ﻋﺰﻳﺰﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﻱﺀ ،
ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ
ﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﺮﹸﺃﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﻴﻠﺔ ،ﻓﻠﻢ ﻳﺒﻖ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺷﻲﺀ ﳝ ﺖ ﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﹾﳐ ﳐﻀ ﺡ ﺑـﻪ .ﻭﺩﻗﹶﻘـﺖ ﺴﻘﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻘﹰﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺮ ﺗﺴﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﺇﻻ ﻭﺃﻭﺩﻋﺘﻪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ .ﰒ ﻧ ﺲ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﻴﲏ ﻭﺑﻴﻨﻚ ﻭﺳﻴﻂ .ﻭﺃﻗﻤﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺑﻴﺪﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﻮﺏ ﰒ ﺩﻗﹼﻘﺘﻪ ،ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﺃﺫﻛﺮ ﻟﻚ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺣﱴ ﲢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪﻱ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ 1700ﺑﺮﻫﺎﻥ ،ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ،ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺇﻻ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻢ ﻣﺬﻳﻊ ﻓﺼﻴﺢ.
ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ.
ﻭﱂ ﺃﻴﺐ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ ﺣﱴ ﺃﺳﺘﻨﺒﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﺩﺋﺎ ،ﻣﻊ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺗـﺮﺍﺙ ﺖ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺳﺔ .ﻭﻗﺪ ﲣﻴﺮﺕ ﻟﻚ ﺃﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺟﻪ، ﻱ ﻓﺎﺣﺶ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﺍﺀ ،ﻭﺟﻌﻠﺖ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﰐ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﳑﺎ ﺃﻟ ﹾﻔ ﳓﹾﻮ ﻭﻧﺒﺬﺕ ﻣﺎ ﲤﺤﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮﻳﻮﻥ ﻟﺸﻮﺍﻫﺪﻫﻢ .ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺮﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﻠﻐﺔ ﺳﻬﻠﺔ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﳉﺮﻳﺪﺓ .ﻭﺳﺘﺮﻯ ﻣـﺼﺪﺍﻕ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﺒﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ. ﻗﻴﻞ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺇﻥ ﺇﺗﻘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﻳﻌﲔ ﺍﳌﺮﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ .ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﺮﺍﺀ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻖ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻨﻔﻖ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ .ﻭﺇﳕـﺎ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺃﻟﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺋﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻳﺔ ،ﰒ ﲢﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﻨﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺤـﻮﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻣﺴﺘﻘ ﱟﻞ ﻳﻔﺮﺯ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍ ﹼﺫ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻌﹰﺎ .ﻛﺎﻥ ﳓﻮ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﺳﻴﺒﻮﻳﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺴﺎﺋﻲ ﲢﻔﺔ ﻋﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﺿﺎﻫﺖ ،ﺃﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮﺕ ،ﺃﻗﻴﺴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻤﲔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻘﺔ .ﻭﺃﻋﺎﺩ ﻣﻌﻠﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﺄﺧﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺇﱃ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺘﻪ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ :ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﺴﻦ .ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﺴﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻮﺟﺔ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﰲ ﺿﺤﻰ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﻭﻇﻬﺮﻩ ﺃﻟﺴﻦ ﻛـﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ،ﻻ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﱄ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ .ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﻐﻴﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺋﻖ ،ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻔﺖ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﻜﻴﺔ. ﻣﻨﺬ ﻣﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﲔ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﺃﻱ ﲨﻬﺮﺓ ﻋﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺑﻠﻐﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻭﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻭﻛﺴﺮﺓ .ﻭﻣﺎ ﻧﺼﻨﻌﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﻧﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻼ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺍ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻷﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺼﺤﻰ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺇﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺗﺼﻨﻊ .ﻭﻣﺘﻘﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻳﻨﻔﻖ ﻭﻗﺘﹰﺎ ﻃﻮﻳ ﹰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻦ .ﻭﺍﻷﺟﺪﻯ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻀﻊ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻟﻠﻐ ﺔ ﻋﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﻓﺼﻴﺤﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ .ﻟﻘﺪ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻟﻐﺘﻨﺎ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺯﻣﻦ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻌﺮﺑﺔ ،ﻭﱂ ﻳﺒﻖ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﻧﻀﻊ ﳓﻮﺍ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺍ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ .ﻟﻜﻨﲏ ﺃﻋﺘﻘﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺳﻴﻤﻨﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻌﺪﺓ ﺃﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﻣﻘﺒﻠﺔ. ﻂ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻭﺣﺴﺐ .ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﻬ ﻤ ﹾﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺑ ْﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺼﺪﻯ ﳍﺎ ﳓﺎ ﹾﺓ ﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﺳﺔ .ﺇﻧﻪ ﺗﺒﺴﻴ ﹾ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎ ﺏﻻﳝ ﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ .ﺳﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﻟﻠﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒ ﹾﻞ ﺳﺘﻜﻮ ﹾﻥ ﺗﻘﻌﻴ ﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﺤﻰ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﹾﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻤﲔ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺮ ﲨﺎﳍﺎ ﻭﻋﻈﻤﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺳﺘﻬﺠ ﹺﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻭﻛﻞ ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ ،ﻭﺳﺘﺼﺒ ﺢ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻋﺎﺋ ﻖ ﳛﻮ ﹾﻝ ﺩﻭﻧﻪ .ﺃﻟﺴﺖ ﺗﺮﻯ ﺍﳌﺬﻳ ﻊ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﳚﺎﻫﺪ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺘﺤﺪ ﹾ ﺙ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺼﺤﻰ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻳﻔﻘﺪ ﺍﳌﻌـﲎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳـﻖ، ﻕ ﻳﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺸﻴﻬﺎﺕ؟ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻴﻔﻌﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻮ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪ ﻡ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺗﺄﺗﻴﻪ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻛ ﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﻦ .ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻭﻳﺘﺤﻮ ﹾﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻮ ﻒ ﺫﻫﻨﻪ ﻣﺸﻐﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺭﻱ – ﻭﻣﻦ ﺫﺍ ﻳﻄﻴﻖ ﺍﻹﻋـﺮﺍﺏ ﻳﻔﻜ ﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻳﺸﻌ ﺮ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺼ 1
ﺐ ﻻﳓﻄﺎﻃﻨـﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺭﻱ؟ -ﻭﺗﻀﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ،ﻭﺗﺘﺮﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺮﺵ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﻦ .ﺇﺻﺮﺍﺭﻧﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘـﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺳـﺒ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑﻱ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﻼﻣﻲ ،ﻭﻣﻈﻬﺮ ﻟﻪ ﰲ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻌﺎ .ﳓ ﻦ ﻻ ﻧﻌﺒﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﺣﺘﻨﺎ ،ﻭﺯﻋﻤﺎﺅﻧﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻤﻮﺍ ﻣﻊ ﺷﻌﻮﺑﻬﻢ ﺑﻞ ﻳﻘﺮﺃﻭﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ .ﺇﻟﻐﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺭﲰﻴﹰﺎ ﺧﻄﻮﺓ ﻣﻬﻤ ﹾﺔ ﳓ ﻮ ﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ .ﻭﻟﻜﲏ ﺃﻗﺪ ﻡ ﻟﻚ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟـﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻠﻤﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺣﱴ ﺃﺳﺎﻋﺪﻙ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮ ﹾﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ -ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﻴﻈﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﻴﲔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﲔ ﺧﻼﳍﺎ ﳝﻨﻌﻮﻧﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤـﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑﻱ – ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻘﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻗﺪﺭ ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻛﻲ ﺗﻌﺒ ﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻔﺴﻚ ﺑﺮﺍﺣﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ. ﻟﻌﻠﹼﻚ ﻻﺣﻈﺖ ﺃﻧﲏ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺃﳘﻠﺖ ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ .ﻓﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﺣﺼﻞ؟ ﻫﻞ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻔﻬﻤﲏ؟ ﺃﻡ ﻫﻞ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻟﻐﱵ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺎﻣﻴﺔ؟ ﻻ ﺑﻞ ﻇﻠﺖ ﻓﺼﺤﻰ ،ﻭﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ. ﺺ ﺍﳌﺬﻳﻊ ،ﺃﺭﺍﻙ ﺗﻠﺒﺲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﺤﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺃﺳﻚ ﺇﻛﻠﻴﻞ ﺷﻮﻙ .ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻧﺴﺠﺖ ﻟﻚ ﻗﺎﺭﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺮ ،ﻭﺃﺧ ﻗﻄﻴﻔﺔ ﲣﻔﻒ ﻭﺧﺰ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻙ ،ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻻ ﲣﻠﺼﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻛﻠﻴﻞ .ﺣﺒﻲ ﻟﺮﺍﺣﺘﻚ ﻧﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮﺻﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺤـﺮﺭ ﺗﻌﺒﲑﻳﺎ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﻮﻝ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﻓﻌﻼ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﻮﻟﻪ ،ﻛﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺮﺭ ﺃﻛﱪ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺍﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟـﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴـﺔ. ﻭﺩﻋﻮﰐ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺭﺃﻳﺘﲏ ﺃﺑﺜﻬﺎ ﲝﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺩﻋﻮﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻘﻨﲔ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺗﺎﺭﳜﻲ ﱂ ﺃﺻﻨﻌﻪ ﺃﻧﺎ ﻭﻻ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺃﻣﺜﺎﱄ، ﺑﻞ ﺻﻨﻌﻪ ﻣﻼﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻃﻘﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺃﻟﻒ ﻭﲬﺴﻤﺌﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ .ﺩﻋﻮﰐ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻏﻴﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﺤﻰ، ﻭﺳﻌﻲ ﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻟﺴﻦ .ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺩﻋﻮﺓ ﻣﺆﺟﻠﺔ .ﻓﺄﻧﺎ ﺃﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﳌﺬﻳﻊ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻳﺘﻘﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴـﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺻﻮﳍﺎ ،ﺭﲟﺎ ﻷﻧﲏ ﻻ ﺃﺣﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺿﻰ ،ﻭﻻ ﺃﺭﻯ ﻫﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﱘ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺗﻌﻤﲑ ﻗﻠﻌﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ. ﻋﺎﺭﻑ ﺣﺠﺎﻭﻱ ﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﷲ-ﻓﻠﺴﻄﲔ } 19ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ /ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ 2004 } 5ﺭﻣﻀﺎﻥ 1425
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ﻜﻴﻑ ﺃﺘﻌﻠ ﻡ ﺍﻹﻋﺭﺍﺏ؟ ﻛﺜﲑﻭﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻧﺖ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﻋﻘﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ،ﻭﺃﻗﻔﻠﻮﺍ ﻋﻘﻮﳍﻢ ﺩﻭﺎ .ﻓﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻧﺼﻨﻊ ﻢ؟ ﺳﻨﺤﺎﻭﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺴﲑ ﻣﻌﻬﻢ ﲞﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﻭﺋﻴﺪﺓ ﺣﱴ ﻧﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺲ ﰲ ﻋﻘﻮﳍﻢ ﰒ ﻧﺘﺪﺭﺝ ﻣﻌﻬﻢ ﺩﺭﺳﹰﺎ ﺩﺭﺳﹰﺎ .ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑﲔ ﻳـﺪﻳﻚ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲﺀ ﳛﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﰲ. ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ،ﻭﻻ ﺃ ﻋ ﺪﻙ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﹼﻠﻴﹰﺎ .ﻭﻻ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺧﻔﻴﻔﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ .ﻟﻜـﻨﲏ ،ﻣـﻊ ﺐ ﻋﻘﻠﻚ .ﺳﺘﻘﻞﱡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪ ﹸﺓ ﺇ ﹾﻥ ﺃﻧﺖ ﻭﻗﻔﺖ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﻌـﲔ ﺝ ﻣﻌﻚ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﳜﺎﻃ ﺫﻟﻚ ،ﺃ ﻋ ﺪﻙ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺃﺗﺪ ﺭ ﻭﺻﻤﻤﺖ ﺃﻻ ﺗﺘﺰﺣﺰﺡ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻓﻬﻤﺖ ﻛﻞ ﺣﺮﻑ .ﺑﻞ ﺍﻗﺮﹾﺃ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﻣﺴﺘﺮﺧﻴﺔ ،ﰒ ﻋﺪ ﻭﺍﻗﺮﺃﻩ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ. ﺳﺘﺠ ﺪ ﺃ ﹼﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺳﻠﺴﺔ ﺣﻘﹰﺎ .ﻗﺪ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻌﻠﻢ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻞ؛ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻣـﺼﻤﻢ ﲝﻴﺚ ﳚﻌﻠﻚ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﻮﻋﺐ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﻌﻠﻢ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﻨﺖ ﻣﺎ ﺯﻟﺖ ﺗﺘﺬ ﹼﻛﺮ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻣـﻦ "ﻗﻮﺍﻋـﺪ" ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺳﺔ .ﻻ ﲣﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ ،ﻭﻻ ﺗﺼﺪﻕ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ ﻟﻚ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻬﻢ. ﺳﺄﺣﺪﺛﻚ ﰲ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳋﻴﻤﺔ ،ﻓﻼ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑـﺪﻭﺎ، ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻭﺍﳋﱪ؛ ﺫﻟﻚ ﲢﺖ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ )ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺪﺓ( .ﰒ ﺳﺄﺣﺪﺛﻚ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻻ ﳜﺘﻞ ﺗﺮﻛﻴـﺐ ﺍﳉﻤﻠـﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺣﺬﻓﺖ ،ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﺖ ﻭﺍﳊﺎﻝ؛ ﺫﻟﻚ ﲢﺖ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ )ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻠﺔ( .ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺳﺂﺧﺬﻙ ﰲ ﺟﻮﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ )ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ(، ﺲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋـﺪ ﰲ ﺲ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻓﻬ ﻤﻪ ﳑﻜﻦ .ﰒ ﺳﻨﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺃﺳ ﺸﻊ ،ﻭﺣﺘﻰ ﲢ ﺣﱴ ﺗﺬﻭﻕ ﻃﻌﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺒ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﲰﻪ )ﺍﻷﺳﺲ( .ﰒ ﻧﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺻﻔﺤﺘﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺛﻼﺙ ،ﻭﺑﻌﺪﺋﺬ ﺳﺘﺘﻮﺍﱃ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻮﻝ. ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﻬﻢ ﳌﺪﻯ ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎﺑﻚ :ﺇﺫﺍ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻭﺷﻌﺮﺕ ﺃﻧﻚ ﻓﺎﻫﻢ ،ﻓﺎﻣﺾ ﻭﺍﻗﺮﺃ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ. ﻓﺄﻧﺖ ﻗﺪ ﻋﱪﺕ ،ﻭﺳﺘﻨﻀﻢ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺘﻘﲏ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ .ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻭﺷﻌﺮﺕ ﺃﻧﻚ ﺗﻔﻬﻢ ﻗﻠﻴﻼ ،ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻨﻔﻌﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﻴﺪ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﺋﻞ .ﻓﺈﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻫﻮﻥ ﺑﻜﺜﲑ ،ﻓﺄﻧﺖ ﲔ ﲟﻌﻠﻢ. ﺳﺘﻌﱪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﻂ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺑﻼ ﺷﻚ .ﻭﺇﻻ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻨﻔ ﻌﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﻌ ﺃﺭﻳ ﺪ ﻣﻨﻚ ﺍﻵﻥ ،ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺮ ،ﺃﻥ ﺗ ﻌﺪ ﻧﻔﺴﻚ ﺑﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻗﺮﺍﺀ ﹰﺓ ﻭﺍﻋﻴﺔ .ﻭﺃﺭﻳﺪ ،ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺧﺘﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻬﻴﺪ ،ﺃﻥ ﺃﻧﺒ ﻬﻚ ﺗﻨﺒﻴﻬﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ )ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ( ،ﺣﱴ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ،ﺇﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ، ﻓﺄﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﻋﻨﺪﻙ )ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺓ( ،ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ )ﻋـﺎﺩﺓ( ،ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟـﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ )ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺭﻱ( ﺇﺫ ﺗﻘﺮﺃ ﺟﻬﺮﹰﺍ ﻧﺼﹰﺎ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺍ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ .ﻣﻊ ﺍﳋﺘﻤـﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﳍـﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻧﻜﺘﻔﻲ ﻣﻨﻚ ﺑـ )ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ( .ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﱡﻢ ﺳﺘﺄﰐ ﺗﺒﺎﻋﺎ ﲝـﺴﺐ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺘﻚ .ﻧﻌﻢ ،ﻻ ﺃﻋﺪﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ )ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺭﻱ( ﲟﺠﺮﺩ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﺋﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ .ﻟﻜ ﻦ، ﺃﻟﻴﺲ )ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ( ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﲨﻴﻼ؟ ﺇﻧﻪ ﺷﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺅﻝ ﺍﳊﻠﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﻘﺪﺡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﻦ ،ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﻸُﻙ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﻘﺔ. ﺳﺘﺠﺪﱐ ﺃﺗﻔﻘﺪﻙ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﻄﻤﺌﻨﻚ .ﻟﻜﻨﻚ ﻃﺒﻌﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﻠﻮﺓ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ .ﺇﻧﻚ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻔﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻭﺗﺘﻘﻦ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ. ﺳﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﺫﻟﻚ .ﻫﻴﺎ ،ﻟﻨﻤﺾ ﻣﻌﹰﺎ.
3
ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺩﺓ:
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ) :ﺍﻷﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧ ﹸﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻏﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻃﻼﻝ (..ﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ "ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ"؟ ﺇﺎ ﻏﲑ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ .ﻭﺗﻜﻤﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﻫـﻲ: ) ..ﳎﺮﺣﺔ (.ﻓﻠﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺑﻚ ﺷﻌﻮﺭ ﺑﺄﺎ ﻏﲑ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ؟ ﳌﺎﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﻘﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻘﻠﹸﻚ؟ ﻧﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ "ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ" ﻓﻨﻘﻮﻝ :ﺇﻥ ﺍﳋﱪ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ .ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺔ "ﺍﻷﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ" ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﱂ ﻧﻌﺮﻑ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ ﹸﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ .ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺔ )ﳎﺮﺣﺔ( ﻫـﻲ ﺍﳋﱪ .ﻭﺎ ﺍﻛﺘﻤﻠﺖ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ .ﺍﳋﱪ ) ﻋﻤﺪﺓ( ﻭﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻩ. ﺻﺤﺎﰲ ﻓﻀﺮﺏ ﺍﳌﻨﻀﺪﺓ ﺑﻜﻔﻪ ،ﻭﺻﺎﺡ ﺑﻚ :ﳑﺘـﺎ ﺯ. -1ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻋﻤﺪﺓ :ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺟﺌﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﺑﺴﺒﻖ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻢ ﺃﻥ "ﳑﺘﺎ ﺯ" ﻫﺬﻩ ﺧﱪ .ﻭﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﳏﺬﻭﻑ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ" :ﺃﻧﺖ" .ﻭﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺗـﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﳌﺒﺘـﺪﺃ ﺍﶈﺬﻭﻑ ،ﻷﻧﻪ ﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻒ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻧﻪ. -2ﺍﳋﱪ ﻋﻤﺪﺓ :ﺗﺒﺪﹸﺃ ﺑﺈﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﲨﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻭﳍﺎ ﺍﺳﻢ ،ﻓﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ .ﰒ ﺗﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﻟﻜ ﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺭ ﺑﻨﻘﺼﻬﺎ ﻳﺒﻘـﻰ ﰐ ﺍﳋﱪ .ﺧﺬ ﻣﺜﺎ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻦ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻗﺼﲑﺓ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻜﺘﻤﻠﺔ ،ﺣﱴ "ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ") :ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﻧﹸﺔ ﺗﻐﻨﻲ ﲜﺴﻤﻬﺎ(. ﻣﻼﺯﻣﹰﺎ ﺇﻳﺎﻙ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺄ ﹶ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ :ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﻧ ﹸﺔ :ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻤﺔ .ﺗﻐﻨﻲ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ،ﺣﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ .ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋـﻞ :ﻣـﺴﺘﺘﺮ ،ﺗﻘـﺪﻳﺮﻩ "ﻫـﻲ". ﲜﺴﻤﻬﺎ :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ .ﻓﺄﻳﻦ ﺧﱪ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ؟ ﻟﻘﺪ ﻗﻠﻨﺎ ﰲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ "ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﻧﺔ" ،ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻨﺎ ﱂ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﺎﻟﹶﻬﺎ .ﻣﺎ ﺧـ ﱪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﻧﺔ؟ ﺍﳋﱪ ﻫﻮ :ﲨﻠﺔ "ﺗﻐﻨﻲ ﲜﺴﻤﻬﺎ". -3ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻋﻤﺪﺓ :ﻭﻗﺪ ﺭﺃﻳﺖ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺃﻋﺮﺑﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ "ﺗﻐﻨﻲ" ،ﻭﺫﻛﺮﻧﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ "ﻫﻲ" .ﻭﻣﺎ ﻗﺪﺭﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﹰ ،ﺭﻏﻢ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻖ ﺑﻪ ،ﺇﻻ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻋﻤﺪﺓ. ﺽ ﻧـﺎﻗﺺ -4ﺍﺳﻢ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻤﺪﺓ :ﻧﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻮﻡ ،ﻭﻧﻘﻮﻝ) :ﻛﺎﻥ ﺳﺨﻴﹰﺎ( .ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ :ﻛﺎﻥ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣـﺎ ﹴ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ،ﺳﺨﻴﹰﺎ :ﺧﱪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﺘﻨﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ،ﻭﺍﺳﻢ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳏﺬﻭﻑ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ "ﻫﻮ". ﺵ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋ ﺮ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳ ﹺﻞ ﻳﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﰲ ﳏﻮ ﹴﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ( .ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ .ﺃﻣﺎ -5ﺧﱪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻤﺪﺓ) :ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎ ﺵ" .ﻓﻤﺎ ﺷﺄ ﹸﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺵ؟ ﻣﺎ ﺧﱪﻩ؟ ﺍﳋﱪ ﻫﻮ ﲨﻠﺔ "ﻳﻨﺤﺼﺮ ."..ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﻟﻌﺜﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﻬﻞ .ﺇﻧﻪ "ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻋﺮﻓﻨﺎ ﺫﻟﻚ ،ﻓﻤﻦ ﻓﻬﻤﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﲟﺠﻤﻠﻬﺎ ،ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ. -6ﺍﺳﻢ ﺇ ﹼﻥ ﻋﻤﺪﺓ :ﻣﺜﺎﻝ) :ﺇﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﺭﺛﺔ( .ﺇ ﹼﻥ :ﺣﺮﻑ ﻧﺼﺐ .ـﻬﺎ :ﺍﺳﻢ ﺇ ﹼﻥ ﻭﺣﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺐ .ﻛﺎﺭﺛﺔﹲ :ﺧﱪ ﺇ ﹼﻥ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺘﻨﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ. -7ﺧﱪ ﺇ ﹼﻥ ﻋﻤﺪﺓ :ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻳﻔﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺮﺽ .ﻃﺒﻌﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤ ﹸﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺪ ﹸﺓ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻭﻗـﺪ ﲢـﺬﻑ، ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻗﺼﺪﻧﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻮﺭﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺬﻓﻬﺎ ﺣﱴ ﻧﺆﻛﺪ ﻟﻚ ﺃﺎ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﺏ ﺣﱴ ﻭﺇﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺘﺮﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺬﻓﺖ. ﻚ ﲜﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻠﻬﺎ ﳏﺬﻭﻓﺎﻥ .ﻭﱂ -8ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻋﻤﺪﺓ :ﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﺘﻌﺒﹰﺎ .ﻟﻜﻨﲏ ﺃﺣﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺃﹸﻃﺮﹶﻓ ﻼ: ﻳﺒﻖ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺳﻮﻯ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻣﻴﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺋﺒﻴﻦ .ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺟﻞ ﻳﺼﺮﺥ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﻗﺎﺋ ﹰ )ﺍﻟﺮﲪ ﹶﺔ( .ﻭﻟﻨﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺣﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺠﻦ ﺷﻬﺮﻳﻦ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺛﺮﺛﺎﺭ ﻓﻘﺮﺭ ﺃﻥ ﳜﺘﺼﺮ ﰲ ﻛﻼﻣﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺳﻌﻪ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ .ﻓﻤﺎ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺏ )ﺍﻟﺮﲪ ﹶﺔ(؟ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ :ﺍﻟﺮﲪ ﹶﺔ :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﳏﺬﻭﻑ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ "ﹶﺃ ﹾﻃﻠﹸﺐ ،"ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ "ﺃﻧﺎ".
4
ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻠﺔ:
)ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺓ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺫﻫﺒﻨﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﺘﲑﻳﺎ ﻣﺴﺮﻋﲔ( ،ﺳﻨﺨﺘﺼﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﳓﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤـﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻮﻋـﺔ ﺑﺎﳊﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺩ) :ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺓ ﺫﻫﺒﻨﺎ( .ﻟﻌﻠﻚ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻘﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺎ ﺻﺎﺭﺕ ﲨﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻫﺘﺔ .ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮﻳﺔ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ .ﺇﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ .ﺇﻥ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ )ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻴﺔ( ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻧﻌﺖ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺎﺭﺍﺓ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻌﺖ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﳜﺘﻞ ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻫﺎ .ﻭﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ )ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﺘﲑﻳﺎ( ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺳﻘﻄﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﺧـﺘﻼﻝ ﻣـﺒﲎ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ،ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ )ﻣﺴﺮﻋﲔ( ،ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺎ ﺣﺎﻝ ،ﺃﺳﻘﻄﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﺒﲎ. ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﳍﺎ ﺃﳘﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ .ﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻼﺕ. ﲨﻠﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ) :ﳓﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ( .ﻫﺬﻩ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ .ﻓﻬﻞ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﳉﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﺮﻭﺭ )ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ(؟ ﻟﻘـﺪ ﻗﻠﻨـﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺇﻥ ﺍﳉﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﺮﻭﺭ ﻓﻀﻠﺔ ،ﻓﻬﻞ ﻣﻌﲎ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺣﺬﻓﻬﻤﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻝ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ؟ )ﰲ ﺍﻟـﺴﻮﻕ( ﻫﻨﺎ ﳘﺎ ﺍﳋﱪ ﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻮﻤﺎ ﺟﺎﺭﺍ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭﺍ .ﻓﺎﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﻫﻮ) :ﳓﻦ( ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ،ﻭ )ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ( ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،ﺧﱪ .ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ )ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ( ﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻷﺎ ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،ﺑﻞ ﻷﺎ ﺧﱪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ. ﺏ ﺁﺧ ﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ" ،ﳓﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ" ،ﺗﻌﹼﻠﻤﻨﺎ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺍ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﺮﻭﺭ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳍﻤﺎ ﺇﻋﺮﺍ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ .ﻓﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻀﻠﺔ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﻤﺎ ﺟﺎﺭﺍ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭﺍ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﻤﺎ ﺧﱪﺍ. ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻧﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ .ﻭﻟﻜ ﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻻ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﹰﺎ .ﺧﺬ ﻣﺜﺎﻻ) :ﻫـﺬﺍ ﳑﺘـﺎ ﺯ(. ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ :ﻫﺬﺍ :ﺍﺳﻢ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ،ﳑﺘﺎ ﺯ :ﺧﱪ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺘﻨﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ .ﻻ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘـﻮﻝ ﺍﺳـﻢ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ،ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﰊ ﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ. ﻟﻌﻠﹼﻚ ﺃﺣﺴﺴﺖ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﺃﻟﻘﻴﻨﺎ ﺑﻚ ﰲ ﺧﻀ ﻢ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﳏﺬﻭﻓﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ .ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ .ﺳـﻨﻌﻘﺪ ﺴﻄﺎ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﹰﺎ. ﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺡ ،ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ .ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺳﺘﺮﺍﻧﺎ ﻧﺒﺴﻂ ﺍﻷﺳﺲ ﺑ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻓﺼ ﹰ
5
ﺍﻹﻋﺭﺍﺏ
ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ .ﺣﱴ ﻭﺇﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻧﺖ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺴﻚ ﻋﻘﺪﺓ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺳﺔ .ﻭﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻹﺗﻘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ،ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﻭﲡﺮﺏ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ. ﻧﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ .ﻭﻧﻔﻜﺮ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﲎ .ﻭﳒ ﺰﻱﺀ ﺍﳉﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺣﱴ ﻧﺮﺗﺐ ﺃﻭﺿﺎﻋﻬﺎ. ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﺏ ﲨﻠﺔ ﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﻋﻴﻨﻴﻚ ﻭﺍﺑﺪﺃ ﺑﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ .ﺧﺬ ﻣﺜﺎﻻ: )ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﶈﻠﻠﻮﻥ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﻣﺮﺷﺤﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺷﺮﺥ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﺰﺑﲔ(. ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ: )ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﶈﻠﻠﻮﻥ( )ﺇﻥ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺔ ﻣﺮﺷﺤﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ( ) ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺷﺮﺥ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﺰﺑﲔ(. ﺍﻵﻥ ﻧﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﺎﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺡ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﰲ: ﻳﻘﻮ ﹸﻝ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ .ﻭﻫﻞ ﻋﻨﺪﻙ ﺷﻚ؟ ﺇﺎ )ﻳﻘﻮﻝ( ﺍﻵﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺖ )ﻗﺎﻝ( ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ .ﻃﺒﻌﺎ ﻫـﻲ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ .ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ .ﻭﻧﻌﺜﺮ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﻫﻨﺎ ،ﺇﺎ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺔ. ﻓﺈﻋﺮﺍﺏ )ﻳﻘﻮ ﹸﻝ( ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻤﺔ. ﺍﶈﻠﻠﻮﻥ :ﻓﺎﻋﻞ .ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻴﹰﺎ ،ﺍﶈﻠﻠﻮﻥ ﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ .ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ .ﻓﻤﺎ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ؟ ﻫﻞ ﻗﻠﻨﺎ )ﺍﶈﻠﻠﻮﻥ( ﺃﻡ )ﺍﶈﻠﻠﲔ(؟ ﺑﻞ )ﺍﶈﻠﻠﻮﻥ( .ﻓﻤﺎ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ؟ ﺇﺎ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺷﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ.
ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻴﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ. ﺇ ﹼﻥ :ﻫﺬﻩ ﻛﱪﻯ ﺃﺧﻮﺍﺕ ﺇﻥ .ﻭﻧﻌﺮﺎ )ﺣﺮﻑ ﻧﺼﺐ( .ﻭﺃﺫﻛﹼﺮﻙ ﺑﺄ ﹼﻥ )ﺇ ﹼﻥ ﻭﺃﺧﻮﺍﺎ( ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﲰﺎ ﻭﺧﱪﺍ .ﻭﺍﲰﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﻭﺧﱪﻫﺎ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﺑﻌﻜﺲ )ﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﺃﺧﻮﺍﺎ(. ﺍﻷﺯﻣ ﹶﺔ :ﺍﺳﻢ ﺇ ﹼﻥ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ .ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ. ﻣﺮﺷﺤﺔ :ﺧﱪ ﺇ ﹼﻥ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺗﻨﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ. ٌ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ .ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ "ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ" ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻛﺘﻤﻠﺖ ﺑﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ. ﻟﻮﺟﻮ ﺩ :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ .ﻳﻜﻔﻲ. ﺥ" ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ؟ ﻭﻣـﺎ ﺻـﻔﺎﺕ ﺥ :ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺘﻨﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ .ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﺭﻳﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ "ﺷﺮ ﹴ ﺷﺮ ﹴ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ؟ ﺃﺭﻳﺪ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻗﻒ ﻣﻌﻚ ﻭﻗﻔﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ .ﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻔﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻐﲏ ﻋﻦ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﻴﺄﺗﻴﻚ ﻣﻔﺼﻼ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻼ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﻻﺣﻖ. ﺥ ﻓـﺎﻋﻼ .ﻭﻟﻜـﻦ ﺥ( ﻟﻜﺎﻧﺖ ﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﺒﻘﺖ )ﺷﺮﺥ( ﻫﻲ ﺍﺳﻢ .ﻭﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻓﻌﻼ ﻣﺜﻞ )ﻳﻮﺟ ﺪ ﺷﺮ )ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺷﺮﺥ( ﻛﻠﻤﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺘﺎﻥ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺎ .ﻓﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﻭﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ .ﺣﻘﺎﹰ ،ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻـﻌﺐ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ .ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺧﲑ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻧـﺴﺘﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﳋﻴـﺎﺭﺍﺕ 6
ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ .ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﺖ .ﻫﻞ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ )ﺷﺮﺥ( ﺗﺼﻒ )ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ(؟ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ :ﻻ .ﻓـﻨﺤﻦ ﱂ ﻧﻘـﻞ: ﺥ( .ﺇﻥ )ﺷﺮﺥ( ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻧﻌﺘﺎ ،ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻓﺎﻋﻼ ،ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺧﱪﺍ .ﺇﺫﻥ ﻓﻠﺘﻜﻦ )ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﺥ( ،ﺑﻞ ﻗﻠﻨﺎ )ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺷﺮ ﹴ ﻣﻀﺎﻓﺎ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ .ﺳﻴﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺇﺣﺴﺎﺳﻚ ﺑﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ،ﻭﻣﻊ ﺇﺗﻘﺎﻧﻚ ﻟﻸﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ .ﺃﻋﻂ ﻧﻔﺴﻚ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ. ﻭﻻ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﺎﻹﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻴﺎﻉ ﻣﺒﻜﺮﺍ. ﺣﻘﻴﻘ ﹴﻲ :ﻧﻌﺖ .ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ .ﻭﺗﺸﺒﻬﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ .ﺍﻟﻨﻌﺖ ﻳﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ﻣﺜﻠﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻣﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﺜﻠﻬﺎ ،ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﻣﺜﻠﻬﺎ .ﻫﻨﺎ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ :ﻧﻌﺖ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺘﻨﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ. ﲔ :ﻇﺮﻑ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ .ﻣﺎ ﺯﻟﺖ ﺗﺘﺬﻛﹼﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ) :ﺑ ﺑ ﺖ ،ﻗﹸﺮﺏ ،ﻗﺒﻞﹶ ،ﺑﻌـ ﺪ( ﻕ ،ﲢ ﲔ ،ﻓﻮ ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺃﻥ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺎ ﻇﺮﻑ .ﻭﻟﻌﻠﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﲤﻴﺰ ﺑﲔ ﻇﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﻇﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ .ﻭﺍﻟﻈﺮﻑ ﻣﻨـﺼﻮﺏ ﺃﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﻡ ﻟﻠﺰﻣﺎﻥ .ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺟﺎﺀﺗﻚ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ)ﻣﻨ ﹸﺬ( ﻓﺴﻮﻑ ﲢﺰﺭ ﺃﺎ ﻇﺮﻑ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ،ﻣﻊ ﺃﺎ ﺷﺎﺫﺓ ﻷـﺎ ﺚ( ﻓﻬﻲ ﻇﺮﻑ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ. ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻋﺔ .ﻭﻣﺜﻠﻬﺎ )ﺣﻴ ﹸ ﺍﳊﺰﺑ ﹺ ﲔ :ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ .ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻳﻬﺎﲨﻨﺎ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ .ﺳﺄﻋﻄﻴﻚ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺫﻫﺒﻴﺔ} .ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻈـﺮﻑ ﻳﺄﰐ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ{ .ﺍﺗﻔﻘﻨﺎ ﺇﺫﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ )ﺍﳊﺰﺑﲔ( ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ .ﻭﻫﻲ ﳎﺮﻭﺭﺓ .ﻓﻤﺎ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﳉـﺮ؟ ﻻ ﲔ( ،ﻭﱂ ﻧﻘﻞ )ﺍﳊﺰﺑﺎ ﻥ( .ﻓﻜﻴﻒ ﺟﺮﺭﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ؟ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻔـﺮﻕ ﺑـﲔ ﺍﳊـﺰﺑﲔ ﻉ .ﳓﻦ ﻗﻠﻨﺎ )ﺍﳊﺰﺑ ﹺ ﺗﺘﺴﺮ ﲔ( ﻭ)ﺍﳊﺰﺑﺎﻥ( ﻛﻠﺘﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺃﺧﺬﺗﺎ ﻛﺴﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ .ﻭﻟﻜ ﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻭﺍﳊﺰﺑﺎﻥ؟ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ .ﺇﻥ )ﺍﳊﺰﺑ ﹺ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﳌﺜﲎ ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﻕ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻜﺴﻮﺭ ﻭﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﻭﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ .ﺇـﺎ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻐﲑ .ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻫﻮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻒ .ﺇﺫﻥ ﻓﻤﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻌﺘﱪ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺮ )ﺍﳊـﺰﺑﲔ( ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ. ﻗﺪ ﺧﻀﺖ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ .ﻭﺭﺃﻳﺖ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪﻙ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ،ﻭﻛﻴـﻒ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪﻙ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻖ ،ﻭﻓﻬﻤﻚ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﲎ ،ﰲ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ .ﻭﳌﺴﺖ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ .ﻣﻊ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﳏﺼﻮﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ،ﻭﻣﻊ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﺑﺮﺓ ﺳﺘﺮﻯ ،ﻭﺭﲟﺎ ﺗﻨﺪﻫﺶ ،ﺃﻧﻚ ﺗﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ. ﻻ ﺗﻘﻞ ﱄ" :ﻻ ،ﺃﻧﺎ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺁﺧﺬ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻊ ،ﺃﻧﺎ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﺎ ﺃﻋﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺏ". ﻗﺎﳍﺎ ﻗﺒﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑﻭﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻠﺒﱵ .ﻭﻇﻠﻮﺍ ﻳﺮﺗﻜﺒﻮﻥ ﺃﺧﻄﺎ ًﺀ ﻓﺎﺣﺸﺔ .ﻟﻴﺲ ﺃﻣﺎﻣﻚ ﻣﻬﺮﺏ ،ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻣﻌﲔ ﺾ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓ. ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ .ﻓﺎﻣ ﹺ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻧﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ؟ ﺃﻭﻻ ،ﳓﺎﻭﻝ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ،ﻭﻧﺒﺪﺃ ﲜﻤﻞ ﻗﺼﲑﺓ .ﰒ ﻧﺴﺘﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮﻳﺔ .ﻭﻧـﺪﺭﺱ ﺩﺭﻭﺳﻨﺎ .ﻭﳓﺎﻭﻝ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ .ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺻﺎﺩﻓﺘﻨﺎ ﻋﻘﺪﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ )ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ( ﻧﺘﺠﺎﻫﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﳕﻀﻲ ،ﻭﻻ ﻧﻘﻒ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﹺﻭﻗﻔـ ﹶﺔ ﻋﻨﺎﺩ .ﳕﻀﻲ ،ﻭﻧﺪﺭﺱ ﺃﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ .ﻭﻧﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺣﲔ ﻭﺣﲔ ،ﻭﻧﺮﺍﻫﺎ ﺗﺘﻔﻜﻔﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺞ .ﻣﺎ ﺳﺘﺠﺪﻩ ﺻﻌﺒﺎ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻭﺟﺪﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑﻭﻥ ﻗﺒﻠﻚ ﺻﻌﺒﺎ.
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ﺍﻷﺴﺱ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ:
ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ: ﺍﺳﻢ) :ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ( ﻓﻌﻞ ) :ﻳﻘﺘﺮﺣﻮﻥ(
ﺣﺮﻑ) :ﻋﻠﻰ(
ﺧﺬ ﺳﺆﺍ ﹰﻻ :ﻫﻞ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ )ﺗﺒﺨﺮ( ﺍﺳﻢ ﺃﻡ ﻓﻌﻞ؟ ﻃﺒﻌﺎ ﺍﺳﻢ .ﺿﻊ ﺃﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ )ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﺮ( .ﺇﺫﺍ ﹶﻗﹺﺒﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤـﺔ ﺃﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺍﺳﻢ.
ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ:
ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ: ﺽ (.ﺑﺪﺃﻧﺎ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺍﲰﻴﺔ. ﺡ ﻣﺮﻓﻮ ﲨﻠﺔ ﺍﲰﻴﺔ) :ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍ ﺡ (.ﺑﺪﺃﻧﺎ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺔ. ﺲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍ ﺾ ﺍﻠ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺔ) :ﺭﻓ ﺷﺒﻪ ﲨﻠﺔ) :ﺑﻌ ﺪ ﺍﻟﻈﻬ ﹺﺮ (.ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ،ﻓﻬﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻇﺮﻑ ﻭﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ .ﺇﺎ ﺷﺒﻪ ﲨﻠﺔ. ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ )ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ( ﻓﻬﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻏﲑ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ،ﺇﺎ ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ .ﺇﺎ ﺷﺒﻪ ﲨﻠﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ.
ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ:
ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﺗﻄﺮﺃ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮﻫﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ: )ﳛﺎﺻ ﺮ ﺍﳉﻨﻮ ﺩ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﲔ) ،(.ﻟﻦ ﳛﺎﺻ ﺮ ﺍﳉﻨﻮ ﺩ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﲔ) ،(.ﱂ ﳛﺎﺻ ﹺﺮ ﺍﳉﻨﻮ ﺩ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﲔ(. ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻐﲑ ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮﻫﺎ ،ﻷﺎ ﻣﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ: ﺡ(. ﻂ() ،ﺻﺎ ﺲ() ،ﻓﻘ ﹾ )ﻟﻴ
ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ:
ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻄﺮﺃ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ: ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﺑﺎﳊﺮﻛﺎﺕ) :ﺍﻷﻣ ﲑ() ،ﺍﻷﻣ ﲑ() ،ﺍﻷﻣ ﹺﲑ( ) /ﺃﻣ ﲑ() ،ﺃﻣﲑﹰﺍ() ،ﺃﻣ ﹴﲑ(. ﺕ(. ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﺑﺎﳊﺮﻭﻑ) :ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﻥ() ،ﻗﺮﺍﺭﻳﻦ( ) /ﺳﻴﻔﺮﺿﻮﻥ( ) ،ﻟﻦ ﻳﻔﺮﺿﻮﺍ( ) /ﻻ ﻳﺄﰐ /ﱂ ﻳﺄ ﻗﺪ ﲡﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ .ﻣﺜﻼ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ )ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﻮ ﹶﻥ( ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ ﲔ( ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ .ﻭﺣﱴ ﺗﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻠﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ )ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﺩﻣ ﲡﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻳﺎ ًﺀ .ﳍﺬﺍ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﺇﻥ )ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﻮ ﹶﻥ( ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺍﻭ.
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ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺜﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺎ:
ﺖ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻭﲢﻴﺮﺕ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻨـﺼﺐ ﺃﻭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﺣﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻤﻬﺎ .ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺻﺎﺩﻓ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳉﺮ ﻓﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻠﻜﻠﻤﺔ .ﺇﺫﺍ ﺟﺎﺀﺗﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ )ﻳﻌﻘـﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎ( ﻭﺃﺭﺩﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﺏ )ﻳﻌﻘﺪﻭﻥ( ،ﻓﺄﻭﻝ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺼﻨﻌﻪ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﲢﺪﺩ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ :ﺃﻫﻲ ﺍﺳـﻢ ﺃﻡ ﻓﻌـﻞ ﺃﻡ ﺣﺮﻑ .ﺇﺎ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ .ﰒ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﺘﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ :ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﻳﺴﺒﻘﻪ ﻧﺎﺻﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺟﺎﺯﻡ. ﺣﺴﻨﺎ ،ﱂ ﻳﺴﺒﻖ )ﻳﻌﻘﺪﻭﻥ( ﻻ ﻧﺎﺻﺐ ﻭﻻ ﺟﺎﺯﻡ .ﺇﺫﻥ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻋﺔ .ﻓﻤﺎ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ؟ ﺍﲝﺚ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ )ﻳﻌﻘﺪﻭﻥ( .ﺇﺎ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ )ﻳﻌﻘﺪﻭﺍ( .ﺍﻵﻥ ﺳﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﺃﻥ )ﻳﻌﻘﺪﻭﻥ( ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﺜﺒﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ. ﻉ ﻛﺜﲑ ﺓ( ﺳﺘﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﺑﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ .ﺇﺎ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ :ﰲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ )ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺫﻭ ﻓﺮﻭ ﹴ ﻚ .ﻓﻠﻨﺨﺘﺮ ﻭﺭﺩﺕ ﰲ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ،ﻓﻼ ﺑﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ .ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻟﻪ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺻﻮﺭ :ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨ ِ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻨ ﻚ ﻷﻥ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ .ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺔ )ﺫﻭ( ﻫﻲ ﺍﳋﱪ .ﻭﻫﻲ ﲝﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻭﻗﻔﺔ ﻟﻨﻌـﺮﻑ ﻋﻼﻣـﺔ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺎ .ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﳍﺎ؟ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ) :ﺫﻭ( ﻭ)ﺫﺍ( ﻭ)ﺫﻱ( .ﻭﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ )ﺫﻭ( ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺧﱪ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻋﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ .ﻭﻫﻲ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻤﺔ .ﺇﺎ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺍﻭ ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻉ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ،ﻭﻛﺜﲑ ﺓ ﻧﻌﺖ. ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ .ﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﻧﻜﻤﻞ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﺇﻥ ﻓﺮﻭ ﹴ
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ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ }ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ +ﺧﱪ {.. ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﲰﻴﺔ) :ﺍﻟﻘﺘﺎ ﹸﻝ ﻣﺴﺘﻤ ﺮ( }ﻓﻌﻞ +ﻓﺎﻋﻞ {.. ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ) :ﺍﻧﺘﻈ ﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍ ﻡ( ﺖ() ،ﺑﻌ ﺪ ﺍﻟﻈﻬ ﹺﺮ( }ﺣﺮﻑ ﺃﻭ ﻇﺮﻑ +ﺍﺳﻢ {.. ﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ) :ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴ ﺕ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﻓﻬﻲ ﲨﻠﺔ ﺍﲰﻴﺔ .ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺑﺪﺃﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﻓﻬﻲ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺔ. ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺫﻫﺒﻴﺔ :ﺇﺫﺍ ﺑﺪﺃ
ﻭﺍﺣﺪ :ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﲰﻴﺔ) :ﺍﻟﻘﺘﺎ ﹸﻝ ﻣﺴﺘﻤ ﺮ(
ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﲰﻴﺔ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ .ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺮﲟﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﻮﺕ ﰲ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻭﺣﺮﻭﻑ .ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﻪ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ .ﻭﻻ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺇﻻ ﺑﻮﺭﻭﺩ ﺍﳋﱪ .ﺭﲟﺎ ﻳﺘﺄﺧﺮ ﺍﳋﱪ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺄ ﹶ ﰐ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ .ﺇﺫﻥ ﻓﺎﳍﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﲰﻴﺔ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻭﺍﳋﱪ.
ﺍﺛﻨﺎﻥ :ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ) :ﺍﻧﺘﻈ ﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍ ﻡ(
ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ .ﻭﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ .ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻏﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻘﺪﺭﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍ .ﻭﺭﲟﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﻮﺕ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻛﺎﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻌﺖ ﻭﺍﳊﺎﻝ .ﺇﺫﻥ ﻓﺎﳍﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ. ﺽ "ﺍﺷﺘﺮﻯ" .ﻭﺑﻌﺪﻩ ﺟﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ) ﺍﺷﺘﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎ ﺭ ﻣﻨﺸﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﹰﺍ( :ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﺎ ﹴ "ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎ ﺭ" ،ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ "ﻣﻨﺸﺎﺭﹰﺍ" ،ﻭﻧﻌﺖ "ﺟﺪﻳﺪﹰﺍ". ﰐ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺃﺑﺪﹰﺍ. ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺫﻫﺒﻴﺔ :ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺄ ﹶ ﺐ( ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ) :ﺍﻟﻄﻔ ﹸﻞ ﻳﻠﻌ ﺍﻟﻄﻔ ﹸﻞ :ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻤﺔ. ﺐ" ﻣﻊ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﺧﱪ. ﺐ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻤﺔ .ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ "ﻫﻮ" .ﻭﲨﻠﺔ "ﻳﻠﻌ ﻳﻠﻌ
ﺛﻼﺛﺔ:ﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ:
ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻜﺘﻤﻞ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺸﻔﻲ ﻏﻠﻴﻼﹰ ،ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ .ﻭﻫﻮ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ:ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﻣﺜﻞ )ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ( ،ﻭﻇﺮﻑ ﻭﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﺜﻞ )ﺑﻌ ﺪ ﺍﻟﻈﻬ ﹺﺮ(. ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺫﻫﺒﻴﺔ :ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻌﺮﺏ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ،ﻭﻻ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﺃﺧﻮﺍﺎ ،ﻭﻻ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺇﻥ ﻭﺃﺧﻮﺍﺎ ﺃﺑﺪﺍ .ﻭﺣﱴ ﻟﻮ ﺟﺎﺀ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻨﺤﻦ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺇﻧﻪ ﺧﱪ ﻣﻘﺪﻡ ،ﺃﻭ ﺧﱪ )ﻛﺎﻥ( ﻣﻘﺪﻡ ،ﺃﻭ ﺧﱪ )ﺇﻥ( ﻣﻘﺪﻡ.
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ﺳﻨﺸﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﺄﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺎ: ﺖ ﻟﺺ( )ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴ ﺖ :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ – ،ﺃﻱ ﺷﺒﻪ ﲨﻠﺔ ،-ﻭﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺧﱪ ﻣﻘﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴ ﺺ :ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻣﺆﺧﺮ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺘﻨﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ ﻟ ﺼﹰﺎ( )ﺇ ﹼﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ ﻟ ﺇ ﹼﻥ :ﺣﺮﻑ ﻧﺼﺐ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ – ،ﺃﻱ ﺷﺒﻪ ﲨﻠﺔ ،-ﻭﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺧﱪ ﺇ ﹼﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﻡ ﺼﹰﺎ :ﺍﺳﻢ ﺇ ﹼﻥ ﻣﺆﺧﺮ ،ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﺘﻨﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﻟ )ﺃﺻﺒ ﺢ ﻋﻨ ﺪ ﳏﻤﻮ ﺩ ﺳﻴﺎﺭﹲﺓ( ﺢ :ﻣﻦ ﺃﺧﻮﺍﺕ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﺻﺒ ﻋﻨ ﺪ :ﻇﺮﻑ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﳏﻤﻮ ﺩ :ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،ﻭﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ "ﻋﻨﺪ ﳏﻤﻮﺩ" ﺧﱪ "ﺃﺻﺒﺢ" ﻣﻘﺪﻡ ﺳﻴﺎﺭﺓﹲ :ﺍﺳﻢ "ﺃﺻﺒﺢ" ﻣﺆﺧﺮ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺘﻨﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ ﺖ( ﺺ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴ )ﺍﻟﻠ ﺺ :ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻠ ﺖ :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،ﻭﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺧﱪ. ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴ ﻫﻞ ﻻﺣﻈﺖ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎ؟ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﺃﻭﻻ ﰒ ﺍﳋﱪ. ﺺ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻴﺐ ﻣﻌﻜﻮﺳﺔ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺒﻪ ﲨﻠﺔ. ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﻴﻨﺔ :ﻳﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻹﺫﺍﻋﻴﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻧ ﻭﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻣﺎ ﳝﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ .ﻟﺬﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﰲ ﻭﺍﻹﺫﺍﻋﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻨﺒﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌـﺴﺄﻟﺔ. ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ "ﻋﻨﺪﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﺭﺓ" ﻓﻌﻠﻴﻚ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻠﻠﻪ ﰲ ﻋﻘﻠﻚ ،ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺴﻚ" :ﺳﻴﺎﺭﹲﺓ ﻋﻨﺪﻱ" .ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻣـﺮﺕ ﺝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻫﺎﺋﻦ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ" ،ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺴﻚ :ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻫـﻲ ﰲ ﺃﺻـﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﻚ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻴﻞ "ﺇ ﹼﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍ ﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ". ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮﻱ "ﺇ ﹼﻥ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍ
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ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ :ﺧﲑ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﲑ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ .ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺻ ﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻀﻊ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻏﺪﹰﺍ"
ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ .ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﻻ ﻳﺼﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ "ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺗﻈﺎﻫ ﺮ ﻏﺪﹰﺍ " .ﺇﺫﻥ "ﺗﻈﺎﻫﺮ" ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻓﻌﻼ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻋﺎ ﺽ .ﻭﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻫﻮ "ﻳﺘﻈﺎﻫ ﺮ". ﺭﻏﻢ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ ﺍﳋ ﺪﺍﻉ ﰲ ﺃﻭﳍﺎ ،ﺇﺎ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎ ﹴ
ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ: ﻳﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻤﺔ )ﻳﺴﺘﻘﺒ ﹸﻞ(، ﻻ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﳐﺘﻮﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﺎﺀ )ﻳﺴﺘﻠﻘﻲ( ،ﺃﻭ ﺑﺄﻟﻒ )ﻳﺒﻘﻰ( ،ﺃﻭ ﺑﻮﺍﻭ )ﻳﺪﻋﻮ( ،ﻭﻟـﻚ ﺃﻥﺗﻘﻮﻝ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ. ﲔ(. ﻳﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺑﺜﺒﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ )ﻳﺮﻓﻀﻮ ﹶﻥ( ،ﻭﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺜﲎ )ﻳﺮﻓﻀﺎ ﻥ( ،ﻭﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﻧﺚ )ﺗﺮﻓﻀ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺐ ﻭﺍﳉﺰﻡ: ﺐ(. ﺐ( ،ﺃﻭ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺰﻡ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺠﺰﻡ )ﱂ ﺃﺫﻫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺟﺎﺀ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻳﻨﺼﺐ )ﻟﻦ ﺃﺫﻫ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺟﺎﺀ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺁﺧﺮ ،ﻛﺤﺮﻑ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ "ﺳﻮﻑ" ﻣﺜﻼﹰ ،ﻓﻼ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻋﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ )ﺳﻮﻑ ﳓﺘ ﺞ(. )ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ..ﻳﺒ ﹶﻘﻮﻥ() ،ﻳﺄﰐ ..ﻳﺄﺗﻮﻥ() ،ﻳﺪﻋﻮ ..ﻳﺪﻋﻮ ﹶﻥ(
ﻣﱴ ﻧﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ) :ﻳﺒﻘﻮﻥ(؟
= ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻮﻡ ﺑﺄﻟﻒ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ )ﻳﺒﻘﻰ( ،ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺳﻜﻮﻧﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﲨﻌﺎ ﻛﻤـﺎ ﻫـﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ )ﻳﺒ ﹶﻘ ﻮ ﹶﻥ( = ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻮﻡ ﺑﻴﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ )ﻳﺄﰐ( ،ﻻ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺳﻜﻮﻧﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ )ﻳﺄﺗﻮ ﹶﻥ( = ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻮﻡ ﺑﻮﺍﻭ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ )ﻳﺪﻋﻮ( ،ﻻ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺳﻜﻮﻧﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ )ﻳﺪ ﻋﻮﻥ( ﲤﺮﻳﻦ ﺻﻐﲑ :ﻫﻞ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ )ﻳﺸ ﹸﻘﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺣﻴﺎﻢ( ﺃﻡ )ﻳﺸ ﹶﻘﻮﻥ(؟ ﺍﳊﻞ :ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ ﻫﻮ )ﻳﺸﻘﻰ( ،ﻭﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ،ﺇﺫﻥ ﻓﻬﻲ )ﻳﺸ ﹶﻘﻮﻥ( ﺑﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ. ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺫﻫﺒﻴﺔ :ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﲝﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ ،ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺳﻜﻮﻧﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ.
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ﻳﻘﺮﺽ ﺃﻡ ﻳﻘﺮﺽ؟ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ؟ ﺽ ..ﻳﻘﺮﺽ ﺃ ﹾﻗ ﺮ ﺽ ..ﻳﻘﺮﺽ ﹶﻗ ﺮ
ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺳﻠﹼﻒ ﻭﺃﻋﺎﺭ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﻗﻀﻢ ﺑﺄﺳﻨﺎﻧﻪ
ﺃﹶﺿﺮﺏ ..ﻳﻀﺮﺏ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺿﺮﺏ ..ﻳﻀﺮﺏ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﻟﻄﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺻﻔﻊ ﲤﺮﻳﻦ ﺻﻐﲑ :ﻫﻞ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ :ﻳﻔﱵ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ،ﺃﻡ ﻳﻔﱵ؟ ﺍﳊﻞ :ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ "ﺃﻓﱴ" ﺑﺎﳍﻤﺰﺓ ،ﺇﺫﻥ ﻓﻬﻲ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻳﻔﱵ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻤﺔ. ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺫﻫﺒﻴﺔ :ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺳﺒﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﳘﺰﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ. ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺮﺃﺕ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺱ ﺳﺘﺠﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺬﻛﱡﺮ ﻛﻞ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻠﻪ ﺃﻣﺮ ﺻﻌﺐ .ﺍﳊﻞ :ﺍﻗﺮﺃﻩ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ .ﺃﻻ ﺗﺮﻯ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻗﺼﲑ!
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ﻨﻭﺍﺼﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ
ﻼ{ } ﺃﻥﹾ ،ﻟﻦ ،ﻛﻲ ،ﺣﱴ ،ﺍﻟﻼﻡ ،ﻟﺌ ﹼ =1ﺃ ﹾﻥ) :ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺃ ﹾﻥ ﻧﺴﺘﻌ ﺪ ﳌﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ(. =2ﻟ ﻦ) :ﻟﻦ ﻳﻔﻮ ﺯ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻄﻮﻟﺔ(. ﺲ ﻛ ﻲ ﻳﺪﻓ ﻊ ﻓﺎﺗﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ(. =3ﻛ ﻲ) :ﺍﺧﺘﹶﻠ ﺞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﺸﺮﻓﺔ(. ﻀ =4ﺣﱴ) :ﰲ ﻣﻘﺪﻭﺭﻧﺎ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ﺣﱴ ﺗﻨ ﺱ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ() ،ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﺧﻲ ﻟﻴﻘﺒ ﹶﻞ ﺃﺟﺮﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ(. =5ﺍﻟﻼﻡ) :ﺳﺎﻓﺮ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻟﻴﺪﺭ ﻼ ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻗ ﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻴﺤﺔ(. =6ﻟﺌﻼ) :ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﺮ ﻟﺌ ﹼ ﻳﻨﺼﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺳﺒﻘﻪ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺔ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ. ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺐ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻫﻲ: ﺖ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻢ ﺇﻻ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﻉ ﺍﳉﺮﺱ(. ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ) :ﻟﻦ ﻳﺴﻜ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ) :ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﺔ ﻟﻦ ﻳﺴﻜﺘﻮﺍ ﺣﱴ ﻭﺇﻥ ﻗﺮﻉ ﺍﳉﺮﺱ(. = ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ﺃﻟﻒ ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻻ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺐ) :ﻟﻦ ﻳﺮﺿﻰ ﺃﺑﻮﻫﺎ(. ﻭﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ. ﰐ = ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ )ﻳﺎﺀ( ﺃﻭ )ﻭﺍﻭ( ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺐ) :ﻟـﻦ ﻳـﺄ ﹶ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺶ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ() ،ﻟﻦ ﻳﺼﺤ ﻮ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻏﻔﻠﺘﻪ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ( .ﻭﻗﺪ ﺭﺃﻳﻨﺎ ﻋﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺬﻳﻌﲔ ﻳﻐﻔﻠﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤـﺔ، ﺃﻧﺖ ﻻ ﺗﻐﻔﻠﻬﺎ .ﻻ ﻧﺮﻳﺪ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻟﻐﺘﻨﺎ ﻷﺟﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺎﱃ. ﺱ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻲ "ﻻ" ﺑﲔ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻄﹼﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺐ) :ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻻ = ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻧﺪ ﺝ ﰲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻄﻘﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﺘﻚ() ،ﺳﻨﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺣﱴ ﻻ ﻧﻨﺪ ﻡ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ(. ﲣﺮ
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ﺠﻭﺍﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ }ﱂ ،ﹼﳌﺎ ،ﻻ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻫﻴﺔ ،ﻻﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ{
=1ﱂ) :ﱂ ﺗﻈﻬ ﺮ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﺑﻌﺪ( =2ﳌﹼﺎ) :ﻭﺻﻠﻨﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﳌﹼﺎ ﻧﺘﻔ ﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﳉﻤﺮﻛﻲ( ﺐ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺭﺃﻳﺖ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺎﻟﺖ ﻏﺪﺍ( =3ﻻ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻫﻴﺔ) :ﻻ ﺗﻌﺠ ﻂ ﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﺰﺍﻳﺪﺍﺕ( =4ﻻﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ) :ﻟﺘﺴﻘ ﹾ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺟﺎﺀ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺰﻡ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻳﺠﺰﻡ.
ﻃﺮﻕ ﺟﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ:
= ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ) :ﱂ ﺃﻋﻠ ﻢ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺮ( = ﲝﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ) :ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻬﻴﻨﻮﺍ ﺑﺎﳊﺰﺏ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ( ،ﻣﺎ ﺯﻟﺖ ﺗﺘﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻠﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻫﻲ "ﺗﺴﺘﻬﻴﻨﻮﻥ". ﻉ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻳﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ( ،ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺐ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺏ() ،ﱂ ﻳﺪ = ﲝﺬﻑ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺔ) :ﱂ ﻳﺒ ﻖ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻭﻗﺖ() ،ﱂ ﻳﻄ ﹺﻮ ﺃﺷﻌ ﻉ". ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﺍﶈﺬﻭﻑ ﺗﺮﻙ ﺣﺮﻛ ﹰﺔ ﺷﺒﻴﻬ ﹰﺔ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﰲ ﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ "ﻳﺪﻋﻮ – ﻳﺪ
= ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ) :ﱂ ﻳﺴﺘﻌ ﺪ ﺣﺴ ﻦ ﻟﻠﻔﺤﺺ( :ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﳌﺸﺪﺩ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﳚﺰﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ.
ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻛﻨﲔ:
) ﹾﱂ ﺃﲰ ﹺﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮﺓ( ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ "ﺃﲰ ﻊ" ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﺑـ "ﱂ" ،ﻭﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﺰﻣﻪ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ .ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺟﺎﺀﺕ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﲝﺮﻑ ﺳﺎﻛﻦ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﻮﺯﺓ .ﻭﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﻻ ﻳﻨﻄﻖ ﲝﺮﻓﲔ ﺳﺎﻛﻨﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻗﺒﲔ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳚﻌﻞ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﺴﺮﺓ) ..ﱂ ﺃﲰ ﹺﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮﺓ(.
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ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﲔ ﻻ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻴﺔ:
ﻒ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺻﻐﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ( ،ﻭﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ. = ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﻘﺼﺪ ﻣﻦ "ﻻ" ﺃﻥ ﻧﻨﻬﻰ ﻋﻦ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻓﻬﻲ "ﻻ" ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻫﻴﺔ) :ﻻ ﺗﺘﻮﻗ ﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺰﺍﺡ( ،ﻭﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺱ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻮﻗ = ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﻘﺼﺪ ﻣﻦ "ﻻ" ﺃﻥ ﻧﻨﻔﻲ ﺣﺼﻮﻝ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻓﻬﻲ "ﻻ" ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻴﺔ) :ﻓﺮﺍ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﻭﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻋﺎ.
ﻻﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ:
ﻂ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮﻳﻮﻥ( ،ﻭﻧﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ = ﻧﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﺭﺍﺕ )ﻟﻴﺴﻘ ﹾ ﺽ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﺳﻠﹼﻤﻨﺎ ﺬﺍ.(.. )ﻟﻨﻔﺘﺮ = ﺇﺫﺍ ﺟﺎﺀ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺳﺎﻛﻨﺔ )ﹶﻓﻠﹾﻴﺴﻘﻂ( ) ،ﻭﻟﹾﻨﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ(..
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ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺽ )ﺍﻧﺘﻘ ﺪ( ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎ ﹴ ﺽ )ﲡﺎ ﻫ ﹺﻞ( ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎ ﹴ = ﳕﻴﺰ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ .ﻓﺈﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺃﻣﺲ" ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﺿﻴﹰﺎ. = ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺢ) :ﺍﻧﺘ ﹶﻘ ﺪ(. = ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ) :ﺍﻧﺘ ﹶﻘﺪﻧﺎ( .ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ )ﺍﻧﺘ ﹶﻘﺪﻭﺍ(.
)ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻰ ..ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻮﺍ() ،ﻟﻘ ﻲ ..ﻟﻘﹸﻮﺍ( ..ﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺎ؟
= ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻮﻡ ﲝﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ )ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻰ( ،ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺳﻜﻮﻧﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ )ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻮﺍ(. ﺸﻮﺍ /ﻻﻗﻰ ..ﻻﹶﻗﻮﺍ( )ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ :ﺩﻋﺎ ..ﺩ ﻋﻮﺍ /ﺍﺭﺗﺸﻰ ..ﺍﺭﺗ = ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻮﻡ ﲝﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ )ﻟﻘ ﻲ( ﻓﻼ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺳﻜﻮﻧﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ )ﻟﻘﹸﻮﺍ(. )ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ :ﻧﺴ ﻲ ..ﻧﺴﻮﺍ /ﺃﹸﻋ ﻄ ﻲ ..ﺃﹸﻋ ﹸﻄﻮﺍ /ﻟﻘ ﻲ ..ﻟ ﹸﻘﻮﺍ( ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺫﻫﺒﻴﺔ :ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﲝﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ ،ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺳﻜﻮﻧﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ. ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﻨﺖ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺟﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﻓﻠﻌﻠﹼﻚ ﻻ ﺘﻢ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺮﻳﺪﺓ ،ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻹﺫﺍﻋﻲ ﻓﻴﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﺎ.
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ﻓﻌل ﺍﻷﻤﺭ
)ﺍﻧﺘ ﹺﻖ( ﻓﻌﻞ ﺃﻣﺮ
ﺢ( ﻓﻌﻞ ﺃﻣﺮ )ﺍﻓﺘ
ﻧﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ .ﻓﻔﻴﻪ ﺃﻣﺮ .ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺄﰐ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﲝﺴﺐ ﺍﻟـﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻠﺤﻖ ﺑﻪ ،ﻭﲝﺴﺐ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺃﺣﺮﻑ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ .ﻭﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺮﺻﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ:
ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ
ﺐ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺎﺕ( ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ. = )ﺍﺳﺤ ﺐ ﺍﻵﻥ( ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ،ﻭﻗﺪ ﻛﺴﺮﻧﺎﻩ ﻷﻥ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﲝﺮﻑ ﺳﺎﻛﻦ. )ﺍﺳﺤ ﹺ = )ﺍﺑ ﻖ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ( ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﲝﺬﻑ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .ﺍﻷﺻﻞ "ﹺﺇﺑﻘﹶﻰ" .ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻑ ﺑﻘﻴﺖ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳉﺰﻡ )ﺍﺑ ﻖ(. ﻉ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ( ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﲝﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .ﻓﺎﻷﺻﻞ "ﹸﺃﺩﻋﻮ" .ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻌـﲔ )ﺍﺩ ﻉ(. ﺑﻘﻴﺖ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳉﺰﻡ )ﺍﺩ )ﺃﻟ ﹺﻎ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻓﻮﺭﺍ( ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﲝﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .ﻓﺎﻷﺻﻞ "ﹶﺃﻟﻐﻲ" .ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﲔ ﺑﻘﻴﺖ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳉﺰﻡ )ﺃﻟ ﹺﻎ(. = )ﺍﺳﺤﺒﻮﺍ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ( ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﲝﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .ﻓﻠﻮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻋﺎ ﻟﻘﻠﻨﺎ "ﺗﺴﺤﺒﻮﻥ". )ﺃﻟﻐﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ( ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﲝﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ .ﻓﻠﻮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻋﺎ ﻟﻘﻠﻨﺎ "ﺗﻠﻐﻮﻥ". )ﺍﺩﻋﻮﺍ ﺃﻧﺘﻢ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ( ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﲝﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ .ﻓﻠﻮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻋﺎ ﻟﻘﻠﻨﺎ "ﺗﺪﻋﻮﻥ". )ﺍﺑﻘﻮﺍ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ( ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﲝﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ .ﻓﻠﻮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻋﺎ ﻟﻘﻠﻨﺎ "ﺗﺒﻘﻮﻥ". = )ﺍﲰﻌﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻴﺤﺔ( ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ. )ﺍﺳﺤﱯ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ( ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﲜﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ .ﻓﻠﻮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻋﺎ ﻟﻘﻠﻨﺎ "ﺗﺴﺤﺒﲔ". )ﺃﻟﻐﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺃﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﺮﺓ( ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﲝﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ .ﻓﻠﻮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻋﺎ ﻟﻘﻠﻨﺎ "ﺗﻠﻐﲔ". )ﺍﺩﻋﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﺃﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﺮﺓ( ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﲝﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ .ﻓﻠﻮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻋﺎ ﻟﻘﻠﻨﺎ "ﺗﺪﻋﲔ". )ﺍﺑﻘ ﻲ ﻣﺼﻤﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﳒﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ( ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﲝﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ .ﻓﻠﻮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻋﺎ ﻟﻘﻠﻨﺎ "ﺗﺒﻘﻴﻦ". = )ﻗ ﻢ ﻓﻮﺭﺍ( ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ. )ﻗ ﹺﻢ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﳌﻬﻤﺔ( ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﳎﺰﻭﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﲝﺮﻑ ﺳﺎﻛﻦ ،ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﺍﳊـﺎﻝ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺟﺎﺀﺕ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺃﻭﳍﺎ ﺃﻟﻒ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻬﻤﻮﺯﺓ )ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤ ﹺﻞ ﺍﺳ ﻢ ﺃﺧﻴﻚ ﺍﳌﺸﻬﻮﺭ ﰲ ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻞ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺪﺍﻝ(. ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﺑﲔ ﻗﻮﺳﲔ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﺗﻀﻢ ﻛﻞ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ .ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺟﺎﺀﻙ ﻓﻌﻞ ﲢﻴﺮﺕ ﰲ ﺷﺄﻧﻪ ﻓﻘـﺲ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ .ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻻﺣﻈﺖ ﻓﺎﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺗﺒﻌﺚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺒﻠﺔ ،ﻭﺣﻔﻈﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﳏﺒﻮﺑﺔ .ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗـﻊ ﻻ ﺲ ﳚﻌﻠﻚ ﺗﻀﺒﻂ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺃﺑﺪﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺣﻔﻈﻬﺎ ،ﻓﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻗﻠﻴﻼ ﺟﺪﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﻓﺔ ،ﻭﺃﻧﺖ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺣ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺣﻔﻆ .ﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺠﻠﻰ. 18
ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل
ﺏ( ،ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺏ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﻷﻧﻪ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺎﻝ. )ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺪ ﺭ ﺾ. ﻉ( ،ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ،ﻷﻧﻪ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻧﻔ ﺾ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎ )ﺍﻧﻔ
= ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ. = ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻻ ﻏﲎ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ .ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﳒﺪﻩ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻘﺪﺭﻩ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍ .ﻣﺜﺎﻝ) :ﻟﻘﺪ ﺫﻫﺐ( ،ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ )ﻫﻮ(. ﻒ ،ﻫﺠ ﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒ ﹸﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨ ﹶﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ(. = ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻌﻼﻥ ﻭﺟﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﺎﻋﻼﻥ :ﻟﻜﻞ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻪ )ﺇﺫﺍ ﺟﺎ َﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﻴ ﺐ ﺍﳊﺼﻮ ﹸﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﺧﻴﺺ(. ﺖ( ،ﺃﻭ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ )ﳚ = ﻗﺪ ﻧﺘﺤﻴﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻛﻮﻧﻪ ﲨﺎﺩﹰﺍ )ﺗﺸﻘﹼﻖ ﺍﻹﺳﻔﻠ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ: )ﻳﻌﺠﺒﲏ ﻋﻨﺎ ﺩﻙ( ،ﻋﻨﺎ ﺩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ،ﻓﺎﻟﻌﻨﺎ ﺩ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺠﹺﺐ ،ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ "ﺍﻟﻌﺠﺐ" ﻓﻬﻮ "ـﲏ"ﺃﻱ ﺃﻧﺎ ،ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﺀ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ )ﻳﺴ ﺮﱐ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﹸﻓﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ( ،ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﻓﹸـ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ)ﻫﻞ ﺃﺩﻫﺸﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍ ﺭ ﻳﺎ ﺣﺴﻦ؟( ،ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍ ﺭ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞﻼ( ،ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻈﺎ ﺭ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ )ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻈﺎ ﺭ ﻗﻠﻴ ﹰ) ﱠﰎ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎ ُﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ( ،ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎ ُﺀ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ "ﰎ" ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞﻱ( ،ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳚﺮﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻹﻋﺪﺍ ﺩ ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ. )-ﳚﺮﻱ ﺍﻹﻋﺪﺍ ﺩ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﲤﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮ
ﻧﺎﺋﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ
ﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩ ﻡ( ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺒﲏ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻮﻝ "ﻳﺘﻮﻗﹼﻊ" ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﻞ ﻧﺎﺋﺐ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ. = )ﻳﺘﻮﹼﻗ ﻊ ﺭﻓ ﻊ ﺍﳊﺼﺎ ﹺﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﻮ ﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳ ﻊ( ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ "ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ" ﻳﺄﰐ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﻧﺎﺋﺐ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ. ﺏ ﻋﻤﻠﹸﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴ ﹼﻠ = )ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮ ﺢ ﺟﺎﺋﺰ ﹶﺓ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻣﺪﺓ( ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺒﲏ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻮﻝ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﻧﺎﺋﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻭﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ. = )ﻏﺰ ﹸﺓ ﺗﻤﻨ = )ﺍﺿ ﹸﻄ ﺮ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺮﻭﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻈﺎ ﹺﺭ( :ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺒﻨﻴﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻮﻝ ﻣﺜﻞ) :ﺍﺿـ ﹸﻄﺮ، ﺑ ﹺﻬﺖ ،ﻫ ﹺﺮﻉ ،ﺟﻦ ،ﺍﺳﺘﺸﻬﹺﺪ ،ﺃﹸﻏﻤﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ،ﺍﺣﺘﻀﺮ ،ﺗ ﻮﻓﱢ ﻲ( .ﻟﻜﻦ ،ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﺘﺒﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺒﻨﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ) :ﺗﻮﻓﱠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﺟﺎﺭﻧﺎ ﺃﻣﺲ() ،ﺍﺿ ﹶﻄﺮﱐ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻴﻊ ﺳﺘﺮﰐ(.
19
)ﺍﻟﻮﺿ ﻊ ﻣﺘﻮﺗﺮ(
ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺘﺩﺃ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭ
ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ +ﺧﱪ
ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﰲ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ،ﰒ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺍﳋﱪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ: ﻣﺜﺎﻝ) :ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳ ﺢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺩﱃ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻷﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺃﻣﺲ ﻭﺍﺿ ﺢ ﰲ ﺩﻻﻟﺘﻪ(. ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ
ﺧﱪ
ﰐ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻧﻌﺮﻑ ﺎ ﺍﳋﱪ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﻭﺣﺪﻩ .ﺇﻥ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﺢ" ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﻧﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺣﱴ ﺗﺄ ﹶ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻭﺍﺿﺢ" ﻓﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﳍﺎ ﲟﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻄﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﻘﺪﺭ .ﻭﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻣﻦ ﺧﱪ.
ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ..
ﺍﲰﹰﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺎ ﺑﺄﻝ )ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳ ﺢ ﻭﺍﺿ ﺢ(، ﺍﲰﹰﺎ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺄﻝ )ﻛﻼ ﻡ ﻛﺜ ﲑ ﻳﺪﻭﺭ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺇﻗﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ(، ﻋﻠﹶﻤﹰﺎ ) ﺯﻳﺎﱐ ﻣﺴﺎﻓ ﺮ ﻏﺪﹰﺍ(، ﺍﺳﻢ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ )ﻫﺬﺍ ﳑﺘﺎ ﺯ(، ﺍﲰﹰﺎ ﻣﻮﺻﻮ ﹰﻻ )ﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﻮﻟﹸﻪ ﺻﺤﻴ ﺢ(، ﺿﻤﲑﹰﺍ )ﳓﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪﻭﻥ(، ﲨﻌﹰﺎ )ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻤﻮﻥ ﻣﻀﺮﺑﻮﻥ(،ﺐ(. -ﺃﻭ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﹰﺍ )ﺍﳌﻌﻠﹼ ﻢ ﻏﺎﺋ
ﻭﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ..
ﺏ ﺍﳌﻌﺴﻜ ﹺﺮ" .ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻓـﺈﺫﺍ ﻭﺭﺩ ﺍﳉـﺎﺭ ﺟﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭﺍ "ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ" ،ﻭﻻ ﻇﺮﻓﹰﺎ ﻭﻣﻀﺎﻓﹰﺎ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ "ﻗﺮ ﺏ ﻭﺍﺮﻭﺭ ﰲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ )ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ ﻟﺺ ،(ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻑ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ )ﻗﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺴﻜ ﹺﺮ ﻧ ﹶﻔ ﻖ ﺳﺮﻱ (ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﳉﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﺮﻭﺭ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻈﺮﻑ ﻭﺍﳌﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺧﱪﹰﺍ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﹰ ،ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻣﺆﺧﺮﹰﺍ.
ﱪ.. ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮ ﹶﻥ ﺍﳋ
ﺍﲰﹰﺎ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﹰﺎ )ﺍﳊﺎﻟ ﹸﺔ ﺻﻌﺒ ﹲﺔ(، ﺟﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭﹰﺍ )ﺍﻟﺒﻄﹼﻴ ﺦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﹼﺟ ﺔ(، ﻇﺮﻓﹰﺎ ﻭﻣﻀﺎﻓﺎ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ )ﺍﻷﺧﺒﺎ ﺭ ﻋﻨﺪﻙ(، ﲨﻠﺔ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺔ )ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎ ﺩ ﳝ ﺮ ﺑﺄﺯﻣﺔ(، ﲨﻠﺔ ﺍﲰﻴﺔ )ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎ ﺩ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺳﻴﺌ ﹲﺔ(. 20
ﻭﻳﻬﻤﲏ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ: ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎ ﺩ :ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻤﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻪ :ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻤﺔ ،ﻭﺍﳍﺎﺀ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺳﻴﺌﺔﹲ :ﺧﱪ ﻟـ "ﺣﺎﻟﺔ" ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺘﻨﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ ،ﻭﲨﻠﺔ "ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺳﻴﺌﺔ" ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﺧﱪ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺘﺪﺃ "ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ". ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠﺔ :ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑﺪﺃﻧﺎ ﺑﻪ ،ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺔ "ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ" ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ .ﻓﻜﻴﻒ ﺃﺧﱪﻧﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ؟ ﻟﻘﺪ ﻗﻠﻨﺎ "ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺳﻴﺌﺔ" ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﺧﱪ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ .ﻭﲨﻠﺔ "ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺳﻴﺌﺔ" ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻭﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻭﺧﱪ.
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ﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺃﺨﻭﺍﺘﻬﺎ
}ﻛﺎﻥ ،ﻟﻴﺲ ،ﻇﻞﹼ ،ﺻﺎﺭ ،ﻏﺪﺍ ،ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ،ﺃﺿﺤﻰ ،ﺃﻣﺴﻰ ،ﺑﺎﺕ ،ﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻝ ،ﻣﺎ ﺩﺍﻡ ،ﻣﺎ ﺍﻧﻔﻚ ،ﻣﺎ ﻓﱵﺀ، ﻣﺎ ﺑﺮﹺﺡ ،ﻛﺎﺩ ،ﺃﻭﺷﻚ ،ﺷﺮﻉ ،ﻋﺴﻰ ،ﺃﺧﺬ ،ﺑﺪﺃ{ ﻉ ﻣﺜﻤــــﺮﹰﺍ( ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ) :ﻛــﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤــﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ +ﺍﲰﻬﺎ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ +ﺧﱪﻫﺎ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ
ﺝ(. ﻒ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺎﺭ ﹺ = ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺧﱪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺃﺧﻮﺍﺎ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺔ) :ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮ ﺭ ﻳﻬﺘ = ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺧﱪﻫﺎ ﺷﺒﻪ ﲨﻠﺔ -ﺃﻱ ﺟﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭﺍﹰ ،ﺃﻭ ﻇﺮﻓﹰﺎ ﻭﻣﻀﺎﻓﹰﺎ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ - ﺲ(. ﺲ() ،ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴ ﹸﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴ ﹺ )ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴ ﹸﺔ ﰲ ﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴ ﹺ = ﻗﺪ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺧﱪﻫﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﲰﻬﺎ: ﺚ( ﻚ( )ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻀ ﹺﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻳ ﹸ ﺖ ﺃﺣﺪ) (ﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻝ ﻋﻨﺪﻱ ﺷ ﺡ( )ﻟﻴﺲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴ )ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻀﻤﻮﻧﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎ = ﻛﺎﻥ ،ﻭﺃﺧﻮﺍﺎ ،ﺗﺄﰐ ﺑﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﺜﻨﻰ) :ﻛﺎﻧﺎ ﺷﺮﻳﻜﲔ( ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ )ﺃﺻﺒﺤﻮﺍ ﺷﺮﻛﺎ َﺀ(. ﺝ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﹰﺍ( ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ )ﻛ ﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻌ ﺪﹰﺍ(. = ﻛﺎﻥ ،ﻭﺃﺧﻮﺍﺎ ،ﺗﺄﰐ ﺑﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ) :ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮ ﹸﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼ = ﺍﳉﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﺮﻭﺭ "ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ" ،ﻭﺍﻟﻈﺮﻑ ﻭﺍﳌﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ "ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﳊﺎﻧﻮﺕ" ﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺎ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﺃﺧﻮﺍﺎ ﺃﺑﺪﺍ، ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺟﺎﺀﺕ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻓﺈﻋﺮﺍﺎ ﻫﻮ "ﺧﱪ ﻣﻘﺪﻡ". = ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ "ﺑﺪﺃ" ﻭ"ﺃﺧﺬ" ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺧﻮﺍﺕ ﻛﺎﻥ: )ﺑـــــﺪﺃ ﺍﳌﻄــــ ﺮ ﻳﺘﺴﺎﻗـــــﻂ(، ﻣﻦ ﺃﺧﻮﺍﺕ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﲰﻬﺎ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻳﺘﺴﺎﻗﻂ ﺧﱪﻫﺎ ﺚ(. ﻭﻣﺜﻠﻬﺎ) :ﺃﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺟ ﺮ ﻳﺴﺘﻐﻴ ﹸ ﻼ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﹰﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ: = ﺗﻜﻮﻥ "ﺑﺪﺃ" ﻓﻌ ﹰ )ﺑـــﺪﺃ ﺍﳌﻬﺮﺟﺎ ﹸﻥ( ،ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ "ﺃﺧﺬ") :ﺃﺧـــ ﹶﺬ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜـــﺮ ﹶﺓ(. ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺽ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺽ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ
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ﻥ ﻭﺃﺨﻭﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﺇ
}ﺇ ﱠﻥ .ﺃ ﱠﻥ .ﻟﻜ ﻦ .ﻛﺄ ﱠﻥ .ﻟﻴﺖ .ﻟﻌ ﱠﻞ{ ﻚ(. ﻕ ﻭﺷﻴ = ﺇﻥ ﻭﺃﺧﻮﺍﺎ ﺗﻨﺼﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ "ﺍﲰﻬﺎ" ،ﻭﺗﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ "ﺧﱪﻫﺎ") :ﺇ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎ = ﺇﺫﺍ ﺟﺎﺀ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇ ﹼﻥ ﻭﺃﺧﻮﺍﺎ ﺷﺒﻪ ﲨﻠﺔ -ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ،ﺃﻭ ﻇﺮﻑ ﻭﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ -ﻓﺈﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﱪﺍﻥ ﺧﱪﹰﺍ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﹰﺎ ﳍﺎ ،ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺇﻥ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺑﹰﺎ) :ﺇﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺷ ﹼﻜﹰﺎ(. = "ﺇ ﱠﻥ" ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻧﺼﺐ ،ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺃﺧﻮﺍﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﺘﻮﺻﻒ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻦ ﺑﺄﺎ "ﻣﻦ ﺃﺧﻮﺍﺕ ﺇ ﹼﻥ". ﻕ ﻭﺷﻴ = ﺧﱪ ﺇ ﱠﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﹰﺍ )ﺇ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎ ﻚ( ، ﺃﻭ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺔ )ﺇ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎ ﺩ ﻳﻔﻘﺪﻧﺎ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺍﻗﻴﺔ(، ﺃﻭ ﲨﻠﺔ ﺇﲰﻴﺔ )ﺇ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳍﺠﻮ ﻡ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺘﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓ ﹲﺔ(، ﺖ ﺍﻬ ﹺﺮ(. ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﻪ ﲨﻠﺔ )ﺇ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﳛ ﹶﺔ ﲢ ﺱ ﺇﺧﻮﹲﺓ(. = ﺇﺫﺍ ﳊﻘﺖ "ﻣﺎ" ﺑﺈ ﱠﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺈﺣﺪﻯ ﺃﺧﻮﺍﺎ ﻓﺈﺎ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻟﺬﺍ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ "ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﹼﺔ") :ﺇﻧﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺎ ﺏ ﺇﳕﺎ :ﻛﺎﻓﹼﺔ ﻭﻣﻜﻔﻮﻓﺔ. ﺱ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ،ﻭﺇﺧﻮﹲﺓ ﺧﱪ .ﻭﺗﻌﺮ ﻓﺎﻟﻨﺎ ﺚ ﻻﺣﻘﹰﺎ() ،ﳝﻜـﻦ ﺍﻟﻘـﻮ ﹸﻝ ﺇ ﱠﻥ = ﺑﻌﺪ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻗﺎﻝ ﻭﻣﺸﺘﻘﹼﺎﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ "ﺇ ﱠﻥ" ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﳍﻤﺰﺓ )ﻗﺎﻝ ﺇ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟ ﹶﺔ ﺳﺘﺒﺤ ﹸ ﺚ ﻻﺣﻘﹰﺎ() ،ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺸﻨﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻓﺮ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺳﺘﺒﺤ ﹸ ﺚ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ(. ﺏ ﻣﺮ ﺟ ﹴﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺒﺤ ﹶ ﺚ ﻻﺣﻘﹰﺎ ﻭﺭ ﺏ ﻗﺎﺋ ﹴﻞ ﺇ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟ ﹶﺔ ﺳﺘﺒﺤ ﹸ ﺹ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﺟﻴ ﹺﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ(. = ﺑﻌﺪ "ﺣﻴﺚ" ﻧﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺇ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﳍﻤﺰﺓ) :ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺇ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﲝﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻔﻜﲑ ﻓﻼ ﻣﻨﺎ = ﺑﻌﺪ "ﺇﺫ" ﻧﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺇ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﳍﻤﺰﺓ) :ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺟﻴﻞ ﺇ ﹾﺫ ﺇ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴ ﹶﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﹼﺪﺓ(. = ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻔﻴﺪ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺇ ﹼﻥ ﻭﺃﺧﻮﺍﺎ ،ﻭﻋﺪﺩﻫﺎ ﺳﺖ )ﺇ ﱠﻥ .ﺃ ﱠﻥ .ﻟﻜ ﻦ .ﻛﺄ ﱠﻥ .ﻟﻴﺖ .ﻟﻌ ﱠﻞ( ،ﺣﱴ ﻳﺘﺠﻨﺐ ﺍﳌﺮﺀ ﺍﳋﻠﻂ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﲔ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﺃﺧﻮﺍﺎ.
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ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ ﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﺪ ﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯ ﹶﻝ( )ﻗﺼ ﻓﻌﻞ
ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ
ﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﺪ ﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯ ﹶﻝ( .ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﺒﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ )ﻟﻘﺪ = ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ) :ﻗﺼ ﻚ ﺍﳋ ﱪ(. ﺃﺯﻋﺠ = ﰲ ﺃﺣﻴﺎ ﻥ ﻗﻠﻴﻠ ﺔ ﻳﺴﺒﻖ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻌﹰﺎ) :ﺃ ﻱ ﻃﺮﻳ ﹴﻖ ﺳﻠﻜﺖ؟( = ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻭﺍﺟﺒﹰﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻛ ﹼﻞ ﻓﻌﻞ .ﻓﻔﻲ ﲨﻠﺔ )ﺟﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻒ( ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻔﻌﻮ ﹲﻝ ﺑﻪ ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ "ﺟـﺎﺀ" ﻻ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﻔﻌﻮ ﹰﻻ ﺑﻪ.
= ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﲔ .ﻫﺬﻩ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ: ﺍﻋﺘ ﱪ) :ﺍﻋﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟ ﹶﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﻬﻴ ﹰﺔ( ﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﺣ ﹶﺔ( ﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎ ﻋﹼﻠ ﻢ) :ﻋﹼﻠ ﻢ ﺍﳌﺪﺭ ﻣﻨ ﺢ) :ﻣﻨﺤﺖ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣ ﹸﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺳﻴﻘﺎ ﺭ ﻭﺳﺎﻣﹰﺎ( ﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟ ﺃﻋﻄﻰ) :ﱂ ﻳﻌ ﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﹼﻠ ﻢ ﺳﺒﺒﹰﺎ ﻟﻐﻴﺎﺑﻪ( ﺙ ﺫﺭﻳﻌ ﹰﺔ( ﺍﲣ ﹶﺬ) :ﺍﲣﺬ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﺩ ﹶ ﺖ ﺻﺪﻳﻘﹶﻨﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﺎ ًﺀ( ﺃﻟﻔﻰ) :ﺃﻟﻔﻴ ﻭﺟ ﺪ) :ﻭﺟ ﺪ ﺟﺎﺭﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴ ﺖ ﻣﺴﺮﻭﻗﹰﺎ( ﺟﻌ ﹶﻞ) :ﺟﻌﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﻳ ﹸﺔ ﺍﳌﺰﺑﻠ ﹶﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﻘ ﹰﺔ( ﺐ) :ﻻ ﲢﺴ ﹺ ﺴ ﺣِ ﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔ ﹶﺔ ﻣﺮﳛ ﹰﺔ( ﺖ ﺍﻟﻘ ﹼﻄ ﹶﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻈﻼﻡ ﺣﺬﺍ ًﺀ( ﻇ ﻦ) :ﻇﻨﻨ
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ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ )ﻟﻘﺪ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻮﻧﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠ ﹰﺔ ﺣﺴﻨ ﹰﺔ( ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻮﻧﺎ ﻓﻌﻞ ،ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠ ﹰﺔ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ .ﻭﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﻨﺎﻩ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺟﺬﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ. = ﻗﺪ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻖ ﻣﻀﺎ ﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻓﻴﻔﻘﺪ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻖ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﻦ) :ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻮﻧﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠ ﹶﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻮ ﻙ(. ﺾ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻬﻤﺔ ﻧﻔﺴِﻬﺎ ﺛﻼ ﹶ = ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﻣﻔﻌﻮ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﹰﺎ) :ﻗﹸﹺﺒ ﺙ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ(. ﺷﺮﺡ :ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺛﻼﺙ" ﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﺣﺼﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ،ﻓﻜﺄ ﹼﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺎﺽ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﻋـﻦ ﺙ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ". ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ،ﻓﺒﺪ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ " ﹸﻗﺒﺾ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻗ ﺒﻀﹰﺎ ﻗ ﺒﻀﹰﺎ ﻗ ﺒﻀًﹰﺎ" ،ﻗﻠﻨﺎ" :ﺛﻼ َﹶ
= ﻗﺪ ﺗﺄﰐ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺑﻌﺾ" ،ﺃﻭ "ﻛ ﹼﻞ" ،ﺃﻭ "ﺃﺷ ﺪ" ..ﺍﱁ .ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻖ ﻓﺘﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻪ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﰊ ﻭﻳـﺼﺒﺢ ﺏ() ،ﺍﺳﺘﺎ َﺀ ﺍﳌﻮﻇﹼﻒ ﻛ ﱠﻞ ﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﻭ ﹺ ﺝ ﺑﻌ ﺖ ﺍﳌﺮﻳﻀ ﹸﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻼ ﹺ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻖ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻣﻀﺎﻓﹰﺎ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ) :ﲡﺎﻭﺑ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﺎ ِﺀ() ،ﺍﺳﺘﺎ َﺀ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻃﻦ ﺃﺷ ﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﺎ ِﺀ( .ﻓﻬﻨﺎ ﻧﻌﺮﺏ "ﺑﻌﺾ" ،ﻭ"ﻛ ﹼﻞ" ،ﻭ"ﺃﺷ ﺪ" ﻣﻔﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺔ ،ﺃﻣـﺎ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻖ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺄﰐ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻓﻴﻌﺮﺏ ﻣﻀﺎﻓﹰﺎ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ. = ﻗﺪ ﳓﺬﻑ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻖ ،ﻭﻧﻌﻄﻲ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻪ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﰊ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﻧﻌﺘﹰﺎ ﻟﻪ) :ﺍﻧﻄﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎ ﺭ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﹰﺎ( .ﻓﻜﺄﻥ ﺃﺻﻞ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻫﻨﺎ" :ﺍﻧﻄﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﹰﺎ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﹰﺎ" .ﻓﺤﺬﻓﻨﺎ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﹰﺎ ﻭﺃﺑﻘﻴﻨﺎ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﹰﺎ. = ﻗﺪ ﳓﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻭﻧﺒﻘﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻖ) :ﺷﻜﺮﹰﺍ( ،ﻓﺄﺻﻠﻬﺎ "ﺃﺷﻜﺮﻙ ﺷـﻜﺮﹰﺍ" .ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐـﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﹼﻖ ﰲ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ..ﺑﻐﲑ ﻓﻌﻞ: ﺠﹰﺎ ﻣﱪﻭﺭﹰﺍ" ﺤﺠﻮﺍ ﺣ ﺠﹰﺎ ﻣﱪﻭﺭﹰﺍ( ،ﺃﺻﻠﻬﺎ" :ﻓﻠﺘ • )ﺣ • )ﲰﻌﹰﺎ ﻭ ﻃﺎﻋ ﹰﺔ( ،ﺃﺻﻠﻬﺎ" :ﻧﺴﻤ ﻊ ﲰﻌﹰﺎ ﻭﻧﻄﻴ ﻊ ﻃﺎﻋ ﹰﺔ" • )ﺧﺬ ﺟﻨﻴﻬﹰﺎ ﺁﺧﺮ ،ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺑﺄﻧﻚ ﺃﺧﺬﺕ ﺟﻨﻴﻬﹰﺎ ﺃﻣﺲ( ،ﺃﺻﻠﻬﺎ "ﻭﺍﻋﻠﻢ ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ" • )ﺻﻴﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﻣﻘﺒﻮ ﹰﻻ( ،ﺃﺻﻠﻬﺎ" :ﺻﻮﻣﻮﺍ ﺻﻴﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﻣﻘﺒﻮ ﹰﻻ" • )ﻟﹸﻄﻔﹰﺎ( ،ﺃﺻﻠﻬﺎ" :ﺗﻠﻄﹼﻒ ﻟﻄﻔﹰﺎ" ﻒ ﻋﻔﻮﹰﺍ" • )ﻋﻔﻮﹰﺍ( ،ﺃﺻﻠﻬﺎ" :ﺍﻋ = ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺑﺔ ﺃﺗﻌﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮﻳﲔ ﻓﺄﺭﺍﺣﻮﺍ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺃﻋﺮﺑﻮﻫﺎ ﻣﻔﻌﻮ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﹰﺎ .ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ :ﹺﺟ ﺪﺍﹰ ،ﺟﻴﺪﺍﹰ ،ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ،ﻭ ﳛﻚ ،ﻣﻌﺎ ﹶﺫ ﺍﷲِ ،ﺳﺒﺤﺎ ﹶﻥ ﺍﷲِ ،ﺣ ﹼﻘﺎﹰ ،ﻟﺒﻴﻚ.
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ﺍﻟﺤﺎل )ﺻﻌﺪ ﺍﳌﺘﻬﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺜﱢﺮﹰﺍ( .ﻛﻴﻒ ﺻﻌﺪ ﺍﳌﺘﻬﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﺔ؟ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ :ﻣﺘﻌﺜﱢﺮﹰﺍ .ﺇﺫﻥ ﻓﺈﻋﺮﺍﺏ "ﻣﺘﻌﺜﱢﺮﹰﺍ" ﺣﺎﻝ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺑﺔ. = ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﺼﻒ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ .ﻭﺣﱴ ﻧﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻧﺴﺄﻝ :ﻛﻴﻒ ﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ؟ = ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺑﺔ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﹰﺎ. = ﻗﺪ ﳜﻠﻂ ﺍﳌﺮﺀ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﻭﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻖ .ﻭﻟﻜ ﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﲨﻴﻌﹰﺎ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺑﺔ ،ﻓﻼ ﺿﺮﺭ ﻛﺒﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳋﻠﻂ.
ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ:
)ﻗﺎﻝ ﺷﻬﻮﺩ ﻋﻴﺎﻥ ﺇﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ ﻓ ﺮ ﻣﺘﺠﻬﹰﺎ ﺻﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ( )ﺃﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ ﺭﻣﻴﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺻﺎﺹ( )ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺧﺮﺟﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﹼﻮﺍ ﺣﻮﱄ ﻣﺴﺘﻔﺴﺮﻳﻦ( )ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺼﻌﺪ ﻭﺟﻬﹰﺎ ﻟﻮﺟﻪ( )ﺳﻠﻤﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﺪﹰﺍ ﺑﻴﺪ( )ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﻳﺴﲑ ﺟﻨﺒﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺟﻨﺐ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺽ( )ﺩﺧﻠﻨﺎ ﻏﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﹰﺍ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﹰﺍ( )ﺑﻐﺘ ﹰﺔ ﺍﻧﻄﻠﻘﺖ ﻋﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻧﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻠﻒ( )ﺗﺴﻠﻠﻮﺍ ﺳ ﺮﹰﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ( )ﺣﻀﺮ ﺍﳌﻨﺪﻭﺏ ﻭﺣﺪﻩ( )ﺣﻀﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺏ ﻛﺎﹼﻓ ﹰﺔ( ﺱ ﻗﺎﻃﺒ ﹰﺔ ﻳﻌﺎﺭﺿﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ( )ﺍﻟﻨﺎ ﻼ( )ﻛﻔﻰ ﺑﺎﷲ ﻭﻛﻴ ﹰ ﺖ ﺻﺎﻣﺘﹰﺎ ﻛﻞ ﺍﺎﻣﺎﺎ( )ﲢﻤﻠ )ﻣﻦ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻓﺼﺎﻋﺪﹰﺍ ﻟﻦ ﻳﺘﺎﺡ ﻷﺣﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﺘﻘﺪ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ( )ﺍﺳﺘﻄﻌﻨﺎ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺒﲎ ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺎﺗﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻔﻴﺔ( )ﺑﺪﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﻫﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﻜﹰﺎ( )ﺗﻮﻓﹼﻲ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮﹰﺍ ﲜﺮﺍﺣﻪ( )ﺣﺎﻭﻟﻮﺍ ﻣﻨ ﻊ ﺍﳌﺘﻈﺎﻫﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟ ﻌﺰﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎ ﺯ ﺍﳌﺴﻴ ﹶﻞ ﻟﻠﺪﻣﻮﻉ(. ﻫﻞ ﻻﺣﻈﺖ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺍﻟ ﻌﺰﻝ" ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻱ؟ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺮﺍﺩ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ :ﺍﻟﻌـﺰﻝ ﳊﻤﺮ .ﻓﻘﻞ ﺍﻟ ﻌﺰﻝ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺸﺪﺩﻫﺎ. ﳋﻀﺮ ،ﻭﺍ ﹸ ﲨﻊ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍ ﹸ
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ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ )ﻋﻤﺮﻫﺎ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﻣـــﹰﺎ( ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ.
ﲤﻴﻴﺰ ﻋﺪﺩ
)ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺗﻮﺗـــﺮﹰﺍ( ﲤﻴﻴﺰ ﲨﻠﺔ
ﲤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ: = ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩﺍﻥ 11ﻭ 99ﻭﲨﻴﻊ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﲤﻴﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ) .ﻗﺘﻞ ﺍﺮﻡ ﺳﺒﻌ ﹶﺔ ﻋﺸ ﺮ ﺷﺨﺼﹰﺎ(. ﺖ = ﻭﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﺍ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﳚﻲﺀ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﳎﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺎ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ) :ﺯﺭﺕ ﺳﺒ ﻊ ﺩﻭ ﹴﻝ() ،ﻗﺒﻀ ﻒ ﺩﻭﻻ ﹴﺭ() ،ﻳﺴﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨ ﹶﺔ ﻣﻠﻴﻮ ﹸﻥ ﻧﺴﻤ ﺔ(. ﺖ ﺃﻟ ﻣﺌ ﹶﺔ ﺩﻳﻨﺎ ﹴﺭ() ،ﺻﺮﻓ
ﲔ ﻗﺮﺷـﹰﺎ(، ﺖ ﺃﻟﻔﹰﺎ ﻭﺃﺭﺑﻌﻤﺌ ﺔ ﻭﺳـﺘ = ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﻣﺮﻛﹼﺒﹰﺎ ﻓﺎﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﻳﺄﰐ ﲝﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻓﻴﻪ) :ﻗﺒﻀ )ﻗﺒﻀ ﺵ(. ﺖ ﺃﻟﻔﹰﺎ ﻭﺃﺭﺑ ﻌﻤﺌ ﺔ ﻗﺮ ﹴ ﺵ() ،ﻗﺒﻀ ﺖ ﺃﻟﻔﹰﺎ ﻭﺃﺭﺑﻌﻤﺌ ﺔ ﻭﺳﺒﻌ ﹶﺔ ﻗﺮﻭ ﹴ
ﲤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ:
ﻟﻴﺲ ﳑﻜﻨﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﻭﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻖ .ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻣﻦ "ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ": = )ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪﹰﺍ( :ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪﹰﺍ ﺗﻔﺴﺮ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ ،ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﻬﻲ ﲤﻴﻴﺰ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ. = )ﺟﻴﺸﻬﻢ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻴﺸﻨﺎ ﻋﺘﺎﺩﹰﺍ(" :ﻋﺘﺎﺩﹰﺍ" ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ،ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﻬﻲ ﲤﻴﻴﺰ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ. = )ﺿﻘﺖ ﺫﺭﻋﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ( :ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ. = )ﻛﻢ ﺷﺨﺼﹰﺎ ﺟﺮﺡ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺒﺎﻛﺎﺕ؟( ﺑﻌﺪ "ﻛﻢ" ،ﺍﻟﱵ ﻧﺴﺘﻔﻬﻢ ﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ،ﻳﺄﰐ ﲤﻴﻴﺰ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ.
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ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺼﺎﺹ )ﳓـﻦ -ﺍﳌﻌﻠﹼﻤـــــﲔ -ﻣﻈﻠﻮﻣـﻮﻥ( ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ
ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ
ﺧﱪ
ﺺ" ﰒ ﺟﺮﻯ ﺣﺬﻓﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻇﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﻨـﺼﻮﺑﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒـﺎﺭﻩ = ﳓﻦ ﻧﺘﺨﻴﻞ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺃﺧ ﺺ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﹼﻤﲔ -ﻣﻈﻠﻮﻣﻮﻥ". ﻣﻔﻌﻮ ﹰﻻ ﺑﻪ :ﻭﺃﺻﻞ ﲨﻠﺔ )ﳓﻦ – ﺍﳌﻌﻠﹼﻤﲔ -ﻣﻈﻠﻮﻣﻮﻥ( ﻫﻮ " :ﳓ ﻦ – ﹶﺃﺧ = ﲨﻠﺔ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﲨﻞ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻧﺮﻳﺪ ﺃﻻ ﻳﻔﻮﺗﻨﺎ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﺩﻫﺎ: ﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻟﻠﺒﻠﺪﻳﺔ(. )ﳓﻦ ،ﺍﳌﻮﻗﹼﻌﲔ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ ،ﳓﺘ ﺞ: ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺎ :ﳓﻦ :ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ .ﺍﳌﻮ ﱢﻗﻌﲔ :ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﺎﺀ .ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ :ﻇﺮﻑ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ،ﻭﺍﳍﺎﺀ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ .ﳓﺘ ﺲ :ﻣـﻀﺎﻑ ﲔ :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ .ﺭﺋﻴ ﹴ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻤﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ "ﳓﻦ" .ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﻴ ﹺ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ .ﻟﻠﺒﻠﺪﻳ ﺔ :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ. = ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﲣﺼﻴﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
ﺻﺔﹰ ،ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎﹰ ،ﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ{ }ﺧﺎ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ:
ﺻـــــ ﹰﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻤــــﲔ ،ﻣﻈﻠﻮﻣــــﻮﻥ( = )ﺍﳌﻮﻇﻔــﻮﻥ ،ﻭﺧﺎ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ
ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﲣﺼﻴﺺ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺑﺔ
ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ
ﺧﱪ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺍﻭ
= )ﺣﻀـﺮ ﺍﳉﻤﻴــﻊ ،ﻻ ﺳﻴﻤـــــــﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﻀـــﲔ ﻟﻠﻘــﺮﺍﺭ( ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺽ
ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ
ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﲣﺼﻴﺺ ﰲ ﳏﻞ ﻧﺼﺐ
ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ
= ﺇﺫﻥ ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺑﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ.
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ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ
ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ
ﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ.
ﺇ ﹼﻻ:
}ﺇ ﹼﻻ .ﻋﺪﺍ .ﺳﻮﻯ .ﻏﲑ{
• = ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺄﰐ ﺑﻌﺪ "ﺇ ﹼﻻ" ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﳏﺬﻭﻑ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ "ﺃﺳﺘﺜﲏ" ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﻣﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ: ﻱ ﺃﺳﺘﺜﲏ ﺛﻼﺛ ﹰﺔ ،-ﻓﺈﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ:ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ ﺃﺳﺘﺜﲏ ﺍﶈﺬﻭﻑ. ﺝ ﺇ ﹼﻻ ﺛﻼﺛ ﹰﺔ(– ﺃ )ﲨﻴﻌﻬﻢ ﺣﺠﺎ • = ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻌﺬﹼﺭ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ "ﺃﺳﺘﺜﲏ" ،ﻷﻥ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻻ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ،ﻓﺎﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﲝﺴﺐ ﻼ ﻋﻦ "ﺇ ﹼﻻ" ﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ،ﻟﺬﺍ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ) :ﱂ ﳛ ﺞ ﺇ ﹼﻻ ﺍﺛﻨﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺎ( -ﻫﻨﺎ ﻻ ﲡﻮﺯ " :ﺃﺳﺘﺜﲏ" ﺑﺪﻳ ﹰ ﻓـ "ﺍﺛﻨﺎﻥ" ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ ﳛ ﺞ. • ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ:ﻓﻜﻠﹼﻤﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﻨﺎ "ﺇ ﹼﻻ" ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻘﻒ ﻭﻗﻔﺔ ﻗﺼﲑﺓ ﻟﻨﺴﺄﻝ:ﻫﻞ ﳚﻮﺯ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺳـﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌـﺮﰊ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻀﻊ ﰲ ﻣﻜﺎﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ "ﺃﺳﺘﺜﲏ"؟ ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺟﺎﺯ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ "ﺇ ﹼﻻ" ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺑﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ .ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﻌﺬﱢﺭﺍ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ "ﺃﺳﺘﺜﲏ" ﺑﺪﻝ ﺇ ﹼﻻ ﻓﻨﺤﻦ ﻧﻌﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﺗﺄﰐ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇ ﹼﻻ ﲝﺴﺐ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ.
• ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ "ﺇ ﹼﻻ" ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ :ﺇﺫﺍ ﺟﺎﺯ ﻭﺿﻊ "ﺃﺳﺘﺜﲏ" ﻣﻜﺎﺎ ﻓﺎﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ، ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻌﺬﹼﺭ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺎﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﺏ ﲝﺴﺐ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ.
• ﺍﳌﻬﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺇ ﹼﻻ :ﺇﺫﺍ ﺷﻜﻜﺖ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮ "ﺇ ﹼﻻ" ﻓﻀﻊ ﺑﺪ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ "ﺳﻮﻯ" ،ﻓﻜﻞ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺳﻮﻯ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ.
"ﻋﺪﺍ" ،ﻭ "ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﺍ" ،ﻭ"ﺧﻼ": ﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺄﰐ ﺑﻌﺪ "ﻋﺪﺍ" ﺃﻭ "ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﺍ" ﺃﻭ "ﺧﻼ" ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺑﺔ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ) :ﻧﻔﻘﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍ ﺏ ﺧﻼ ﲪﺎﺭﹰﺍ(. ﺏ ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﺍ ﲪﺎﺭﹰﺍ( ) ،ﻧﻔﻘﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍ ﻋﺪﺍ ﲪﺎﺭﹰﺍ() ،ﻧﻔﻘﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍ
"ﻏﲑ" ﻭ"ﺳﻮﻯ":
ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺄﰐ ﺑﻌﺪ "ﻏﲑ" ﻭ"ﺳﻮﻯ" ﳎﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ،ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺎ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ) :ﻟﻴﺲ ﺃﻣﺎﻣﻨـﺎ ﺳـﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎ ﹺ ﺡ ﺍﳌﺴﹼﻠ ﹺﺢ(. ﺡ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﹼﺢ() ،ﻟﻴﺲ ﺃﻣﺎﻣﻨﺎ ﻏ ﲑ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎ ﹺ
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ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺏ "ﻏﲑ"ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ:
ﻫﺬﻩ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺜﲑﻳﻦ ﻷﺎ ﺗﺄﰐ ﰲ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ. • •
• •
ﺕ ﻏ ﲑ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ( ،ﻏ ﲑ :ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻤﺔ. )ﱂ ﻳﺄ ﺏ ﻏ ﹺﲑ ﻣﺘﺴﺮﻉ( ،ﻏ ﹺﲑ :ﻧﻌﺖ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ. )ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﺴﺤﺎ ﹴ )ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﹸﺓ ﻏ ﲑ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ( ،ﻏ ﲑ :ﺧﱪ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻤﺔ. )ﻏﲑﻙ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﺷﻄﺮ( ،ﻏ ﲑ :ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻤﺔ.
ﻭﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﺃ ﺓ ﻋﻮﺭﺓﹲ( ﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋ ﹶﻞ ﺇﻥ ﺻﻮ )ﻻ ﺃﺗﻔ ﻖ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﺃ ﺡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮ ﻥ(. = ﻭﺍﻭ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺔ ﺗﺴ ﺪ ﻣﺴ ﺪ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻣﻊ") :ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻜ ﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺴﺠ ﻢ ﻭ ﺭﻭ
= ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻭﺍﻭ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﻭﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﺇﻧﻪ "ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻣﻌﻪ") :ﻭﺻﻠ ﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻷﺫﺍ ﹶﻥ(. ﲨﻞ ﺷﺘﻰ: ﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺭﺍﺀ( ﺕ ﻭ ﺭﺋﻴ )ﺳﺎﻓﺮ )ﻛﻴ ﻒ ﺃﻧﺘﻢ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤ ﹶﻞ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ؟( ﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻴﻨ ﹸﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣ ﹶﻞ ﺣﱴ ﻫﺪﹶﺃ ﺍﻟﺒﺤ ﺮ( )ﺃﲝﺮ ﺲ ﺍﻟﻠﻘﺎﺀ( ﺾ ﻭ ﺃﺳ )ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻗ
ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﻷﺠﻠﻪ ﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋ ﹶﺔ ﺣﺴﻤﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻑ( .ﳌﺎﺫﺍ ﻏﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺔ؟ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ :ﺣﺴﻤﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻑ. )ﻏﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺋ
= ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻷﺟﻠﻪ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﲡﻴﺐ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﺑـ :ﳌﺎﺫﺍ؟
ﺽ ﺍﳌﺴﺮﺣﻴﺔ( = ﻗﺪ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻷﺟﻠﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ) :ﺑﻨﺎ ًﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﺳﻨﻤﺪﺩ ﻋﺮ = ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻷﺟﻠﻪ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﻮﻥ ﻷﻥ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ ﻣﻀﺎﻓﹰﺎ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ) :ﻃﻌﻤﻨﺎﻫﻢ ﲨﻴﻌﹰﺎ ﺧﺸﻴ ﹶﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺑﺎﺀ(.
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ﻅﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﻅﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ )ﻧﻠﺘﻘﻲ ﺑﻌـــ ﺪ ﺍﻟﻈﹼﻬﺮﹺ ،ﻣﻘﺎﺑـــ ﹶﻞ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺒ ﺔ( ﻇﺮﻑ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ
ﻇﺮﻑ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ
= ﻻ ﻓﺮﻕ ﰲ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﺑﲔ ﻇﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﻭﻇﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ .ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﻓﻘﻂ.
ﺖ :ﻇﺮﻑ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻈﻬ ﹺﺮ :ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ. ﺖ ﺍﻟﻈﻬ ﹺﺮ( :ﻭﻗ ) ..ﻭﻗ
ﺝ :ﻇﺮﻑ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺒﻼ ﺩ :ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ. ﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﻼ ﺩ( :ﺧﺎﺭ ) ..ﺧﺎﺭ = ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻇﺮﻑ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎﹰ ،ﻭﻇﺮﻑ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﹰﺎ) :ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﺏ ،ﻋﻨﺪ ﺻﺪﻳﻖ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ(. = ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻑ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ :ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﹰﺎ ﺑﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ )ﺑﻌ ﺪ( ،ﻭﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﹰﺎ ﺑﺘﻨﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﻣﺜﻞ )ﺎﺭًﹰﺍ(. ﺲ( ﻇﺮﻑ ﺷﺎﺫ :ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ. = )ﺃﻣ ﹺ
ﻂ( :ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺷﺎﺫﺓ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﹰﺎ. )ﻣﻨﺬﹸ ،ﺣﻴﺚﹸ ،ﻗ ﱡ
)ﺇﺫﹾ ،ﻟ ﺪ ﹾﻥ( :ﻇﺮﻓﺎﻥ ﺷﺎﺫﺍﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﺧﺮﳘﺎ ﺳﻜﻮﻥ. ﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻡ(. = ﺇﺫﺍ ﺟﺎﺀ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻑ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟ ﺮ ﺃﻋﺮﺑﻨﺎﻩ ﺍﲰﹰﺎ ﳎﺮﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﲝﺮﻑ ﺍﳉ ﺮ) :ﰲ ﻭﻗ = ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻑ ﻳﻌﺮﺏ ﻣﻀﺎﻓﺎ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﳎﺮﻭﺭﺍ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ) :ﺑﻌ ﺪ ﺍﻟﻈﻬ ﹺﺮ(. = ﻛﻞ ﺿﻤﲑ ﺍﺗﺼﻞ ﺑﻈﺮﻑ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺣﺘﻤﺎ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ) :ﲢﺘﻪ ،ﻓﻮﻗﻬﻢ ،ﻋﻨﺪﻧﺎ( ﺕ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻑ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺻﺎﺭﺕ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻑ ﺿﻤﺔ) :ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﻌ ﺪ( ،ﺃﻭ ﺗﻨﻮﻳﻦ ﻓﺘﺢ) :ﺳﻨﻠﺘﻘﻲ ﻳﻮﻣﹰﺎ(. = ﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﺄ ﺡ ﻣﺴﺎ َﺀ( ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻮﻧﺘﲔ )ﺻﺒﺎﺣﹰﺎ ﻣﺴﺎ ًﺀ(. = ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﺮﻛﹼﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﺘﲔ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺘﲔ )ﺻﺒﺎ = ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﻛﻠﻤﺘﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻑ ،ﻋﻨﺪﺋ ﺬ:
ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻇﺮﻓﹰﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻀﺎﻓﹰﺎ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ) :ﺳﺄﺳﺎﻓ ﺮ ﻳﻮ ﻡ ﺍﳉﻤﻌ ﺔ(.
ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻭﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ:
(1ﻫﻨﺎ ،ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ،ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ :ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﻻ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ. ﻱ ﺁﺧ ﺮ( )ﻛﺎ ﹶﻥ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻙ ﺭﺃ ﺽ ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﻛﺎ ﹶﻥ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎ ﹴ ﱪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﻡ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻙ :ﻇﺮﻑ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ .ﻭﻫﻮ ﺧ ﺭﺃﻱ :ﺍﺳﻢ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺆﺧﺮ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺘﻨﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ ﺁﺧ ﺮ :ﻧﻌﺖ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻤﺔ
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(2ﹼﲦ ﹶﺔ :ﻇﺮﻑ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ،ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ "ﻫﻨﺎﻙ" ﻼ( )ﻟﻌ ﹼﻞ ﲦ ﹶﺔ ﺃﻣ ﹰ ﻟﻌ ﹼﻞ :ﻣﻦ ﺃﺧﻮﺍﺕ ﺇ ﹼﻥ
ﹼﲦ ﹶﺔ :ﻇﺮﻑ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺡ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﺧﱪ ﻟﻌ ﹼﻞ ﻣﻘﺪﻡ ﰲ ﳏ ﹼﻞ ﺭﻓﻊ
ﻼ :ﺍﺳﻢ ﻟﻌ ﹼﻞ ﻣﺆﺧﺮ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﺘﻨﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﺃﻣ ﹰ
ﺚ :ﻇﺮﻑ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ .ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻋﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﲰﹰﺎ: (3ﺣﻴ ﹸ
ﺚ ﺗﻌﺪﺍ ﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎ ﻥ ﻓﺒﻐﺪﺍ ﺩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻛﱪ (.ﻻ ﺗ ﻌﺠﺐ ،ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﺣﱴ ﻭﺇﻥ ﺟـﺮﻩ )ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴ ﹸ ﺃﻟﻒ ﻣﺬﻳﻊ ﻛﺴﻼﻥ .ﺍﳌﻬﻢ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ.
ﺺ( ﺐ ﺗﺴﺠﻴ ﹸﻞ ﻛ ﱢﻞ ﺷﺨ ﹴ (4ﺍﻵ ﹶﻥ :ﻇﺮﻑ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ) ،ﻣﻦ ﺍﻵ ﹶﻥ ﻓﺼﺎﻋﺪﹰﺍ ﳚ ﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﻔ ﺮ( (5ﻣﻨ ﹸﺬ :ﻇﺮﻑ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ) ،ﺃﺣﺎﻭ ﹸﻝ ﻣﻨ ﹸﺬ ﺳﻨ ﺔ ﻭﻧﺼ ﻂ :ﻇﺮﻑ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ .ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ" :ﱂ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﺑﺪﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ" (6ﻗ ﱡ ﺱ ﺑﺪﳝﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺘ ﻪ ﻏ ﹺﲑ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺓ( ﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺎ ﹺ )ﱂ ﻳﻨﺠﺢ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎ ﻡ ﻗﻂﱡ ﰲ ﺇﻗﻨﺎ ﹺ ﻚ ﺭﲪ ﹰﺔ( (7ﻟ ﺪ ﹾﻥ :ﻇﺮﻑ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ) ،ﺃﻋﻄﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺪﻧ ﺲ :ﻇﺮﻑ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ (8ﺃﻣ ﹺ ﺲ" ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﳎﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺭﻏﻢ ﺟﻬﻞ ﺍﳉﺎﻫﻠﲔ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ. ﺨﻴ ﻢ( .ﻭﻣﺎ ﺃﻛﺜ ﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻜﹼﻦ ﺍﳌﺬﻳﻌﻮﻥ "ﺃﻣ ﹺ ﺲ ﺍﳌ ﺕ ﺃﻣ ﹺ ﺖ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﺣﻴﺎ )ﻗﺼ ﹶﻔ ﻒ ﻳﻀﻌﻔﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻳﺎﺗﻨﺎ( ﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺴ (9ﺇ ﹾﺫ :ﻇﺮﻑ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ) ،ﻫﻢ ﻭﺍﳘﻮﻥ ﺇ ﹾﺫ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺼ ﱄ .ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﱄ :ﻇﺮﻑ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ .ﻭﻻ ﻓﺮﻕ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﲔ ﴰﺎ ﹶﻝ ﻭﴰﺎ ﱠ (10ﴰﺎ ﹶﻝ ﺃﻭ ﴰﺎ ﱠ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ.
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ﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﺭ
}ﻣﻦ ،ﺇﱃ ،ﻋﻦ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ،ﰲ ،ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺀ ،ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ ،ﺍﻟﻼﻡ ،ﻭﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ،ﺭﺏ ،ﺣﱴ ﺍﳉﺎﺭﺓ ،ﻣ ﻊ{ ﺽ() ،ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳ ﺔ() ،ﻋﻦ ﻋﻠ ﹴﻢ() ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﻀﺪ ﺓ() ،ﰲ ﳊﻈ ﺔ() ،ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ() ،ﻛﺎﻟـﺼﺎﻋﻘ ﺔ(، ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ) :ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻭ ﹺ ﷲ( ) ،ﺭﺏ ﻗﺎﺋ ﹴﻞ() ،ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺠ ﹺﺮ() ،ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﻓ ﺪ(. )ﻟﻠﺰﻭﺍ ﹺﺭ() ،ﻭﺍ ِ = ﺍﳉﺎ ﺭ ﻭﺍﺮﻭﺭ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﻤﺎ ﺳﻬﻞ :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ.
= ﺭﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﺠﺎ ﺭ ﻭﺍﺮﻭﺭ ﻣﻌﹰﺎ ﳏﻞ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﰊ) :ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻟﻐ ﺰ( .ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟ ﺔ :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﰲ ﳏﻞ ﺧﱪ ﻣﻘﺪﻡ، ﻟﻐﺰ :ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻣﺆﺧﺮ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺘﻨﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ.
= ﻗﺪ ﳛﺬﻑ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﳉﺮ .ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﻧﻨﺼﺐ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺒﻘﻪ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﳉﺮ ﻭﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﻋﻨـﻪ ﺇﻧـﻪ ﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﺎ ﻡ( ]ﺃﻱ ﺇﱃ ﻒ( ]ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺮﺍ ِﺀ[) ،ﺃﺗﻴ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﳉﺮ )ﺗﻮﻗﻔﺖ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺟﺮﺍ َﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﺼ ﺍﻟﺸﺎ ﹺﻡ[ .ﻓـ "ﺟﺮﺍﺀ" ،ﻭ"ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ" ﺍﲰﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺑﺎﻥ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﳉﺮ.
ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺦ( )ﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳ ﹺ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﳌﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻛﻠﻤﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﻼﺯﻣﺘﺎﻥ .ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺎ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﳎﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ. ﺦ ﳑﺘﻊ( ﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳ ﹺ )ﺩﺭ ﺱ :ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻢ. ﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳ ﹺﺦ :ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮ. ﳑﺘ ﻊ :ﺧﱪ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺘﻨﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ.
ﻜﻴﻑ ﻨﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ؟
ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻏﺮﻳﺒﺔ :ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﳌﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻛﻠﻤﺘﺎﻥ ﻛﺄﻤﺎ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ،ﻓﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺳﻜﺘﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ .ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﳒﺪ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﳌﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻟﻠﺮﺑﻂ :ﰲ ﺍﻹﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻼ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻮﻥ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ).(of ﻭﻗﺪ ﻋﺮﻓﺖ ﺻﺤﺎﻓﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﺮﺑﻴﹰﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳝﻴﺰ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻹﳒﻠﻴﺰﻱ :ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻀﻊ ﻚ ﰲ ﺃﻤﺎ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﻭﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ،ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺃﺣﺲ ﺃﺎ ﺗﻘﻊ ﺸ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ) (ofﺍﻹﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﻠﺘﲔ ﻳ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﺎ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺎ ﻋﺮﻑ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻫﻮ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ. ﻫﺬﻩ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻏﺮﻳﺒﺔ .ﻭﻻ ﺃﻟﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻼﻡ ﺍﳌﺮﺀ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ. 33
ﻤﺘﻰ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ؟
] [1ﺑﻌﺪ ﻇﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﻭﻇﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﻳﺄﰐ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ: ﻕ(. ﻚ() ،ﻋﻨ ﺪ ﻣﻔﺘﺮ ﹴ ﻂ ﺍﳊﺸﻮ ﺩ() ،ﺩﻭ ﹶﻥ ﺷ )ﻗﺒ َﹶﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻮ ﹺﻡ() ،ﻭ ﺳ ﹶ
] [2ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ،ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻤﻠﻬﺎ ،ﻳﺄﰐ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ: ﺱ(، ﻑ() ،ﻛ ﹼﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎ ﹺ ﻑ() ،ﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﲔ() ،ﺳﻮﻯ ﺭﺟ ﹴﻞ() ،ﻏﲑ ﳑﻜ ﹴﻦ() ،ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍ )ﺭﻏﻢ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭ ﻉ() ،ﻛـﻼ ﺺ() ،ﺁﺧـﺮ ﺷـﺎﺭ ﹴ )ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻮﻇﻔﲔ() ،ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳊﺼﺎ ﻥ() ،ﺷﺒﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻴ ﹴﻞ() ،ﺃﻭﻝ ﺷـﺨ ﹴ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼ ﹺ ﻱ ﲔ() ،ﺫﻭ ﻣﺎ ﹴﻝ() ،ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﻠﺨﺎ ﹺﻝ() ،ﺃﺧﻮ ﳏﻤـﻮ ﺩ() ،ﺃﺑـﻮ ﺳـﻌ ﺪ() ،ﺃ ﲔ() ،ﻛﻠﺘﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺘ ﹺ ﷲ() ،ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﺮ ِﺀ(. ﷲ() ،ﻣﻌﺎ ﹶﺫ ﺍ ِ ﻣﺴﺆﻭ ﹴﻝ() ،ﺳﺒﺤﺎ ﹶﻥ ﺍ ِ
] [3ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺄﰐ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ:
ﺏ() ،ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﻣﻮﺟ ﹴﺰ() ،ﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺓ(. ﻱ() ،ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻ ﹴﺭ() ،ﲬﺴﻤﺌ ﺔ ﻛﺘﺎ ﹴ )ﺳﺘﺔ ﺃﺷﻬ ﹴﺮ() ،ﻣﺌﺔ ﺩﻳﻨﺎ ﹴﺭ() ،ﺃﻟﻒ ﺟﻨﺪ ﹴ
] [4ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻀﻴﻞ ﻳﺄﰐ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ:
ﻕ() ،ﻛﱪﻯ ﺍﳌﺪ ﻥ(. )ﺃﻋﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺮﻋﲔ() ،ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺣ ﹴﻞ() ،ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﳐﻠﻮ ﹴ
ﺘﻔﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﺒﻪ:
ﺝ( ﻓﻜﻠﻤـﺔ ﺝ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻷﻥ ﲢ ﹼﻄ ﻢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﺒﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻌﻞ .ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ )ﲢﻄﱡ ﻢ ﺍﻟﱪ ﹺ ﺝ( ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱪ ﰲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ )ﲢﻄﱠﻢ ﺍﻟﱪ ﺍﻟﱪﺝ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻷﻥ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﲢﻄﱡﻢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﺒﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﻢ.
ﺘﻔﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﺕ:
)ﺟﺰﻳ ﹸﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻜ ﹺﺮ( ..ﻣﻀﺎﻑ +ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ. "ﺍﻟﺸﻜ ﺮ ﺍﳉﺰﻳ ﹸﻞ" ..ﺍﺳﻢ +ﻧﻌﺖ.
ﺐ ﺍﳌﻈﻠﻮ ﻡ" ،ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺬﻛﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻧﻴﺚ "ﺍﻷﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻈﻠﻮﻣﺔ" ،ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﺖ ﻳﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ :ﰲ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺎﺕ "ﺍﻟﺸﻌ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ "ﺍﻷﻣﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻈﻠﻮﻣﺘﺎﻥ" ،ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻜﲑ "ﺷﻌﺐ ﻣﻈﻠﻮﻡ". ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ: ﺱ ﺍﻟﺪﻳ ﹺﻦ( ،ﻓﺎﳌﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ،ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺒﻠـﻪ ﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺍﻓﻘﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ) :ﲰﻌ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﺎ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺎ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ. ﺖ() ،ﻗﺘﻴ ﹸﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮ ﺓ(. ﻭﻻ ﻳﻮﺍﻓﻘﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺬﻛﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻧﻴﺚ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ) :ﺣﺒﻴﺴ ﹸﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴ 34
ﻭﻻ ﻳﻮﺍﻓﻘﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺜﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ) :ﺩﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﻮﻳﻦ() ،ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﻥ(. ﻭﻻ ﻳﻮﺍﻓﻘﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻜﲑ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ) :ﺩﺭﺱ ﺩﻳ ﹴﻦ() ،ﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺪﻳ ﹺﻦ(. ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻣﺮ ﺑﻚ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻛﻠﻤﺘﺎﻥ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﰲ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﳑﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻣﺮﺷﺢ ﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﻷﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ .ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺗﻔﻘﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺘﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺬﻛﲑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻧﻴﺚ ﻭﰲ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ،ﺍﱁ .ﻓﺎﻷﻏﻠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻧﻌﺘﺎ.
ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ:
ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻑ – ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﰲ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ -ﳚﻲﺀ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﺃﻭ ﺧﱪﺍ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺎﻋﻼ ..ﺍﱁ ،ﲝﺴﺐ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ. ﺐ(، ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻑ ﲨﻊ ﻣﺬﻛﺮ ﺳﺎﳌﺎ ،ﺃﻭ ﻣﺜﲎ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻔﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ) :ﻣـﺜﲑﻭ ﺍﻟـﺸ ﻐ ﹺ )ﺭﺟﻼ ﺍﻹﻃﻔﺎ ِﺀ( .ﺍﻷﺻﻞ :ﻣﺜﲑﻭﻥ ،ﻭﺭﺟﻼﻥ.
ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻀﺎﻳﻔﺔ:
ﻒ ﻟﺬﻳ ﹲﺬ( )ﻋﺴ ﹸﻞ ﳓ ﹺﻞ ﺑﺴﺘﺎ ﻥ ﺃﻣ ﹺﲑ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋ
ﻋﺴ ﹸﻞ :ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻤﺔ
ﳓ ﹺﻞ :ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ
ﺑﺴﺘﺎ ﻥ :ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ
ﲑ :ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ﺃﻣ ﹺ
ﻒ :ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋ
ﻟﺬﻳﺬﹲ :ﺧﱪ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺘﻨﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ
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ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ :ﺍﻟﺘﺫﻜﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻨﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﺀ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻀﺒﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺬﻛﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻧﻴﺚ ،ﰒ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻀﺒﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ. ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﻧﻀﺒﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺬﻛﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻧﻴﺚ. ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﺱ: ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺛﻼﺙ. • ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺷﺪﻭﻥ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ. • ﺍﳌﺒﺸﺮﻭﻥ ﺑﺎﳉﻨﺔ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ. • ﳍﺎ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺩﺟﺎﺟﺎﺕ. • ﺸ ﺮ ﻛﻮﻛﺒﹰﺎ. ﺃﺣ ﺪ ﻋ • ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﻋﺸﺮ ﹶﺓ ﻧﺠﻤ ﹰﺔ. • ﺸ ﺮ ﺣﻮﺍﺭﻳﹰﺎ. ﺍﺛﻨﺎ ﻋ • ﺍﺛﻨﺘﺎ ﻋﺸﺮ ﹶﺓ ﻟﻴﻠ ﹰﺔ. • ﺸ ﺮ ﻭﺯﻳﺮﹰﺍ. ﺳﺒﻌ ﹶﺔ ﻋ • ﺸ ﺮ ﹶﺓ ﻭﺯﺍﺭ ﹰﺓ. ﺳ ﺒ ﻊ ﻋ • ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﻭﲬﺴﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﻇﹼﻔ ﹰﺔ. • ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺛﻼﺛﻮﻥ ﻳﻮﻣﹰﺎ. • ﺍﺛﻨﺘﺎ ﻥ ﻭﻋﺸﺮﻭﻥ ﺩﻭﻟ ﹰﺔ. • ﺍﺛﻨﺎﻥ ﻭﻋﺸﺮﻭﻥ ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ. • ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ .ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻗﺮﺃﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﺮﺀ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ،ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻴﺲ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻣ ﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺪﺩ.
ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺫﻜﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻨﻴﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ: ﺃ ﻭ ﹰﻻ= ﺍﻷﻋﺪﺍﺩ } 1ﻭ 2ﻭ 11ﻭ {12ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻭﺩ ﺗﺬﻛﲑﹰﺍ ﻭﺗﺄﻧﻴﺜﹰﺎ. )ﺑﻘﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ() ،ﺑﻘﻴﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻓﻘﻂ(، )ﺍﺛﻨﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺱ() ،ﺍﺛﻨﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﻇﻔﺎﺕ(، )ﺃﺣ ﺪ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻻﻋﺒﹰﺎ() ،ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﻋﺸﺮ ﹶﺓ ﳑﺜﻠ ﹰﺔ(، ﺸ ﺮ ﺷﻬﺮﹰﺍ() ،ﺍﺛﻨﺘﺎ ﻋﺸﺮ ﹶﺓ ﻟﺆﻟﺆ ﹰﺓ( )ﺍﺛﻨﺎ ﻋ
36
ﺛﺎﻧﻴﹰﺎ= ﺍﻷﻋﺪﺍﺩ } 3و 4و 5و 6و 7و 8و 9و {10ﲣﺎﻟﻒ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻭﺩ ﺗﺬﻛﲑﹰﺍ ﻭﺗﺄﻧﻴﺜﹰﺎ. )ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺭﺟﺎﻝ() ،ﺛﻼﺙ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﺕ() ،ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﻻﻋﺒﲔ() ،ﻋﺸﺮ ﻻﻋﺒﺎﺕ( ﺛﺎﻟﺜﹰﺎ= ﺍﻷﻋﺪﺍﺩ } 13و 14و 15و 16و 17و 18و {19ﲣﺎﻟﻒ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻭﺩ ﰲ ﻗﺴﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑ ،ﻭﺗﻄﺎﺑﻘﻪ ﰲ ﻟﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﺓ. ﺸ ﺮ ﻭﺯﻳﺮﹰﺍ() ،ﺳﺒ ﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﹶﺓ ﺣﻘﻴﺒﺔ( )ﺳﺒﻌ ﹶﺔ ﻋ ﺭﺍﺑﻌﹰﺎ= }ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ 31ﻭﻣﺎ ﺃﺷﺒﻬﻪ{
ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ" ﻭﺍﺣﺪ" ﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺎﹰ ،ﻭ"ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻮﻥ" ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ.
)ﻭﺍﺣ ﺪ ﻭﺛﻼﺛﻮﻥ ﻳﻮﻣﹰﺎ() ،ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﻭﲬﺴﻮﻥ ﺳﻴﺪﺓ( ﺧﺎﻣﺴﹰﺎ= ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﺬﻛﲑ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﻭﺗﺄﻧﻴﺜﻪ ﻧﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﻩ: "ﺳﺠﻼﹼﺕ" ﻣﺬﻛﹼﺮ ﻷ ﹼﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ "ﺳﺠ ﹼﻞ" ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺬﻛﺮ. "ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ" ﻣﺆﻧﺚ ﻷ ﹼﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ "ﻗﻀﻴﺔ" ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺆﻧﺚ. ﺳﺎﺩﺳﹰﺎ= )ﺑﻀﻊ/ﺑﻀﻌﺔ( ﻧﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺘﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺩ .3ﻭﻗﺎﻋﺪﺎ :ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ. )ﺑﻀﻊ ﺳﻴﺪﺍﺕ() ،ﺑﻀﻌﺔ ﺭﺟﺎﻝ(. ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ:
}1و ... 2و 11و {12 } 10-3
{
} 19 – 13
{
ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ
ﳐﺎﻟﹶﻔﺔ
ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑ ﳜﺎﻟﻒ
ﻧﺼﻴﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻌﻠﻢ :ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻴﺖ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻮﻝ .ﺍﻗﺮﺃﻩ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﺍﺣﻔﻆ ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺳﻄﺮﻳﻦ .ﺇﻥ ﺇﺗﻘﺎﻥ "ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ" ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ،ﻻ ﺗﻌﺠﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ .ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔـﺼﻞ ﺳﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﻣﻌﻚ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺃﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑﻩ ﻭﻫﻮ ﳜﺘﻤﺮ.
37
ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ :ﺍﻹﻋﺭﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺗﺄﰐ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ ،ﻭﻧﻌﺮﺎ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ .ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻗﻠﺖ) :ﺟﺎﺀ ﻋﺸﺮﻭﻥ ﻣﺪﻋ ﻮًﹰﺍ( ﺖ ﺛﻼﺛ ﹰﺔ ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺔ "ﻋﺸﺮﻭﻥ" ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ .ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﲨﻊ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﱂ .ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻗﻠﺖ) :ﺭﺃﻳ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻓﻘﻂ( ﻓﺈﻥ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺛﻼﺛ ﹰﺔ" ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﺘﻨﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ. ﻼ )ﺛﻼﺛ ﹶﺔ ﻋﺸ ﺮ( :ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻓﺎﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﺎﻥ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺘﺎﻥ ،ﰲ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﺮ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﻧﺚ ﺑﻐﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻈـﺮ ﺃ ﻭ ﹰﻻ= } :{19 – 13ﻣﺜ ﹰ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﰊ.
ﺙ ﻋﺸﺮ ﹶﺓ ﺖ ﺛﻼ ﹶ ﺙ ﻋﺸﺮ ﹶﺓ ﺑﻨﺘﹰﺎ() ،ﺣﻠﻠ ﺖ ﺛﻼﺛ ﹶﺔ ﻋﺸ ﺮ ﺻﺒﻴﹰﺎ() ،ﺟﺎﺀﺕ ﺛﻼ ﹶ )ﺟﺎﺀ ﺛﻼﺛ ﹶﺔ ﻋﺸ ﺮ ﺻﺒﻴﹰﺎ() ،ﺭﺃﻳ ﺸ ﺮ ﹶﺓ(. ﺐ() ،ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﹶﺜ ﹶﺔ ﻋ ﺚ ﻋﺸ ﺮ ﺻﻌ ﻣﺴﺄﻟ ﹰﺔ() ،ﺍﻟﻔﺼ ﹸﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟ ﹶ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﹰﺎ= ﺑﻌﺪ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ،ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﻣﻀﺎﻓﹰﺎ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﳎﺮﻭﺭﺍﹰ ،ﰒ ﳒ ﺮ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻄﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ. ﻒ ﻭﺗﺴﻌﻤﺌ ﺔ ﻭﺃﺭﺑﻌ ﺔ ﻭﺗﺴﻌﲔ(. )ﻋﺎﻡ ﺃﻟ ﺛﺎﻟﺜﹰﺎ= ﺑﻌﺪ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺄﰐ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﺒﻴﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻭﺩ .ﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﲤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ. ﲤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻷﻋﺪﺍﺩ }{10– 3
ﲤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻷﻋﺪﺍﺩ }ﺃﻟﻒ ،ﻣﺌﺔ ،ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ{ ﲤﻴﻴﺰ }ﻛﻞ ﺍﻷﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ{
ﳎﺮﻭﺭ
ﳎﺮﻭﺭ
ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ
)ﲬﺴﺔ ﺭﺟﺎ ﹴﻝ( )ﺃﻟﻒ ﺭﺟ ﹴﻞ( ﻼ( ﻼ() ،ﻋﺸﺮﻭﻥ ﺭﺟ ﹰ )ﺛﻼﺛ ﹶﺔ ﻋﺸ ﺮ ﺭﺟ ﹰ
ﺭﺍﺑﻌﹰﺎ= ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ 8ﻟﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ .ﻓﻬﻮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ" :ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﱐ" ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻨﻘﻮﺹ ﻣﺜﻞ "ﺍﶈﺎﻣﻲ". ﱐ ﻭﺃﺭﺑﻌﲔ ﺳﺎﻋ ﹰﺔ() ،ﺟﺎﺀﺕ ﲦﺎﹺﻧ ﹺﻲ ﻧﺎﺋﺒﺎﺕ() ،ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﳋﺮﻭﺝ ﺕ ﲦﺎ ﹶ ﺕ() ،ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺮ ﺻ ﹶﻔﺤﺎ ﱐ ﺕ ﲦﺎ ﹶ )ﻗﺮﺃ ﺑﻌﺪ ﲦﺎ ﻥ ﻭﺃﺭﺑﻌﲔ ﺳﺎﻋ ﹰﺔ(. ﺧﺎﻣﺴﹰﺎ= ﻗﻞ ﻣﺌﺔ ،ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﺎﺋﺔ .ﻓﺤﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﻭﺿﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻛﻲ ﻧﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ )ﻣﺌﺔ( ﻭﻛﻠﻤـﺔ )ﻣﻨﻪ( ،ﰲ ﺯﻣﻦ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻓﻴﻪ ﳘﺰﺍﺕ ﻭﻻ ﻧﻘﻂ.
38
ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻹﻋﺭﺍﺏ:
ﺙ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮ ﹺﺭ( ﺕ ﺛﻼ ﹲ )ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎ ﺕ :ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎ ﺛﻼﺙﹲ :ﺧﱪ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺘﻨﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺸ ﺮ ﻛﻮﻛﺒﹰﺎ( )ﺭﺃﻯ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴ ﻢ ﺃﺣ ﺪ ﻋ ﺽ ﺭﺃﻯ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎ ﹴ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴ ﻢ :ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻤﺔ ﺸ ﺮ :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ،ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻓﺎﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﺎﻥ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺘﺎﻥ ﺃﺣ ﺪ ﻋ ﻛﻮﻛﺒﹰﺎ :ﲤﻴﻴﺰ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﺘﻨﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﺸ ﺮ ﺣﻮﺍﺭﻳﹰﺎ( ﺼ ﹶﺔ ﺍﻻﺛﲏ ﻋ )ﲰﻌﺖ ﻗ ﺖ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺽ ،ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ :ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﲰﻌ ﺼ ﹶﺔ :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻗ ﺸ ﺮ :ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﺎﺀ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻣﺜﻨﻰ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ"ﻋﺸ ﺮ" ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺍﻻﺛﲏ ﻋ ﺣﻮﺍﺭﻳﹰﺎ :ﲤﻴﻴﺰ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺸﺮ ﹶﺓ ﻟﻴﻠ ﹰﺔ( ﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﺛﻨﺘﺎ ﻋ )ﻣ ﺮ ﻣﺮﺕْ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺽ ،ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻧﻴﺚ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﺛﻨﺘﺎ ﻋﺸﺮ ﹶﺓ :ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻒ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻣﺜﻨﻰ ،ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ "ﻋﺸﺮ ﹶﺓ" ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻟﻴﻠ ﹰﺔ :ﲤﻴﻴﺰ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺖ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﻭﲬﺴﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﻇﹼﻔ ﹰﺔ( )ﺃﺿﺮﺑ ﺖ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺽﹴ ،ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻧﻴﺚ ﺃﺿﺮﺑ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ :ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻭﲬﺴﻮﻥ :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ :ﻟﻠﻌﻄﻒ ،ﲬﺴﻮﻥ :ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﲨﻊ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﱂ ﻣﻮﻇﹼﻔ ﹰﺔ :ﲤﻴﻴﺰ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﺘﻨﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﺐ( ﺚ ﻋﺸ ﺮ ﺻﻌ )ﺍﻟﻔﺼ ﹸﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟ ﹶ ﺍﻟﻔﺼ ﹸﻞ :ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻤﺔ 39
ﺸ ﺮ :ﻧﻌﺖ ﺣﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ ،ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻓﺎﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﺎﻥ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺘﺎﻥ ﺚ ﻋ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟ ﹶ ﺻﻌﺐ :ﺧﱪ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺘﻨﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ )ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻬ ﺮ ﻭﺍﺣ ﺪ ﻭﺛﻼﺛﻮﻥ ﻳﻮﻣﹰﺎ( ﻫﺬﺍ :ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺸﻬ ﺮ :ﺑﺪﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ :ﺧﱪ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺘﻨﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ ﻭﺛﻼﺛﻮﻥ :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻟﻠﻌﻄﻒ ،ﺛﻼﺛﻮﻥ :ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻳﻮﻣﹰﺎ :ﲤﻴﻴﺰ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﺘﻨﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ )ﺍﻟﺪﻭ ﹸﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ﹸﺔ ﺍﺛﻨﺘﺎ ﻥ ﻭﻋﺸﺮﻭﻥ ﺩﻭﻟ ﹰﺔ( ﺍﻟﺪﻭ ﹸﻝ :ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ﹸﺔ :ﻧﻌﺖ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻤﺔ ﺍﺛﻨﺘﺎﻥ :ﺧﱪ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻒ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻣﺜﻨﻰ ﻭﻋﺸﺮﻭﻥ :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻟﻠﻌﻄﻒ ،ﻋﺸﺮﻭﻥ :ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﺩﻭﻟ ﹰﺔ :ﲤﻴﻴﺰ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﺘﻨﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﻒ ﻭﲦﺎﻧﹺﻤﺌ ﺔ ﻭﺍﺛﻨﱵ ﻋﺸﺮ ﹶﺓ( )ﻫﺎﺟ ﻢ ﻧﺎﺑﻠﻴﻮ ﹸﻥ ﺭﻭﺳﻴﺎ ﺳﻨ ﹶﺔ ﺃﻟ ﺽ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﻫﺎﺟ ﻢ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎ ﹴ ﻧﺎﺑﻠﻴﻮ ﹸﻥ :ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻤﺔ ﺭﻭﺳﻴﺎ :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻨ ﹶﺔ :ﻇﺮﻑ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﻒ :ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺃﻟ ﻭﲦﺎﻧﹺﻤﺌ ﺔ :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻟﻠﻌﻄﻒ ،ﲦﺎﻧﹺﹻ :ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ،ـﻤﺌ ﺔ :ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﱵ :ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺮﻭﺭ ﻭﻫﻲ ﳎﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﺎﺀ ﻷﺎ ﻣﺜﻨﻰ ﱵ :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻟﻠﻌﻄﻒ ،ﺍﺛﻨ ﻭﺍﺛﻨ ﻋﺸﺮ ﹶﺓ :ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺏ( ﻼ ﺑﺎﳊﺮﻭ ﹺ )ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺮ ﹸﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻭﻥ ﺣﺎﻓ ﹰ ﺽ ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﻛﺎﻥ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎ ﹴ ﺍﻟﻘﺮ ﹸﻥ :ﺍﺳﻢ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻭﻥ :ﻧﻌﺖ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻼ :ﺧﱪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﺘﻨﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﺣﺎﻓ ﹰ ﺏ :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﳊﺮﻭ ﹺ 40
ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺭﻑ ﺕ ﻣﺼﺎﺩ ﺭ ﻣﻄﹼﻠﻌ ﹲﺔ( )ﺫﻛﺮ ﺕ ﻣﺼﺎﺩ ﺭ ﻛﺎﻓﻴ ﹰﺔ( )ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻻ )ﻋﻠﻤ ﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺩ ﺭ ﻣﻮﺛﻮﻗ ﺔ( ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ" ﳑﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ .ﻭﻫﻲ ﺻﻨﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺳﻴﺄﺗﻴﻚ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻬﺎ.
ﻣﺎﻫﻴـﺔ ﺍﳌﻨـﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼـﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺻﻔﺘﺎﻥ:
ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ :ﻻ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﻮﻳﻦ) ،ﺫﻛﺮ ﺕ ﻣﺼﺎﺩ ﺭ ﻣﻮﺛﻮﻗ ٌﺔ(.
ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ :ﻻ ﲡﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ﺑﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ) ،ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻴﺖ ﺍﳋﱪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺩ ﺭ ﻣﻮﺛﻮﻗ ﺔ(.
ﺇﻟﻐـﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻨـﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼـﺮﻑ ﻳﻠﻐﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﰲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﲔ: ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ :ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺃﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ) :ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩ ﹺﺭ(،
ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ :ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ) :ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺩ ﹺﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﻓﻴﲔ(.
ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ":
ﺖ ﺍﳋﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩ ﹺﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻴﺔ( ﻟﻘﺪ ﺃﻟﻐﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺃﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ )ﲰﻌ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ .ﻭﰎ ﺟ ﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ. )ﻫﺬﻩ ﻣﺼﺎﺩ ﺭ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ( ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﳑﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ،ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﱂ ﻧﻀﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ ﺑﻞ ﺿﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ.
)ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﻳﺒﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺩ ﹺﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﻓﻴﲔ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﺔ( ﺃﹸﻟﻐﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﻫﻨﺎ ،ﻭﺟـﺮﺕ ﻛﻠﻤـﺔ "ﻣـﺼﺎﺩﺭ" ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ .ﻭﺳﺒﺐ ﺇﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻨﻊ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ".
)ﻻ ﺗﻨﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭﹺﻙ ﺍﻟﺴ ﺮﻳ ﺔ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ( ﺃﹸﻟﻐﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ،ﻭ ﺟﺮﺕ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ" ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ .ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑـ "ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ" ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ.
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ﺍﻷﺴﻤـﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻨﻭﻋـﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼـﺭﻑ -1ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ )ﻣﻔﺎﻋﻞ() :ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ،ﻗﺼﺎﺋﺪ ،ﺃﻭﺍﺋﻞ ،ﻋﺠﺎﺋﺐ ،ﻣﺴﺎﻋﻲ(. ﺷﺮﺡ :ﻣﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻭﻓﻌﺎﺋﻞ ﻭﻓﻮﺍﻋﻞ ..ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻳﺴﺮﻱ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ. -2ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ )ﻣﻔﺎﻋﻴﻞ() :ﳏﺎﺻﻴﻞ ،ﺃﺳﺎﺑﻴﻊ ،ﻋﻘﺎﻗﲑ ،ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ(. ﺷﺮﺡ :ﻣﻔﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﻭﺃﻓﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﻭﻓﻮﺍﻋﻴﻞ ..ﻛﻠﹼﻬﺎ ﻳﺴﺮﻱ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ. -3ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ﺃﻟﻒ ﻭﳘﺰﺓ ) ـﺎﺀ( ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺗﺎﻥ) :ﻭﺯﺭﺍﺀ ،ﺳﻮﺩﺍﺀ ،ﺃﻃﺒﺎﺀ ،ﺧﱪﺍﺀ(. ﺷﺮﺡ :ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﻭﺍﳍﻤﺰﺓ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺗﲔ .ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺔ "ﺃﻧﺒﺎ ٌﺀ" ﻣﻨﺼﺮﻓﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺍﳍﻤﺰﺓ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ "ﻧﺒﺄ" .ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺃﻋﺪﺍ ٌﺀ" ﻣﻨﺼﺮﻓﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺍﳍﻤﺰﺓ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﻭ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ "ﻋﺪﻭ" .ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ :ﺃﺣﻴﺎﺀٌ، ﻭﺃﳓﺎﺀٌ ،ﻭﺃﺭﺟﺎﺀٌ ،ﻣﻨﺼﺮﻓﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺍﳍﻤﺰﺓ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﺑﻞ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻔـﺮﺩ. ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺃﺷﻴﺎ ُﺀ" ﳑﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ. -4ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ ) ﺃﻓﻌﻞ() :ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ،ﺃﻋﻈﻢ ،ﺃﺯﺭﻕ ،ﺃﻗﻞﹼ ،ﺁﺧﺮ(. ﺷﺮﺡ :ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺭﺩ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺃﻛﺜﺮ" ﻭﻣﺎ ﺷﺎﻬﺎ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﻳﺰﻭﻝ ﲝﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋـﺪﺓ. ﻭﺟﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻝ )ﻣﺎ( ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻀﺎﻓﹰﺎ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻭﻳﻠﻐﻲ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ) :ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜ ﹺﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻓﺎﺟﺄﱐ ﻓﺴﺦ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﺔ( ،ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ" :ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜ ﹺﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﺎﺟﺄﱐ ،"..ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺟﺎﺀ ﺑﻌﺪ "ﺃﻛﺜﺮ" ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ ،ﺃﻭ ﻛﻠﻤـﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺼﻠﺢ ﻷﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ،ﻓﺈﻥ "ﺃﻛﺜﺮ" ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﳑﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ) :ﰲ ﺃﻛﺜ ﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ.(.. -5ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﳌﺪﻥ ،ﻭﻛﻞ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻧﻴﺚ) :ﻋﺎﺋﺸﺔ ،ﺯﻳﻨﺐ ،ﻣﺼﺮ ،ﻣﻌﺎﻭﻳﺔ(. ﺷﺮﺡ :ﻻ ﻓﺮﻕ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﲔ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻣﺮﺃﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻠﺪ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺭﺟﻞ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺮﺑﻮﻃﺔ .ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻊ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻼ ﻣﺆﻧﺜﺔ ﻭﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺮﺑﻮﻃﺔ ،ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﹰ ،ﻟﺬﺍ ﻻ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ. ﻟﻸﻋﻼﻡ ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺔ "ﺩﺑﺎﺑ ﹲﺔ" ﻣﺜ ﹰ -6ﺍﻷﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ :ﺇﲰﺎﻋﻴﻞ ،ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ،ﻓﻠﺴﻄﲔ ،ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ. ﺷﺮﺡ :ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻷﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ" :ﻭﻳﻠﻴﺎﻡ" ،ﻭﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ "ﻣﻮﺯﻣﺒﻴﻖ" ،ﻓﻨﺤﻦ ﻧﻨﻄﻘﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻨﻄﻘﻬﺎ ﺃﻫﻠﻬﺎ ،ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻀﻊ ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﺧﺮﻫﺎ .ﻭﻻ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﲢﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺇﻻ ﺍﻷﻋﻼﻡ ،ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺔ "ﺇﺑﺮﻳ ﻖ" ﻼ ﺃﺻﻠﻬﺎ ﻏﲑ ﻋﺮﰊ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ،ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﻨﺼﺮﻓﺔ. ﻣﺜ ﹰ
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-7ﺍﻷﺷﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ) :ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ،(..ﻭﺍﻹﻓﺮﳒﻴﺔ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ) :ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ،(..ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﳍﺠﺮﻳﺎﻥ) :ﺷﻌﺒﺎﻥ ﻭﺭﻣﻀﺎﻥ(. ﺷﺮﺡ :ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺷﻬﺮ ﺍﳍﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﲨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﺼﺮﻓﺔ .ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺒﻌﻪ ﺭﻗﻢ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳑﻨﻮﻋﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﻳﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ )ﺳﻨﺴﺎﻓﺮ ﰲ ﺗﺸﺮﻳ ﻦ ﺍﻷﻭ ﹺﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻡ(. -8ﺍﻷﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﺄﻟﻒ ﻭﻧﻮﻥ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺗﲔ) :ﻧﻌﻤﺎﻥ ،ﻋﺪﻧﺎﻥ ،ﻳﻘﻈﺎﻥ(. ﺷﺮﺡ :ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﻋﻼﻡ ﻓﻘﻂ .ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺘﺎ "ﺑﺴﺘﺎﻥ" ،ﻭ "ﺣﺼﺎﻥ" ﻣﻨﺼﺮﻓﺘﺎﻥ. -9ﺍﻷﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ) :ﺃﲪﺪ ،ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ،ﺗﺪﻣﺮ ،ﺗﻐﻠﺐ ،ﺗﻮﻧﺲ(. -10ﺍﻷﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ " ﹸﻓﻌﻞ" ) :ﻋﻤﺮ ،ﺯﺣﻞ ،ﻣﻀﺮ ،ﻫﺒﻞ(. ﺖ ﻋﻤﺮﻭﺍﹰ ،ﳕـﺖ ﻋﻨـﺪ ﺷﺮﺡ :ﺍﺳﻢ"ﻋﻤﺮﻭ" ﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ .ﻓﻬﻮ ﻣﺼﺮﻭﻑ )ﺟﺎﺀ ﻋﻤﺮﻭ ،ﺭﺃﻳ ﻋﻤﺮ ﹴﻭ( ،ﻭﳓﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻖ ﻧﺘﺠﺎﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﲤﺎﻣﺎﹰ ،ﻓﺈﳕﺎ ﺟﻲﺀ ﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﲔ ﻋﻤﺮﻭ ﻭﻋﻤﺮ.
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ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ
ﻚ{ ﻚ ،ﺃﻭﻟﺌ } ﺫﺍ ،ﻫﺬﺍ ،ﻫﺬﻩ ،ﻫﺬﺍﻥ ،ﻫﺎﺗﺎﻥ ،ﻫﺆﻻﺀِ ،ﺫﺍﻙ ،ﺫﻟﻚ ،ﺗﻠ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﲰﺎ ٌﺀ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻭﰲ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺑﻴﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ .ﻓﻌﺒﺎﺭ ﹸﺓ) :ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻔﻬﻮ ﻡ( ﻭﻋﺒﺎﺭ ﹸﺓ )ﺍﻟﻜـﻼ ﻡ ﻣﻔﻬﻮ ﻡ( ﳍﻤﺎ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ :ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻭﺧﱪ ،ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺔ "ﻫﺬﺍ" ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ "ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ" .ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌـﺮﺀ ﺃ ﹼﻻ ﻳﺘﻌﺐ ﺫﻫﻨﻪ ﰲ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ،ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺇ ﹼﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻴﺾ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﰊ. ﻫﺬﺍﻥ ،ﻫﺎﺗﺎ ﻥ: ﺗﺮﻓﻌﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻒ )ﻫﺬﺍﻥ ،ﻫﺎﺗﺎﻥ( ،ﻭﺗﻨﺼﺒﺎﻥ ﻭﲡﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﺎﺀ )ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ،ﻫﺎﺗﲔ( ..ﻷﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺜﻨﻰ.
ﺫﺍ ،ﻫﺬﺍ:
ﻻ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ.
ﻫﺬﻩ ،ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ:
ﻻ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ .ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ.
ﻚ: ﺫﺍﻙ ،ﺫﻟﻚ ،ﺗﻠﻚ ،ﺃﻭﻟﺌ
ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ،ﻻ ﺗﺘﺒﺪﻝ. ﺏ ﺑﺪ ﹰﻻ. ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺫﻫﺒﻴﺔ :ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺄﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻳﻌﺮ ﻒ( .ﻓﻔﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ" :ﺍﳌﺬﻳﻊ" ﻫﻮ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ "ﻫﺬﺍ" .ﻭﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺘﲔ ﺗﺴ ﺪ ﻣﺴ ﺪ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ. ﻣﺜﺎﻝ) :ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺬﻳ ﻊ ﻣﺜﻘ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺎ :ﻫﺬﺍ :ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﺣﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ .ﺍﳌﺬﻳ ﻊ :ﺑﺪﻝ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻤﺔ .ﻣﺜ ﹼﻘﻒ :ﺧﱪ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺘﻨﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ.
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ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻭل
}ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ،ﺍﻟﱵ ،ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺍﻥ ،ﺍﻟﻠﺘﺎﻥ ،ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ،ﺍﻟﻼﺋﻲ ،ﺍﻟﻼﰐ ،ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺍﰐ ،ﻣﻦ ،ﻣﺎ{ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻟﺔ ﺗﻘﻊ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ؛ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺟﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟـﺐ )ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺯ( ،ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺟﺎﺀ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻌﺮﻑ ﻓﻬﻮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﻧﻌﺖ )ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﺗﺪﻱ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺩ ﺕ ﲰﺎﻋﻪ( .ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﻌـﻞ ﺯﻭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺪ( .ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺧﱪﹰﺍ )ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺃﺭﺩ ﻼ )ﺍﺧﺘﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺍﻥ ﻧﻔﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ( ،ﺃﻭ ﻣﻔﻌﻮ ﹰﻻ ﺑﻪ )ﻧﻘﻠﻨﺎ ﻣﺎ ﲰﻌﻨﺎ ﺣﺮﻓﻴﹰﺎ( ،ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺟﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺻـﻮﻝ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﺎﻋ ﹰ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟ ﺮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ ﳎﺮﻭﺭﺍ )ﻧﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﳑﻦ ﻳﺘﻔﻀﻞ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﳝﻪ( .ﻭﻳﺄﰐ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﻧﺎﺋﺐ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻭﺍﺳﻢ ﻭﺧﱪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﺇ ﹼﻥ ﻭﺃﺧﻮﺍﻤﺎ ،ﻭﻳﺄﰐ ﻣﻀﺎﻓﹰﺎ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﺜﲎ ﻭﻣﻌﻄﻮﻓﹰﺎ .ﺇﺫﻥ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻛﺎﻷﲰﺎﺀ ،ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ،ﺣﱴ ﻧﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ ،ﺃﻥ ﻧﻔﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ. )ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ،ﺍﻟﱵ ،ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ،ﺍﻟﻼﺋﻲ ،ﺍﻟﻼﰐ ،ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺍﰐ( :ﻫﺬﻩ ﲨﻴﻌﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻱ ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻴﺔ. )ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺍﻥ ،ﺍﻟﻠﺘﺎ ﻥ( :ﻫﺬﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﲰﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻻﻥ ﻳﺮﻓﻌﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻒ ﻭﻳﻨﺼﺒﺎﻥ ﻭﳚﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﺎﺀ) :ﻗﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺍ ﻥ ﺟـﺎﺀﺍ ﺇ ﹼﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﺬﻳ ﹺﻦ ﲣﻠﹼﻔﺎ ﺳﻴﻠﺤﻘﺎﻥ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ() ،ﻗﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﺘﺎ ﻥ ﺟﺎﺀﺗﺎ ﺇ ﹼﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﺘﻴ ﹺﻦ ﲣﻠﹼﻔﺘﺎ ﺳﺘﻠﺤﻘﺎﻥ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ(. ) ﻣﻦ ،ﻣﺎ( :ﻛﻠﻤﺘﺎﻥ ﳍﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺎ ﻥ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ .ﻓﻬﻤﺎ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ )ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺎﺏ؟( ،ﻭﻟﻠﺸﺮﻁ )ﻣ ﻦ ﳛﺎﻭ ﹾﻝ ﻓﺴﻮﻑ ﳛﻘ ﻖ ﳒﺎﺣﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ( ،ﻭﻟﻠﻨﻔﻲ )ﻣﺎ ﺟﺎﺀ ﺃﺣ ﺪ(. ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ )ﻣ ﻦ ﻭﻣﺎ( ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﺎﻥ ﺍﲰﲔ ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻟﲔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﳍﻤﺎ ﺑـ :ﺍﻟـﺬﻱ .ﻓﻔـﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ )ﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﻮﻟﹸﻪ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ( ﳝﻜﻦ ﻭﺿﻊ "ﺍﻟﺬﻱ" ﺑﺪ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻦ "ﻣﺎ") :ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻘﻮﻟﹸﻪ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ( .ﻭـﺬﺍ ﻧﻌﺮـﺎ ﺍﲰـﺎ ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻻﹰ ،ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ.
ﻗﻮﺍﻋــﺪ:
• ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ،ﻟﺬﺍ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻨﻌﺖ ﻧﻜﺮﺓ " :ﻋﺜﺮ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻴﺎﺭ ﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ ﻗـﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﺖ ﰲ ﺍﳍﺠﻮﻡ" ..ﻫﻨﺎ ﳚﺐ ﺣﺬﻑ "ﺍﻟﱵ".
• ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﻧﻌﺘﹰﺎ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﰲ ﺟﻨﺴﻪ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ ﻻ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ ،ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ: "ﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﻮﻇﻒ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺯﻭﺟﺘﻪ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻊ" ﻏﲑ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ،ﻭﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ "ﺍﻟﺬﻱ" ﺑﺪ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻦ "ﺍﻟﱵ". •
) ﻣ ﻦ( ﺗﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ ﻭﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ .ﻭﻳﺼ ﺢ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﹰﺍ ﺃﻭ ﲨﻌﹰﺎ: ﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛ ﹼﻞ ﻣ ﻦ ﺣﻀﺮﻭﺍ(. ﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛ ﹼﻞ ﻣ ﻦ ﺣﻀﺮ( ،ﺃﻭ ) ﺗﻌﺮﻓ )ﺗﻌﺮﻓ
• )ﻣ ﻦ( ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻗﻞ ،ﻭ)ﻣﺎ( ﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗﻞ .ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ) :ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﺔ( .ﻭﳚﻮﺯ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ) ..ﲟﻦ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ.(.. 45
• ﻧﻘﻮﻝ )ﺧﺬ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ( ،ﻭﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ )ﺧﺬ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺮﻳﺪﻩ(. • ﰲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ )ﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺴﺘﻌ ﺪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻟﻸﻭﳌﺒﻴﺎﺩ( ،ﳛﺬﻑ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﻓﻴﲔ "ﻓﻴﻪ". ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ. • )ﺍﻟﻼﰐ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻮﺍﰐ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺋﻲ( ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﲟﻌﲎ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ،ﻭﻛﻠﹼﻬﺎ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ. •
ﳚﺪﺭ ﺑﺎﳌﺮﺀ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﻥ )ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ( ﺍﻟﱵ ﻟﻠﻤﺜﲎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺣﺮﻓﺎ ﻻﻡ .ﻭﺃﻣﺎ )ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ( ﺍﻟﱵ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻊ ﻓﻬـﻲ ﺑـﻼﻡ
ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ )ﺗﺬ ﱠﻛ ﺮ :ﻟﻠﻤﺜﲎ ﺑﻼﻣﲔ(.
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ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺴﺔ }ﺃﺏ ،ﺃﺥ ،ﺣﻢ ،ﻓﻮ ،ﺫﻭ{
• ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳋﻤﺴﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺗﻌﺮﺏ ﻛﺎﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻓﺘﺮﻓﻊ ﺑﺎﻟـﻀﻤﺔ ﻭﺗﻨـﺼﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻭﲡ ﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ: ﺏ ﻗﺪﻭﹲﺓ ﻷﻭﻻﺩﻩ(.. ﺏ ﺣﻨﻮ ﻥ() ،ﺍﻷ ﺏ ﺣﻨﻮ ﹲﻥ() ،ﻫﻞ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﲪ ﺪ ﺃﺑﹰﺎ ﺣﻨﻮﻧﹰﺎ() ،ﻻ ﻏﲎ ﻟﻸﺳﺮ ﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺃ ﹴ )ﻫﺬﺍ ﺃ • ﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳋﻤﺴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺍﻭ ،ﻭﺗﻨﺼﺐ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻒ ،ﻭﲡ ﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﺎﺀ: ﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺒﺤ ﹶﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﰊ ﺻﺪﻳﻘﻲ(.. ﺾ() ،ﺃﺧﺬ )ﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺻﺪﻳﻘﻲ() ،ﺇ ﹼﻥ ﺃﺑﺎ ﺻﺪﻳﻘﻲ ﻣﺮﻳ • ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳋﻤﺴﺔ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺜﻨﻰ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺭﺩﺕ ﺑﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﺜﻨﻰ: ﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺑﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎ ﻩ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ( ﳊ ﻤﻮﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﺸﺎﺟﺮﺍﻥ() ،ﳚ ﺖﺍ ﹶ )ﺍﻷﺧﻮﺍ ﻥ ﻣﺘﻔﻘﺎﻥ() ،ﲰﻌ • "ﺫﻭ" ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﰲ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﲨﻊ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﱂ: )ﺃﻧﺘﻢ ﺫﻭﻭ ﻧﻔﻮ ﺫ() ،ﻛﻨﺘﻢ ﺫﻭﻱ ﻧﻔﻮ ﺫ() ،ﺃﻧﺘﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻮﺫ( • )ﺃﺑﻮ ﺑﻜ ﹺﺮ() ،ﺃﺑﺎ ﺑﻜ ﹴﺮ() ،ﺃﰊ ﺑﻜ ﹴﺮ( ﺗﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ "ﺃﺑﻮ" ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﰊ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ، ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮ. ﺥ( :ﺗﻨﻄﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺷﺪﺓ. • )ﺃﺏ ،ﺃﺥ ،ﺍﻷﺏ ،ﺍﻷ
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ﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﻡ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻭﻥ ،ﻋﺸﺮﻭﻥ • • •
ﻳﺮﻓﻊ ﲨﻊ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﹼﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﱂ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻳﻨﺼﺐ ﲨﻊ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﹼﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﱂ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﺎﺀ
)ﻳﺮﻳ ﺪ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻫﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻓﻴﻪ( )ﳕﻨ ﺢ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻫﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪﺓ(
ﳚ ﺮ ﲨﻊ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﹼﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﱂ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﺎﺀ
)ﻧﻘﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎﻫﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﻳﺪﻭﻥ(
= ﰲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻳﻔﻘﺪ ﲨﻊ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﹼﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ )ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺎﺯ ﻳﺒﺤﺜﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺔ( .ﻭﻟﻨﻼﺣﻆ ﺷـﻴﺌﺎ ﺁﺧﺮ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ :ﱂ ﻧﻀﻊ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺃﻟﻒ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻻ ﻓﻌﻞ. ﻼ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﲨﻌﹰﺎ. ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ )ﺷﺎﻫﺪﻭﺍ( :ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺑﺸﺮﻃﲔ ﳎﺘﻤﻌﲔ :ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻓﻌ ﹰ ﻣﺜ ﺎل) :1ﻳﺪﻋﻮ ﺯﻋﻤﺎﺅﻧﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻣﺮﺗﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ( ﻳﺪﻋﻮ ﻓﻌﻞ ،ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﲨﻌﹰﺎ –ﺟﺮﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻀﻊ ﻓﻌﻞ "ﻳﺸﺮﺏ" ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ "ﻳﺪﻋﻮ" ،ﺇﺫﻥ ﻓﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﲨﻊ .-ﱂ ﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﺎﻥ.
ﻣﺜﺎل) :2ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺋﻤﻮﻥ ﻟﻦ ﻳﺼﺤﻮﺍ( ﻳﺼﺤﻮﺍ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﲨﻊ .ﲢﻘﻖ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﺎﻥ.
ﻼ .ﱂ ﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﺎﻥ. ﻣﺜﺎل) :3ﺳﺎﺋﻘﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻛﺴﻲ ﻣﻀﺮﺑﻮﻥ( ﺳﺎﺋﻘﻮ ﲨﻊ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻓﻌ ﹰ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﲢﻘﻖ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﲔ :ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﱴ ﻧﻀﻊ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ.
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ﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻨﺙ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﻡ ﻣﻌﻠﹼﻤﺎﺕ ،ﺩﺑﺎﺑﺎﺕ •
• •
ﻳﺮﻓﻊ ﲨﻊ ﺍﳌﺆﻧﺚ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﱂ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻤﺔ
ﺖ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻤﺎ )ﺃﺿﺮﺑ ﺕ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ(
ﺖ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﹼﻤﺎ ﻳﻨﺼﺐ ﲨﻊ ﺍﳌﺆﻧﺚ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﱂ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ )ﺭﺃﻳ ﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ( ﳚ ﺮ ﲨﻊ ﺍﳌﺆﻧﺚ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﱂ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ
ﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﹸﺓ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﻠﹼﻤﺎ )ﺍﺟﺘﻤﻌ ﺕ(
= ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮ ﲨﻊ ﺍﳌﺆﻧﺚ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﱂ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺗﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ .ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﳘﺎ ﻣـﻦ ﺃﺻـﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻓﻼ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﺳﺎﳌﹰﺎ .ﺧﺬ "ﺃﺻﻮﺍﺕ" ﻣﺜﻼ :ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ "ﺻﻮﺕ" ،ﻭﻗـﺪ ﻛﺴﺮﻧﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ ﻟﻨﺼﻮﻍ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ،ﻓﻬﻮ ﺇﺫﻥ ﲨﻊ ﺗﻜﺴﲑ ،ﻻ ﲨﻊ ﻣﺆﻧﺚ ﺳﺎﳌﹰﺎ .ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻫـﺬﺍ ﻧﻨـﺼﺐ ﺖ ﺃﺻﻮﺍﺗﹰﺎ ﻏﺮﻳﺒ ﹰﺔ". "ﺃﺻﻮﺍﺕ" ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ،ﻓﻨﻘﻮﻝ" :ﲰﻌ
ﺿﺮﺑﺎﺕ( ) ،ﹺﺭﺣﻠﺔ -ﹺﺭﺣﻼﺕ() ،ﺛﻮﺭﺓ -ﺛﻮﺭﺍﺕ( :ﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺎ؟ ﺿﺮﺑﺔ - ) ﺷﺮﻓﺔ -ﺷﺮﻓﺎﺕ( ) ، ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻀﻤﻮﻡ ،ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻳﻀﻢ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ) :ﺷﺮﻓﺔ – ﺷﺮﻓﺎﺕ( ﺿﺮﺑﺎﺕ( ﺿﺮﺑﺔ – ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺡ ،ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻳﻔﺘﺢ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ) : ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻜﺴﻮﺭ ،ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﳍﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ):ﹺﺭﺣﻠﺔ – ﹺﺭﺣﻼﺕ(. ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﺔ ،ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﳍﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ) :ﺛﻮﺭﺓ – ﺛﻮﺭﺍﺕ(.
ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ:ﺍﳌﻀﻤﻮﻡ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺿﻤﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ،ﻭﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ .ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺘ ﹼﻞ ﻓﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﻪ.
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ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻨﹼﻰ
ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ = ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﺓ = ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﺗﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻢ = ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟ ﻌﻈﻤﻰ = ﺍﻟ ﻌﻈﻤﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ = ﺍ ُﻷﺧﺮﻳﺎﻥ
ﺍﻟﺰﺭﻗﺎﺀ = ﺍﻟﺰﺭﻗﺎﻭﺍﻥ – ﺍﻟﺰﺭﻗﺎﻭﻳﻦ = ﺍﻻﺛﻨﺎﻥ – ﺍﻻﺛﻨﲔ .. = ﻛﻼﳘﺎ -ﻛﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ .. = ﻛﻠﺘﺎﳘـــﺎ – ﻛﻠﺘﻴﻬﻤـــﺎ ..
– ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻠﻴﻦ – ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﺗﲔ – ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻤﲔ – ﺍﻟ ﻌﻈﻤﻴﲔ – ﺍ ُﻷﺧﺮﻳﲔ
• ﻳﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﳌﺜﻨﻰ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻒ )ﺃﺻﺪﺭ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻻﻥ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﹰﺎ( ،ﻭﻳﻨﺼﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﺎﺀ )ﺳﺄﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺃﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﳏﺮﺟﺔ(، ﻭﳚ ﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﺎﺀ )ﺻﺪﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ(. • ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﳌﺜﻨﻰ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻬﺎ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ،ﻭﻻ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﳍﺎ ﲟﻮﻗﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ .ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ ﲢﺬﻑ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ) :ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺪ ﻡ ﻳﻐﻄﹼﻲ ﺫﺭﺍ ﻋ ﹺﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺗ ﹺﻞ( ،ﻭﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺷﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ ﰲ )ﺫﺭﺍﻋ ﻲ( .ﻭﻟﻼﺳﺘﻄﺮﺍﺩ :ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺷﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻴﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ.
ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ:
)ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺃﻣﲑﻛﺎ ﻭﺭﻭﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺗﻴ ﹺﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻴﻴ ﹺﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﺗﻴ ﹺﻦ ﺍﻷُ ﺧ ﺮﻳﻴ ﹺﻦ:ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎﻭﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ،ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﺻﺎﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ( )ﺃﻣﲑﻛﺎ ﻭﺭﻭﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺗﺎ ﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻴﺎ ﻥ ،ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺗﺎ ﻥ ﺍﻷُﺧﺮﻳﺎ ﻥ:ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ،ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﺻﺎﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ(ﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﻳﺰﻣﺎ ﻣﺘﻤﻴﺰﺓ( )ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﺒ ﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻛﻼﳘﺎ ﺫ ﻭ ﺕ ﻋﺎﺻﻔﺔ( ﺕ ﻛﻠﻴﻬﹺﻤﺎ ﹶﺃﺯﻣﺎ )ﻣﺮﺕ ﺑﻌﺒ ﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺻ ﹺﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺍ )ﺧﺪﳚ ﹸﺔ ﻭﻋﺎﺋﺸ ﹸﺔ ﻛﻠﺘﺎﳘﺎ ﻗﺪﻣﺘﺎ ﻟﻠﺪﻋﻮ ﺓ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻛﱪﻯ( )ﻳﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﳌﺆﺭﺧﻮ ﹶﻥ ﺩﻭ ﺭ ﺧﺪﳚ ﹶﺔ ﻭﻋﺎﺋﺸ ﹶﺔ ﻛﻠﺘﻴﻬﹺﻤﺎ( )ﺭﺃﻯ ﺍﳌﹸﺆﺭﺧﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻛﻼ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻠﻴ ﹺﻦ ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ() -ﺭﺃﻯ ﺍﳌﹸﺆﺭﺧﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻛﻠﺘﺎ ﺍﳌﺮﺃﺗﻴ ﹺﻦ ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ(
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ﺍﻟﻨﻌﺕ )ﺑﺬ ﹶﻝ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺒﺎ ﻥ ﺟﻬﺪﹰﺍ ﻛﺒﲑﹰﺍ( • • •
ﺍﻟﻨﻌﺖ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺗﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ ..) :ﺟﻬﺪﹰﺍ ﻛﺒﲑﹰﺍ(. ﺇﺫﺍ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﺖ ﺑﻘﻴﺖ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺳﻜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ) :ﺑﺬﻝ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺒﺎﻥ ﺟﻬﺪﹰﺍ.(..
ﻗﺪ ﻳﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ ﻻ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ ﰲ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ) :ﻧﻘﻠﻨﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻴ ﺪ ﺍﻬﻮﻟ ﹶﺔ
ﻫﻮﻳﺘﻪ( ،ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ. ﰊ • ﻗﺪ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﺖ ﻣﺘﺄﺧﺮﺍﹰ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ ﻟﻠﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺼﻔﻬﺎ) :ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﺪﻳ ﺮ ﺍﳌﻴﻨﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﳉﻨـﻮ ﺍﳌﺘﻬ ﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ( .ﻓـ )ﺍﳌﺘﻬﻢ( ﻫﻨﺎ ﻧﻌﺖ ﻟﻠـ )ﻣﺪﻳﺮ( ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﻨﺎﺀ. • ﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺼﻔﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﻔﻘﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ ،ﻓﻘﺪ ﳜﺘﻠﻔﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺎﺕ ،ﺑـﺴﺒﺐ ﻃﺒﻴﻌـﺔ ﺖ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﺳﺎﺑﻴ ﻊ ﻋﺪﻳﺪ ﺓ(. ﺕ ﻛﺜﲑ ﹰﺓ() ،ﺭﺟﻌ ﺖ ﺷﺎﺣﻨﺎ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺄﺧﺬﻫﺎ ﻛﻞ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ) :ﺭﺃﻳ
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ﺍﻟﻌﻁﻑ
ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻒ ﺳﺒﻌﺔ:
}ﻭ .ﺃﻭ .ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ .ﰒ .ﺃﻡ .ﺑﻞ .ﻻ{
ﺐ ﻭ ﺍﳊﺴ ﺪ ﻋﺎﻃﻔﺘﺎﻥ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺘﺎﻥ( ﻭ) :ﺍﳊ
ﺃﻭ) :ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﺍﺕ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ( ﻓـ) :ﺗﻮﻗﻔﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﻃﺔ ﻓـﺎﻧﺪﻟﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺘﺎﻝ(
ﰒ) :ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﺍﶈﺎﻛﻤﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺷﻬﺮ ﰒ ﺃﺭﺟﺌﺖ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻀ ﻲ ﺃﺳﺒﻮﻉ( ﹼ
ﺕ( ﺃﻡ) :ﻫﻞ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎ ِﺀ ﺃﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎ ﺑﻞ) :ﱂ ﳛﻀﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻳ ﺮ ﺑﻞ ﻭﻛﻴ ﹸﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺍﺭﺓ(
ﻼ ﻻ ﻗﻮ ﹰﻻ( ﻻ) :ﻧﺮﻳﺪ ﻓﻌ ﹰ
• ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻒ ﻳﻘﻊ ﺑﲔ ﻛﻠﻤﺘﲔ ﺗﺘﺸﺎﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ .ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﳍﺎ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻋـﺮﺍﺏ ﲝـﺴﺐ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺎ" :ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ" ،ﻓﻘﻂ. • ﻗﺪ ﺗﻔﺼﻞ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻮﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ) :ﻧﻘﻠﺖ ﺍﳋ ﱪ ﺍﳉﺮﻳﺪ ﹸﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻨﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳍﺎ ﻣﺮﺍﺳﻞ ﰲ ﺑﻠﻐﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﻭﻛﺎﻟ ﹸﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻏﻮﺳﻼﻓﻴﺔ(. • ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻒ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻧﺎﻥ ﺍﲰﲔ) :ﲰﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﺎﻃﻤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ( ،ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻧـﺎﻥ ﻓﻌﻠﲔ) :ﺃﻛﻞ ﰒ ﻧﺎﻡ(.
ﺍﻟﺘﻭﻜﻴﺩ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻛﻴﺪ ﲬﺲ:
ﺙ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺗﺎﻓ ﻪ( ﻧﻔﺴـ ..ـﻪ) :ﺍﳊﺪ ﹸ
ﻋﻴﻨـ ..ـﻪ) :ﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﺒﺔ ﻋﻴﻨﻬﺎ(
ﲨﻴﻌـ ..ـﻪ) :ﺳﻨﺄﺧﺬ ﺭﺳﻮﻣﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﲔ ﲨﻴﻌﻬﻢ(
ﺖ ﺍﻵﺑﺎ َﺀ ﻛﻠﱠﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺴﺤﺎﺏ( ﻛﻠﹼـ ..ـﻪ) :ﺃﻗﻨﻌ
ﺫﺍﺗـ ..ـﻪ) :ﰲ ﺍﳊﻤﻠ ﺔ ﺫﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﳝﻜ ﻦ ﲢﻘﻴ ﻖ ﺍﳍﺪﻓﲔ(
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• ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻛﻴﺪ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺄﰐ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ ﻓﻴﺠﺮﻫﺎ) :ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﻨﻔﺴِﻚ( ،ﻓﻼ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﻫﻨـﺎﻙ ﺃﺳـﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻛﻴﺪ ،ﺑﻞ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ. ﺱ ﻳﻌﻠﻤﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ(. • ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻛﻴﺪ ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﻀﻤﲑ ،ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺎ ﺗﻮﻛﻴﺪًﹰﺍ) :ﻛﻞﱡ ﺍﻟﻨﺎ ﹺ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺏ )ﻛﻞ( ﻫﻨﺎ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ. • ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻛﻴﺪ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ،ﻭﻟﻜ ﻦ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻛﻴﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﰊ) :ﻫﺬ ﻩ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺳﻴﺎﺭﺗﻨﺎ( ﻓﻜﻠﻤـﺔ "ﻫـﺬ ﻩ" ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻭﺣﻘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ ،ﻭﻟﻜ ﻦ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ،ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ" ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺎ ﺗﻮﻛﻴﺪ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻤﺔ ،ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﻮﻛﻴﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺣﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ.
ﻼ( )ﺣﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻷﺗﺮﺍﻙ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﲔ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺀﻫﻢ ﻃﻮﻳ ﹰ
ﺍﻟﺒﺩل
ﺑﺪﻝ
ﻼ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﺴﺒﻘﻬﺎ) :ﺃﺧﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺟ ﺮ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ( .ﻓـ "ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺟﺮ" ﻫﻮ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ "ﺃﺧﻲ". • ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻝ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﺼﻠﺢ ﺑﺪﻳ ﹰ ﺖ ﺳﻌﻴ ﺪ ﳒﺤﺖ(. ﺏ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻖ() ،ﻫﻴﻔﺎ ُﺀ ﺃﺧ • ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻝ ﺩﺍ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ) :ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻤ ﺮ ﺑ ﻦ ﺍﳋﻄﹼﺎ ﹺ ﻼ ﳌﺎ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ. • ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻝ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﹰﺎ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻴﹰﺎ ﳑﺎﺛ ﹰ
ﺱ ﳑﺘﺎ ﺯ(. • ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑﺄﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺄﰐ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺪﻝ) :ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺪﺭ
ﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﺒﻲ(. • ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﻮﺍﱃ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺪ ﹴﻝ) :ﺃﻋﻈﻤﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻋ ﺮ ﺃﲪ ﺪ ﺑ ﻦ ﺍﳊﺴ ﹺ
ﲔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺍﺭ ﺓ :ﻣـﺪﻳ ﺮ ﺖ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟ • ﻗﺪ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻃﻔﺔ) :ﻗﺎﺑﻠ ﺲ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻢﹺ ،ﻭﺳﻜﺮﺗ ﲑ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺍﺭﺓ(. ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻘﺎﺕ ،ﻭﺭﺋﻴ
ﻱ" ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑﻳﺔ) :ﺍﻟﺬﹼﻳﻠﻴ ﹸﺔ ،ﺃ • ﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﺒﻖ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻝ "ﺃ ﻱ ﻋﻘﺪﹸﺓ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺟﺎ ،ﻣﺘﻔﺸﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺼﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻼﺩﻧﺎ(.
)ﻻ ﺗﺴﻮﻳ ﹶﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻓﻖ(
ﻻ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺱ
• ﻻ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺲ ﺗﻨﻔﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﻱ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ) .ﻻ ﻓﺎﺋﺪ ﹶﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺩ(.
ﺐ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻫﺮﺏ(. • ﺍﲰﻬﺎ :ﻳﺄﰐ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺗﻨﻮﻳﻦ ،ﻭﻧﻌﺮﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺍﲰﻬﺎ) .ﻻ ﻋﺠ • ﳑﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪﻧﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﲔ "ﻻ" ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺲ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﻢ ،ﻭﻳﻜـﻮﻥ ﻏـﲑ ﻚ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ(. ﻣﻨﻮﻥ) .ﻻ ﺷ
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ﻒ ..ﺍﺳﺘﺌﹾﻨﺎﻓﹰﺎ ﻒ ..ﻳﺴﺘ ﹾﺄﹺﻧ ﺍﺳﺘﺄﹾﻧ
ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ
ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺍﺳﺘﺌﹾﻨﺎﻓﹰﺎ" ﻣﺼﺪﺭ .ﻭﻫﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻴﺔ ﺷﱴ.
ﻑ :ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻤﺔ. ﻑ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﺟﻲﺀ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﺒﺎﻛﺎﺕ ﺃﺭﺑﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﻃﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ( ،ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺌﹾﻨﺎ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ) :ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺌﻨﺎ
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺁﺧﺮ) :ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻠﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﺳﺘﺌﻨﺎﻓﹰﺎ ﺭﲰﻴﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎﻭﺿﺎﺕ( ،ﺍﺳﺘﺌﹾﻨﺎﻓﹰﺎ :ﺧﱪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﺘﻨﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ.
ﻼ ﻭﻻ ﻣﻔﻌﻮ ﹰﻻ ﺑﻪ ،ﻓﺈ ﹼﻥ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﹰﺎ ﻣﻀﺎﻓﹰﺎ • ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﺳﻢ ،ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﻻ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﺎﻋ ﹰ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﰒ ﻣﻔﻌﻮ ﹰﻻ ﺑﻪ: ﻣﺜﺎﻝ: ﺽ ﻭﺷﻴــﻚ( ﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔـــــﺎﻭ ﻑ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓــــ ﹺ )ﻟﻌــــ ﹼﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺌــــﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺧﻮﺍﺕ ﺇ ﹼﻥ
ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ :ﺍﺳﻢ ﺇ ﹼﻥ
ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ
ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺪﺭ
ﺧﱪ ﺇ ﹼﻥ
ﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳ ﺔ ﳑﻜ ﻦ(. • ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻻ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﻣﻔﻌﻮ ﹰﻻ ﺑﻪ )ﺍﺳﺘﺌﹾﻨﺎ
• ﻗﺪ ﳛﺬﻑ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻻ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻏﺎﺋﺐ) :ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴ ﹸﺔ ﺗﻨﻈﲑﹰﺍ ﺃﺳﻬﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﹰﺎ( ﻭﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﻫﻨﺎ ﳏﺬﻭﻑ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ "ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﺎ" .ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺗﻨﻈﲑﹰﺍ" ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﳏـﺬﻭﻑ ﻫـﻮ ﻛﻠﻤـﺔ "ﻭﺻﻒ" ،ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ "ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎ". ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺁﺧﺮ) :ﺍﻟﻌﻘﹼﺎﺩ ﻧﺎﺛﺮﹰﺍ ﺃﻓﻀ ﹸﻞ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺷﺎﻋﺮﹰﺍ( :ﺃﻱ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻪ ﻧﺎﺛﺮﺍﹰ ،ﻭﺑﻮﺻﻔﻪ ﺷﺎﻋﺮﹰﺍ.
ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ] :ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺪﺩﺓ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ..ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﻬﺎ ﺧﻂ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ[:
ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺑﺘﻌﻴ ﹺ ُ )ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺐ ﲔ ﺍﳉﻨﺮﺍ ﹺﻝ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ،ﺃ ﹼﻛ ﺪ ﺯﻋﻴ ﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﺿ ﺔ ﺗﻔ ﻬ ﻤﻪ ﺍﻷﻣ ﺮ ،ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺳﺤ ﹺ
ﺏ ﻋﺮﻳﻀ ﹰﺔ ﺃﻭﺿﺤﻮﺍ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﺪ ﻡ ﲢ ﻤﻠﻬـﻢ ﻣـﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴ ﹶﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﳌﺎ ﻥ ﺗﺄﻳﻴ ﺪﻩ ﻟﻠﻤﺪﻳ ﹺﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖﹺ ،ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻘﺪ ﹺﱘ ﻋﺪ ﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍ ﹺ
ﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣ ﺔ(. ﺲ ﺗﻌﺪﻳ ﹰ ﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻼﺣﻘﺔ ،ﻭﺃﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﻔﻀﻠﻮﻥ ﺇﺟﺮﺍ َﺀ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴ ﹺ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭﺍ
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ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺾ ﺭﻓﻀﹰﺎ ..ﻓﻬﻮ ..ﺭﺍﻓﺾ ﺭﻓﺾ ﻳﺮﻓ ﺃﺩﺭﻙ ﻳﺪﺭ ﻙ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻛﹰﺎ ..ﻓﻬﻮ ..ﻣﺪﺭﹺﻙ
ﺾ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ( ،ﺃﻭ ﻣﻔﻌﻮ ﹰﻻ ﻼ) :ﺍﻧﺘﺼﺮ ﺭﺍﻓ • ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ،ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺎ ﻓﺎﻋ ﹰ ﺑﻪ ) :ﻫﺰ ﻣﻨﺎ ﺭﺍﻓ ﺾ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ( .ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻘﻊ ﰲ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﰊ ﺁﺧﺮ. •
ٌ ﺲ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻔﻌﻮ ﹰﻻ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ) :ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴ ﺖ ﺭﺍﻓﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴ ﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ( ،ﻭﻗﺪ ﻻ ﻳﺄﺧـﺬ) :ﺃﻧـ
ﺧﺎﺋﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ(.
• ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺧﺬ ﻣﻔﻌﻮ ﹰﻻ ﺑﻪ ﰲ ﲨﻠﺔ) :ﻛﻨ ﺖ ﻋﺎﻗﺪﹰﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺰ ﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺮ( ﳝﻜـﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺤـﻮﻝ ﻫـﻮ ﻭﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﻭﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺁﺧﺮ) :ﻛﻨ ﺖ ﻋﺎﻗ ﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺰ ﹺﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺮ(. ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ]ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ..ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﻬﺎ ﺧﻂ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ[:ﻣﺒﺪﻳﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻴﺎ َﺀ ﻆ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺒﺔ ﻧﺪﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ،ﻭﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺃﺻﺎﺩﻑ ﺷﺨﺼﺎ ﻏﺎﺿﺒﺎ ً )ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻇﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﻴ ﹶ
ﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺭﺍﻓﻀﹰﺎ ﻛ ﱠﻞ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ،ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺃﻧﺎﻗﺸﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺃﺟﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻏ ﲑ ﻣﺪﺭ ﻙ ﺃﳘﻴ ﹶﺔ ﺍﻟﻈـﺮﻑ ﱄ :ﺃﻧﺎ ﻟﺴﺖ ﻣﺘ ﹺﻬﻤﹰﺎ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺼﲑ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻨﲏ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ ،ﻭﺳﺮﻋﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﻔﻌﻞ ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺟﻬﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻼ ﻡ ﺇ ﹼ ﻼ(. ﻳﺎﺋﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺡ ،ﻭﺳﺄﺑﻘﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﹰﺎ ﻛ ﱠﻞ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﳉﻌﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﺋ ﹰ
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ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻭل ﻗﺒﹺﻞ ﻳﻘﺒﻞﹸ ﻗﹶﺒﻮ ﹰﻻ ..ﻓﻬﻮ ..ﻗﺎﺑﻞﹲ
)ﺍﺳﻢ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ(
ﹸﻗﺒﹺﻞ ﻳﻘﺒﻞﹸ ﻗﹶﺒﻮ ﹰﻻ ..ﻓﻬﻮ ..ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻝﹲ )ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ( ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ،ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺎ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ) :ﺍﳌﻘﺒﻮ ﹸﻝ ﻟﻠﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﺑﻦ ﻋﻤﻲ( ،ﺃﻭ ﺧﱪﹰﺍ: ﺏ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺎﺑﺮﺍﺕ( ،ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻘﻊ ﰲ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﰊ ﺁﺧﺮ. )ﺳﻌﻴ ﺪ ﻣﻄﻠﻮ ﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳ ﻊ(. ﺏ ﻋﻤ ﹸﻠــــــــﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴ ﹼﻠ ﺐ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ) :ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻧﺎﺋ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ
ﻧﺎﺋﺐ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ
ﺧﱪ
ﻧﻌﺖ
ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺌﺭ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ.
ﺖ ﻟ ﻪ :ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺧﻄﺄ ﰲ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ( .ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﳍﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﺘﺎﻥ ﲢﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﺧﻄﹼﺎﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺸﻐﻞ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﻢ )ﻗﻠ ﺿﻤﲑﺍﻥ :ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﰲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻪ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ" ،ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻛﻠﻤـﺔ "ﺍﳌﻌﻠـﻢ" ..ﻓﺎﳉﻤﻠـﺔ ﺃﻋـﻼﻩ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ):ﻗﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟ ﺐ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠ ﹺﻢ :ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺧﻄﺄ ﰲ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ( ،ﻭﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺎ .ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻔﻴﺪ ﻟﻨﺎ ،ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﲢﻴﺮﻧﺎ ﰲ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ ،ﺃﻥ ﻧﻀﻊ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﲰﹰﺎ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﹰﺎ .ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﲢﻴﺮﺕ ﰲ ﺇﻋـﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ ﰲ ﲨﻠﺔ) :ﻫﻲ ﻣﺼ ﺮﹲﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ( ﺿﻊ ﺑﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ "ﻫﻲ" ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﹸﺓ" ﻭﺳﺘﺠﺪ ﺃﻧﻚ ﺗﻌﺮﺎ ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻋﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻤﺔ.
ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ:
• ﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﺼﻞ )ﺃﻧﺎ(، ﺖ(، • ﻭﺍﳌﺘﺼﻞ )ﹸﻗﻠﹾــ
• ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﺘﺮ ،ﻭﳍﺬﺍ ﻓﺄﻧﺖ ﻟﻦ ﺗﺮﺍﻩ ﰲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ )ﺍ ﺳﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ( .ﻭﻫﻮ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻻ ﻳﻜﺘﺐ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻨﻄﹶﻖ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻧﻘﺪﺭﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ .ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ ﰲ ﲨﻠﺔ "ﺍﲰﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ" ﻫﻮ "ﺃﻧﺖ".
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ﻀﻤﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل )ﺍﻟﺰﻋﻴ ﻢ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭ ﹸﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ( )ﻟﻌ ﹼﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﺿ ﹶﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﲢ ﹸﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﱐ( )ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻻ ﺭ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠ ﹶﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ( ﺷﺮﺡ :ﻟﻮ ﻗﻠﻨﺎ" :ﺍﻟﺰﻋﻴ ﻢ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭ ﹸﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ" ﻟﻈ ﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻊ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﱂ ﻧﻨ ﻪ ﻛﻼﻣﻨﺎ .ﻟﺬﺍ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ) :ﺍﻟﺰﻋﻴﻢ ﻫـﻮ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ( .ﻓﻨﺤﻦ ﻧﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻭﺍﳋﱪ ﺑﻀﻤﲑ ﻻ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﰲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ .ﻭﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ ﻧﺪﺳﻪ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺇﻥ ﻭﺧﱪﻫﺎ ،ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﺧﱪﻫﺎ. • ﺿﻤﲑ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﳛﺬﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﳜﺘ ﹼﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ. • ﺇﺫﺍ ﻃﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺿﻤﲑ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺑﹰﺎ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻨﺴﻰ ﺍﳌﺬﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﰊ: ﺐ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ( )ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺸــﺎ ﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻨﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻗﻔﹰﺎ ﲜﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻳ ﹺﺮ ﻫــــﻮ ﺻﺎﺣـــ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻓﺼﻞ
ﻛﺎﻥ +ﺍﲰﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻮﻉ
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ﺧﱪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ
ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ:
}ﻫ ﹾﻞ .ﹶﺃ .ﻣﺎ .ﻣﺎﺫﺍ .ﳌﺎﺫﺍ .ﻣﻦ .ﺃﻳ ﻦ .ﻛﻴﻒ .ﻣﱴ .ﺃﻧﻰ{ ﻻ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ
ﻱ .ﻛﻢ{ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ }ﺃ
• ﲨﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮﻫﺎ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ. • ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﲨﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻧﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﻭﲤﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ: ﻒ ﺣﺎﹸﻟﻚ؟( :ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺏ "ﻛﻴﻒ" ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ،ﻭ"ﺣﺎ ﹸﻝ" ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ،ﻭ"ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ" ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ .ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﺧـﱪ )ﻛﻴ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ "ﺣﺎﻝ" ﻓﻬﻮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﺴﺄﻟﻪ ،ﻭﻗﺪ ﳚﻴﺐ ﻗﺎﺋ ﹰ ﻼ .ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﻫـﻮ ﻼ" :ﺟﻴ ﺪ" ﻣﺜ ﹰ ﺍﳋﱪ .ﻟﺬﺍ ﻧﻌﺮﺏ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ ،ﰒ ﻻ ﻧﻌﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﱪ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ.
ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ
• ﻫ ﹾﻞ :ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻏﲑ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻴﹰﺎ )ﻫ ﹾﻞ ﺗﻮﺻﻠﺘﻢ ﺇﱃ ﺣﻞﹼ؟( ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻜﺴﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻼﻫﺎ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺃﻟﻒ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻬﻤﻮﺯﺓ ﺏ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪﻭﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ؟( )ﻫ ﹺﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺮ • ﺍﳍﻤﺰﺓ :ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻏﲑ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﺔ )ﺃﺗﺮﻳ ﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮ ﹶﻝ ﺇ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳊ ﺮﻳ ﹶﺔ ﺗﺮﻑ؟( • ﻣﺎ :ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻏﲑ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺐ ﰲ ﺭﺃﻳﻚ؟( ﺟﺎﺀ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ" :ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ" ،ﻭﺧﱪﻩ ﰲ ﲨﻠﺔ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ. )ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺒ )ﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﻮ ﹸﻝ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻬﺰﻟﺔ؟( ﺟﺎﺀ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻓﻌﻞ. ﺠﺔﹸ؟( ﺃﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ "ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ". )ﻋﻼ ﻡ ﺍﻟﻀ • ﻣﺎﺫﺍ :ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻏﲑ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﺔ )ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﺗﺮﻳ ﺪ ﻣﻨﻲ؟( • ﳌﺎﺫﺍ :ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻏﲑ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﺔ ،ﻻ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ )ﳌﺎﺫﺍ ﻣﻨﻌﺘﻢ ﺍﳌﺼﻠﹼﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺴﺠﺪ؟( 58
• ﻣ ﻦ :ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻏﲑ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺷﺮﻁ ،ﻭﺍﲰﹰﺎ ﻣﻮﺻﻮ ﹰﻻ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻧﺪ ﺭﺳـﻬﺎ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻛﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ .ﻭﻧﺘﺬﻛﹼﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻣﻴﺔ :ﺇﺎ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻬﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ. ) ﻣ ﹺﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭ ﹸﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳍﺰﳝﺔ؟( ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﺧﱪﻩ ﰲ ﲨﻠﺔ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ • ﺃﻳ ﻦ :ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻏﲑ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﺔ ،ﻻ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ )ﺃﻳ ﻦ ﺃﺟ ﺪ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮ ﺻﻐﲑﺍﹰ؟( )ﺃﻳ ﻦ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﺒﺔﹸ؟( ﺍﳊﻘﻴﺒ ﹸﺔ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﺧﱪﻩ ﰲ ﲨﻠﺔ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ ﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻠﺔﹶ؟( )ﺇﱃ ﺃﻳ ﻦ ﺗﺬﻫ ﻒ :ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻏﲑ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﺔ • ﻛﻴ ﻒ ﺗﺮﻳﺪﱐ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺻﺪﻕ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ؟( )ﻛﻴ
ﻣﱴ :ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻏﲑ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﺔ
)ﻣﱴ ﺳﻔ ﺮﻛﹸﻢ؟( )ﻣﱴ ﻧﺴﺎﻓﺮ؟( ﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻝﱡ؟( )ﺇﱃ ﻣﱴ ﺍﻟﻌﺬﺍ ﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻐﺎﺋ ﹺﺮ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ؟( ﺇﻻﻡ = ﺇﱃ ﻣﱴ )ﺇﻻ ﻡ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼ ﻑ ﺑﻴﻨﻨﺎ؟( ﺣﺘﺎﻡ = ﺣﱴ ﻣﱴ )ﺣﺘﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼ • ﺃﻧﻰ :ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻏﲑ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻚ ﻫﺬﺍ؟( )ﺃﻧﻰ ﻟ )ﺃﻧﻰ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻌﲔ ﲢﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ؟(
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ﺃﺩﺍﺘﺎ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﺘﺎﻥ
ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ:
ﻱ :ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﲝﺴﺐ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﲡ ﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺄﰐ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺃ ﻱ ﺍﳉﻨﻮ ﺩ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪ؟( ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ) .ﺃ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ:
ﻱ ﻟﻮ ﻥ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ؟( • )ﺃ
ﻱ :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﺃ
ﻟﻮ ﻥ :ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺘﻨﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ
ﺗﺮﻳ ﺪ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻤﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ "ﺃﻧﺖ"
ﻱ ﺇﻧﺴﺎ ﻥ ﻳﻘﺒ ﹸﻞ ﲟﺜ ﹺﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ؟( • )ﺃ
ﻱ :ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻤﺔ )ﻭﺧﱪﻩ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍ ﰲ ﲨﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﺑﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ( ﺃ
ﺇﻧﺴﺎ ﻥ :ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺘﻨﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ
ﻳﻘﺒ ﹸﻞ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻤﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ "ﻫﻮ"
ﲟﺜ ﹺﻞ :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ
ﻫﺬﺍ :ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ
ﻱ " ﺑﻌﻴﺪﹰﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ: "-ﺃ
ﻱ " ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺎ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ،ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻱ " ﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ "ﺃ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ " ﺃ ﳎﺮﻭﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ .ﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺑﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﻌﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻷﺎ ﲨﻞ ﻏﲑ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻣﻴﺔ.
ﻱ :ﺍﺳﻢ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﺽ ﻟﻠﻔﺼﻞ ) ((.ﺃ ﻒ ﻣﻌ ﺮ ﻱ ﻣﻮ ﹼﻇ )ﻋﻠﻤﻨﺎ ﺃ ﹼﻥ ﺃ
ﻱ :ﺍﺳﻢ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﲝﺮﻑ ﺍﳉﺮ ﺻﻔﹼﺎﺭ ﹸﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﺬﺍﺭ ) ((.ﺃ ﻱ ﳊﻈ ﺔ ﺗﻨﻄﻠ ﻖ )ﰲ ﺃ
ﻱ :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻱ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺓ ﳑﻜﻨ ﺔ ) ((.ﺃ )ﻃﻠﺒﻨﺎ ﺃ
ﻱ :ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻤﺔ ﺺ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴ ﻊ ﻓﺘﺤﻬﺎ ) ((.ﺃ ﻱﻟ )ﺃ
ﻱ ﻱ ﺃﻡ ﺃﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﻧﺚ؟ :ﺍﺧﺘﺮ ﺃﻳﻬﻤﺎ –ﺃﻳﺘﻬﻤﺎ -ﺷﺌﺖ .ﻓﻘﻞ )ﻣﻦ ﺃﻳ ﺔ ﺷﺮﻛ ﺔ ﻧﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﺡ؟( ﺃﻭ ﻗﻞ )ﻣﻦ ﺃ ﺃ
ﺷﺮﻛ ﺔ ﻧﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﺡ؟( ﻛﻠﺘﺎﳘﺎ ﺻﻮﺍﺏ.
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ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ : ﺾ ؟( ﻭﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﹰﺎ ﳛﺬﻑ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴـﺰ ﻛ ﻢ :ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ .ﻳﺄﰐ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﲤﻴﻴﺰ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ )ﻛ ﻢ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﺗﻘﺒ )ﻛ ﻢ ﺗﻘﺒﺾ؟(. ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ: )ﻛﻢ ﻭﺯﻳﺮﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣ ﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ؟(
ﻛ ﻢ :ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ
ﻭﺯﻳﺮﹰﺍ :ﲤﻴﻴﺰ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ
ﰲ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣ ﺔ :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ
ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﺓ :ﻧﻌﺖ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ
"ﻛﻢ " ﺑﻌﻴﺪﹰﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ :ﻛﻢ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺗﻜﺜﲑ .ﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺑﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻭﻟـﻴﺲ ﺑﻌﻼﻣـﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻷﺎ ﲨﻞ ﻏﲑ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻣﻴﺔ.
ﲔ ﻫﺒﺎ ًﺀ ) ((.ﻛﻢ :ﺣﺮﻑ ﺗﻜﺜﲑ ﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻨ )ﻛ ﻢ ﺃﺿ ﻌ ﺐ ﺍﻣﺮﺃﺓ ) ((.ﻛﻢ :ﺣﺮﻑ ﺗﻜﺜﲑ )ﻛ ﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺯﻳ ﹴﺮ ﻃﺎ ﺭ ﺑﺴﺒ ﹺ )ﻛ ﻢ ﻗﻠﹾﻨﺎ ﻟﻚ :ﻻ ﺗﺴﺎﻓﺮ ) ((.ﻛﻢ :ﺣﺮﻑ ﺗﻜﺜﲑ
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ﺍﻟﻨﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺪﺍﺀ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ:
ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ
ﺍﻷﻭل = ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺩﻯ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ.
ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ
ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ = ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺩﻯ ﻛﻠﻤﺘﺎﻥ ،ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﺩﻯ "ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ" ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ.
ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ :ﺃﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻮﻥ ،ﺃﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﻳ ﹸﺔ. ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ :ﻳﺎ ﺭﺟ ﹸﻞ ،ﻳﺎ ﺗﻼﻣﻴ ﹸﺬ. ﷲ. ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ :ﻳﺎ ﻓﺎﻃﻤ ﹸﺔ ،ﻳﺎ ﺧﺎﻟ ﺪ ،ﻳﺎ ﺃ ُ
ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ :ﻳﺎ ﻋﺎ ﹶﱂ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺍﺭﹺ ،ﻳﺎ ﻋﺒ ﺪ ﺍﷲِ ،ﻳﺎ ﺗﻼﻣﻴ ﹶﺬﻧــﺎ ،ﻳﺎ ﺫﺍ ﺍﳉﻼﻝﹺ ،ﻳﺎ ﺃﺑﺎ ﺳﻌﻴ ﺪ. ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ :ﻳﺎ ﻣﺎﻟﻜﹰﺎ ﻗﻠﱯ ،ﻳﺎ ﺗﺎﺭﻛﹰﺎ ﺻﻼﺗﻚ.
ﷲ(. • ﺃﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺪﺍﺀ :ﻳﺎ )ﻳﺎ ﺭﺟ ﹸﻞ( ،ﺃﻳﻬﺎ )ﺃﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻃﻨﻮﻥ( ،ﺍﳍﻤﺰﺓ )ﺃﻋﺒ ﺪ ﺍ ِ ﻼ ﺑﻜﻢ() ،ﺭﺑﻨﺎ ﺗﻘﺒﻞ ﻣﻨﺎ(، • ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﹰﺎ ﳓﺬﻑ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺪﺍﺀ) :ﺧﺎﻟ ﺪ ..ﺧﺎﻟ ﺪ) ،(..ﺃﺻﺪﻗﺎ َﺀ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ..ﺃﻫ ﹰ )ﺃﺑﺎ ﺍﳍﻮﻝ ﻃﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ( .ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ :ﺧﺎﻟ ﺪ :ﻣﻨﺎﺩﻯ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻟـﻀﻤﺔ ،ﻭﺣـﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺪﺍﺀ ﳏﺬﻭﻑ .ﺃﺻﺪﻗﺎ َﺀ :ﻣﻨﺎﺩﻯ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻭﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺪﺍﺀ ﳏﺬﻭﻑ ،ﺍﱁ. ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ :ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺩﻯ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ،ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻛﻠﻤﺘﲔ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ.
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ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺠﺏ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺠﺐ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ،ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﻔﻌﻮ ﹰﻻ ﺑﻪ: ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ: )ﻣﺎ ﺃﺳﻬ ﹶﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮ ﹶﻝ(
ﻣﺎ ﺃﺳﻬ ﹶﻞ :ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺗﻌﺠﺐ ،ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﻮ ﹶﻝ :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ
ﺱ( )ﺃﻛ ﹺﺮ ﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺎﺭ ﹺ
ﺃﻛ ﹺﺮ ﻡ :ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺗﻌﺠﺐ ،ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﺱ :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺎﺭ ﹺ
ﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻐﺎﻣ ﹴﺮ( )ﻳﺎ ﹶﻟ
ﻳﺎ ﻟﻚ :ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺗﻌﺠﺐ ،ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ
ﻣﻦ ﻣﻐﺎﻣ ﹴﺮ :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ
ﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺎ ﹸﻥ( )ﻛﻢ ﻫﻮ ﺻﻌ
ﻛﻢ ﻫﻮ :ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺗﻌﺠﺐ
ﺐ ﺧﱪﹰﺍ ﻷﺎ ﻧﻜﺮﺓ( ﺻﻌﺐ :ﺧﱪ ﻣﻘﺪﻡ ،ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺘﻨﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ )ﺟﻌﻠﻨﺎ ﺻﻌ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺎ ﹸﻥ :ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻣﺆﺧﺮ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻤﺔ
)ﻣﺎ ﺃﺷ ﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﺘﺎ ﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﻇﹼﻔﲔ(
ﻣﺎ ﺃﺷ ﺪ :ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺗﻌﺠﺐ ،ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﺘﺎ ﺭ :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ
ﺍﳌﻮﻇﹼﻔﲔ :ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﺎﺀ )ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎ ﹶﻥ ﺃﲨ ﹶﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍ ﺭ(
ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﲨ ﹶﻞ :ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺗﻌﺠﺐ ،ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍ ﺭ :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ
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ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ .ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ .ﻓﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ "ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ"؟ ﻫﺎ ﻙ ﻣﺜﺎ ﹰﻻ: • )ﻫﺎ ﻙ ﻣﺜﺎ ﹰﻻ(
ﻫﺎﻙ :ﺍﺳﻢ ،ﻭﻟﻜ ﻦ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻌﲎ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ .ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ " ﺧ ﹾﺬ" .ﺇﻧﻪ "ﺍﺳﻢ ﻓﻌﻞ". ﻣﺜﺎ ﹰﻻ :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ] .ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ :ﺧ ﹾﺬ ﻣﺜﺎ ﹰﻻ[
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺁﺧﺮ: • )ﺇﻟﻴﻜﻢ ﻧﺸﺮ ﹶﺓ ﺍﻷﺧﺒﺎﺭ(
ﺇﻟﻴﻜﻢ :ﺍﺳﻢ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺃﻣﺮ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ "ﺧﺬﻭﺍ" ،ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ "ﺇﻟﻴﻜﻢ" ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﻧﺸﺮ ﹶﺓ :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ.
ﺍﻷﺧﺒﺎ ﹺﺭ :ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ]ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ :ﺧﺬﻭﺍ ﻧﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﺧﺒﺎﺭ[ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ :ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺳﻢ ﳛﻤﻞ ﰲ ﻃﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﻣﻌﲎ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ،ﻭﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﹰﺎ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﻔﻌﻮ ﹰﻻ ﺑﻪ .ﻭﻛﻞ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻟﻪ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ.
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ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ: ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ
ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﰲ ﲨﻠﺔ
ﺕ ﻫﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺎ ﹶﻝ ﹸﺃﻑ ﻫﻴﺎ ﻫﹸﻠﻢ ﻫﹸﻠﻢ ﺟﺮﺍ ﺕ ﻫﺎ ﺁ ﻩ ﺁ ﻩ ﺥ ﺁ ﹸﻛ ﺦ ﲔ ﺁﻣ ﺑ ﹾﻠ ﻪ ﺣ ﻲ
ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ﺗﻘ ﺪ ﻡ ﹶﺃﺗﻀﺠﺮ ﻉ ﺃ ﺳ ﹺﺮ ﻉ ﺃ ﺳ ﹺﺮ ﻧﺴﺘﻤ ﺮ ﻀ ﺮ ﺃﺣ ﺃﲤﻨﻰ ﺃﲢﺴﺮ ﺃﺗﻮﺟﻊ ﺍﺗﺮ ﻙ ﺐ ﺠ ﺍﺳﺘ ﹺ ﻉ ﺩ ﺃﻗﹺﺒ ﹾﻞ
ﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻨﺠﺢ ﰲ ﺇﻗﻨﺎﻋﻬﻢ( )ﻫﻴﻬﺎ )ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻮﺍ ﻣﻌﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﻨﻐﻢ( )ﹸﺃﻑ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﳊ ﺮ( )ﻫﻴﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻤﺎ( )ﻫﹸﻠﻤﻮﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺴﲑﻙ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ( )ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺓ ﲣﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺴﻞ ﳜﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ..ﻭﻫﹸﻠﻢ ﺟﺮﺍ( ﺕ ﱄ ﻋﻴﻨﹰﺎ ﺃﺭﻯ ﺎ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ ﻋﺪ ﹰﻻ( )ﻫﺎ )ﺁ ﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻨﺠﺎ ﻥ ﻗﻬﻮ ﺓ( )ﺁ ﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻠﺴﺎﺗﻨﺎ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻳﺸﺔ( ﺥ !( )ﺁ )ﺑﺪﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﻮﻝ ﻟﻪ :ﹸﻛﺦ ،ﺿﻊ ﻋﻠﺒﺔ ﺳﺠﺎﺋﺮﻙ ﰲ ﺟﻴﺒﻚ( ﲔ( )ﺍﻟﻠﻬ ﻢ ﻳﺴﺮ ﺭﺯﻗﹶﻨﺎ ﻭﺍﺟﻌﻠﻨﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﻐﲏ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻓﻬﲔ ..ﺁﻣ )ﺯﻋﻤﻮﺍ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻘﺼﻔﻬﻢ ،ﻭﳓﻦ ﻻ ﳕﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﺑ ﹾﻠ ﻪ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﻓ ﻊ( )ﺣ ﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺩ(
ﻚ ﻧﺎﻫﻴ ﺣﺬﺍ ﹺﺭ
ﺍﺗﺮ ﻙ ﺍﺣ ﹶﺬ ﺭ
ﻚ ﻣﺼﻨﻌﹰﺎ ﻟﻸﻟﺒﺎﻥ ﻧﺎﻫﻴﻚ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﺤﺔ( )ﳓﻦ ﻻ ﳕﻠ )ﺣﺬﺍ ﹺﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺎﺕ(
ﺭﻭﻳ ﺪ ﻙ ﺭﻭﻳﺪﹰﺍ ﺭﻭﻳﺪﹰﺍ ﻚ ﻋﻠﻴ ﺷﺘﺎ ﹶﻥ ﺳﺮﻋﺎ ﹶﻥ ﺇﻟﻴ ﹸﻜ ﻢ ﻫﺎ ﻙ
ﲤ ﻬ ﹾﻞ ﲤ ﻬ ﹾﻞ ﺇﻟ ﺰ ﻡ ﻕ ﺍﻓﺘ ﺮ ﺙ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﹰﺎ ﺣ ﺪ ﹶ ﺧﺬﻭﺍ ﺧ ﹾﺬ
)ﺭﻭﻳﺪﻙ ،ﻛﻴﻒ ﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺷﺮﺍﺀ ﺳﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺃﻧﺖ ﻣﺪﻳﻦ ﱄ( ﺤ ﺪﺭ ﺯﻟ ﻖ( )ﺭﻭﻳﺪﹰﺍ ..ﺭﻭﻳﺪﹰﺍ ..ﻓﺎﳌﻨ ﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻠ ﹺﻢ ..ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﻙ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻦ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﺠﺮ( )ﻋﻠﻴ )ﺷﺘﺎﻥ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳉﺮﻳﺪﺗﲔ( ﻒ( ) ﺳﺮﻋﺎ ﹶﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻧﻔﺠ ﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﻗ )ﺇﻟﻴﻜ ﻢ ﻧﺸﺮ ﹶﺓ ﺍﻷﺧﺒﺎ ﹺﺭ( )ﻫﺎ ﻙ ﻣﺜﺎ ﹰﻻ(
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-1ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺬﻳﺮ
ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ
ﲔ( )ﺇﻳﺎ ﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧ
ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ :ﺇﻳﺎ ﻙ :ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺬﻳﺮ
ﲔ :ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺬﻳﺮ ﲔ :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻋﻄﻒ ،ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ :ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﺮﻳ ﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺬﻳﺮ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ.
-2ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺪﺑﺔ
)ﻭﺍﻗﹸﺪﺳﺎ ﻩ( ﺍﳌﻌﲎ :ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻊ ،ﻭﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺮﺓ ﻟـ ﻟﻘﺪﺱ. ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ :ﻭﺍﻗﹸﺪﺳﺎ ﻩ :ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺪﺑﺔ )ﻭﺍﻣﻌﺘﺼﻤﺎ ﻩ( ﺍﳌﻌﲎ :ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻊ ،ﻭﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺼﻢ. ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ :ﻭﺍﻣﻌﺘﺼﻤﺎ ﻩ :ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺪﺑﺔ
-3ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟ ﹶﻘﺴﻢ:
ﷲ ﻷﻣﺘﻨ ﻌ ﻦ ﻋﻦ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺍﻣ ﺔ( )ﻭﺍ ِ ﷲ :ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ ،ﻟﻔﻆ ﺍﳉﻼﻟﺔ :ﺍﺳﻢ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ﻭﺍ ِ ﻷﻣﺘﻨ ﻌ ﻦ :ﺍﻟﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ .ﺃﻣﺘﻨ ﻌ ﻦ :ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﻘﺴﻢ. ﻋﻦ ﺩﻓ ﹺﻊ :ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺍﻣ ِﺔ :ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ
- 4ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻛﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻮﻥ:
)ﻻ ﺗﺬﻫﺒ ﻦ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ( :ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺪﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﻛﻴﺪ
-5ﺿﻤﲑ ﺍﻟﺸﺄﻥ
ﺖ ﻛﺎﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ( ﻕ ﺗﻨﺒ )ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﺧﻼ ﺕ ﻣﺼ ﲑ ﻛ ﱢﻞ ﺣ ﻲ( )ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﻮ ﺿﻤﲑ ﺍﻟﺸﺄﻥ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻋﻠ ﻮ ﺷﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺄﰐ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ .ﻭﻻ ﻳـﺆﺛﺮ ﺿﻤﲑ ﺍﻟﺸﺄﻥ ﰲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ،ﻭﻻ ﳜﺘ ﹼﻞ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﲝﺬﻓﻪ. 66
ﺍﻟﻨﻜﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻧﻜﺮﺓ ) ﺣﺠﺮ( ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ .ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ :ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ )ﺍﳊﺠ ﺮ( ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ .ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ :ﺍﺳﻢ ﻋﹶﻠﻢ ..ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﻛ ﹼﻞ ﺍﻷﻋﻼﻡ. )ﳏﻤﻮ ﺩ( ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ .ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ :ﺿﻤﲑ .ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﻛ ﹼﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ. )ﻫـﻮ( ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ .ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ :ﺍﺳﻢ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ .ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﻛﻞ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ. )ﻫـﺬﺍ( ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ .ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ :ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻝ .ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻟﺔ. )ﺍﻟـﱵ( ﺡ( ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ .ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ :ﺟﺎﺀ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﻑ. )ﺑﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﹼﺎ ﹺ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﻑ. ﻣﺜﺎﻻﻥ:
• )ﺻﺪﻳﻘﻲ ﳑﺜﹼﻞ( ﺻﺪﻳﻘﻲ :ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ .ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ :ﺟﺎﺀ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺿﻤﲑ .ﻭﺍﳌﻀﺎﻑ ﻳﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ. • )ﻣﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻨﺎﻩ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ( ﻣﺎ :ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ .ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ :ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﲟﻌﲎ "ﺍﻟﺬﻱ". ﻻ ﻧﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻜﺮﺓ .ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻻ ﳜﻠﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ.
ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﺮﺓ :ﹶﻓ ﻌﻠﹶﺔ) :ﻋﻘ ﺪ ﺍﻟﱪﳌﺎﻥ ﺟﻠﹾﺴﺔ ﺻﺒﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ(. ﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﹺﺟﻞ ! ﺇﺎ ﹺﺟ ﹾﻠﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺛﻖ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ(. ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ :ﻓ ﻌﻠﹶﺔ) :ﻟﻘﺪ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺭﹺﺟ ﹰ ﺿ ﺮﺑﺔ( ﻳﺼﻒ ﺍﳊﺪﺙ ﻭﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻭﻗﻊ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ. ﺷﺮﺡ :ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﺮﺓ ) ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ) ﹺﻭﻗﹾﻔﺔ( ﻳﺪ ﹼﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﳊﺪﺙ.
ﻣﺜﺎﻻﻥ: ﺖ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨ ﹶﺔ ﻫ ﺰﹲﺓ ﺃﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ( )ﺿﺮﺑ ﺸﻴﺘﻪ( )ﻋﺮ ﹾﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣ
ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ
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ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻳﻬﺠﺮ ..ﻣﻬﺠﺮ
ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ..ﻣﻌﻤﻞ
ﻳﻌﺮﹺﺽ ..ﻣﻌﺮﹺﺽ • ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﺪ ﹼﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﳊﺪﺙ. • ﻧﺼﻮﻍ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ.
• ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻛﺴﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ) :ﳚﻠﺲ( ،ﺍﻧﺘﻘﻠﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ﰲ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ) :ﳎﻠﺲ(. • ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺿﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ) :ﻳﻬﺠـﺮ ،ﻳﺴﺒـﺢ( ،ﻭﺿﻌﻨﺎ ﻓﺘﺤـﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ﰲ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ) :ﻣﻬﺠﺮ ،ﻣﺴﺒﺢ(. ﺼﻴﻒ ،ﻣﻨﺘﺪﻯ ،ﳐﺘﺒﺮ ،ﻣﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ. ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ :ﻣﻄﺎﺭ ،ﻣ
ﻫﻞ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﻣﺸﻔﻰ ﺃﻡ ﻣﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ؟ :ﺍﳌﺸﻔﻰ ﻣﺼﻮﻏﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ )ﻳﺸﻔﻰ( ﻭﻣﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﻳﻌﺎﰱ ،ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﻣـﺼﻮﻏﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ )ﻳﺴﺘﺸﻔﻲ( ﻭﻣﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ :ﻳﻠﺘﻤﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﺀ .ﻛﻼﳘﺎ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ. )ﻳﺴﺠﺪ ..ﻣﺴﺠﹺﺪ( :ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺗﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺑﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ "ﻣـﺴﺠﺪ" ،ﻟﻜـ ﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ )ﻣﺴﺠﹺﺪ( ﺷﺬﹼﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ.
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ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ • • • • • •
ﻣ ﻨﺸﻔﺔ ) ﻣ ﹾﻔ ﻌﻠﹶﺔ(
ﻣﻨﺸﺎﺭ ) ﻣﻔﹾﻌﺎﻝ( ِﻣﺸﺮﻁ ) ِﻣ ﹾﻔﻌﻞ( ﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺼﺎﻍ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ. ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺁﻻﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﺗﺼﺎﻍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳓﻮ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ :ﺳﻜﹼﲔ ،ﻓﺄﺱ ،ﺇﺳﻄﺮﻻﺏ ،ﺭﳝﻮﺕ ﻛﻮﻧﺘﺮﻭﻝ. ﺗﻔﻴﺪﻧﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺃﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ )ﻣﻔﻌﻞ ،ﻣﻔﻌﺎﻝ ،ﻣﻔﻌﻠﺔ( ﰲ ﺗﻘﻮﱘ ﺃﻟﺴﻨﺘﻨﺎ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﲔ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﺳـﻢ ﻼ )ﻣﺮﺻﺪ :ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ،ﻣﺮﺻﺪ :ﺁﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺻﺪ(. ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﺜ ﹰ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺮﺍﺭ) :ﻣﻘﻼﺓ ،ﻣﻄﻮﺍﺓ( ﻭﺯﺎ )ﻣﻔﻌﻠﺔ(. ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺮﺍﺭ) :ﻣﻘﻠﻰ ،ﻣﻄﻮﻯ( ﻭﺯﺎ )ﻣﻔﻌﻞ(. ﻚ ﺍﳌﻌـﺪﻥ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ )ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺎﺡ( ﺑﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﳌﻴﻢ ،ﻭﳕﺴﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺑـ )ﺍﳌﻤﺴﺤﺔ( ﺑﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﳌﻴﻢ ،ﻭﳓ ﺑـ )ﺍﳌﺤ ﻚ( ﺑﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﳌﻴﻢ.
ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ
ﺗﻮﻧﺲ -ﺗﻮﻧﺴ ﻲ ﺻﺤﻔ ﻲ ﺻﺤﻴﻔﺔ - ﻓﺎﻃﻤﺔ -ﻓﺎﻃﻤ ﻲ ﻱ ﻋﻠ ﻲ -ﻋﻠﹶﻮ ﻱ ﲰﺎﺀ -ﲰﺎﻭ ﻱ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺔ -ﺗﺮﺑﻮ ﻱ ﺩﻡ -ﺩﻣﻮ ﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺷﻔﻬ ﻲ ﺷﻔﺔ -ﺷﻔﻮ ﱐ ﻧﻔﺲ -ﻧﻔﺴ ﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻔﺴﺎ ﹼ ﰲ ﻳﺎﻓﺎ -ﻳﺎ ﹼ ﻱ ﳓﹾﻮ -ﳓﹾﻮ ﱄ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ -ﺩ ﻭ ﹼ
]ﺑﺈﺳﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ[ ]ﺑﺈﺳﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺮﺑﻮﻃﺔ[ ]ﻗﻠﺒﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻭﹰﺍ[ ]ﻗﻠﺒﻨﺎ ﺍﳍﻤﺰﺓ ﻭﺍﻭﹰﺍ[ ]ﻗﻠﺒﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻭﺍﹰ ،ﻭﺃﺳﻘﻄﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺮﺑﻮﻃﺔ[ ]ﺃﺿﻔﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ[ ]ﺃﺿﻔﻨﺎ ﻭﺍﻭﺍﹰ ،ﺃﻭ ﻫﺎﺀ[ ]ﺃﺿﻔﻨﺎ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ[ ]ﺃﺳﻘﻄﻨﺎ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ[ ]ﺣﺎﻓﻈﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﳊﺎﺀ[
ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ: ﺩﻭﻝ -ﺩ ﻭﱄﹼ ]ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ[
ﱄ( .ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺘﺎﻥ ﺟﺎﺋﺰﺗﺎﻥ. ﺷﺮﺡ :ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﻨﺎ ﻧﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺆﲤﺮ ﲢﻀﺮﻩ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻓﻨﺤﻦ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ) ﺩ ﻭﱄﹼ( ،ﻟﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ) ﺩ ﻭ ﹼ
ﲏ ﻣﻬﻦ -ﻣ ﻬ
]ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ[
ﰊ ]ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ[ ﺃﹶﻋﺮﺍﺏ – ﺃﹶﻋﺮﺍ 69
ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻤﺯﺓ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳍﻤﺰﺓ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﲡﻌﻞ ﺩﺭﺳﻬﺎ ﻣﻀﻴﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﻗﺖ .ﻭﺃﻇ ﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺜﻠﻰ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺬﻛﹼﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﺀ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭﺓ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﺘﺒﻬﺎ ﰒ ﻳﻘﻴﺲ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ .ﻟﺬﺍ ﺳﺄﻗﺪﻡ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﲑ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺷﺘﻰ ﺣﱴ ﺗﻘﻴﺲ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ .ﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻨﺪﻱ ﺃﻭ ﹰﻻ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ: ﻒ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ :ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ )ﲰﺎﺀً ،ﺟﺰﺀﹰﺍ( :ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺟﺪ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ )ﲰﺎﺀ( ﻓﻼ ﻧﻀﻊ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺃﻟـ ﺁﺧ ﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳍﻤﺰﺓ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺐ ،ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﰲ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺃﻟﻒ )ﺟﺰﺀ( ﻧﻀﻊ ﰲ ﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﺣـﺮﻑ ﺃﻟﻒ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺐ. ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ :ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﺗﺼﻞ ﺎ ﺿﻤﲑ )ﺍﻗﺮﺃﻭﺍ( :ﻧﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺑﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ )ﺍﻗﺮﹾﺃ( ﰒ ﻧﻀﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ) .ﻫﻮ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺀ -ﻫﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺀﻭﺍ() ،ﻫﻮ ﺑﺪﹶﺃ -ﻫﻢ ﺑﺪﺃﻭﺍ(. ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ :ﺍﳍﻤﺰﺓ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ،ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺴﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﱪﺓ) .ﻳﺘﻼ َﺀﻡ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳉﻮ() ،ﻳﻼﺋـﻢ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳉﻮ(. ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ :ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ :ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﻴﺲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﺑﲔ :ﺃ( ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳍﻤﺰﺓ ،ﺏ( ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳍﻤﺰﺓ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ. ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﻮﺯﺓ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ: ﺍﳍﻤﺰﺓ ﻣﻀﻤﻮﻣﺔ
ﺍﳍﻤﺰﺓ ﻣﻜﺴﻮﺭﺓ
ﺍﳍﻤﺰﺓ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ
ﺍﳍﻤﺰﺓ ﺳﺎﻛﻨﺔ
ﺷﺆﻭﻥ ،ﺭﺅﻭﺱ
ﺳﺆﺍﻝ ،ﻧﺒﻮ َﺀ ﺓ،
ﺳﺌﻞ ،ﻣﻼﺋﻢ
ﻟﹸﺆﻟﹸﺆﺍﹰ ،ﻣﺆﺗﺔ،
ﺭﺅﻭﻑ ،ﻗﺮﺃﻭﺍ
ﺳﺄﹶﻝ ،ﻗ ﺮﺃﹶ،
ﻳﺌﺲ ،ﺍﻗﺮﺃﻱ
ﹶﻓﺄﹾﺱ ،ﺍﻗ ﺮﺃﹾ،
ﺍﻗﺮﺃﻭﺍ ،ﺗﻔﺎﺅﻝ
ﺗﻔﺎﺀﻝ ،ﺑﺮﺍ َﺀ ﺓ ،ﺑﻨﺎﺀﺍﻥ ،ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ
ﺃﻭﻟﺌﻚ ،ﺃﺑ ﻄﺌﻲ
ﺃﺑﻄﻲﺀْ ،ﺑﹺﺌﺮ ،ﺑﺮﻱ ْﺀ
ﺴﺆﻭﻝ ﻣ
ﻋﺒﺎﺀَﺍﺕ ،ﹺﺭﺋﹶﺔ ،ﺩﻓﻴﺌﹶﺔ ،ﺑﺮﻳﹶﺌﹰﺎ
ﻣﻨﺸـﺌﲔ
ﻒ ْﺀ ﺟ ﺰﺀْ ،ﹸﻛ
ﻣ ﺮﺃﹶﻯ ،ﺗﻴﺄﹶﺱ ،ﺟ ﺰﺀَﺍﻥ ،ﹸﻛﻔﹾﺌﹰﺎ ﺟﺰﺀﹰﺍ
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ﻫﻤﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺼل ﻭﻫﻤﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﻊ ﻧﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳍﻤﺰﺓ ﳘﺰﺓ ﻗﻄﻊ )ﺃ( ﺃﻡ ﳘﺰﺓ ﻭﺻﻞ )ﺍ( ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ )ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ( .ﻧﻀﻊ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ ﻗﺒـﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﻮﺯﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ،ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺃﺩﻯ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺍﳍﻤﺰﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻖ ﺃﺳﻘﻄﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ. ﺍﻧﻄ ﹶﻠ ﻖ ﻭ ﹶﺃﺧﺬ ﹶﺃﺧﺎﻩ ﺍﻧﻄ ﹶﻠ ﻖ :ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﻻ ﻧﻀﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﳘﺰﺓ .ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳍﻤﺰﺓ ﺗﺴﻘﻂ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻖ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺿﻌﻨﺎ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ )ﻓﺎﻧﻄﻠﻖ( .ﻓﻔﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ )ﻓـﺎﻧﻄﻠﻖ( ﻻ ﻧﻠﻔﻆ ﺍﳍﻤﺰﺓ.
ﺃﺧﺬ :ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﳘﺰﺓ .ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳍﻤﺰﺓ ﻻ ﺗﺴﻘﻂ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻖ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ )ﹶﻓﺄﹶﺧﺬ(.
ﺃﺧﺎﻩ :ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﳘﺰﺓ .ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳍﻤﺰﺓ ﻻ ﺗﺴﻘﻂ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻖ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ )ﻓﺄﺧﺎﻩ(.
ﳘﺰﺗﺎ ﻭﺻﻞ )ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ( :ﻻ ﻧﻜﺘﺒﻬﻤﺎ ﺃﺑﺪﺍﹰ ،ﻭﻧﻨﻄﻖ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻓﻘﻂ :ﻧﻨﻄﻖ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﰲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳـﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻠـﺔ ﻫﻜـﺬﺍ ﺴﺘﻤﺮﺍ ﺭ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻄﹼﺔ". ﺏ ﻟ ﺏ" ،ﻭﰲ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻧﻨﻄﻘﻬﺎ "ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮ ﺴﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻄﻠﻮ "ﺃﻟ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ :ﺍﺳﻢ ،ﺍﺑﻦ ،ﺍﺑﻨﺔ ،ﺍﻣﺮﺃﺓ ،ﺍﻣﺮﺅ ،ﺍﺛﻨﺎﻥ ،ﺍﺛﻨﺘﺎﻥ..ﲨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﳘﺰﺓ. ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺫﻫﺒﻴﺔ :ﺇﺫﺍ ﺳﻘﻄﺖ ﺍﳍﻤﺰﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻖ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺳﻘﻄﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﹰﺎ.
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ﻤﻭﺠﺯ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ
-1ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ.
)ﻳﻌﻴ ﺶ ﺍﻷﻏﻨﻴﺎ ُﺀ ﰲ ﺑﻴﻮﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ( ﻓﻌﻞ
ﻓﺎﻋﻞ
-2ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ،ﻭﻻ ﻳﺄﰐ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ ﺃﺑﺪﹰﺍ. )ﺗﺒــﺪﺃ ﺍﳌﺴــﲑ ﹸﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺳ ﺔ( ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ
ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ
-3ﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﹰﺍ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ،ﻓﻬﻮ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ،ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ. )ﺍﳌﺴــﲑ ﹸﺓ ﺗﺒــﺪﹸﺃ .. .. .. .. ..ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺳ ﺔ( ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ
ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ
ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ "ﻫﻲ"
ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ
-4ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ. )ﲣــﺪ ﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃــ ﹸﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻃﻨــﲔ( ﻓﻌﻞ
ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ
ﻓﺎﻋﻞ
-5ﻗﺪ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ. )ﺟﺎﺀﻧـــــﺎ ﺧــﱪ( ﻓﺎﻋﻞ
ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ
-6ﺭﲟﺎ ﺃﺗﻰ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ.
)ﺍﳊــــ ﻖ ﺃﻗــﻮ ﹸﻝ .. .. .. ..ﻟﻜـــــﻢ( ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ
ﻓﻌﻞ
ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ
ﺟﺎﺭ ﻭﳎﺮﻭﺭ
-7ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﻔﻌﻮ ﹰﻻ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﹰﺍ. ﺐ( )ﺃﺫ ﹼﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺒ ﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﻌــ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ
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-8ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﲔ. ﻒ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻠـــــ ﹶﺔ ﺑﺎﻃﻠـــــ ﹰﺔ( ﱪ ﺍﳌﻮ ﹼﻇــ )ﺍﻋﺘـ ﻓﻌﻞ
ﻓﺎﻋﻞ
ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺃﻭﻝ
ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺛﺎ ﻥ
-9ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻻ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﻔﻌﻮ ﹰﻻ ﺑﻪ. )ﻣــﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻣﱪﺍﻃﻮ ﺭ( ﻓﻌﻞ
ﻓﺎﻋﻞ
-10ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻮﻡ ﲝﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺳﻜﻮﻧﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ. )ﺩﻋﺎ ..ﺩ ﻋﻮﺍ( -11ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻮﻡ ﲝﺮﻑ ﻣﺸﺪﺩ ﳚﺰﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ. )ﱂ ﻳ ﹸﻘ ﻆ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻂ( ﺺ ﺍﶈﺎﻓ ﹸ -12ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻮﻡ ﺑﻴﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻮﺍﻭ ﻳﻨﺼﺐ ﺑﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻣﻨﻄﻮﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ. ﰐ – ﻟﻦ ﻳﺪﻋ ﻮ( )ﻟﻦ ﻳﺄ ﹶ -13ﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻴﹰﺎ ﺣﱴ ﻭﺇﻥ ﺟﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺍﺭﺓ. ﺺ( -14ﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻻ ﳚﻲﺀ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ) :ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴــﺖ ﻟــــ ﺷﺒﻪ ﲨﻠﺔ ﺧﱪ ﻣﻘﺪﻡ
ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻣﺆﺧﺮ
-15ﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻻ ﳚﻲﺀ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻛﺎﻥ) :ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻄــﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﺴﺠـــــﻞﹲ( ﺷﺒﻪ ﲨﻠﺔ ﺧﱪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﻡ
ﺍﺳﻢ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺆﺧﺮ
-16ﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻻ ﳚﻲﺀ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺇ ﹼﻥ ) :ﺇ ﹼﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻣــــــ ﹺﺮ ﺷﻜﹼـــــﹰﺎ( ﺷﺒﻪ ﲨﻠﺔ ﺧﱪ ﺇ ﹼﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﻡ
-17ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﻳﺴﺒﻘﻪ ﻧﺎﺻﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺟﺎﺯﻡ. )ﻫﻞ ﺗﺒﻴ ﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺴﻠﲔ؟( -18ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺳﺒﺒﻬﺎ ﳘﺰﺓ ﰲ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ. )ﻳﺤﺼﻲ ..ﺃﺣﺼﻰ(
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ﺍﺳﻢ ﺇ ﹼﻥ ﻣﺆﺧﺮ
ﻼ ﻭﲨﻌﹰﺎ ﻣﻌﹰﺎ. -19ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻭﺍﻭ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻓﻌ ﹰ ) ﻗﺎﻟﻮﺍ(
-20ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺗﻨﺼﺒﻪ ﺣﱴ ﻟﻮ ﺗﻮﺳﻄﺖ ﻻ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ. )ﺑﻌ ﺏ ﺑﺎﳉﻠﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻠﹼﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﻲ( ﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﹶﺓ ﺣﱴ ﻻ ﺃﹸﺻﺎ
-21ﻻ ﺑ ﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ "ﺃﻣﺎ".
)ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻓـﻨﻘﺪﻡ ﺇﻟﻴﻜﻢ ﻓﻴﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﺮﺓ(
-22ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺒﲏ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻮﻝ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﻧﺎﺋﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻭﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ. )ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺠﻮﺯ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﻋﺘﱪ ﻣﻔﻘﻮﺩﹰﺍ(
-23ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪ ﺑﺪﻝ. )ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﹸﺓ ﻣﺴﺮﻭﻗﺔﹲ(
-24ﳘﺰﺓ " ﺇ ﹼﻥ " ﻣﻜﺴﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ.
)ﻗﺎﻝ ﺇ ﹼﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺻﻌﺒﺔ ،ﻗﻴﻞ ﺇ ﹼﻥ ، ..ﻻ ﺑ ﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺇ ﹼﻥ (..
-25ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﻴﺚ ،ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﺫ ،ﳘﺰﺓ ﺇ ﹼﻥ ﻣﻜﺴﻮﺭﺓ. )ﺣﻴﺚ ﺇ ﹼﻥ ،ﺇﺫ ﺇ ﹼﻥ(
-26ﻛﻞ ﺿﻤﲑ ﺍﺗﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ. )ﺯﻭﺟﺘﻪ ﻣﺰﻋﺠﺔ(
-27ﻛﻞ ﺿﻤﲑ ﺍﺗﺼﻞ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ. )ﺳﺎﻓﺮﻭﺍ() ،ﻓﺎ ﺟﹶﺄﻧﺎ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ(
-28ﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑﺍﻥ ﻫﻢ ﻭﻫ ﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻼﻥ ﻟﻠﺒﺸﺮ ﻓﻘﻂ.
)ﻫﻢ ﻃﻼﹼﺏ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﻛﺘﺐ() ،ﻫ ﻦ ﻃﺎﻟﺒﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻗﻼﻡ(
-29ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺷﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻖ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺳﺒﻘﻪ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻭﳊﻘﻪ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ .ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ ﻓﺜ ﻢ ﺧﻴﺎﺭ. )ﻋﻨـ ﺪ ﻩ ﺟـﻮﺍﺏ() ،ﺃﺗـ ﹾﺎ ﻩ ﺧـﻄﺎﺏ(
ﺇﺷﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ ﺍﳍﺎﺀ
ﻋﺪﻡ ﺇﺷﺒﺎﻉ
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ﺻ ﹰﺔ ،ﺧﺼﻮﺻﹰﺎ ،ﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ،ﻋﺪﺍ ،ﺧﻼ( ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ. -30ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ )ﻛﻢ ،ﺧﺎ ﺚ ،ﻫﻞ ،ﻛﻴﻒ ،ﻣﺎ؟ ،ﺃﻳﻦ ،ﻣﱴ( ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ. -31ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ )ﻟﻮﻻ ،ﺃﻣﺎ ،ﺣﻴ ﹸ -32ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﻳﺄﰐ ﻧﻌﺘﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ.
)ﺳ ﹺ ﺠ ﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻝﹲ " ..ﺍﻟـــﺬﻱ" ..ﺗﻼﻋﺐ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ( ﳚﺐ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ
) -33ﻛﻼ ﻭﻛﻠﺘﺎ( ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺗﻠﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ. )ﺭﺃﻳﺖ ﻛﻼ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻘﲔ() ،ﲰﻌﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﺘﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺒﺘﲔ(
) -34ﻛﻼﳘﺎ ،ﻛﻠﺘﺎﳘﺎ( ﺗﺮﻓﻌﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻒ ﻭﺗﻨﺼﺒﺎﻥ ﻭﺗﺠﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﺎﺀ. )ﺭﺃﻳ ﺖ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺒﲔ ﻛﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ() ،ﺟﺎﺀﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺒﺘﺎﻥ ﻛﻠﺘﺎﳘﺎ(
-35ﺍﻷُﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺜﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻷُﺧﺮﻳﺎﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺍﻷُﻭﻟﻴﺎﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻴﺎﻥ. -36ﺍﳊﺮﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﰲ ﲨﻊ ﺍﳌﺆﻧﺚ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﱂ ﻳﺘﺤﻜﹼﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ: ﺃ( ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ ﺍﳌﻀﻤﻮﻡ ﺗﺄﺗﻴﻪ ﺿﻤﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ) ﹸﻗﺒﻠﺔ ..ﹸﻗﺒﻼﺕ(
ﺏ( ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﺗﺄﺗﻴﻪ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ )ﹶﺃﺯﻣﺔ ..ﹶﺃﺯﻣﺎﺕ(
ﺝ( ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺘ ﹼﻞ ﻳﺒﻘﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﳍﻤﺎ ) ﹺﺭﺣﻠﺔ ..ﹺﺭﺣﻼﺕ() ،ﹶﺛﻮﺭﺓ ..ﹶﺛﻮﺭﺍﺕ(
-37ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻑ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﻀﺎﻓﺎ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ. )ﺑﻌ ﺪ ﺍﻟﻈﻬ ﹺﺮ(
-38ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻠﹼﺔ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﻳﺄﰐ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﳎﺮﻭﺭ:
)ﺭﻏﻢ ،ﺳﺎﺋﺮ ،ﺳﻮﻯ ،ﲨﻴﻊ ،ﻛﻞ ،ﺑﻌﺾ ،ﻣﺜﻞ ،ﺷﺒﻪ ،ﺿﺪ ،ﻏﲑ ،ﺃﻭﻝ ،ﺁ ﺧﺮ ،ﻛﻼ ،ﻛﻠﺘﺎ ،ﺫﻭ ،ﺫﺍﺕ،
ﻱ ،ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻥ ،ﻣﻌﺎﺫ ،ﺣﺴﺐ( ﺃﺧﻮ ،ﺃﺑﻮ ،ﺃ -39ﻧﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺑﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻛﻴﻒ؟
)ﻗﺎﻣﻮﺍ ﻣﺴﺮﻋﲔ( -ﻛﻴﻒ ﻗﺎﻣﻮﺍ ؟ ،ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ ﻣﺴﺮﻋﲔ ،ﺇﺫﻥ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ.- 75
-40ﻧﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻷﺟﻠﻪ ﺑﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﳌﺎﺫﺍ؟.
ﻑ ﺍﻴﺎﺭﻩ( -ﳌﺎﺫﺍ ﻏﺎﺩﺭﻧﺎﻩ؟ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ :ﺧﻮﻑ ،ﺇﺫﻥ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻷﺟﻠﻪ.- )ﻏﺎﺩﺭﻧﺎ ﺍﳌﺒﲎ ﺧﻮ
-41ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﻣﻜﻦ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ )ﺃﺳﺘﺜﲏ( ﺑﺪ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻦ )ﺇ ﹼﻻ( ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺑﹰﺎ ﻋﻠىﺎﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ .ﻭﺇ ﹼﻻ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﺮﺏ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ. )ﱂ ﻳﺘﺨﻠﹼﻒ ﺃﺣﺪ .. ﺇ ﹼﻻ ..ﻣﻮﻇﻔﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺷﻴﻒ() ،ﱂ ﻳﺘﺨﻠﹼﻒ ..ﺇ ﹼﻻ ..ﻣﻮ ﹼﻇﻒ( ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ
ﳝﻜﻦ ﻭﺿﻊ "ﺃﺳﺘﺜﲏ " ﺑﺪ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺇ ﹼﻻ
-42ﻛﻠﻤﺔ )ﺑﻦ( ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺗﻌﺮﺏ ﺑﺪ ﹰﻻ ﳑﺎ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ. -43ﺍﳌﻤﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﻻ ﻳﻨﻮﻥ ،ﻭﻻ ﳚ ﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ ﺑﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ. )ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻴ ﺖ ﺍﳋﱪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺩ ﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻤ ﺔ(
-44ﻳﻠﻐﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺩﺧﻠﺘﻪ ﺃﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ،ﺃﻭ ﺟﺎﺀ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ.
ﺖ ﺑﺎﳋﱪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼـــﺎﺩ ﹺﺭ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ( )ﻋﻠﻤﺖ ﺑﺎﳋﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺼـــﺎﺩ ﹺﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻴﺔ() ،ﻋﻠﻤ ﺃﺯﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﻊ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ
ﺃﺯﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﻊ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ
-45ﺍﳌﻤﻨﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﲡﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
ﲑ ﺍﻟﺸﻌـــــﺮﺍ ِﺀ ﺑﺄﻓﻀـــــــ ﹶﻞ ﻣﻦ )ﻣﺎ ﻗﺼــــــﺎﺋ ﺪ ﻣﺸــــــﺎﻫ ﹺ ﲨﻊ/ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﻣﻔﺎﻋﻞ
ﲨﻊ/ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﻣﻔﺎﻋﻴﻞ
ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻟﻒ ﻭﳘﺰﺓ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺗﺎﻥ
ﺻﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺃﻓﻌﻞ
ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﺗﺘﻠﻰ ﰲ ﺭﻣﻀـــــﺎ ﹶﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻳﻦ ﺃﺣـــــﻤ ﺪ ﻭﻋﻤــــ ﺮ ،ﺃﻭ ﺷﻌﺒﺎﻥ ﻭﺭﻣﻀﺎﻥ
ﺍﺳﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ
ﻭﺯﻥ )ﹸﻓﻌﻞ(
ﺡ ﻳﺘﻠﻰ ﰲ ﺃﺑﺮﻳــــــ ﹶﻞ /ﻧﻴﺴــــــﺎ ﹶﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻳﻦ ﻋﻴﺴــــــﻰ ﺑ ﹺﻦ ﺃﺻﺤﺎ ﹴ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻷﺷﻬﺮ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﳒﻴﺔ
ﻣــــﺮ ﱘ ﺍﺑﻨ ﺔ ﻋﻤـــــﺮﺍ ﹶﻥ(. ﻋﻠﹶﻢ ﻣﺆﻧﺚ
ﻛﻞ ﺍﻷﺷﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻧﻴﺔ
ﻋﻠﹶﻢ ﺑﺄﻟﻒ ﻭﻧﻮﻥ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺗﲔ
76
ﻋﻠﹶﻢ ﻗﺪﱘ ﻏﲑ ﻋﺮﰊ
-46ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺗﺬﻛﲑ ﻭﺗﺄﻧﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ :ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺍﺛﻨﺎﻥ ﻭﺃﺣﺪ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻭﺍﺛﻨﺎ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺗﻄﺎﹺﺑﻖ ،ﻭﻣـﻦ ﺛﻼﺛـﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻋـﺸﺮﺓ ﺗﺨﺎﻟﻒ ،ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺴﻌﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑ ﳜﺎﻟﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﺓ ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ. 13ﺣــﺘﻰ 19 3ﺣــﺘﻰ 10 12-11-2-1 ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘــﺔ
ﳐﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑ
ﳐﺎﻟﻔــﺔ
-47ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺪﺍﺀ:
• ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺩﻯ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ )ﺃﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻮﻥ ،ﻳﺎ ﺭﺟ ﹸﻞ ،ﻳﺎ ﻓﺎﻃﻤ ﹸﺔ(
• ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺩﻯ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﺘﲔ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ )ﻳﺎ ﳎﻴ ﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﺀ ،ﻳﺎ ﻣﺎﻟﻜﹰﺎ ﻗﻠﱯ ،ﻳﺎ ﺗﻼﻣﻴ ﹶﺬﻧـﺎ( -48ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﰲ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺠﺐ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ) .ﻣﺎ ﺃﲨ ﹶﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍ ﺭ( -49ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﻔﻌﻮ ﹰﻻ ﺑﻪ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﹰﺎ:
ﺽ ﻭﺷﻴــﻚ( )ﺍﺳﺘﺌﻨــــﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴــــﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔــــــﺎﻭ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ
ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ
ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺪﺭ
ﺧﱪ
-50ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﻔﻌﻮ ﹰﻻ ﺑﻪ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﹰﺎ:
)ﻛﻨ ﺖ ﻋﺎﻗﺪﹰﺍ ﺍﻟﻌـــــــــﺰ ﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻔ ﹺﺮ( ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻋﺎﻗﺪﹰﺍ
ﺐ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﹰﺎ: -51ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﻧﺎﺋ
ﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣـ ﹸﻞ( ﺏ ﲢﻘﻴ ﹸﻘـــــــﻪ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺤـﺎ )ﺍﳌﻄﻠـــــــﻮ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ
ﻧﺎﺋﺐ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ
ﺧﱪ
ﻧﻌﺖ
-52ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﻳﺸﺘ ﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ.
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﻜﺴﻮﺭﹰﺍ )ﻳﻌﺮﹺﺽ( ﻓﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﺜﻠﻪ )ﻣﻌﺮﹺﺽ( ،ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛـﺎﻥ
ﻣﻀﻤﻮﻣﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﹰﺎ )ﻳﻬﺠﺮ ،ﻳﻌﻤﻞ( ﻓﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺡ )ﻣﻬﺠﺮ ،ﻣﻌﻤﻞ(.
-53ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻮﻣﺔ ﻤﺰﺓ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳍﻤﺰﺓ ﺃﻟﻔﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺐ )ﺟﺰﺀٌ – ﺟﺰﺀﹰﺍ( ،ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛـﺎﻥ ﻳﻮﺟـﺪ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺃﻟﻒ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺃﺻ ﹰ ﻼ ﻻ ﻧﻀﻊ ﺃﻟﻔﹰﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳍﻤﺰﺓ )ﺑﻨﺎﺀٌ – ﺑﻨﺎ ًﺀ(.
-54ﳘﺰﺓ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﰲ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺳﻘﻄﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻖ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺳﻘﻄﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﹰﺎ.
)ﺍﻧﻄﻠﻖ ..ﻓـﺎﻧﻄﻠﻖ( :ﺍﺧﺘﻔﺖ ﺍﳍﻤﺰﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻖ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ ﻓﻼ ﻧﻜﺘﺒﻬﺎ ﺃﺑﺪﹰﺍ.
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-55ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻧﻄﻖ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ )ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ( :ﻧﻨﻄﻖ ﳘﺰﺓ ﰲ ﺃﻭﳍﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺒﺪﺃ ﺎ "ﺃﻟﺴﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ"، ﺏ ﻟﺴﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ". ﻱ ﳘﺰﺓ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ "ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮ ﻭﻻ ﻧﻨﻄﻖ ﺃ
) -56ﻟﻜ ﻦ( ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻛﻨﺔ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ .ﺃﻣﺎ )ﻟﻜ ﻦ( ﺍﳌﺸﺪﺩﺓ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺧﻮﺍﺕ ﺇ ﹼﻥ.
ﲔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮ ﻋــﺎ ﺭ(. ﺏ ﻓﻠﺴﻄ ﺏ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﲔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮ ﻋـــﺎ ﺭ() ،ﻟﻜ ﻦ ﻏﻴــﺎ )ﻟﻜ ﻦ ،ﻏﻴـﺎ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ
ﺧﱪ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ
ﺍﺳﻢ ﺇ ﹼﻥ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ
ﺧﱪ ﺇ ﹼﻥ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ
" -57ﺳﻮﺍٌﺀ" ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ "ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎﻥ" .ﻭﻧﻌﺮﺎ ﲝﺴﺐ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻬﺎ .ﻭﻫﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ ﺧﱪ ﻣﻘﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ.
)ﺳﻮﺍﺀٌ ﺃﺣﻀﺮﰎ ﺃﻡ ﻏﺒﺘﻢ ،ﻻ ﻳ ﻬ ﻤﻨﺎ( .ﺗﺄﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ" :ﺣﻀﻮﺭﻛﻢ ﻭﻋﺪﻣـﻪ ﻣﺘـﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎﻥ" ،ﻭﻛﻠﻤـﺔ
ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎﻥ ﻫﻲ ﺧﱪ .ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺳﻮﺍ ٌﺀ ﻧﻌﺮﺎ ﺧﱪﺍ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﹰ ،ﻭﲨﻠﺔ "ﺃﺣﻀﺮﰎ ﺃﻡ ﻏﺒﺘﻢ" ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﺪﺃ .ﻭ"ﻻ ﻳﻬ ﻤﻨﺎ" ﲨﻠﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ. -58ﻧﻌﺮﻑ ﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﻭﺍﳍﻤﺰﺓ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺗﲔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﺑﺈﻋﺎﺩﺗﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ .ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ ﳘﺰﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﺔ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﻭﺍﳍﻤﺰﺓ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺗﲔ ،ﺑﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺗﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺃﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ. • ﺃﻧﺒﺎﺀٌ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﻫﺎ ﻧﺒﺄ ،ﺇﺫﻥ ﻓـﺎﻝ "ـﺎﺀ" ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺃﻧﺒﺎﺀ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ،ﺑﻞ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ.
• ﺃﺣﻴﺎﺀٌ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﻫﺎ ﺣﻲ ،ﺇﺫﻥ ﻓـﺎﻝ "ـﺎﺀ" ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ،ﺑﻞ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﻘﻠﺒﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ.
• ﺷﻌﺮﺍ ُﺀ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﻫﺎ ﺷﺎﻋﺮ ،ﺇﺫﻥ ﻓـﺎﻝ "ـﺎﺀ" ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺷﻌﺮﺍﺀ ﻫﻲ ﺣ ﹼﻘﹰﺎ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ .ﻭﺷﻌﺮﺍﺀ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﳑﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ. -59ﺍﻣ ﺮﺅ ،ﺍﻣ ﺮﹰﺃ ،ﺍﻣﺮﹺﻱ ٍﺀ ﺗﻌﺮﺏ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺑﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ. -60ﺇ ﹾﻥ:
ﺃ -ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻁ ﻭﲡﺰﻡ ﻓﻌﻠﲔ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻋﲔ ﺇﻥ ﻭﺟﺪﺍ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ) :ﺇ ﹾﻥ ﺗﻨﻈ ﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺑﻌﻤﻖ ﲡ ﺪ ﺃﺎ ﻣﻌﻘﺪﺓ(. ﺏ -ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﻲ ،ﻭﻻ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻴﹰﺎ) :ﺇ ﹾﻥ ﻫﻢ ﺇﻻ ﻣﺮﺗﺰﹺﻗﺔ(. ﺝ -ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺓ ،ﻭﻻ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻴﹰﺎ) :ﻣﺎ ﺇ ﹾﻥ ﻭﺻﻞ ﺣﱴ ﻭﻗﻌﺖ ﻣﺸﺎﺩﺓ(.
ﺖ ﻣﺼﻴﺒﺔ( ،ﻫﻲ ﺗﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻧﻴﺚ ﻭﻻ ﳏﻞ ﳍﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ. -61ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻛﻨﺔ) ،ﺣﺪﺛ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ )ﺷﺮﺑ ﺖ( ﻫﻲ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ. ﺖ( )ﺷﺮﺑ ﺖ( )ﺷﺮﺑ
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-62ﺑﺎﺩﻱ َﺀ ﺫﻱ ﺑﺪ ٍﺀ :ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺳﺨﻴﻔﺔ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ "ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ" ،ﻛﻨﺎ ﻧﻜﺘﺸﻒ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫـﺎ ﻭﳓـﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟـﺼﻔﻮﻑ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ]ﰲ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻳﻘﺮﺃﻭﻥ[ ﻭﻧﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻄﻠﻊ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ .ﻭﺍﻵﻥ ،ﰲ ﺍﳉﺎﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ،ﺻﺎﺭ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻳﻌﺜﺮﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻢ ﰲ ﺧﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﻭﳛﺸﺮﻭﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻘـﺎﻻﻢ. ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺣﺎﻝ ،ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﺼﺒﻬﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺗﻚ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺎ ﺟﻬﺮﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻧـﺺ ﻟﻐﲑﻙ .ﻟﻜﻦ ،ﺍﻋﻤﻞ ﺟﻬﺪﻙ ﺃﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﻧﺖ. -63ﺣﺘﻰ:
ﺕ ﺣﺒ ﹰﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺃﻧﺎ ﻡ(. ﺃ ( ﺗﺄﰐ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻓﺘﻨﺼﺒﻪ) :ﺃﺧﺬ
ﺏ( ﺏ( ﺗﺄﰐ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻭﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻌﲎ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﹸﺼﻮﻯ ،ﻓﺘﺠﺮﻩ) :ﺃﻭﺻﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﺒﺎ ﹺ
ﺝ( ﺗﺄﰐ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺼﺪﺭ ﲨﻠﺘﻪ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ) :ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎ ﹸﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻘﻈﻮﺍ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺻﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺻﺎﺹ(.
ﺚ ﺍﳍﻮﺍ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴ ﹸﻞ ﺳﺄﺑﲏ ﺑﻴﱵ( ،ﻭﳘﺰﺓ ﺇ ﱠﻥ ﺑﻌـﺪﻫﺎ ﺚ :ﻫﻲ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ )ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﻴ ﹸ -64ﺣﻴ ﹸ ﻣﻜﺴﻮﺭﺓ) :ﻗﺎﻡ ﲜﻮﻟﺔ ﺣﻴ ﹸ ﻑ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ(. ﺚ ﺇﻧﻪ ﻳﺮﻳ ﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎ
-65ﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻝ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻤ ﺮ .ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﺷﻬﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ )ﻣﺎ ﺯﺍ ﹶﻝ ﳏﻤﻮ ﺩ ﻃﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ( .ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﻻ ﺯﺍﻝ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﻋﺎﺀ ﰿ ﺣﻠﻴﻔﹰﺎ ﻟﻚ(. ﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﺗﺔ ﺑﻪ) :ﻻ ﺯﺍ ﹶﻝ ﻣﻘﺎﻣﻚ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﹰﺎ() ،ﻻ ﺯﺍ ﹶﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺎ ﹸ
-66ﺍﻟﻼﻡ :ﻟـ ﺡ( ﺽ ﻟﻠﻔﻼ ﹺ ﺃ ( ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ) :ﺍﻷﺭ
ﺏ( ﺣﺮﻑ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ) :ﺗﻨﺤﻨﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩﹰﺍ ﻟﻴﺴﺘﻨﻜ ﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴ ﹶﺔ() ،ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌـﺪ ﻭ ﺐ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ( ﻟﻴﻨﺴﺤ
ﺝ( ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺰﻡ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ "ﻻﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ") :ﻟﻨﻘﺎﻃ ﻊ ﺑﻀﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺪ ﻭ( -67ﻻ:
ﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﺋﺐ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻔﲎ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻢ( ﺃ( ﻻ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ،ﻻ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ) :ﻻ ﳝﻮ
ﱀ ﻭﺃﻧﺖ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ( ﺏ( ﻻ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ،ﲡﺰﻣﻪ) :ﻻ ﺗﺼﺎ ﹾ
ﺝ( ﻻ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺲ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ،ﺗﻨﺼﺒﻪ) :ﻻ ﻣﺼﻠﺤ ﹶﺔ ﻟﻨﺎ ﰲ ﲣﺮﻳﺐ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ( ﺩ( ﻻ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻃﻔﺔ ،ﻭﺗﺄﰐ ﺑﲔ ﺍﲰﲔ) :ﻧﺮﻳ ﺪ ﺃﻓﻌﺎ ﹰﻻ ﻻ ﺃﻗﻮﺍ ﹰﻻ(
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-68ﻣﺎ:
ﺃ ( ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻴﺔ :ﺗﺄﰐ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ،ﻭﻻ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ) :ﻣﺎ ﺟﺌﻨﺎ ﻟﻨﻮﻗﹼﻊ ﺑﻞ ﻟﻨﻔﺎﻭﺽ(
ﺏ( ﻣﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻣﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻣﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻻ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ) :ﻣﺎ ﺍﳊﻜﺎﻳﺔﹸ؟( ﻭﺍﳊﻜﺎﻳﺔ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﺧﱪﻩ
ﰲ ﲨﻠﺔ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ) ،ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﻠﻘﹸﻚ؟( ﻭﻳﻘﻠﻘﹸﻚ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﺗﻘـﺪﻳﺮﻩ "ﻫﻮ" ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ
ﺝ( ﻣﺎ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﲟﻌﲎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ) :ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺣﺬﺭﺗﻜﻢ ﻣﻨﻪ( ﻭﺇﻋﺮﺍﺎ ﲝﺴﺐ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺧﱪ ﺩ ( ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﺖ) :ﺷﻲ ُﺀ ﻣﺎ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﻵﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﻟﻴﺲ( ﻣﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻧﻌﺖ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ "ﺷﻲﺀ"
-69ﻣ ﻦ:
ﺃ ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻣﻴﺔ ،ﻻ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ) :ﻣ ﻦ ﻗﺎ ﹶﻝ ﻟﻚ ﺫﻟﻚ؟(
ﺱ ﻳﻨﺠ ﺢ( .ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺏ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﻴﺔ ،ﲡﺰﻡ ﻓﻌﻠﲔ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻋﲔ ﺇﻥ ﺟﺎﺀﺍ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ) :ﻣ ﻦ ﻳﺪﺭ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ،ﻻ ﰲ ﺻﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﻻ ﰲ ﺃﺩﺏ؛ ﻭﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺃﻟﻐﻴﻨـﺎ ﻓـﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻨﺎ ﺇﻟﻐﺎﺀ ،ﻓﻼ ﲢﺴﺒﻬﺎ ﻏﻔﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻨﺎ .ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﺳﻨﻮﺭﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﺍﳉﺎﺯﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺭﻗﻢ 72ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ.
ﺝ( ﻣ ﻦ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﲟﻌﲎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ :ﺗﻌﺮﺏ ﲝﺴﺐ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻬﺎ) :ﺳﻨﻜﺎﰲ ُﺀ ﻣ ﻦ ﻳﻌﺜ ﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ( " ﻣ ﻦ" ﻫﻨﺎ :ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ -70ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ:
ﺐ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻗﺒﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻒ( ﺃ( ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻃﻔﺔ) :ﺍﻟﺒﻄﹼﻴ ﺦ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨ
ﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﺃ ﺓ ﻋﻮﺭﺓ( ﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋ ﹶﻞ ﺇ ﹶﻥ ﺻﻮ ﺏ( ﻭﺍﻭ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺔ ،ﺗﻨﺼﺐ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ) :ﻻ ﺍﺗﻔ ﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺃ ﷲ ﺇﻧﻪ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﻈﻤﺔ ﻟﺴﺎﻧﻪ( ﺝ( ﻭﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ،ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ) :ﻭﺍ ِ
ﺩ( ﻭﺍﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺌﻨﺎﻑ ،ﻻ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ) :ﱂ ﺃﺣﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﺄﻣﻮﻟﺔ ،ﻭ ﻏﺪﹰﺍ ﺃﺗﻮﺟـﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﻤـﻞ ﺷﺎﻋﺮﹰﺍ ﺑﺎﻹﺣﺒﺎﻁ(
-71ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ:
ﻱ ﲢﺴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﻘﺔ ،ﺳﻨﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺋﲏ( ﺃ ( ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻃﻔﺔ) :ﺟﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﺘﺎﺀ ﻓﺎﻟﺮﺑﻴﻊ ﻭﱂ ﻧ ﺮ ﺃ َ
ﺏ( ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺌﻨﺎﻓﻴﺔ) :ﺍﻧﺴﺤﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻒ ،ﻓـﻬﻮ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﻠﹼﻢ ﻃﻼﺑﹰﺎ ﻳﻔﻜﹼﺮﻭﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﻔﻜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﺮﻳﻀﹰﺎ(
80
-72ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲡﺰﻡ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﻦ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻋﲔ ﺇﻥ ﺟﺎﺀﺍ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ )ﻭﺍﻋﻠﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ ﱂ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺗﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺃﻓﻌﺎ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻋﺔ ،ﺭﲟﺎ ﻓﺮﺍﺭﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺰﻡ( :ﺇﻥﹾ ،ﻣﻦ ،ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ،ﺃﻳﻨﻤﺎ ،ﻛﻴﻔﻤﺎ ،ﺣﻴﺜﻤﺎ. )ﺇ ﹾﻥ ﺗﺘﺄﻛ ﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺗ ﺮ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ( ) ،ﻣ ﻦ ﻳﻌﺮ ﻑ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺘﻪ ﻳﻨﻔ ﺮ ﻣﻨﻪ(، )ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻳ ﹸﻜ ﻦ ﻓﺎﳌﺴﺄﻟ ﹸﺔ ﻫﻴﻨ ﹲﺔ() ،ﺣﻴﺜﻤﺎ ﺗﺼ ﱢﻞ ﺃﹸﺻ ﱢﻞ(.
-73ﺍﻟﺴﲔ ﻭﺳﻮﻑ ﺣﺮﻓﺎﻥ ﻳﻔﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻳﺄﺗﻴﺎﻥ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺆﺛﺮﺍﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ. )ﺳﻴﻔﻮ ﺯ ﻓﺮﻳﻘﹸﻨﺎ() ،ﺳﻮﻑ ﳜﺴ ﺮ ﻓﺮﻳﻘﹸﻜﻢ(. -74ﺃﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ :ﻧﻌﻢ ،ﺃﺟﻞ ،ﻛﻼﹼ ،ﺑﻠﻰ ،ﻻ .ﻭﻫﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻴﹰﺎ. -75ﺗﺄﰐ "ﻗﺪ" ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻓﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ) :ﻗ ﺪ ﺩﺍﻭﻣﻨﺎ ﺃﻣﺲ( ،ﻭﺗﺄﰐ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻓﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻚ: )ﻗﺪ ﻧﺪﺍﻭﻡ ﻏﺪﹰﺍ( .ﻭﻟﻜ ﻦ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺑﻴﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ.
-76ﺣﺮﻓﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺌﻨﺎﻑ ﳘﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ .ﻭﻻ ﻳﺆﺛﺮﺍﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﳘﺎ. )ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺖ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺓ ،ﻭ ﻏﺪﹰﺍ ﻧﺴﺘﻌ ﺪ ﻟﻠﺴﻔﺮ() ،ﻗﺎﻝ ﺇﻧﻪ ﻣﺼﻤﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺎﻟﺔ ،ﻓـﺠ ﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺻﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺟﺤﻴﻤﺎ( -77ﻓﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺒﻴ ﺔ :ﻫﺬﺍ ﺷﻲﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﱂ ﻳﻌﺪ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻪ .ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﺪ ﲤ ﺮ ﺑﻚ ﰲ ﻧﺺ ﻗﺪﱘ .ﺇﺎ ﺺ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻑ(. ﺗﻨﺼﺐ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ) .ﻟﻴﺘﲏ ﺃﺟ ﺪ ﻭﻇﻴﻔ ﹰﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻓـﺄﲣﻠ
ﻭﺷﺮﻃﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﺳﺒﺒﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ،ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﺒﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﻧﻔﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻣﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻋﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺝ .ﻣﺎﻟﻚ ﻭﻣﺎﳍﺎ. ﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺃﻭ ﲢﻀﻴﺾ ﺃﻭ ﲤ ﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺮ
81
ﺠﻤل ﻟﻺﻋﺭﺍﺏ-ﺘﻤﺎﺭﻴﻥ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺟﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ .ﻭﻫﻲ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺮﺗﺒـﺔ ﲝـﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻔـﺼﻮﻝ،
ﻭﻳﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺘﺪﺭﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺪﺭﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃ ﱠﰎ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ،ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺪﺭﺱ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺪ ﻣﻌﻠﹼﻢ.
)ﺍﻧﺘﻬ ﺖ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻭﺿﺎﺕ ،ﻭ ﻫﻲ ﰲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺘﻬﺎ ،ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺸﻞ ،ﻓﺎﻧﺪﻟﻌﺖ ﺃﺯﻣ ﹲﺔ ﺩﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴ ﹲﺔ ﻳﺘﻮﻗ ﻊ ﳍﺎ ﺍﶈﻠﻠـﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﻤﺮﺍ ﺭ(. ﺖ ﺇﱃ ﳏـﺎ ﹴﻡ )ﺍﺳﺘﻤ ﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺘﺎ ﹸﻝ ﺃﺳﺎﺑﻴ ﻊ ﻛﺜﲑ ﹰﺓ() .ﺳﻨﺤﻔ ﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻔ ﻖ ﰲ ﺃﺳﺎﺑﻴ ﻊ ﻣﻌﺪﻭﺩ ﺓ() .ﺗﻐﻴﺐ ﺍﶈﺎﻣﻲ ﺃﻣﺲ() .ﺫﻫﺒ ﺲ() .ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻠﺘﻘ ﻰ ﻣﺸﺒﻮﻩ() .ﻟﻦ ﺃﺣـﻀ ﺮ ﻣﻠﺘﻘـ ﻰ ﻣﺸﻬﻮ ﹴﺭ() .ﺃﻟﻘﻰ ﺍﶈﺎﺿﺮ ﹶﺓ ﳏﺎ ﹴﻡ ﻣﺸﻬﻮ ﺭ() .ﺭﺃﻳﺖ ﺍﶈﺎﻣ ﻲ ﺃﻣ ﹺ ﺖ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﳊﺠﺎﺭﺓ؟() .ﺃﻋﻄﻰ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻭﺿﻮﻥ ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻋﺎ ﺇﳚﺎﺑﻴﹰﺎ() .ﻟﻘ ﻲ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﻠﻖ ﺣﺘﻔﻪ(. ﻣﺸﺒﻮﻫﹰﺎ ﻛﻬﺬﺍ() .ﻫﻞ ﺭﺷ ﹾﻘ ﺚ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍ ﺩﻫﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ() .ﳜﺘﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺮ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ() .ﻟﻦ ﲣﺘﻔـ ﻲ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﻨـﺎ ﺚ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ() .ﱂ ﻧﺒﺤ )ﺳﻨﺒﺤ ﹸ ﻒ ﺯﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ() .ﻳﺪﻋﻮ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﻮ ﻡ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺪﻧﺔ() .ﻟﻦ ﻳﺪﻋ ﻮ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺒﺎﻥ ﺇﱃ ﲟﺠﺮﺩ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﻱ() .ﱂ ﳜﺘ ﻉ ﺃﺣ ﺪ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺪﻧﺔ() .ﱂ ﻳﺴ ﻊ ﺍﳌﺮﺷﺢ ﺇﱃ ﻛﺴﺐ ﺃﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩ() .ﺇﻢ ﻳﺮﻓﻀﻮ ﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﻃﺔ() .ﱂ ﻫﺪﻧﺔ() .ﱂ ﻳﺪ ﺽ ﺍﻵ ﹶﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺭﻭﺥ ﺳﻮﻯ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ() .ﺍﻓﺮ ﹺ ﻕ ﺍﻧﻄﻼ ﺲ ﺇﺟﺮﺍ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻋﺔ() .ﱂ ﻳ ﹸﻘ ﹾﻞ ﺃﺣ ﺪ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ() .ﱂ ﻳﺴﺘﻐﺮ ﹺ ﻳﺘ ﻢ ﺃﻣ ﹺ ﺕ ﻭﳛﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﻃ ﻦ .ﻭﻧﻘﻮ ﹸﻝ ﻟﻪ :ﻻ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ،ﻭﻟﻜ ﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻴﺎﻥ ﳝﻮﺗﻮ ﹶﻥ ﲣﻤ ﹰﺔ(. ﺍﳊﺼﺎ ﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻰ() .ﻳﻘﻮ ﹸﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﻋﻴ ﻢ :ﳕﻮ ﺱ ﺍﳌﻌـﺴﻜ ﺮ ﻛﺘﻴﺒـ ﹸﺔ )ﻫﻞ ﺗﺪﻋﻮ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌ ﹸﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ﹸﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻗﻤﺔ؟ ﻭﻫﻞ ﺗﺄﰐ ﺍﻟﺪﻭ ﹸﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎ ُﺀ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺩﻋﻴﺖ؟() .ﺳـﺘﺤﺮ ﻕ() .ﱂ ﻳﺮﺟ ﻊ ﻚ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ؟() .ﺭﺃﻳﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮ ﻥ() .ﺍﺳﺘﻄﻌﻨﺎ ﺍﳋﺮﻭ ﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺄﺯ ﹺ ﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜ ﹸﺔ() .ﻫﻞ ﺃﺩﻫﺸ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﻋﺎ ﺕ ﺗﻨﺘﻈ ﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻣ ﺮ() .ﻫﺰ ﻡ ﻣﺮﺷ ﺢ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﺿـ ﺔ() .ﻫـﻞ ﺕ() .ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺍ ﺽ ﺃﺳﻮﹶﺃ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ ﺇ ﹼﻻ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻘﻮﻥ() .ﻟﻨﻔﺘﺮ ﲔ ﺲ() .ﺃﻋﻠﻨﺖ ﻭﺯﺍﺭ ﹸﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺤ ﺔ ﻭﻓﺎ ﹶﺓ ﺷﺨﺼ ﹺ ﺡ ﺍﳋﻤﻴ ﹺ ﲔ ﺍﳊﻀﻮ ﺭ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺮﻛ ﹺﺰ ﺻﺒﺎ ﻋﺬﱢﺑﺘﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻦ() .ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻏﺒ ﺕ ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﺋـ ﺪ ﺱ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺸﺮﻳﻦ() .ﻗﺒﻀﻨﺎ ﲨﻴ ﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻘﺎ ﺁﺧﺮﻳ ﹺﻦ ،ﺍﻷﻣ ﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺼ ﹸﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺩ ﺿﺤﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﲑﻭ ﹺ ﺐ ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﺸﻜﻴ ﹸﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨ ﺔ() .ﺧﻄﹲﺄ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺮ ﻙ ﺍﻷﻣ ﺮ ﻟﻪ() .ﻛـﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺗﺒ ﹸﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺧ ﹺﲑ() .ﲢﻘﹼﻘﺖ ﻛﻞﱡ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟ ﹺ ﺽ ﺭﲰﻴﹰﺎ() .ﻣـﺎ ﺯﺍﻝ ﺝ() .ﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺟﺒﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺗﺴﺠﻴ ﹸﻞ ﺍﻷﺭ ﹺ ﻒ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺎﺭ ﹺ ﻉ ﻣﺜﻤﺮﹰﺍ() .ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮ ﺭ ﻳﻬﺘ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎ ﻱ ﺷﻚ) .(ﻛﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺘﺎ ُﺀ ﻳﺮﺣ ﹸﻞ() .ﻛ ﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻌ ﺪﹰﺍ() .ﻛﺎﻧﺎ ﺷﺮﻳﻜﻴ ﹺﻦ() .ﺑﺪﹶﺃ ﺍﳌﺮﺷﺤﻮ ﹶﻥ ﻳﻨﺴﺤﺒﻮﻥ() .ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎ ﹶﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻼ ﻳﺴﺠﻠﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﻣﺄﺧﺬﹰﺍ() .ﺳﻨﺮﺷ ﺢ ﺕ ﻟﺌ ﹼ ﻼ() .ﻟﻦ ﻧﻘﺎﻃ ﻊ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎ ﺐ ﻭﺟﻴ ﻪ ﻓﻌ ﹰ ﻉ ﺇ ﹼﻻ ﻟﺴﺒ ﹴ ﺍﳌﺪﻳ ﺮ ﻟﻴﺪﻋ ﻮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎ ﹴ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺳﲑﺷﺤﻮ ﹶﻥ ﺣﱴ ﻳﻌﻠﻤﻮﺍ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺯﻟﻨﺎ ﻗﻮ ﹰﺓ ﻛﺒﲑ ﹰﺓ() .ﺗﺮﻳ ﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ ﺍﻵ ﹶﻥ ﺃ ﹾﻥ ﺗﺒﻴﻌﻨﺎ ﺍﳌﺎ َﺀ ﻟﻨﺴﻘ ﻲ ﺯﺭﻋﻨﺎ ﻭﻣﻮﺍ ﺷﻴﻨﺎ ﺐ ﺖ ﻣﻼﺑﺴﻪ() .ﻭﺟ ﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻗـ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻗﻴﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﺒﻨﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺪﻭ ﺩ ﳊﺠ ﹺﺰ ﻣﻴﺎ ﻩ ﺃﺎﺭﹺﻧﺎ() .ﻋﺎ ﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻴﺘﻪ ﻟﻴﺠ ﺪ ﺯﻭﺟﺘﻪ ﻗﺪ ﺭ ﻣ ﻱ ﻃﺮﻳـ ﹴﻖ ﺳـﻠ ﹾﻜﺖ؟(. ﺐ() .ﺃ ﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﺪ ﻭ ﺍﳌﻌﺴﻜ ﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳـ ﲔ() .ﻗﺼ ﺖ ﺃﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀﻧﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﺎﺋ ﻒ ﻧﺎﻗﺼﹰﺎ() .ﺃﻟﻔﻴ ﺍﳌﻠ ﻕ() .ﺇﳝﺎﻧﹰﺎ ﻣﻨـﻪ ﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳋﻠﻴ ﹺﺞ ﻃﻠﺒﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺮﺯ ﹺ ﻕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻ ﺔ() .ﺳﺎﻓﺮ ﺱ ﺍﳊﺪﻭ ﺩ ﺟﻨﻮ ﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮ ﹺ )ﺃﺯﻋﺠﲏ ﺍﳋ ﱪ() .ﳛﺮ ﺾ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ ﻉ ﺍﳍﺠﻮ ﹺﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻠ ﹶﺔ() .ﻗﹸـﺒ ﺐ ﺍﳉﻨﻮ ﺩ ﺧﺸﻴ ﹶﺔ ﻭﻗﻮ ﹺ ﻑ() .ﻳﺘﺄﻫ ﺲ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴ ﹶﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭ ﻒ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴ ﺑﺪ ﻭ ﹺﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠ ﹺﻢ ﺿﺎﻋ
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ﺖ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻗﺼ ﹸﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻮﻣـ ﹸﺔ ﺕ() .ﺍﺳﺘﺎ َﺀ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻃ ﻦ ﺃﺷ ﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﺎ ِﺀ() .ﺻﻴﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﻣﻘﺒﻮ ﹰﻻ() .ﺗﺰﻭﺟ ﺙ ﻣﺮﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻬﻤ ﺔ ﻧﻔﺴِﻬﺎ ﺛﻼ َﹶ ﺺ() .ﺃﺣﺎﻭ ﹸﻝ ﻣﻨ ﹸﺬ ﺳﻨ ﺔ ﺐ ﺗﺴﺠﻴ ﹸﻞ ﻛ ﱢﻞ ﺷﺨ ﹴ ﺗﺴ ﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﹶﺓ ﻣﺮ ﹰﺓ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺄﰉ ﺍﳊﺮﺍ ﻡ() .ﻣﻦ ﺍﻵ ﹶﻥ ﻓﺼﺎﻋﺪﹰﺍ ﳚ ﺖ ﻃﻮ ﹶﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎ ﹺﺭ(. ﲔ( ) .ﳕ ﺨﻴ ﻢ() .ﻟﺴ ﲔﺑ ﺖ ﻏﻨﻴﹰﺎ ﻭﻻ ﻓﻘﲑﺍﹰ ،ﺃﻧﺎ ﺑ ﺲ ﺍﳌ ﺕ ﺃﻣ ﹺ ﺖ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﺣﻴﺎ ﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﻔ ﺮ() .ﻗﺼ ﹶﻔ ﻭﻧﺼ ﺖ ﲬﺴ ﹶﺔ ﺃﺷﻬ ﹴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠـ ﺪ(. )ﺳﺄﺳﺎﻓ ﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺴﺎ َﺀ() .ﳓﺘﻔ ﹸﻞ ﻫﺬ ﻩ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻠ ﹶﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻮ ﹺﺯ() .ﳓﺘﻔ ﹸﻞ ﰲ ﻫﺬ ﻩ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻠ ﺔ() .ﻏﺒ ﲔ ﺗﺴﺘﻤ ﺮ ﺏ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺳ ﺔ() .ﺍﻧﺘﻈ ﺮ ﳊﻈ ﹰﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻀﻠﻚ() .ﺗﻮﻗﹼﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﺘﺎ ﹸﻝ ﰲ ﺣ ﹺ ﲔ() .ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﺘﻨﺎ ﻗﺮ ﺐ ﻏﻤﻀ ﹶﺔ ﻋ ﹴ )ﺳﺄﻏﻴ ﻒ ﻭﺗﺴﻌﻤﺌ ﺔ ﻭﺍﺛﻨﲔ ﻭﺛﻼﺛـﲔ(. ﺚ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺷﻴ ﺪ() .ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ،ﻓﺎﻟﻮﻃ ﻦ ﺟﺮﻳ ﺢ() .ﺗﻮﹼﻓ ﻲ ﺷﻮﻗﻲ ﻋﺎ ﻡ ﺃﻟ ﺍﻹﺫﺍﻋ ﹸﺔ ﰲ ﺑ ﱢ ﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤ ﺔ( ) .ﱠﰎ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﻟﹸﻪ ﻓﻮ ﺭ ﺕ ﻣﺴﲑ ﹸﺓ ﻭ ﺳ ﹶ ﺺ() .ﺟﺮ ﻒ ﺷﺨ ﹴ ﳉﻨﺎﺯ ﹶﺓ ﳓ ﻮ ﺃﻟ )ﻫﻨﺎ ﻙ ﺗﻘ ﺪ ﻡ ﳓ ﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﺼ ﹺﺮ() .ﺣﻀﺮ ﺍ ﺕ ﻭﺻﻮﻟﻪ() .ﺍﲣﺬﻭﺍ ﻛ ﱠﻞ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀٍ ،ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﻣﻨ ﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻮﻝ() .ﳓﻦ – ﺍﳌـﻮﻗﹼﻌﲔ ﺃﺩﻧـﺎﻩ – ﻧـﺴﺘﻨﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑـﺎ ﺕ ﺻ ﹰﺔ ﺍﳌﺰﺍﺭﻋﲔ() .ﲨﻴ ﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻣﻴﺬ ،ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﹰﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻗﲔ ،ﻳﻘﻮﻣـﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻨـﺎ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﻴ ﹶﺔ() .ﺣﻀﺮ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻊ ،ﻭﺧﺎ ﺏ(. ﺏ ﺍﳊﺎﻛ ﹺﻢ() .ﻻ ﺣ ﱠﻞ ﺇ ﹼﻻ ﺍﳊـﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴ ﺔ() .ﱂ ﳚﺮﺅ ﺃﺣ ﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻳﺮ ﺇﻻ ﺻﺤﺎﻓﻴﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﳊﺰ ﹺ ﻕ ﻋـﺪﺍ ﻃﺮﻳـ ﻖ ﻒ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﻭ ﺭ() .ﻟﻦ ﺃﻛﺘﻔ ﻲ ﺇ ﹼﻻ ﺑﺄﺭﺑﻌ ﺔ ﺑﺮﺍﻏ ﻲ( ) .ﺳﺪﺕ ﻛﻞﱡ ﺍﻟﻄﺮ ﹺ )ﻟﻴﺲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺍﺭ ﺓ ﺇ ﹼﻻ ﺿﻌﻴ ﻑ ﺍﳌﺸﺒﻮﻫﻮﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﺍ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﹰﺍ() .ﺍﻧﻘﻀﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺳ ﻢ ﺍﻟﱪﳌﺎﱐﱡ ﻭﳌﹼﺎ ﺗﻨﻌﻘ ﺪ ﻏ ﲑ ﺟﻠﺴ ﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺓ() .ﻻ ﻳﻔﻲ ﺍﳌﻄﺎ ﹺﺭ() .ﺍﻋﺘﺮ ﻉ ﺇﱃ ﺖ ﻟـﻚ() .ﺍﺩ ﺕ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﺃﻋﻄﻴـ ﺽ ﺳﻮﻯ ﻭﺍﺣ ﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ() .ﻗ ﻢ ﻓﻮﺭﹰﺍ ﺑﺎﳌﻬﻤﺔ ،ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤ ﹺﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺣﻴﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺮ ﹺ ﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﺘﺤﺮﹰﺍ() .ﱂ ﻳﺘ ﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻔﺎ ُﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺪ ﺩ ﻼ ( ) .ﱂ ﳝ ﻉ() .ﺍﺩﺧﻠﻲ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ() .ﻻ ﺗﻈﻨﻮﺍ ﺍﻷﻣ ﺮ ﺳﻬ ﹰ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎ ﹴ ﺲ ﺩﻗﺎﺋ ﻖ ﻭﳌﹼﺎ ﳛﻀ ﺮ ﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ() .ﻟﻨﺒ ﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺗﺼﺎ ﹴﻝ() .ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋ ﹸﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ ﹸﺓ ﺇ ﹼﻻ ﲬ ﺏ( ) .ﺭﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﲟﻘﺎ ﹴﻝ ﺃﻋﻨ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮ ﹺ ﺕ ﻫﻀﻤﻴ ﺔ ﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎ ﻀﺮﺓ() .ﻫﻞ ﺷﻜ ﻮ ﺕ ﻛﺒﲑ ﹰﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭ ﹺﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﺤ ﻣﺬﻳ ﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮﺓ() .ﻳﺘﻠﻘﹼﻰ ﺍﳌﺬﻳﻌﻮﻥ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺂ ﺕ() .ﺭﺃﻯ ﻱ ﻧﻈﻴﻔﺘﺎ ﻥ ﺭﻏ ﻢ ﺍﻹﻏـﺮﺍﺀﺍ ﻱ() .ﻳﺪﺍ ﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺗ ﹺﻞ() .ﺳﻴﻜﻮ ﹸﻥ ﺍﳊﻞﱡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺪ ﻣﺆﺧﺮﹰﺍ() .ﺍﻟﺪ ﻡ ﻳﻐﻄﹼﻲ ﻳ ﺪ ﹺ ﺐ ﻣﻘﺎ ﹰﻻ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ() .ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬ ﻩ ﻧﺸﺮ ﹶﺓ ﺍﳌﹸﺆﺭﺧﻮ ﹶﻥ ﰲ ﻛﻼ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻠﻴ ﹺﻦ ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﻋﺪﻳﺪ ﹰﺓ() .ﳓ ﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪﻭﻥ() .ﺍﻛﺘ ﻕ ﲔ ﻫﺬﻳ ﹺﻦ ﺍﳋﻴـﺎﺭﻳ ﹺﻦ ﻓـﺮ ﺙ() .ﻫﺬ ﻩ ﻓﺘﺮﹲﺓ ﻋﺼﻴﺒ ﹲﺔ() .ﺑ ﺖ ﺍﳊﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﺧﺒﺎ ﹺﺭ() .ﻛﺎ ﹶﻥ ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎ ﹸﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻄﻌ ﹺﻢ ﻭﻗ ﻚ ﺍﳌﺘﺸﺪﺩﻭﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻔﻬﻤﻮ ﹶﻥ ﺟﻮﻫ ﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴ ﺔ() .ﺧ ﹾﺬ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺮﻳ ﺪ() .ﻭﻗ ﻊ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎ ﺭ ﺷﺎﺳ ﻊ() .ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﺎﻫﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﺃﻭﻟﺌ ﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺴﺘﻌ ّﺪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨ ﹸﺔ ﻟﻸﻭﳌﺒﻴﺎ ﺩ() .ﻟﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺍﰐ ﺃﺿﺮﺑﻦ ﻃﺎﻟﺒﻦ ﲟﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﻘﻮ ﹲﻝ() .ﳑـﺎ ﺫﻛﺮﻧـﺎﻩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗ ﺏ ﺭﻓ ﹺﻊ ﺑﺪ ﹺﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻔ ﹺﺮ() .ﻭﻗ ﻊ ﺷﺠﺎ ﺭ ﰲ ﻛﻠﺘﺎ ﺍﳊﻔﻠﺘﻴ ﹺﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﺘﻴ ﹺﻦ ﺣﻀ ﺮﺗﻬﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ() .ﻫﻞ ﺗﻤ ﻜﻦ ﺇﻋﺎﺩ ﹸﺓ ﻓﺘ ﹺﺢ ﻭﺟﻮ ﺖ ﳉﻨـ ﹸﺔ ﺖ ﺳﺒﺒﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻧﺘﺼﺎﺭﹺﻩ() .ﺷـﻜﱢﻠ ﻱ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﻏ ﺶ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺭ ﻚ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎ ﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ؟() .ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺠﻮ ﻡ ﺍﳉﻴ ﹺ ﻒ ﺑﻨ ﻣﻠ ﺙ ﺍﻟﻨـﺎﺩ ﹺﺭ ﺏ ﻳﻮﻣﻴﹰﺎ ﻣ ﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃ ﺔ() .ﻣﺎ ﺭﺃﻳﻚ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊـﺎﺩ ﻚ ﻣﻘﺎﺗﻠﻮ ﺍﳊﺰ ﹺ ﺲ() .ﻳﺸﺘﺒ ﻃﻮﺍﺭﻱ َﺀ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴ ﹲﺔ ﺃﻣ ﹺ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﻉﹺ؟() .ﺃﺻﺒ ﺢ ﺍﻷﺣﺮﺍ ﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﳝﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻫﻢ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﲔ ﺍﻷﺷ ﺪ ﺇﳊﺎﺣﹰﺎ ﺑﺪﺳﺘﻮ ﹴﺭ ﺟﺪﻳ ﺪ() .ﺃﻛﹼـ ﺪ ﻭﺯﺭﺍ ُﺀ ﰲ ﺤ ﹶﺔ ﺍﳋ ﹺﱪ() .ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜ ﹺﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺰﻋﺠﲏ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍ ﺭ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺃﻛﺜ ﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻗ ﹴﻊ() .ﻻ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣ ﺔ ﻷَﻛﺜ ﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻭﻛﺎﻟ ﺔ ﺃﻧﺒﺎ ٍﺀ ﺻ ﺹ ﺃﻗ ﱠﻞ ﺷﻬﺮ ﹰﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ .ﻭﻳﻔـﻀﻠﻮﻥ ﻣـﺮﺁﺓ ﺗـﺮﻳﻬﻢ ﺹ ﺃﺷﻬ ﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ،ﻭﻻ ﺑﺄﺷﺨﺎ ﹴ ﻕ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻫ ﲑ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻘﺎ ُﺀ ﺑﺄﺷﺨﺎ ﹴ ﻳﺮﻭ ﺏ(. ﻒ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍ ﺏ ﺇﱃ ﻗﻠﻮﻢ() .ﺟﺮﻯ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺘﺎ ٌﺀ ﺑﺸﺄ ﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﺋ ﹶﻞ ﻋﺪﻳﺪ ﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﺧﺘﻠ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﻷﻗﺮ )ﺳﻨﺒﺬ ﹸﻝ ﻣﺴﺎﻋ ﻲ ﺣﺜﻴﺜ ﹰﺔ ﰲ ﺃﺳﺎﺑﻴ ﻊ ﻗﻠﻴﻠ ﺔ () .ﻳﺎ ﺭﺟﻞﹸ ،ﻫﻞ ﲰﻌﺖ ﰲ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻚ ﺑﱪﳌﺎ ﻥ ﻳﻌﻠ ﻦ ﺍﻹﺿﺮﺍ ﺏ؟() .ﺳﺎﻓﺮ ﺏ ﺣﻨﻮ ﹲﻥ() .ﻫﻞ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﲪ ﺪ ﺃﺑﹰﺎ ﺣﻨﻮﻧﹰﺎ() .ﻻ ﲔ() .ﻫﺬﺍ ﺃ ﺐ ﰲ ﻓﻠﺴﻄ ﺃﲪ ﺪ ﻭﺁﻣﻨ ﹸﺔ ﰲ ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍ ﹶﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻟﺮﺅﻳ ﺔ ﺯﻳﻨ
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ﺕ ﺾ() .ﺃﺧﺬ ﺏ ﻗﺪﻭﹲﺓ ﻷﻭﻻ ﺩ ﻩ() .ﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺻﺪﻳﻘﻲ() .ﺇ ﹼﻥ ﺃﺑﺎ ﺻﺪﻳﻘﻲ ﻣﺮﻳ ﺏ ﺣﻨﻮ ﻥ() .ﺍﻷ ﻏﲎ ﻟﻸﺳﺮ ﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺃ ﹴ ﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺑﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎ ﻩ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ() .ﻛﻨﺘﻢ ﺫﻭﻱ ﻧﻔـﻮ ﺫ(. ﺍﳌﺴﺒﺤ ﹶﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﰊ ﺻﺪﻳﻘﻲ() .ﺍﻷﺧﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺘﻔﻘﺎﻥ() .ﳚ ﻒ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻳ ﹺﺮ ﳉﻨ ﹰﺔ ﻆ ﺗﻜﻠﻴ )ﺃﻧﺘﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻮﺫ() .ﺗﻌ ﻬ ﺪ ﺫﻭﻭ ﻙ ﺑﺎﳊﻀﻮﺭ() .ﺃﺑﹶﻠﻐﻨﺎ ﺫﻭﻳﻜﻢ ﲟﺎ ﻓﻌﻠﺘﻢ() .ﺍﻧﺘﻘ ﺪ ﺍﶈﺎﻓ ﹸ ﺡ ﳏﻈﻮ ﺭ() .ﺇﻥﱡ ﺗﻘـﺪﻳ ﺮ ﺍﳌـﺪﻳ ﹺﺮ ﻚ ﺍﻷﻣ ﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ() .ﲪ ﹸﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻼ ﹺ ﺙ() .ﻳﺆﳌﹸﲏ ﻓﻬﻤ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴ ﹺﻖ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﺩ ﺱ ﺃﺑﻮﺍﺑﻬﺎ ﻏﺪﹰﺍ() .ﻣـﺎ ﺯﺍ ﹶﻝ ﻼ ﻟﻠﺠﺎﻟﻴ ﺔ() .ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﹼﻗ ﹺﻊ ﻓﺘ ﺢ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭ ﹺ ﺖ ﻛﻠﻤ ﹰﺔ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﳑﱢﺜ ﹰ ﻟﻈﺮﻭﻓﻚ ﻣﺴﺘﺒﻌ ﺪ() .ﺃﻟﻘﻴ ﺾ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍ ﹺﺭ ﻣﻠﺰ ﻡ ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻩ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻨﺪﻳﺔ() .ﺃﻧﺎ ﻣﺪﺭ ﻙ ﺍﺳـﺘﺤﺎﻟ ﹶﺔ ﺍﳊـ ﱢﻞ ﺲ ﺭﺍﻓﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴ ﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﻜ ﹺﻢ() .ﺭﺍﻓ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴ ﺏ ﻓﻬﻤﻪ ﺍﻵ ﹶﻥ ﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎ ﺩ() .ﺇ ﹼﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮ ﺐ ﻣﻘﺒﻮ ﹲﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌ ﺔ() .ﱂ ﻳﻌ ﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﺎﻋﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮ ﺡ() .ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟ ﺍﳌﻄﺮﻭ ﹺ ﺡ ﻒ ﻗﻠ ﹴﻖ() .ﺍﻟﻌﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻔﻀﻮ ﺏ() .ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬ ﹸﺔ ﻋﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓ ﺔ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻓﹸﻪ ﺃﺳﻬ ﹸﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒ ﺔ ﺣﻠﻴ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛ ﹸﻞ ﰲ ﺷﻌﺒﻴ ﺔ ﺍﳊﺰ ﹺ ﻕ() .ﺳﺄﺳـﺎﻓ ﺮ ﺏ() .ﻻ ﻣﺼﻠﺤ ﹶﺔ ﻟﻨﺎ ﰲ ﺗﺪﻣ ﹺﲑ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎ ﹺ ﻑ() .ﻻ ﺧ ﹼﻄ ﹶﺔ ﻭﺍﺿﺤ ﹰﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻧﺎ() .ﻻ ﺣ ﱠﻞ ﺇ ﹼﻻ ﺍﳊﺮ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍ ﺡ() .ﻟﻌ ﹼﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺟﻴ ﹺﻞ ﻛﺴﺒﹰﺎ() .ﺗﻮﻗﻔﺖ ﺍﳊﺮﻛ ﹸﺔ ﺟﺮﺍ َﺀ ﺕ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎ ﹺ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮ ﺓ() .ﺍﳊﺼﺎ ﹸﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺳﻄﺒ ﹺﻞ() .ﺳﻬﺮ ﻑ() .ﻭﻗﻌﺖ ﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﺎﺫﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻣ ﺮ ﻣﻌﺮﻭ ﺱ ﳍﺎ() .ﺑﺬ ﹶﻝ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺒﺎ ﻥ ﺟﻬﺪﹰﺍ ﻛﺒﲑﹰﺍ() .ﻧﻘﻴ ﻒ() .ﺍﻷﺧﺒﺎ ﺭ ﻻ ﺃﺳﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺼ ﺕ ﻋﻨﻴﻔ ﹲﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺮﻛ ﹺﺰ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﻠﻴ ﺔ() .ﻗﺎﻝ ﻣﺪﻳ ﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﻔ ﹺﺮ ﺍﳉﺪﻳ ﺪ ﺇ ﹼﻥ ﺍﻷﻣـ ﻦ ﻣـﺴﺘﺘﺐ) .(ﻧﻘﻠﻨـﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻛﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻴ ﺪ ﺍﻬﻮﻟ ﹶﺔ ﻫﻮﻳﺘﻪ() .ﻧﻘ ﹶﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻴ ﺪ ﺍﻬﻮ ﹸﻝ ﺍﳍﻮﻳ ﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ() .ﻭﺻ ﹶﻞ ﻃﺎﹶﻗ ﻢ ﻃﱯ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨ ﺔ ﺕ ﻣﺪﺭﻋ ﹰﺔ ﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄ ﺔ() .ﺗﻌﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﺒﻼ ﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﻛ ﹶﻞ ﻛﺜﲑ ﺓ() .ﺷﺎﻫﺪﻧﺎ ﻋﺮﺑﺎ ﺺ ﰲ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﺼ ﺍﳌﻨﻜﻮﺑ ﺔ ﻣﺘﺨ ﺕ ﺃ ﻭ ﹰﻻ ﰒ ﻧﺄﺧ ﹸﺬ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮ ﻡ(. ﺕ ﺷﺤ ﹴﻦ ﻛﺒﲑﹲﺓ() .ﻧﺴﺠ ﹸﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳌﻄﺎ ﹺﺭ() .ﺗﻮﺟﻬﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻴﻨﺎ ِﺀ ﺳﻴﺎﺭﺍ ﺐ( ) .ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺓ ﻋﻴﻨﹺﻬـﺎ ﺍﻧﻄﻠﻘـﺖ ﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻚ ﲝﺎﺟ ﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻃﺒﻴ ﹴ ﺐ ﻭﺍﳊﺴ ﺪ ﻋﺎﻃﻔﺘﺎ ﻥ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺘﺎ ﻥ() .ﺃﻧ )ﺍﳊ ﺾ ﻳـﺪ ﻙ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻷﻣـ ﹺﺮ ﻛﻠﱢـ ﻪ(. ﺕ ﲨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﲝﺎﺟ ﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺻﻴﺎﻧ ﺔ() .ﺍﻧﻔ ﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛ ﹸﺔ ﺑﺄ ﹼﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﺻﺎﺻ ﹸﺔ() .ﺃﻗ ﺮ ﰊ ﺱ() .ﺍﺟﺘﻤ ﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﺪﺍ ﻥ :ﺍﻟﻨﻘـﺎ ﺐ ﻣﻘ ﺪ )ﺍﺎﻫﺪﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﳉﻨﻮ ﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻣﻴﻮﻥ ﻛﻼﳘﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣ ﺔ() .ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﻛﻠﱢﻨﺎ ﻭﺍﺟ ﻒ ﻱ ﺍﻟﻴﻮ ﻡ() .ﻫﺬ ﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻘ ﹸﺔ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻃ ﹲﺔ() .ﻫﺬ ﻩ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘ ﹲﺔ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻃ ﹲﺔ() .ﻫﺆﻻ ِﺀ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﱢﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﺎﺫﺟﻮﻥ() .ﻧﺘﻮﻗﹼ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺯﺍﺭ ﺱ ﻱ ﺍﻟﻠﻘﻄ ﹸﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒ ﹸﺔ ،ﻣﻌﺒﺮﹲﺓ() .ﺃﻳﻬـﺎ ﺍﻟﻨـﺎ ﺏ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﻔ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩ ﹺﻝ() .ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺯ ﺃﺏ ،ﺃ ﺍﻟﻴﻮ ﻡ ﻋﻨ ﺪ ﺳﲑ ﺓ ﻋﻤ ﺮ ﺑ ﹺﻦ ﺍﳋﻄﹼﺎ ﹺ ﺍﲰﻌﻮﺍ() .ﺃﺑﺎ ﺍﳍﻮ ﹺﻝ ﻃﺎ ﹶﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎ ﹸﻥ() .ﻳﺎ ﺭﺟ ﹸﻞ() .ﻳﺎ ﻋﺎ ﹶﱂ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺍ ﹺﺭ() .ﻳﺎ ﺧﻔ ﻲ ﺍﻷﻟﻄﺎﻑ() .ﺭﺑﻨـﺎ ﺗﻘﺒـ ﹾﻞ ﺩﻋﺎﺀﻧﺎ() .ﻫﺬﺍ ﻏ ﲑ ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻝ() .ﻣﻦ ﻏ ﹺﲑ ﺍﳌﻤﻜ ﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻘ ﹸﺔ ﺑﻮﺯﻳ ﹴﺮ ﻣﻘﻴ ﹴﻢ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ(.
..وﻗﺎل ﻟﻪ ﻗﺮاﻗﻮش ":اﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﻌﺪس ﻋﻦ اﻷرز".
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ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ )ﻣﻮﺟﺰ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ(: -47ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺪﺍﺀ: ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺩﻯ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ) :ﺃﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻮﻥ ،ﻳﺎ ﺭﺟ ﹸﻞ ،ﻳﺎ ﻓﺎﻃﻤ ﹸﺔ(
ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺩﻯ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﺘﲔ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ) :ﻳﺎ ﳎﻴ ﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﺀ ،ﻳﺎ ﻣﺎﻟﻜﹰﺎ ﻗﻠﱯ ،ﻳﺎ ﺗﻼﻣﻴ ﹶﺬﻧـﺎ( -48ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﰲ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺠﺐ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ) .ﻣﺎ ﺃﲨ ﹶﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍ ﺭ( -49ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﻔﻌﻮ ﹰﻻ ﺑﻪ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﹰﺎ:
ﺽ ﻭﺷﻴــﻚ( )ﺍﺳﺘﺌﻨــــﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴــــﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔــــــﺎﻭ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ
ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ
ﺧﱪ
ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺪﺭ
-50ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﻔﻌﻮ ﹰﻻ ﺑﻪ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﹰﺎ: ﺖ ﻋﺎﻗﺪﹰﺍ ﺍﻟﻌـــــــــﺰ ﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻔ ﹺﺮ( )ﻛﻨ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻋﺎﻗﺪﹰﺍ
ﺐ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﹰﺎ: -51ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﻧﺎﺋ ﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣـ ﹸﻞ( ﺏ ﲢﻘﻴﻘﹸـــــــﻪ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺤـﺎ )ﺍﳌﻄﻠـــــــﻮ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ
ﻧﺎﺋﺐ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ
ﻧﻌﺖ
ﺧﱪ
-52ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﻳﺸﺘ ﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ. ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﻜﺴﻮﺭﹰﺍ )ﻳﻌﺮﹺﺽ( ﻓﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﺜﻠﻪ )ﻣﻌﺮﹺﺽ( ،ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛـﺎﻥ ﻣـﻀﻤﻮﻣﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣـﹰﺎ
)ﻳﻬﺠﺮ ،ﻳﻌﻤﻞ( ﻓﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺡ )ﻣﻬﺠﺮ ،ﻣﻌﻤﻞ(.
-53ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻮﻣﺔ ﻤﺰﺓ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳍﻤﺰﺓ ﺃﻟﻔﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺐ )ﺟﺰﺀٌ – ﺟﺰﺀﹰﺍ( ،ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺃﻟﻒ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻼ ﻻ ﻧﻀﻊ ﺃﻟﻔﹰﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳍﻤﺰﺓ )ﺑﻨﺎﺀٌ – ﺑﻨﺎ ًﺀ(. ﺃﺻ ﹰ -54ﳘﺰﺓ ﺍﻷﻟﻒ ﰲ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺳﻘﻄﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻖ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺳﻘﻄﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﹰﺎ. )ﺍﻧﻄﻠﻖ ..ﻓـﺎﻧﻄﻠﻖ( :ﺍﺧﺘﻔﺖ ﺍﳍﻤﺰﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻖ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ ،ﺇﺫﻥ ﻻ ﻧﻜﺘﺒﻬﺎ ﺃﺑﺪﹰﺍ.
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