports and harbours to sustain floriculture activities and also attract the tourists. Hence it is an ideal location to propose The Floriculture Promotion Centre. What does “FLORANG” offer? It is a comprehensive floriculture promotion centre supports growing floriculture industry with its related activites and also supports the Tourism.
Processing
Training
Services-Aromatherapy Garden/Shows
FLOriculture + RANGe = FLORANG
Dried Flowers-Dyes
Flower Mart Flower Related Crafts& Products
Flower Festivals
FLOriculture and RANGe of acivities associated with it “FLORANG” - The Floriculture Promotion Centre, Mettupalayam
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Aims & Objectives The objective of the The Floriculture Promotion Centre is as follows: 1. To promote Nilgiris flowers for international standards and requirements 2. To regulate the existing flower market under one roof & to develop flower relate market and crafts 3. To make the centre as a landmark and a recreational spot to tourist landmark 4. To create public awareness that imparts knowledge of flower and its allied industries 5. To redefine the importance of flower in human lives through architecture psychosomatic relations
Project Scope The scope of the project includes the following: 1. To understand the sequential workflow/ phases of floriculture from flower production to processing to packaging, etc. 2. To identify the spaces directly/indirectly dealing with flowers and flower related product and services 3. To create an innovative landscape design; combing the functional and aesthetic character of floriculture 4. To plan for the essential services and infrastructure for floriculture development considering energy consciousness, climate responsive, flexible structural systems 5. To identify the future requirements of the floriculture industry and tourism 6. To plan for post occupancy maintenance and fiscal management.
**The project cost is beyond the scope of this thesis “FLORANG” - The Floriculture Promotion Centre, Mettupalayam
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Clientele • The project is a public private partnership type • It is a joint venture between TIDCO(TamilNadu Industrial Development Corporation) & Reliance Industries.
TamilNadu Industrial Development Corporation
+
=
The Floriculture Promotion Centre, Mettupalaym
Reliance Industries
Users FLORICULTURE ACTIVITIES
PUBLIC ACTIVITIES
• Floriculture Growers
• Visitors of all age groups
• Staff - processing / handling
• School children
• Administrative staff
• Seasonal visitors (peak footfall)
• Trainers
• Trained staffs
• Trainees - localites
• Management
• Sellers -
• Guides
• Performers
Market place/auction centres
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Spaces FLORICULTURE ACTIVITIES • Training Centres • Flower Production - Controlled environment and outdoor • Flower Processing Units • Processed Flower Storage • Packaging Facilities • Loading/Unloading Bay • Garbage Disposal System • Parking - Light and Heavy Vehicles
PUBLIC ZONE • Multipurpose Hall - Fashion Shows • Indoor Exhibiton Gallery • Garden • Poly House • Light & Water show • Viewing Decks • Photoshoot Zone • Shading Tower • Flower Mart • Auction Halls • Library • Food Court
ADMINISTRATION • Administration block with Director • Store • Cafeteria • Meeting Rooms “FLORANG” - The Floriculture Promotion Centre, Mettupalayam
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Design Methodology
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LITERATURE REVIEW NATIVE FLOWER OF NILGIRIS FLORICULTURE IN NILGIRIS FLOWER CULTIVATION FLOWER PROCESSING COLD STORAGE GREENHOUSE FLOWER SHOWS AND FESTIVALS FLOWER ARRANGEMENT AND CRAFTS FLOWERS AND DESIGN CLIMATE SENSITIVE DESIGN ENERGY EFFECIENT DESIGN BARRIER FREE DESIGN
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NATIVE FLOWER OF NILGIRIS • Nilgiris = Nil (Blue) + Giri (Mountains) got its name from the purplish blue flowers of “Neelakurinji” (Botanical Name: Strobilanthes kunthianus) that blossoms only once in 12 years • The next blooming period of Neelakurinji will start in June 2018 and will last until September or even until November 2018 Some of other native species of the hills, which are endangered now due to increasing settlements • Everlasting Flower (Helichrysum ) • Prickly Chaff Flower (Achyranthes aspera L.) • Blue Convolvulus • Common Hogweed (Boerhavia diffusa L.) • Kalmulaiyan (In Tamil) (Caralluma umbellata) Native flowers of Nilgiris that have a high medicinal values associates with them
FLORICULTURE IN NILGIRIS
Roses (Rosa hybrid)
Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii)
Chrysanthemum
Carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus L),
Varieties of cut flowers are grown for commericial purpose in Nilgiris. Some of the flowers cultivated are:
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FLORICULTURE IN NILGIRIS
Carnations: REGION
COLOUR
OCCASION
SYMBOL
Korea
Red and Pink
Parents’ Day
Love and Gratitude
Red and White
Mother’s Day
Red – If mother is Alive White - If Dead
Light red
Teachers’ Day
Dark red
Deep love & Affection
White
Pure love & Good luck
Purple
Capriciousness Funeral
France
Admiration
Misfortune & Bad luck
Chrysanthumum: REGION
COLOUR
SYMBOL
China
Red
Love
China
Yellow
Slighted love
White
Truth and Loyal love
White
Adversity / Grief
Japan & Korea
Carnations: • The flower petals are used as a garnish and flavouring • They are used as in making syrup (substitue for roses) • They are commercially utilized for extraction of perfume. • The dried flower heads are used in pot-pourri and cosmetic products. • The leaves can be simmered in water and used as soap Roses: • They may be used as garden plants and cut flowers. • They are used in making rose water, rose oil, Gulkhand. • Rose cut flowers have important role in floral arrangements, in bouquets, worships, presentation of gifts and in social occasions. Chrysanthemum: • Chrysanthemum flavoured tea is very popular and is used as a relaxation. • They reduce indoor air pollution by the NASA Clean Air Study.
USES AND COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS
SYMBOL AND SENTIMENTS
Flowers have sentiments and symbolisms associated which varies from place to place, some of them are:
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FLOWER CULTIVATION Different flowers have different requirements for cultuvation(which are listed in the table below). These requirements are to be used as guidelines while designing the cultivation space for these flowers. Requirements for Cultivation: Carnations
Gerbara
Roses
Chrysanthumum
Growing environment
Naturally ventilated
Naturally ventilated
Naturally ventilated+shade d
Naturally ventilated
Soil conditions
Well drained
Well drained
Well drained
Well drained
Bed size
Width:1m Alley:40cm Spacing 6 row; 15x15cm;25/m^2
Spacing 40x40cm or 30x40cm
Spacing 75x75cm staggerd
Width:1m Spacing 15x 15 cm (45 plants/m2)
Irrigation
Drip(5-6l/m^2/day)
Drip 0.7ml/plant/day
1-2inch/week
Drip 9l/m^2/day
Photoperiod
13 hours
No requirement
<12 hours
13 hours
Special practice
Netting: 4 layers
No requirement
Special support
No requirement
Netting system for carnations
Bed and aisle space
Drip Irrigation “FLORANG” - The Floriculture Promotion Centre, Mettupalayam
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• This is a closed transport system that can transport up to 10.000 flowers per hour • Immediately after cutting the flowers are hang up per piece in the transport hooks of the transport line or place flower bud in a semi-dense cup for complete protection from sun and dust • From the transport line flower are sent automatically to grading • The length depends upon the distance • The transport hook is ceiling and floor based machine
CUTTING MACHINE
FLOWLINE MACHINE
FLOWER PROCESSING
WATERLESS PACKING
• The machine is used for cutting, trimming and defoliate flowers • The machine operates from right to left • The machine is floor based with total length of the machine is 6 meters, with inlay parts if 2 meters. • The shelf life of flowers is extended by using the AMAP (Active Modified Atmospheric Packaging) technology • The flowers are ‘put to sleep’ so can go without water for five days, the humidity is fed back in to the flower when it continues to breathe. • The humidity inside the packaging of flowers during transport can create diseases such as Botrytis. A new biodegradable film Flexfresh was developed, which could keep the product breathing in hydrated oxygen and release excess humidity keeping the flowers dry. • Using Fast Respiration Meter, the oxygen demand of flowers is measured and using a Laser Technology micro perforation are made on Flexfresh film to allow enough oxygen for the flowers to stay alive and prevent them from excess oxidation. “FLORANG” - The Floriculture Promotion Centre, Mettupalayam
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GRADING & SORTING
FLOWER PROCESSING
• It is a wrapping-sealing machine for roses with conveyors. • This sealer has a supply and collection conveyor in line with a sealing machine • Length supply conveyor - 500 cm; Length collection conveyor - 400 cm; Long model (The supply conveyor and the collection conveyor are in one line); Sealing machine - 250 cm x 150 cm; • Processing speed of the machine is up to 400 bunches per hour; Foils - Blank or printed film; Tension of the foils are adjustable • Technical specifications - Hours - 380 Volt 3 phase + 0 ; Capacity - 400 per hour.
WRAPING & SEALING MACHINE
• Is suitable for various flower sorts, like carnation, chrysanthemum, etc • The flowers are graded by length, curve, weight and numbers of flower buds using X ray technque • This machine contains 3 conveyor belts standard that can be filled with flowers independently with a 1 stem/sec speed. It has a bunching capacity of 10,000 flowers • The machine is floor based and measures 20 meter length, 2 meters wide 3 meters height containing 3 gradings. Since the several gradings in bunches are performed on the same pocket conveyor, there is a need for only 2 binders for all gradings. The grade and speed of the rotators is adjustable
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COLD STORAGE • Cooling is one of the most important steps in bringing fresh specialty cut flower materials from the grower to the marketplace. Low temperatures extend shell life. • Once harvested, flower quality cannot be improved, only maintained—deterioration cannot be reversed, only slowed. The cold storage facility should be dedicated to fresh flower holding and not be used for mixed storage of produce and flowers.
or concrete block. The design should consider handling equipment location and handling procedures for smooth product flow in and out of cold storage. Space for future expansion to be considered Adapted cold storage: It is uses an insulated container to transport refrigerated products. Examples include ice cream trucks, refrigerated railway cars and refrigerated semi-tractor trailers/vans. Prefabricated cold storage: It is the most commonly known cold storage. It carries the highest price tag per cubic foot of the three options. . This type can easily be transported, installed, relocated and maintained • It is built on the principle of evaporative cooling • It is built using bricks, sand, jute bags and bamboos • The space between double layered brick walls is filled with sand. The upper part of the chamber is covered with the bamboo lid • Keeps temp.10-15 °C lower than the outside
GREEN FRIDGE
TYPES OF COLD STORAGES
Build-in place cold storage: Can be constructed out of wood, steel and/
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• Marketing strategy will determine the type of cold storage and its location • Space must be available for the movement and storage of empty containers, equipment, and supplies. • Area should be planned for future expansion • The cold storage needs to be placed in a well-drained area. It needs drains to remove water from condensation, cleaning and sanitation operations • Proximity to utilities could be a deciding factor • Availability of water is critical. Water is necessary for preservative solutions and for cleaning and sanitizing the cold storage and handling area.
To define the size of the cold storage, evaluate the following factors: • Volume of product to store • Product containers (boxes, hampers, buckets) • Volume required per container • Aisle space needed (mechanical or manual operation) • Lateral and head space • Available site space
V = v(C+S)
REFRIGERATION LOAD
V is the total volume needs in cubic feet v volume occupied by one product container in cubic feet. C maximum number of containers to be cooled at any one time. S is the maximum number of containers to be stored at any one time
STORAGE SIZE
SITE SELECTION
COLD STORAGE
Once the type and size of cold storage has been determined, the refrigeration needs or load must be calculated. The refrigeration load is critical to maintain the desired product storage temperature. Some factors determining the refrigeration load are: • Size of cold storage • Type of product storage • Amount of product stored • Temperature of product coming into the cold storage • Optimum storage tempretaure fro thr product • Type and amount of insulation used in cold storage • Location of the cold storage • Characteristics of the refrigeration equipment • Management practices used in the operation of the cold storage “FLORANG” - The Floriculture Promotion Centre, Mettupalayam
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Direct Expansion Refrigeration System
• Most small storage units work with direct expansion refrigeration system. • Flooded refrigeration system is used only by larger facilities. • The mini splits, window air conditioner and packaged units are examples of such system. • Duct work and piping is minimum with easy installation in DX system. • Energy transfer is efficient in flooded refrigeration system
Flooded Refrigeration System
Mobile Racking System: • Superstructure is mounted on powered moving bases which eliminate the requirement for multiple aisles. • Storage capacity can be doubled when compared to conventional storage solutions. • Increased space efficiency. Some of the considerations while desiging conatiner and positioning it: • The container design and its positioning in the cold storage must allow for air circulation within containers and around the lowers. • Containers should not obstruct air circulation. For good air circulation, there should be from six to eight inches between the containers and the walls, and at least 18 inches between the containers and the ceiling. • Guidelines painted on the floor and walls are helpful in getting containers spaced correctly.
CONTAINER DESIGN AND POSITIONING
REFRIGIRATION SYSTEM
COLD STORAGE
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DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
GREENHOUSE Location and Orientation: • Orient and locate the house for optimum sunlight. In southern latitudes, the ridge should run north-south and northern latitudes east-west. • Place in an area sheltered from high winds, if possible • Locate on a soil which is well drained and where surface water does not run into the house. Use drain tile if necessary. • Avoid sloping beds or floors in the greenhouse. • Locate the greenhouse near adequate and reliable sources of utilities-- electricity, water and gas. • Provide good access roads, parking, and turn-around area. • Arrange initial construction so that the range can be expanded. Structure: • For cooling efficiencies, it is suggested that the greenhouse be no more than about 110 to 120 feet in length. • Houses longer than 110 to 120 feet in length will present problems in achieving uniform temperatures over the entire length of the house when cooling in early fall and late spring. • The house should have straight side walls at least four feet high, preferably eight feet. Side walls of eight feet are ideal if expansion to a multi-bay house is envisioned. • Overall greenhouse height (ground to arch peak) need not to be more than 14 to 16 feet. Otherwise an excess volume of air will need to be heated or exhausted which increases operational costs.
FLOORING SYSTEM
They must help in drainage and maintained at a stable temperature and withstand high humidity.
Soil
If the plants are to be grown directly on the soil, the greenhouse will not require a floor. If required, pavers, gravel flagstone or wood planks can be used to create walkways.
Gravels, Pavers & Stones
They work perfectly with raised beds. There are no flooring materials beneath the beds. This is recommended as it permits the roots to grow into the soil below the grade.
Concrete
This is used when the method of growing is aquaponic system, or system that require a leveled surface. They provides additional thermal mass which aids in stabilizing temperature.
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GREENHOUSE IRRIGATION SYSTEM Boom Irrigation: It give most uniform and versatile irrigation and mist over any crop reprsenting rain from rain-clouds. It has light weight frames, direct drive motors and sophisticated controllers with user-friendly interfaces
Drip Irrigation:
A watertight concrete is necessary for the floor surface. It has 3 sections : the flood pit, recipe changes and the drain pit. An integrated floor heating system provides uniform heat in the root zone area and quickly dries the floor. A horizontal air flow (HAF) circulation system will reduce moisture in the plant foliage.
Drip irrigation is a tool for accurate growing medium moisture control. It saves water and labor, and reduces the potential for groundwater pollution. Drip irrigation systems eliminate runoff of water missing the pot during overhead irrigation.
Above-Floor trough
In-Floor trough
Flood Floor Irrigation:
Trough System: In this system, plastic or metal troughs are placed on existing benches or supported overhead from the greenhouse structure. The troughs are installed at a slight slope (3” to 6” per 100’) from one end to the other. Nutrient solution, supplied solution returns to a storage tank under the benches or below ground to be recycled. One advantage to this system is the air circulation that occurs between the troughs. Trough systems is less expensive and can be easily installed in existing greenhouses. “FLORANG” - The Floriculture Promotion Centre, Mettupalayam
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GREENHOUSE SHADING SYSTEM
Primarly the temperature of the greenhouse is controlled by passive ventilation. Shading is used to further cut down the daylight ( for plants that have shorter photoperiod) and also to reduce heat buildup in the greenhouse. The two types of shading systems are: Exterior Shading System • In this system the light is intercepted before it enters the greenhouse enhancing the cooling effect • It is costly due to structural and mechanical requirements
Panel shade A disadvantage of using panel for shade is they are usually permanent for an entire season
A retractable system or incremental system to over come the flexibility problem of panel shades. This system has more cost implications. Retractable system
Interior Shading System
SMART SYSTEM
• An shade materials can effectively reduce light transmission could be anchored to a cable be pulled up by pulleys over additional cables following the greenhouse ceiling contour. • This shade deployable to varying heights at anytime.
A
B
S
• A control system motinors the outside and inside conditions through sensors. • Sensors are placed in soil-S to record its conditions. Sensor at node A monitors external conditions like wind flow, wind direction, ight, temperature, pressure, humidity and percentage of CO2 and sensor at node B monitors interior conditions • Actions are taken based on their data collected through these sensors
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FLOWER SHOWS AND FESTIVALS Flower is an integral part of every culture. Flower festivals is celebrated by expressing flowers in various forms, from carpets to flower parades and competitions etc. Following are the collection of various flower expressions from some festivals around the world:
Flower parade from Chaing mai flower festival, Thailand
Flower carpets from Chaing mai flower festival, Thailand
Water parade from Bloemencorso, Netherlands
Wall of hope (by children) from Festa da flor, Madeira.
Fashion parade from Festa da flor, Madeira.
Flower sculptures/exhibitions from flower festival, Ooty.
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FLOWER ARRANGEMENT AND CRAFTS
TYPES OF FLOWER ARRANGEMENT
STYLES OF FLOWER ARRANGEMENT
Enhancing the beauty of flowers with artistic arrangement is the art of flower arrangements. Flower arrangements are an important part of the ambience on any occasion. Traditional/Western Flower Arrangements: The emphasis is on the Use of many flowers as a mass in the floral arrangement.
Oriental Flower Arrangements: The emphasis is on the Lines in the floral arrangement
Modern Flower Arrangements : There are no rules at all. These floral arrangements are based on the taste of the floral designer. But, it is more close to Oriental than Traditional style of arranging flowers in its inclination towards importance to lines
Flower Baskets: Floral baskets are flower arrangements done in baskets of varied depths. Flowers for the floral baskets should therefore be chosen on the basis of the depth of the basket
Floral Wreaths: A floral arrangement in the form of a circular garland, usually woven of flowers and foliage, that traditionally indicates honor or celebration.
Floral Bouquets: Floral bouquets are simple and easier to assemble than a formal flower arrangement.
Ikebana: Ikebana is the art of arranging flowers in water. It is asymmetrical form and uses empty space as a composition feature.
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FLOWERS AND DESIGN Fibonnacci Series: Plants can grow at a certain angle with its previou. The new cells grow in spirals, such as the pattern of seeds in this beautiful sunflower. The spiral happens naturally because each new cell is formed after a turn. The spiral follows Fibonacci series. This series iterates itself in nature from leaves, seeds, florets, etc. the ratio of a succesive terms of a fibonacci series is the golden ratio that repeats itself in nature. Ancient Measuring Techniques: In Markets of Bangalore or else where in Karnataka, for measuring the length of flowers, people still use age old ‘Maaru’ a full length of the arm, or ‘Mola’, half length of arm. The ratio of a the two measuring standards Mola and a Maaru is in golden ratio
“FLORANG” - The Floriculture Promotion Centre, Mettupalayam
Palazzeto dello sport
Biomimicry - Amazon Lily: The structure of Amazon Lily has inspired the structural principle of two structures: Crystal palace bt Joseph Paxtor and Palazzelo dello sport by Pier Luigi Nervi. The lily pads have incredible buoyancy from the web-like structure of veins and can support the weight of a well-balanced adult. This characteristic has inspired to develop large span coloum free structure. Crystal Palace: The rigidity is created by the radiating ribs, connecting with flexible cross ribs. Palazzeto dello sport: The dome follow the isostatic lines of principle stress, which theoretically no shear stress is induced. Lateral support is given by the 36 Y-shaped buttresses.
Crystal Palace
Biomimicry - Lotus: The super hyperphobic characteristics of Lotus due to its micro- topography structure of their surface. Surface finishes with self cleaning/ water resistant characteristics is produced inspired from Lotus. This prnciple has been applied to paints, glass, textiles, and more.
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CLIMATE SENSITIVE DESIGN Tropical climates are generally characterised by hot, wet summers, high levels of humidity and little change between day and night temperatures. Movement of air is an important strategy for cooling people down, because the body has more difficulty cooling itself with sweat in humid climates. Some considerations for passive design in tropical zones are: • Develope a long, thin floor plan with as many rooms as possible having windows or openings on at least two walls to achieve maximum cross-ventilation. • Choose windows that can catch prevaling winds, while providing protection from water in wet seasons. • Insulate the eastern and western walls, and possibly the northern wall • Use lighter and reflective colours • Presence of high level vent/stack system to draw out hot air • Use grass/groundcover around the building for landscape to reduce the re-radiated heat. • Plant tree varieties with a canopy above window level and little foliage at lower levels to shade the roof, walls and ground around the house, but still allow air flow at window level
ENERGY EFFECIENT DESIGN • Provides shading in conservatories • Formed from a metal frame in the shape of a square-based pyramid, but with its base extruded slightly into four smaller triangular plane • The fabric reflects sunlight, and keeps out rainwater and wind, producing a cool, dry shelter Aquaponics: • An aquaponics greenhouse increases the performance and productivity of system. • Aquaponics recycles the water in the system, hence is good in water management. • The design of the green house must be well planned to accommodate Aquaponics. • Place grow beds in sunlight; fish tanks in shadier areas. “FLORANG” - The Floriculture Promotion Centre, Mettupalayam
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BARRIER FREE DESIGN Braille directional signs are installed at the top and bottom ends of external handrails for direction.
TGSI Tiles
Contrasting Colours
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Signage with Tactality
Braille instruction
Consideration for visually challenged: • Use of TSGI - Tactile Ground Surface Indicator • Path with contrasting colour for low vision people • Provision of Braille instruction • Provision of tactality in signage
Corridor Design
Toilet Design Parking • Barrief free parking should be placed at maximum distance of 30m from entrance • 1 in 50 upto 400 and 1 in 100 above 400 parking should be reserved for barrier free
Parking
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CASE STUDIES PRIMARY SOURCES TANFLORA INDUSTIAL PARK, HOSUR KAMARAJ FLOWER MARKET, CHENNAI SECONDARY SOURCES GARDENS BY THE BAY, SINGAPORE KEUKENHOF FLOWER GARDEN, HOLLAND
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Tanflora Industrial Park, Hosur
• It is India’s largest flower exporter • It has expertise in Roses and Chrysanthumum export • Production and proceesing under one roof
Objectives of the study • To understand the workflow sequence Production
Processing
Storage • To understand the priciples of greenhouse design “FLORANG” - The Floriculture Promotion Centre, Mettupalayam
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FLOWER PRODUCTION The cultivation requirements for every flowers differs, which dictates the condition to be maintained within the greenhouse. Chrysanthumum Optimum temperature: 16C to 25C. Crop period : 3 months Bed dimensions: 1m width. Nets are placed for support. Planting: 15x15cm (60 plants/m^2) Lighting: Vegetative Phase - LED lights of 35 watts from 6pm to 1am for 25 to 30 days until the plant grows up to 50cms in height Irrigation: 8-9lts/m^2/day
Roses Optimum temperature: 18C to 30C. Crop period : 45 days after pruning Bed dimensions: 1 metre width & 0.5 metre alley space. Planting spacing: 1m width with 0.5m alley space 1 Ha of land produces 72,000 roses. Lighting: Secondary shading is provided by the deployable screens placed inside the greenhouse Irrigation: 8-9lts/m^2/3days
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CUT FLOWER PROCESSING • Post harvesting the flowers are pre-cooled, processed, stored and transportation • The harvested flowers are processed in the 80,000 square feet industrial complex • The processing of cut flowers have follows various steps, namely, grading, sorting, bunching & packing Length Grading • A 20m x 30m are of the industrial complex hall been has 8 stem length grading tables. • The grading machine has a grading scale and a tray carrying the flower • A skilled worker grades the cut flowers based on its length
Sorting • Each sorting equipment is of 2.5m x 1.5m (including space for two workers) • The industrial hall had 4 sorting equpiments occupying an area of 6m x 4m • It is done according to local and export market requirement Bunching • The bunching table had dimension of 2m x 1m • A tray of dimension 1m x 2m was attached at the rear end of the table for holding the sorted flowers • A trash can was placed to collect the waste of cut stems Packing • Packing is done manually on a table of 1m x 3m in dimension by 3 workers • Different flowers have different ways of packing • Packing also differs depending upon the type of transportation vehicle, distance and customer type “FLORANG” - The Floriculture Promotion Centre, Mettupalayam
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COLD STORAGE • The industrial complex had a 19,000 sq. ft of CFC free cold room for stacking and storing the cut flowers at various stages of processing. • Post harvest the flowers are pre cooled and after processing the flowers are stored in the cold storage • Each cold storage room is of 8m x 5m in dimension • The cut flowers are stored in containers in stacks of 2 rows • The container positioning doesn’t obstruct the air circulation • The stack design is in such a way that air circulation is present below and around the container • The entrance to the cold storage has a ramp for movement of goods • Service entry is adjacent to cold storage, for quick shifting of flowers into AC Vehicles
GREENHOUSE DESIGN • The greenhouses used for cultivation was a steel framed camel structure, that provides natural ventilation and prevents rain water • Structure of 75m in length covered with 6mm thick poly cover and has rain water harvesting pipes at the ridges of the structure • Interiors of the greenhouse has service trays, and deployable shading screens for secondary shading
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Kamaraj Flower Market, Chennai
• It is part of Koyembedu Market – one of the Asia’s largest perishable goods wholesale and retail market. • Spread over an area of 295 acres(1.19 km^2)
Objectives of the study • To understand structure • To understand the spaces, activities & accessibility • To understand the waste management
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SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STRUCTURE
• The entire market is built in contours and is under a large spanned horizontal cantilever structure • Such structure protects the shops from direct sunlight but provides ample day lighting. Direct sunlight reduces the flower’s shell life.
TYPES OF SELLING SPACES Central Courtyard - seasonal vendors
• The permanent shops on either side a corridor with rectangular shape shops of 3X5 sq.m /4x6 sq.m in dimension • Natural lighting was deficient for these types of permanent shops • The market layout has a large central courtyard – climate sensitive design. This space is used by the seasonal vendors
Permanent shops
Internal courtyards enchroched with shops using Internal Courtyard temporary shades “FLORANG” - The Floriculture Promotion Centre, Mettupalayam | 34
SPACE USAGE Various Uses of shop frontage
• Shop frontage used for display of flowers/ flower crafts • Use of lighting to enhance the texture of flowers
Rear end of the shop
• Shop extensions at rear end is used for preparing flower crafts-garlands/bouquets • Shops are open from both the ends for easy loading of goods from rear end and display of goods on another end
Lobby space - used for storage
Preparing flower garlands
Lack of extra storage spaces, the lobby space at the first floor is converted into storage space “FLORANG” - The Floriculture Promotion Centre, Mettupalayam
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ACCESSIBILITY • Loading/unloading bay has a direct access to the rear end of shops • The bay has close proximity to the rampeasy movement of the goods to the shops • Lack of proper garbage disposal system in entire market
Loading / unloading bay
Ramp for movement of goods
The main entrance to the market – level difference creating barrier for the differently abled people
WASTE MANAGEMENT • A bio-methanation plant at the market complex is built on an area of 1.75 acre for composting 50 tonnes of waste and generate power • The plant has a capacity to produce 2500 unit per day with 30 Tons of segregated waste from 150 tonnes of daily waste . • The plant uses the waste from all entire market complex – vegetables, fruits and flowers – the feasibility of such proposal for entire flower market is not feasible “FLORANG” - The Floriculture Promotion Centre, Mettupalayam
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Gardens by the Bay, Singapore
• Singapore’s Gardens by the Bay is the world’s largest climate-controlled greenhouses • It is a nature park spanning 101 hectares (250 acres) of reclaimed land in central Singapore, adjacent to the Marina Reservoir
Objectives of the study • To understand the workings of a self-sufficient design that supports an energy-efficient and passive design • To understand the sustainability features
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PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLILITY There are 6 basic principles for sustainable design that was followed in the design are: 1) Optimizing site potential, 2) Optimize energy use, 3) Protect and conserve water, 4) Optimize building space and material use, 5) Enhance indoor environmental quality (IEQ) 6) Optimize operational and maintenance practices.
SUSTAINABLE ECOSYSTEM
Super Trees
Flower Dome Cool Dry Conservatory
Cloud Forest Cool Moist Conservatory
Lake System Dragonfly & Kingfisher
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SUPER TREES GROOVE
The core of the Supertrees • They act as an exhaust chimneys for the biomass furnaces • They provide an outlet for steam from dehumidification of the conservatories • They provide the location for solar energy collection, solar heat collection, water collection. • They provide shading to the site The outer skins and canop form the infrastructure onto which the planting is applied for vertical garden
Strutural Anatomy
• Each individual tree is supported by a concrete core, cantilevering from the ground. Capping with a core head that supports all the environmental devices and support the supertree canopy • The skin is separated into two zones; the canopy skin and the trunk skin; each is defined by a series of radial and diagonal members (CHS). • The structural frame consists of a double layer lattice that uses the offset between the inner and outer layer to enhance stiffness out of plane. • The inner and outer layers are divided into 8 panels of identical branch patters that are rotated half a bay, overlapping creating an apparent randomness across the skin. Stability is then provided by connecting the radials to a series of equally spaced circumferential cables, which complete the anticlastic surface that works together as a whole structure (mutually supportive) with a high level of structural redundancy. “FLORANG” - The Floriculture Promotion Centre, Mettupalayam | 39
SUSTAINABILITY FEATURES Structural System • The dome has a Dual system structure of gridshell and arches that permits ample light • The arches resists against wind load • The main structural members are placed outside the glazing to help with shading A cathedral like route on north surface. The surface is clear, as no direct sunlight in north surface. Energy Efficient Building Material • The customised glass panels, incorporate metal oxide adjusted to a level to achieve the right amount of light transmission • The double glazing allows maximum lighting into the building and cuts solar heat gain(heat transfer) Roof Structure Umbilical Walkway
Floating Walkway
Selective Cooling
• The two types of walkways are used for radiant cooling • Thermal stratification-reduces the volume of air to be cooled • Dehumidifying air before cooling-reduces energy consumption Retractable Shading Device
A 8m x 10m of rolled triangular sails is hidden within the arch structure and can spread out as a shading device during hot weather to reduce heat loss and maintaining the indoor temperature. “FLORANG” - The Floriculture Promotion Centre, Mettupalayam
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Keukenhof Flower Garden, Holland
• Keukenhof, known as the garden of Europe, is one of the world’s largest flower gardens • It is 32 hectares garden of flowers with spectacular flower shows, gardens, unique art and events with the famous Tulip mania exhibition during spring months.
Objectives of the study • To identify the users & activities • To understand the landscape elements and other features
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USERS & ACTIVITIES Companies • They show their living catalogue of flowers Growers • They present an enormous variety of cut flowers and pot plants at the over 20 flower shows. It is an opportunity for growers & companies to network and meet business contacts. Public • They visit for recreational activities
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Map of Keukenhof gardens
KEY 1. Entrance Gateway 2. Oranje Nassau: Walk of fame 3. Willem & Alexander: Outdoor/indoor flower shows 4. Mill: Boat trip around the lake for public 5. Beatrix - Orchid show 6. Juliana: Bulb mart & info centre 7. Secondary Entrance 8. Lake 9. Parking “FLORANG” - The Floriculture Promotion Centre, Mettupalayam
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LANDSCAPE & OTHER ELEMENTS • The landscape is inspired from English landscape style It follows an irregular style Presence of lake Has numerous sculptures Tree groves • The garden follows double layered planting techniques, (also known as lasagna technique) Bulbs are planted on top of each other, with late-blooming tulips placed deepest in the ground, this ensures continuous display of colours
Flower Mart
Landscape Feature
Viewing Decks
Gatehouse • It is the transition between the outside world to that of keukenhof. • It contains public functions - cash registers, information desks, and retail outlets, offices (first floor) • Sky above framed by timber triangles creating intriguing pattern of triangular shadows on the ground flower-themed patterns being applied to the scheme’s gates • The scheme employs a range of natural materials, including wood, copper, and brick, so as not to detract from the rural landscape
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SITE SITE LOCATION SITE DETAILS SITE VIEWS SITE STUDY
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Site Location The proposed site is in the outskirts of Mettupalayam. On the foothills of Nilgiris in the state of Tamil Nadu, India
SITE LOCATION COIMBATORE WHY METTUPALAYAM? FLORANG - A floriculture promotion centre that aims at promoting the nascent floriculture industry of Nilgiris and also add value to the existing tourism. Hence, a stratergic location is required that is ideal for cultivating and trading flowers and also near tourist hotspots. Mettupalayam situated at the foothills of Nilgiris within the floriculture belt with good connectivity and proximity to the tourist hotspots. KEY Site Location River Bhavani Railway Track NH 181 State Highway Black Thunder water park Mettupalayam Railway Station
SITE LOCATION
COIMBATORE
• The site is in near proximity to National Highway 67 that connects the site with major cities like Coimbator, Trichy (International Airport) and Nagapattinam (Port City). • Proximity to railway station, connecting the site to the Nilgiris Range and the nearby major cities • Black Thunder - one of the Tamil Nadu’s famous water theme park is in the vicinity from the city. “FLORANG” - The Floriculture Promotion Centre, Mettupalayam
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Site Details The site is situated at Latitude - 11.3000° N & Longitude - 76.9500° E. . It has an average elevation of 314 metres (1033 feet). Situated at the banks of River Bhavani (originating at the silent valley of Kerala) at the foothills of Nilgiris
• Boundary line: As shown in the site plan(figure), the site is surrounded with Bhavani River (the second largest river in Tamil Nadu) on South-East boundary and 15m width access road on both of its NorthWest and South-West Boundary and barren Land on its South-West boundary. • The Nilgiris mountains act as background on eastern side of the site • TOTAL AREA 83184 sq m (20.5 Acres)
KEY Access Road to State Highway River Bhavani Site Boundary
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Site Views
Site Highway – 5 mins away from site
Najundappan Garden
River Bhavani
Slope
Site Backdrop
Key plan “FLORANG” - The Floriculture Promotion Centre, Mettupalayam
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Site Study On Site Factors
Temperature Graph (in a year)
Rainfall Graph (in a year)
Topography: The site is is flat with gentle slope towards the river Soil Condition: Black soil is prevalent at the site Ground Water: Ground level water is high Vegetation Type: Small shrubs are sparsely dispersed throughout the site, with trees bordering the river Climate: The climate is tropical and is classified as Aw by Köppen and Geiger Temperature: Average annual temperature is 26.9 °C with variance of 4.9 °C Rainfall: Average annual is 751 mm with abundant rainfall in summers. The precipitation varies 174 mm between the driest month and the wettest month. Prominent wind direction: south-west to north-east Annual Average Relative Humidity: 60% Off Site Factors
Wind Graph (in a year)
Humidity Graph (in a year)
Connectivity: The site is connected through a 15 m access road to a National & State highway. The National higway direct connection to the major cities like comibatore, Trichy(Airport), Naggapattinam(Harbour) The site also has excellent railway connectivity Tourism Hub: It is a main junction before proceeding uphill Black thunder water park in the vicinity Rules and Regulations: Building Height Restriction: 30m Setbacks: Riverside - 10m Othersides - 6m Floor Area Ratio (FAR) : 1.2 Ground Coverage: 40% “FLORANG” - The Floriculture Promotion Centre, Mettupalayam
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DESIGN PROGRAMMING SITE ANALYSIS SITE ZONING SPACE INTERRELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM
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Site Analysis
Site Analysis with Attributes
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Site Zoning ADMIN ZONE Proximity to entry
The is zoned for 3 major activities • Admin Zone • Floriculture Activities • Public Zone
FLORICULTURE ACTIVITIES Proximity to entry Proximity to water body PUBLIC ZONE Proximity to water body Noise free zone
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Space Interrelation Diagram
KEY Direct Connectivity
Public Activities
Close Proximity
Private Activities
Preferred Proximity
Floriculture Activities Services
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AREA PROGRAMMING
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Area Programming
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Area Programming Open Vs Covered Area
Covered Area 55%
BUILDING BYE LAWS According to the Development Control Regulations - Mettupalayam Municipality • FAR : 1.2 • Ground Coverage : 35 • Permissible Height : 30m • Setbacks : 10m offset from river; 6m on all other sides
Opea Area 45%
Zone Wise Zone wise splitArea up Split ADMIN 0%
FLORICULTURE ACTIVITIES 13%
BUILD UP AREA CALCULATON Total area of the site: 20.5 acres (83184 sq. m) FAR: 1.2 Hence total BUA: 83184 * 1.2 = 99820 sq. m
PUBLIC ZONE 87%
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DESIGN CONCEPT SYMBOLIC CONCEPT SPATIAL CONCEPT STRUCTURAL CONCEPT USER BEHAVIOUR ENERGY EFFICIENT CONCEPT LANDSCAPE DESIGN CONCEPT MATERIAL & TECHNOLOGY CONCEPT ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY
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SYMBOLIC CONCEPT PARTS OF TREE AND THEIR ATTRIBUTES STEM • Produces new living cells • Store nutirents • Gives height to the tree/plant Design evolution: • The shading tower produces flowers in controlled environment • Linear vertical zoning
LEAF • Processes the food for the plant throught photosynthesis • Linear geometry - Horizontally Design evolution: • The processing centre processes the cut flowers for further marketing • Linear horizontal zoning FLOWER • Attract - Responsible to attract bees/ insects • Multiply - Responsible for pollinatiom • Radial geometry Design evolution: • Exhibition galleries - attarct public visitors and Impart knowledge • Mart - Markets the flower and related crafts • Traning centre - Assists the localites to develop in production and business Multiply thw innovative techniques
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ANALOGY STEM - PRODUCTION TOWER LEAF - PROCESSINH CENTRE FLOWER - EXHIBITIONMART/ TRAINING CENTRE
Public Activities Floriculture Activities
SPATIAL CONCEPT
Zygomorphic flowers (Irregular shape) - Orchid
The spaces are zoned in regular geometry ( radial and linear), but the spaces are irregularly shaped refllecting the zygomorphic (irregular flower) nature of orchids found in the vicinity “FLORANG” - The Floriculture Promotion Centre, Mettupalayam
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STRUCTURAL CONCEPT
Zygomorphic flowers (Irregular shape) - Birds of paradise
Coloums used in design
Inspiration of columns design from the birds of paradise flower - imparting knowledge on varities of flowers
Folded plate structure for atrium roof
Curtain walls inspired from the pattern of branches
USER BEHAVIOUR PUBLIC ZONE
VISUAL ACCESS
FLORICULTURE ACTIVITIES
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ENERGY EFFICIENT CONCEPT
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LANDSCAPE DESIGN CONCEPT Garden Design The landscape design is inspired from the art of the Toda tribe (Native to Nilgiris Region). Toda tribe is known fro its visually impressive thread work embriodery. The toda community uses bold colour palette and eye catching geometric motifs
Toda Embriodery
Toda Embriodery
Production Tower The flowers are grown inside under controlled environement of temperature, humidity & sunlight. The public visitors has visual access inside the production zone. The flowers are grown on rolling rack tray rack to reduce the aisle space.High pressure water mist system is used to control the humidity
Rolling tray rack
Rolling tray rack “FLORANG” - The Floriculture Promotion Centre, Mettupalayam
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Spathodea campanulata (African tuliptree) It is a flowering tree introduced in India from Africa.Maximum growth is upto 80 ft on an ideal site, The tree has a stout, tapering, somewhat buttressed trunk covered in warty light gray bark. The lateral branches are short and thick. The 1-2 ft long opposite leaves, which emerge a bronzy color, are massed at the ends of the branches. They are composed of 5-19 deeply veined oval leaflets. The horn shaped velvety olive buds appear in upturned whorls at the branch tips. The tree flowers in spurts all through the growing season, but peak bloom is usually in the spring.
Folliage
Tree
Flowers
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Mahonia Aquifolium (Oregon-grape) Mahonia aquifolium is an evergreen, suckering shrub with an open habit. It has pinnate bright green leaves with nine spiny leaflets, which will often tinge purple in winter and does not create excessive leaf litter. Yellow flowers are borne in densely clustered racemes in early spring and these are followed by spherical blue-black fruit. Ecologically, Mahonia aquifolium caters for a wide range of wildlife including insects and birds.Requires less maintenance. Mahonia aquifolium prefers moist, humus rich, well-drained soils. It tolerates most pH of soil. It will tolerate poor soils.
Folliage
Tree
Flowers
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MATERIAL & TECHNOLOGY CONCEPT Smart Glass Smart glass or switchable glass (also smart windows or switchable windows in those applications) is a glass or glazing whose light transmission properties are altered when voltage, light or heat is applied. Generally, the glass changes from translucent to transparent, changing from blocking some (or all) wavelengths of light to letting light pass through. Smart Glass is used control the amount of light trasmission into the production tower When installed in the envelope of buildings, smart glass creates climate adaptive building shells, with the ability to save costs for heating, air-conditioning and lighting[2][3] and avoid the cost of installing and maintaining motorized light screens or blinds or curtains. Blackout smart glass blocks 99.4% of ultraviolet light, reducing fabric fading. For suspended particle device (SPD)-type smart glass, this is achieved in conjunction with low emissivity coatings.
Smart Glass
ClimateAdaptive Facade
Climate Adaptive Facade Climate Adaptive facade is used in the production tower. Climate-adaptive building shell (CABS) is a term in building engineering that describes the group of facades and roofs that interact with the variability in their environment in a dynamic way. Conventional buildings have static building envelopes, and can therefore not act in response to changing weather conditions and occupant requirements. Climate adaptive building shells, on the other hand do have the ability to change with time. Well-designed CABS have two main functions: they contribute to energy-saving for heating, cooling, ventilation and lighting; and they induce a positive impact on the indoor environmental quality of buildings.
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CIRCULATION PUBLIC VISITORS BUSINESS VISITORS STAFF &TRAINERS FIELD WORKERS GOODS IN GOODS OUT
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PUBLIC VISITORS
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BUSINESS VISITORS
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STAFF &TRAINERS
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FIELD WORKERS
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GOODS IN
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GOODS OUT
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Service Plan
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Economic Sustainability The Floriculture Promotion Centre trys to self sustain for efficent functioning without any external interferences. The sustainability model of the centre collects revenues from its public visitors and business dealings and improve the quality of life of the localites through free trainig of floriculture and related activities.
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Bilbliography Sources: • http://agritech.tnau.ac.in • www.bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu • http://ghsasia.info • http://www.havatec.com • http://www.zwartsystems.ca • http://perfotec.com/ • http://www.archiexpo.com • http://vikaspedia.in • http://www.amusingplanet.com • http://www.gardensbythebay.com.sg • keukenhof.nl • www.wikipedia.org • www.archdaily.com • www.architizer.com • Shib Shankar Roy, Thesis 2004
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