Iranian Occupation Of Arabstan Emirate and SelfDetermination of Its People
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Abstract Iranian occupation of the emirate Arabistan And the right of self-determination for its people Preparation of the student: Athbi Zeid Jassim Al-Otaibi Supervision: Dr. Saad Faisal Al-Saad The study aimed mainly to identify the elements of the issue of the Emirate of Arabistan, through the political history of the Emirate of Arabistan before the occupation of (1925), and the nature of the policy of the monarchy Iranian used to perpetuate its occupation of the Emirate of Arabistan, and to identify the practices of the regime Republican Iranian toward the people of the Emirate of Arabistan, the extent of the exploitation of the principle of the right of self-determination to achieve the demands of the people of the Emirate of Arabistan. The study problem revolved around the question the President on the nature of Iranian politics seeking to perpetuate its occupation of the Emirate of Arabistan during the period between (1925 - 2013)? Which pushed the emirate's people to claim the right of self-determination. Through this question crystallized a set of sub-questions. The hypothesis of the study has pointed out that the Iranian policy seeking to perpetuate the occupation of the emirate Arabistan was based on a means of repression and persecution to prevent Arabistan people to exercise their right to self-determination. To validate the hypothesis and to answer the questions of the study has been used historical methodology and analytical approach descriptive, because it approaches best suited to address such studies, has brought us study the health premise. And necessitated the study made several recommendations including: you can not edit Arabistan only revolution comprehensive it is common sense to retrieve the freedom of the region and realize the hopes of the people of the region to edit, and can not do any revolution in the absence of political organizing mass clear goals decree lines to accommodate within it all of the people of Arabistan in the way of struggle Consolidated.
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= . : = E < ! . .. < . 4$E . > & 90 ) . > ( K 0 + ' ) S ) : . 4$E +E P K . 4$E ! : . # ) ! . K 0 : ( 1970 ) 0 . D 6 =2 @ > =6 ! 6 ='@ .! ' (# ) K 0 ! . ? E =2 0 =! . 4$E +.' . .' > 6 1 0 > . & '1 6# . B K @ .' > 0 ! 4 + 7! . < F ) 5$ + B . K 0 < G; ' 6 @ ( ) I C $! = . 4$=E B G + : P @ K 0 : ( 1980 ) 5. ) . D . & < + + $ > 6 . 9; 0 F ! . / %0 @ = 9= ) > 6 G; ' P) # . ) N C / E. > = + ' +6 5 1 G' K 0 G K 0 . > 6! "/ K > b &# K / . F 0 6! ) C2 < ) 6 ! / / < = ' =" " C $! ? . ' / > / > (= I C N > 9 ) ./ / 6 ) G2# $ >.( ? ' .2 ! + . ! ") Z ( 0 E.) = < ) 0 (# F K# ? +/0 1 N & > )/ = . '() ! I & . ! / . ! ! < 6 #. = C / > ! / G '() N & &# 4$E 4 '
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+ = ! â&#x20AC;&#x201C; ' ) 0 < 0 .( ' $! C ) = @ > K =0 = < % .0 ( N #. ! " &C / > ( 1980 ) + E > < )/ +/0 6! < 0 K 0 ? ! . % " &C .E ) < NK/ > / 6 7 G &C > ( 1925 ) .=) K 0 = =!) : # &C @ > K 0 2' ! 9 =) = / ' > F ' / 0 ( 01 7 ! . K 0 : . . ! ! ' 6 & ) 90 : ( 1997 ) 5 / . D &=# U =2 6! &C ! > & ) @ < . 0 &=# + =6C I =2 G > & . ! ` # . ! ! = ! ! &# + 6C > & ) . ! 6! 2 . ! ! = . = ! ! &# K ) > & ) . '() . &=C = @ > & ( 1 @ 2 ! + ) & # . ! ` # . ! ! &# ; P) < 9 . ! " /0 ! / P) > . /0 J /0 7! 6! ! " &=# = . = < % " &C K/ > & # ! $ <= 9 / > & @ 2 ! + ) . ! ! ( 1 @ 2 ! + ) 6/ 9 0 = . C ! ! &# U 2 ! . G &C @ > & . 6 . ) 6 K 6! 2 6 6C % 0
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: =) .. . .. : K 0 2 : ( 2006 ) / . D K 0 2 ! > @ "(" < . 0 $ > K 0 + ' ! A G < &C 9 > & (# Q =! ! " %0 ! > + 'O & &# %0 ! 2= Q ! < K/ ! " &C @ > . & '1 ) K 0 2 Q =! )/ . + 'O ) $ % 0 # ) K 0 = > K 0 2 . !) ! " ! . K 0 2 %= " @ > + ' < ! K K 0 + ' ! ! G2 K =0 P= <= = (# K 0 2 ) T . (# 2! # > 6 +/0 (# F +6 ( 0( . K 0 2 & < 9 / > ( 2005D1979) C ! : EB .@ â&#x20AC;&#x201C; EB â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 6 1 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 6# K 0 : ( 2010 ) ) . D (=# K =0 + = ' . ! / 0R N & . 4$E 9 = = ! = / EQ + ' $E <70 $ > ( ) = ) . &= F 0 > +6 F)' (# 8 $ > = 0 6! / ! ( 6 5 K 6 . / " '() (# K 0 + ' E@ G ! / >(1925) + $! + ' 9 ) ) 5$ > ) # +@ ! / 3 9 ) F) .+ ' $E 6 20 N "Q "/ /
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. . 4$E K : N" " : 6! % 0 . E J . 4$E # + = ' =! ( =01 U 2 < K/ !. @ ) . @ .) .1 G= . /@ . 5@ %0 . + $ > (2013 D1925) C K 0 .+6 U 2 $E ! !. / & # ) . . ' > 5K 0 ) & 90 2' ! + + .2 ( =01 = N & +. + E > N ! .' . J@ .) .3 . K 0 0 < % .0 / 0 B N K 0 + ' ! . 6! . +" > 6 9; 0 G < ) 5$ # T6! . . ( 01 = 9= ) ! K 0 4$E > # % .0 C 0 = . = +K = > ! / +6C N @ .) > K 0 + ' ! .= = / > K =0 + ' # . # G; ' % 0 ? N '. N 2 NC& 6C& E 7 . + 6 5$ C& 0 T6! . = % .=0 & 8 $ >N / NC / 6&; &# I 2 E 7 & (# . 6 K 0R ! ( 01 .) ".0 "@ < ) . + ' $E ) < "@
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& &# > # $ > +6 G' G <= E .& + > ! 0 K ! > ; E ) . < .! ) > ! / E@ $ (# + ) . =) 4 = ! &# P @ F K 3 ( 01 A N) = E 8= . K 5$ > K C! 6! " . ) U ! > + = ' P @ < 3( 1 ) ) 1 A U & 6 @ $ N. ) 2 ' . I & > ) 4$E G' + 8 2= Q ! ? $E $! > ( 1925) + 6 0 N ' < 6 2 . ! ) + = > = / EQ G 6 ) G' S cF : M (# %0 $E 6 !
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> + . 6# N. 6 N 0 N / N N # N . ) += > + 9 ) ! ) < 9 C . ! / > 6 =2 @ <= . . 1 @ 6 +E$ C! ! 1 0 3 @ / <= > ) / G 6 ) 0 8 $ 6 ! / = C . 3 > 6# 0 +J "/@ @ =' ="(" '@ Y .' C ' C C N /0 > 31 = 3 !1 D +6 C!@ ! < 0 D S > . G 6 @ N <!J@ N "/@ 9 ) 6 = : = G= = ) 9 P @ K K ) ' (=# = ! G= 9 ! 6 .' > & " # 1 > * N ! = 1 N ( =0 0 ) ' 0 &Q > ) % " . ) & ! = . C =! 9 0 Q G 1 > / ! 9 0 . ) 6 ) G
==) =! 1 = = ==E = ) 6 " C! / . . ( 39 : 1974 > 5 ) N; E # T # :@ < > ) ' + / > ! E. .0 ) < > 9 ) ' ! < G > ) (51D48) = = # 1 N . ( 33D 30 ) P # &0 E â&#x20AC;« " ا! Ø© Ø¢ Ù&#x2021; Ù&#x201E;â&#x20AC;¬# $ % #&'( )â&#x20AC;« ) ا! Û&#x152;â&#x20AC;¬+ â&#x20AC;« ïº&#x2022;â&#x20AC;¬- â&#x20AC;« إذ Û&#x152;â&#x20AC;¬#â&#x20AC;« Ù&#x2C6;Ù&#x2021; Ø£ Ø¡ Ø£ اع ا! Ø© ا رÛ&#x152;â&#x20AC;¬: â&#x20AC;«* ا Ù&#x201E; اâ&#x20AC;¬ . !â&#x20AC;« " ا اâ&#x20AC;¬5 6!â&#x20AC;« Ù&#x2C6;اâ&#x20AC;¬Ø&#x152; ) 8" " â&#x20AC;« دâ&#x20AC;¬% !â&#x20AC;«Ø§ Ù&#x2020; Ø¢ Ù&#x2020; اâ&#x20AC;¬
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N= N = = < 9 E. . / . / $6 > N' . +=/ (380 ) =62 +=/ ( 420 ) 6 Y= $ > ! < E. . 1 . ( 11 : 1981 > ! ) > # 9 >9 ) . / .0 /= 9 =! &C ) N . .0 9 4$E / $ >9 =) ) E.0 > 9 = # = . / G / @ ( 165 ) 0 ==0 Y > ) T # ! . ( 28 : 1966 > ) J `; &# ) : 2 "/ 9 ) G 8 ! / .' ! K@ $! > C! 6 . !.) " K & 0 d ! 4 = = &=# $ E > + !J # ) &# > ) . ( # / ` / ) 6!@ 6 E@ . 6!@ . 6' # U K= >F/ C U !@ . @ T ! $ > K ! 0 6 " !J 6 8 $ !& 6 ' > 2 0 .!6 K / &' K 0 6 . ( 41 : 1974 > 5 ) E J ) / D: ( 40 :1990 > K# ) ' < : 2 % 0 2 @ + ! .0! E 5 # P @ e /f V C / : +
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=7 0 & 7 0 9 ) F d ! + ' d ! # 1 d ! S & > < 9 ! 7 0 E < 9 ! > ) ! . V @ > 3g . > NC & ! $ 0 + ' = > 9 ) J 5 0& + ' 6 0 / J V 6 > = K# ) = ) T # N "/ 0 ' ! V 6 0 . ( 62 : 2006 + .= =0 . . FC & ) $ c + ' d ! G' "@ .' > ' < ! !6 / 0 . 1 >
E ) > V 6 .! & . 1 P) 0 . ) .' : / V 4$E "B / > N' 0 N $1 + ' & ' ! V 9 =! = = ) T = # ! 1 ! .) U C . < 6 6 / @ F . ) + ' 3 @ > ) ! . ( 11 : 1975 > 0 6 ! ) K N! 0@ C/ 1 D: ( 66 : 1971 > &! ) 6 6 @ ; . @
= / 6! & ' (1724) + ! . 4$E 3 ! + .' : 0 : 1 N @ h! +E@ E > ( 1925 ) + < 0 )/ . & ! / > ) . ( 6 + # ) + M ) > ) T # < . ( . )= M ) 0 ! G : : N ! " & E > +/ ( 120 ) 0 .) > / 6! < G : K 0 . (K E ) = M ) > + '
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M =) )/ . K/ 2 ! / 0 G : K 0 : N) . ( .) = M ==) > =0 =6! < G ! E : 0(C : N # .( /. ) = . C! H 6 "/ 9 <&'@ G : . : N . . C! H KJ +2 J G : 5 JH : N) ; ' 6 !/ $ > ' .) .( ' .6 < ) / G 4$=E . = .' > + ! +E > 7!0 8 E +) !
=! <= =' : C < " ! @ $ > I C ( ) Z ; <= .= @ ! ' K! > C +62 @ 0 !/ > = )2#@ ) . .) > \ E 7 ) C # + @ 9 =! = +6 )/ ! > ( "/ H) > ( ) > (+1 ! ) : @ / > +6 /0 . ( 13 : 1972 > ' ) +( K ) . . 9= =! &! ( "(" ( 3.5 ) 0 / .. Y = 1( = # +62) > V 0' ) +6 J@ > ( 1962) + 3 &0 = @ .= & +6! + ' > . 0 ) > A # ; = = ! / > ( 41 : 1990 > K# ) 0 ! 0 ==/ . .=) U = ( % 4 ) Y ) ! @ 6 ; "
==) ..= @ =!) $=E > 2 0 ' ! (65) Y= = G= I== 0& = J +' $E > ! @ ; ! (2.600) K 1
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) =! G' / C . . @ . K 0 = . .== @ = ( % 60 ) 5@ = ' ! K= # > / . .) ( % 40 == Z == =) . =/ 8 = = $ : A # . (31 : 2006 > / ) = / = # <= $=E = F)' (# + ' S c9 < N Q = ! =E > ) ' 6! j /k X 9 ) ' ! =) . . + ' > 4$E ) J + ) H K 0 = 0 =! = F= N= / . / 1 N & & 6 . 5. 6 . +. 6 ! + # 4$E > # $ / ) . & '1
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! " # $ + = @ $=! > .==0 = # =0 ) G + ' K 0 ! .' 20 '@ $ ( .( ' ! 1@ 6D4 ) 0 ( )
= = 6 9 ! < ! + ' . =/ F=! ? = N. + ' $E / + > 9 ) / & < @.= > .( ' % " $! 0! 4 @. .! > ) T # 4 N
=! ./ / ]. G2# 5$ ( ) ) F! +6 J ( ) " 1 + . & + U 2# $E / > 9 ) .( Edwyn, 1917 : 23 ) ./ . < ) > ( ) 8 = & ( ) Z ! . 0 &@ +" =E.K1 / >( !) 8 +E #H / ( ) 8 6 +/0 = ' ( 2200 ) ! 9 ) / 8 $ .) ' +" > ! . / 5 = == 6! / U 2# .6 ( ) / 6! K ! @. .( ( ) )2#@ > ) T # < I & 6 ! .' > #M . ( Percy, 1915 : 25 ) .( ' ( 2094 ) ! ( 0) 8 +/0 F = 0K ! ! . / M ) ; . 6 / 7 / N 1 N ! ) . N. K > 9 ) 0! K C > ( 31 : 1967
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( 646 ) ! ( ) & +6 ( 0 M ! ( N +. + ( 1 ' ( 606 ) ! M / 2 @ ** . * ! . / + ' .) > .( ' .=' =6! ! + ! . / $#@ / + . $#Q > .( . ( 53 : 2006 > / ) + ' (546) ! . ; G ( / Z /) . ' 0 C ; .0 .' 6 +/0 < + '@ < 6! ' ( ! # ) ' E.! >.( ' = +/0 " & # 1 . ) / 5$ ( ! # ) 8 F! ) + ' ! # / K=J S 8 $ > ( George, 1892 : 435 ) + ' 8 =) = ) > +; +/0 + 7! = + .( ' ( 539 ) ! +6 ! . P ( ! # ) 0 + / > .; ! / +6! ! ' $ +6 ( .(16: 1958 > ! 0 ) & # ) ! N)2 # 5$= + ' < ( . K ) ='( 9 ) 5$ ( ) ) + /0 ) :/ < 20 2 N / N G ' .' F!@ 8 $ > ! # 8 G
= C 8= = ( N = ! (: . E) ! ! d B F ! 9 > A # + ' (K= ') +" (Z /) +6 $ H ) G F! 5$ (: .) .=6 $ > +=6 N (0@ ! / ! : C 8 N. @ )2# + $ > ) 1 : 2007 > 0 ) 6 4$6 + F!/ @ +E1 > & < (K ') & 9 . ( 69
. # ( !â&#x20AC;« ا!@?Û&#x152; Ø© اâ&#x20AC;¬A6B )â&#x20AC;« ا! اÙ&#x201A; ﻡâ&#x20AC;¬E!â&#x20AC;« ت Ø¥â&#x20AC;¬G â&#x20AC;« ا! Ù&#x2021;â&#x20AC;¬# â&#x20AC;« ا! ﻡâ&#x20AC;¬H$ 6I!â&#x20AC;« ﻡ) اâ&#x20AC;¬Jâ&#x20AC;« Ù&#x2C6;Ù&#x2021;â&#x20AC;¬: â&#x20AC;«=ا Ù&#x2020;â&#x20AC;¬8>!â&#x20AC;«* اâ&#x20AC;¬ . )â&#x20AC;«?Ù&#x2C6;Û&#x152;â&#x20AC;¬K L( â&#x20AC;« Ù&#x201A;â&#x20AC;¬B M-+ â&#x20AC;« ا! اâ&#x20AC;¬#â&#x20AC;«Ø±Û&#x152;â&#x20AC;¬Nâ&#x20AC;« اâ&#x20AC;¬H$ 6I!â&#x20AC;« ﻡ) اâ&#x20AC;¬Jâ&#x20AC;« Ù&#x2C6;Ù&#x2021;â&#x20AC;¬: â&#x20AC;«** ا! =Û&#x152; Ù&#x2020;â&#x20AC;¬
29
= > N ) N2 @ ! 4$E ? N3K / C 4$E ? 6 .= = =6;! +=7) =6 20 +. > E !J@ 6; K @ +E@ ! / 6 ) = F % 0 9 < T # h 6 Q ' ) .(33: 1967 > . ) K h % 0 < 6! > .!6 1 > .( ' ( 311 ) ! $! * ' +/0 )2# .' !/ > ( Percy, 1922 : 11 ) 8 ! & 6 ; +E c ( " ) +6 &
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> + ' 6! ( ' ) +/0 )2 # ! / + ' / < +6! . > / = + > ( 226 ) ! ( " ) / < 3 2 ! + ' N= N 2=# F)2# + 6!@ 1 >( 245 ) ! 1 < 6 6 / ( 0 6 P C / 5$ >F " G! ' > ( 310 ) ! ( ! " ) E. ' 8 ( 0 4$E #H / > " 4$E 3 !S +6 0 > ( ) ) +/0 < +6 .' +.) ( ! ) E.) .( 55 : 2006 > / ) ! 8 ! 2 G . $ ( G G = = =; @ <= 0 ! : C .6 ! / c $6 / > 5 ) 5 / U . : C 6 > & # N2 @ 5.( = ) 4.= F= @ # .= F /0 N N ) C 4$E (# ) 4$=E =! / >5K= 31 = = C F > & # F ! / 6! > . C! @ ) ) G . .0 K 1 U8 ! = â&#x20AC;« Û&#x152;â&#x20AC;¬J!â&#x20AC;« Ù&#x2C6;â&#x20AC;¬Ø&#x152; â&#x20AC;«=ادâ&#x20AC;¬V( â&#x20AC;« بâ&#x20AC;¬-G Jâ&#x20AC;« ( Ø¢â&#x20AC;¬30 ) #8Gâ&#x20AC;« دâ&#x20AC;¬% )â&#x20AC;« ﻡâ&#x20AC;¬E- !â&#x20AC;« اâ&#x20AC;¬#&O!â&#x20AC;« اâ&#x20AC;¬E8P QIâ&#x20AC;« ا! ïº&#x2022;â&#x20AC;¬# K 8 #-â&#x20AC;« ﻡ=Û&#x152;â&#x20AC;¬% â&#x20AC;« ﺹâ&#x20AC;¬Pâ&#x20AC;« Ù&#x2C6;â&#x20AC;¬: # K !â&#x20AC;« اâ&#x20AC;¬#>8 !â&#x20AC;«* اâ&#x20AC;¬ . â&#x20AC;« ﺽâ&#x20AC;¬L!â&#x20AC;« اâ&#x20AC;¬MK !â&#x20AC;« د " اâ&#x20AC;¬Gâ&#x20AC;« Ù&#x2C6;â&#x20AC;¬#-â&#x20AC;«Ø§! =Û&#x152;â&#x20AC;¬ . # K 8 #-â&#x20AC;« ﻡ=Û&#x152;â&#x20AC;¬H( Iâ&#x20AC;« ﻡâ&#x20AC;¬#8Gâ&#x20AC;« دâ&#x20AC;¬%-! â&#x20AC;« ا! Ù&#x2030;â&#x20AC;¬#&O!â&#x20AC;« اâ&#x20AC;¬E8P â&#x20AC;« رÙ&#x2021;â&#x20AC;¬Z= â&#x20AC;« اâ&#x20AC;¬H6K #-â&#x20AC;« Ù&#x2021;\[ ا! =Û&#x152;â&#x20AC;¬QK â&#x20AC;« Ø¢ Ù&#x2020; ﻡâ&#x20AC;¬: â&#x20AC;« & Ù&#x2020;â&#x20AC;¬+ **
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9 ) T # ) ? . E. .0 ) / N 0 " N. ' (3 !Q 3 > +E .' ` !( : C 1 0 < 6 . ' 0 + ) +6 ( +6' 0 N . C .2 ) 62 # . 8 > " * 6 ' + " 0 > (= 01 @ = 6 K : C 0 / ' 5$ + " > 0 " ** C& + " > X
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') .E # .( G :. ! ) : C = C ' Q < ( =01 @ = / @ / 5@ +62 > +6 / +6 0 ) 8 ! > .(41 : 1967 > . ) 5 / ) ) ? . # 0C& < 6 / G / .& ( . +/0 < ! . ! . 0 ! . P $ >( 6 .K ) 6/ 3 C / +. C & < \ = F ! > +( . #. + F > < @" / =) = 0 = 6 9 ) ; + ' 8 $ ! > @ . 9 ) < .E P) F! \ 2 9 .& / @ C # . = ( Z S F! \ 2 9 C C # F @ > . . #
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وه ا! =ی #-ا! #ا! اﺕ^\ه ا! =$ Iا! ( ﻡ !=( " J%" )( Uای=K #وﻡ Aإ! P Eن آ # I-ارﺕ> ز وا ق إ!E ( Kا! a+ -ا! " #ﻡ آ 8 #ت ا! ی ف ﺕ ری^ _6O! ( %وذ! ! Uﺕ %8K A( Qت ﻡ) ﻡ QK إ اﺕ @ وذ! Uا E8P %$ا! ا Qا! # 6وا! ﺕ Lل وﺕ HKﺕ=Iم ا!& س " إذا أ ?%م ا! ب " J%! K ﺽ=ه . Jوآ\! Uﺕ> ن # Iا Lب إ! Eا!' Lاء وا! ی Qا!& س ا! = ! % " Hdم ﻡ " @ ( J%ه %8آ ی " %ا! ب .آ Kم ﻡ ! H >h ( Uا!@ gا!\ي Iﺕ Hا!& س ا( =ا ًء ﻡ) ) %8Kت ( وﻡ) JZا! =Iم إ!) Eا!@ ف( وه ﻡ #I -ﺕ@ Qﻡ\%! #6 -ا ا!@ gا! ( Eی H%ﻡ -ورة ا!@ gا!& ر وا!\ي ی ) Lا! Iل " ﻡ #I -ا!' Lاء و =Kﺕ Jا ^ ب ﻡ 8 ) #I -ت( آ #I -ﻡ I! #6 -ل ا!& س .وﻡ #I -ا!@ ف ﺕIـ Qﻡ ( ـ) و ی )jدم( و) ( ،( %و( = ا ' ر ا!\ي ﺕ E8P aILا!&ـ س ﺕ U8ﻡ ! J%" )( Uا! 6دی #وأ +اف ا!@ 6ل ﻡ ^\ًا ﻡ) ) %8Kت ( Pﺹ #ﻡ ! # Kkن.
** ی م ا!'& :#Iه ی م ﻡ) أی م ا! ب " ا!@ ه ،# 8ا A " JIا!& س ﻡ) ( -ﺕ P J%6%-! Jآ ى إ! Eا! ) .و =Kض ه ذة () 8Pا! &-Lآ ى ( Iم ﻡmn! J%-ر ( A-و( =K J%-ی.J *** ی م ذي Kر :ه ی م ﻡ) أی م ا! ب " ا!@ ه .# 8ه أول ی م ا ' " Aا! ب E8Pا!& س .وی Iل إ = Aث " زﻡ) ا! 6- ﻡ = Lﺹ E8ا A 8P pو ، J8و A " QKا! Iل ( ) ا! ب وا!& س " ا! اق وا ' " Aا! ب.
31
/ ) ( 636 ) ! ! Z K6 9 0 U 5$ ` ' @ .) . ( Syton, 1943 : 140 ) . K F ' A =#@ = ; ' V K! +( ' .6 .' > ( / 8 ) +) ! ; ' E 6 @ / K @ < 0K ) A # .=) .=0 ! ) . ( I C 3 !"@ ! 8 .=6 = ) Z . ; 4$E .' > ! : # . ' != =) == = C $ >F! \ 2 # . C # = / = Z < . & Z G ( 638)
= @ + ' < F 0 ! .) K 6 < 3 2 = + )! . . ( 56 : 1975 > 0 6 ! ) . / ) < F . 4 0 ) . + ' @ + ' .j )l X K 4$E 2 @ 0 + ) / $ > .0 0 K 20@ + = 8 =) 3 =6 ! G >+ : C $ C! G2# K 1 +6 " 6! <= 3g ! . . ; ' + 'O . ! 4$E = "@ / K (+639) 9 N 0 0 >F! \ 2 # C # @ 6! / 6 ^K > 9 . K 0 . ! >T # +6 2=0 =) / = >N = ) $# +( ! > ) 6! / G .(46 : 1967 > . ) ! "@ 5 j @ ' $! M +6 9 + < 0 >+6# ( = . .=6 .= N= . & = 1 += ' 90 @l .=' ( + ' + ' & . .0 8 !E .) + > ( Le Strange , 1912 : 888 )
32
=! $=! 3 C # +/0 0 ! . .0 N3K I &@ @ .) A # ? ( 1258 ) ! < 0 > ) . . 3 C # .6 ( 637 ) = ! " . $ > ( 200 : 1968 > ) . < (# & . . .(57 : 2006 > / ) +E J +@ ! +@ 1 N ! / 3 ! +/0 0 = ) (# = @ $ E < + ' P ) .' F 20 + ) = . > 3 . ' = 9 ) ! + ' ! > . . . = ) \ E 7 +/0 + @ < B $ (. @ =! ) +/0 : Q < = =)2=#@ == ) . .=) > 5. C : . +6 K +6 /0 & (K 0 ) ! . = $# > ( / ) 6! = =/ > +6 /0 . ( 14 : 1972 > ' ) +( K ) DA =# = ) ' 9 ) 0 F 0 D 8 $ .) + ' P ) .'
= 2 F ! + $E F & &# 8 $ > K <= . = > =) ? 7 C 4$E . + 4.0 4 & / > M > ) = 1 A = /@ ( 1 < 7 0 ) < 7 C0 ) 1 ! +" .! 6 > 9 ) < 8 +J < ) $=E = F= .0 + ' 7C 0 . > : C U @ +J > ) T # h < . 0 )/ +1 ! ) . < F ( F 8 )
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34
+.'@ F ' 5$ > + ' ) 9 ! 6 G > +; . P @ < 2 > . 5. 20 "Q ? 9 @ .) @ 20 9 =) P . .= =6 > C . ) ! / .' . ( 14 : 1981 > ! ) F K@ & 6 ! = 7 > ) T # h < ( 1 < K + 7 = K 0 ! < . . 4$E . @ @ $! /0 . 6 (# ) ! / $ > ) +E. ' > 8 : C ' c c ! ") c C E ) 1 +6 < . +6 8 @ < K 1 I! .E ) . ) 7 .' > ! c .! 6 F @ @ 9 5$ + 3 @ 5$ ( 1925 ) + ! ( 01 &0 ==E N.== . N == N == 6 @ > ' "(" . ) ! < . ( 13 : 1967 > . ) ( = K #) T = # 0 < F! G' P @ G .! = $ > ! 5. & '1 ! : ; . G' $6 / > ) D : ( 20 D18 : 1981 > ! ) E > @ K; / %(" < . & '1 0 =E > . ( 1908 ) + @ C! < ") + . : C! (1) .= $ > A # ) T # 9 ! F ") ' > . A.0 ( . ) < 6 C! 9 ! ( 1912 ) + C! !@ . 6 C! / C& 3 ! 2 > C! ' ! # & 6 h !@
35
> <= +6 =0 E ) : ; . K .j )f $ : K (2) = 5 = : ; = .& E. ( # / ) ( / ) 5 6! 4 / > ( = 0(C ) ( . = ) ( = 0 ) > #! K 6 . K / &' ) !0 K <= +6 6)' N ; N . ) : (3) . F;! < > F 0 0 6!@ 8 $ ) T # > + ) ) M 6& # / / & &# I &@ $6 D :(12 : 1980 =0 5$ &' 9 < ) T # :@ < 6 '
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.
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36
4$6 / / > &) +.'@ $! ! 0 K . !J = ! A = N) ) > ! @ K E@ 6! D: ( 32 : 2006 > / ) 6! 4$E K @ > 6 . =! . .) < / 6! A C2 U C : ( ! 6 ) 6! .1 .( N ( 54 ) F Y > ) T # & > 0 # / # / $ @ 5 6! G' 6 G ! :( ) 6! .2 . # Z E $ @ 6! & > ( N (60) F Y = 4 = .) > J 4 K 6! A$ :( ) 6! .3 U = @ # G ! 6 ! ! < 4 ? / . & =6! & > . . ' J ! G ! : ( $ @) 6! .4 . !' < F' C .! / + ' #. # ! G ! : ( 0 ) 6! .5 . ) ! E.) / 6! ! c ( / /) c ( &) : E ; "(" 6! $E / : ( # / ) 6! .6 > WWWWWWWWWWWWWW 4 ! / 9 ) 4$E G > ( K H)
&= K =0 6= = .) > / N K 6! 7 0 ) ! ! . C @ @ ) @ .) < ) ( # / ) 6! . &
37
6!@ E > . K 6 6!@ . G 6! $E / : ( .!6 ) 6! .7 = ) T # & > ( H) c ( ) c ( H) c (. @ #) : . + ' ) .!6 ! . J ! ( N .) ! F NK (K 0 .) @ ( X.) + ) # B 4 @ : ( /) 6! .8 6! E > N / ( 890 ) / 6! Y > . .0@ . 6! = G= ! . ! 9 ! < FE j + .' F! 1 > 0( . 0 = =! . < #. > # ! >( = ) =! ) ' + : E ' < + ! > ( N ) + # N ! ( N ( 30 ) .) > ( ) ! ) + +@ K 6! / +">( / ) 6! F . ) . 0 ! . ( N ) @ # .) ! ) & #! 0=2 67 6 G 1 & &# @ %0 A ! .& 6! > + ) . G '( ) ! / $ > &) +.'@ $! =6 =! / = " > 9 ) + ' < K !& = ' ? = = < ! & .! .!6 .( G '( +/0 < ' ) . ) . ( 0 C +( . ! + 'R ; (& K/ 0 &@ . (K 0 ! . ) & @ = = @ > 9 = (K E + ) (K ) = 9 $ > G= > ==6 +=' = G 1 N > . . 9 8 !6
38
K =0 =! . &= 9 8 !6 ! 0 ! @ > ' 6C&@ = K=/ = & &# K / > & 7 0 0 + = K . . 0 EK @ . A # . = ) = + ' ! ; 9 E 4$E K E + > K E = # E $= = =6 E@ 4$=E = Q E $/E 6 #. 0 > ( 1925 ) + < 0 .( ' ) C $! 6 & &# I2= K 0 4$E > ! +6; C 0 . Q ) 0 : C K= ) = .=6 . / Q 6!Q K "/ N .E ! / @ =E / > ! ; G2 6 /0 E KJ . . : C / .' > . F ! $E > ) N # N ' N 0 ) 1 . 6 ( 01 / . 90( %0
39
! " %0 ( + 1925 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; +1258 ) ? "(" < . K 1 ! K N N /0 ! : C +/0 . "(" 6 C! /0 ) ! / > . ' C ' ) @ @ > = C +/0 .6 +" > # 0 $ K N! ' K 9 ) & > ) 6!/ N2 @ ! / +6 C!@ : C = 6 = "/ N .E +6 /0 ! / > S F & "/@ ) . ) K . &= 6 & > ( 638 ) + $=! ) 0 ( I C E3 +" + = =! ( 01 U =' < N! ' ) @ 8 $/ 7 > & # ) 3 = .1 . = / E > M < 0 . ^ 0 1 ! G >( 1925 ) . # : C + K < . > 0 J ! + K $E .= > = ! ) E3 C 0 @ J > = ) 6 ) . ) C! 6 " 6! ) 1 E +6
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40
( 1925 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1258 ) # '() . C .' > !
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3 .) < +6 . ) . . +6E / > F! K ) / = > E.0 `# 1 / 0 4$E > C J / G ) 6 : ) / 0 ! / +( ) K : C .! ) . . ) +6 0 > 6 // +6 !@ !) 0!1 . ) = = = 1 =! ; ' .0 @ 6!@ . > 6 $ = <= ) " < 6 6 6 ) + 9(# E . 6!Q 6 ) > ) N = 0 > C & # ! + " . ) 0 0 = J ) = . > ) 0 6 ' 6 " (0 < . E 5 /C 6" 3 0 = . =) @ 1 +6 : > +E . 3 6 ! ! ) ) 2 2 < ) =6 0 &@ E. @ < / 0 4$E K .' > K K 0 +62=) B = < / 0 4$E " 67 5.B @ .A #@ .( $ @ 0 $E E 67 E $ E !) +6 0 @ . > 6 +6/ . ( 2012 > . 0 ) 6 ) 67 1 E 6C!
41
6 = P C <) ! / . .. G # '() ! .' D: . 4$E K @ > < .) < +6 0 P : * . # . .1 )2# +" > ( 1258 ) + . . ) (# 0 !/ @ =#. ( @ K ) / @ .) (1412) + . # . (1436) + $! ** ) ) . = & .) 0 &@ K 0 ! . U = @ = N; +E.! 8 + 7E ; 2 6! / < P (1455 ) + ) ) = E.) N > ( 398 : 1987 > ) = = +== %= 0 . # = . & (K ) ! . 6 N &0 E & 0 (K ) ! . G A.0 ( 6 6 ) ! . < 3 > (9 . ) F= K( = 8 $ (K ) 0! 1 & E.) / + ( N
(9 . ) + > ( 6 6 ) =&0 F &@ V " Z C == .==) ) ) Z < + 6 Z @ P > 5. K ) = 6 = ' .=' > ) ) K6 E .0 6 ! . . . ( 48 : 1983
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. тАл╪п╪з╪бтАм5B тАл ╪зтАмL 1E тАл ╪б ╪зтАм-)j + 8 тАл╪з (┘ИтАм E)тАл ╪▒ ╪г┘К ╪зя╗етАм- тАл ╪зтАмJOEOтАл ┘Ия║╡тАм╪М 2 OтАл ╪к я║╡тАмEтАл я╗етАм/0E тАл ╪зтАмJOтАл ┘И╪гя║╡тАм╪М `"*тАл ┘ИтАмE)тАл ╪зя╗етАм7-O0+ тАл╪▒тАм5- тАл` ╪зтАмEOтАл я║╡тАмA$ тАл╪░╪йтАм5тАля║етАмq$ 80 тАл╪втАм тАл ╪з'* ╪йтАмA$ тАл(╪▒тАмG-& тАл┘КтАмM тАл ╪зтАм2B*r$ 7 тАл ╪етАм8PBтАл я╗етАм81OEOE0 тАл ╪зтАм8 тАл ╪з (┘ИтАмJ10*тАл ┘ИтАм╪М >$ тАл ╪з╪итАмE тАл` ╪зтАмEOтАл ┘Ия║╡тАм╪М тАл╪б┘ЗтАм5тАля║╜тАм .81OEOE0 тАл╪зтАм
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42
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43
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â&#x20AC;&#x201C; = â&#x20AC;&#x201C; = ) . < / Z +6 +6 . ! < 8 U Q >
44
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
45
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â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1763 ) = C (# F & (K ) ! . +=/0 G= ) ) . .6 '( K .' .( 207 @ 1 > ) ) 0 < ( # + /) +K 1 N @ 3 C C 5.!K
46
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
47
.=6 E$ C! +7 ) 9 C& . 67 ! ") . +7 ) + = = +7 ) G ' 8 $ U ' 9C > 5 C& 4 =C > 6 @ 2 . +. & @ . 1 / > ! ! F! +. > ! ") . $E "@ . . 5 C& 4 0 ( 1508 ) ! = 6! . C&= =& ) (K ) 0! / 0 + > (K= ) =! . ( 0 ! ") & ! 6 ! ( 1514 ) + & / ) < 0 K 6 ! ") + ' / > & ! . < ! ") F!@ 1 > ) ) V( . .6 ) ) . & K 0 . ( 405 : 1987> ) I & . A =EK @ / .2 ( 0 N.. ! ") . 7! .' .= . .6 ) ) .2 <C & E. ' 0 > K =0 < 0 6 .E@ 9 0 ( 1553 ) + =; <= ..) ( 0 # ! ") . .2 "B + C $E / +6 = E 5$ H & # ; 8 ) ) . C .' > ) = . .2 0 ( . K ) . . +/ 0 . ' > ! " 1 E & < U( ( K . )< E.) #. ! < 6 ( 1590 ) ! ) ) . ( 48 : 2004 > 8 /! ) 6
8 + 3 ! @ ( 1595 ) + 5 1 H ^ # . . K6 ! Z = < > ) ) 0! ! " Z S Q F +6 2 ) ) =) =6 N . / ) . & ! . J 8
48
= ( ) U 2 4$E ) . > 4.! +!J ! ") .; 'f >+6 ' ' +J = G! > ) ) 8 Z E .& 1 N 0 % .0 V < 67 = . 2 ! . ) ; K ! . < JQ ) ) 6) . / 2 G . 8 == . ^ =#@ 9 . < = +" > ) ) $ C! K@ ( ) ) . ( 42 : 2004 > 5 K) ) 6! = 6 <= = . / +/ =0 G ) ) \ . 9C ( 1715 ) + ( K ) & / 0 >9 ) ! ! ") . / K ! 8 B ! ") 2 . ! ( +1 ! ) ' 6 &0 ) =) K6 6 ! \ . G 0 K6 5$ 0 ! ") =! . < > +1 ! ' ? G 4. 6 .0 4 # . ) 0 $ =6! = C < 6 (# . . . .6 . ( & ) . ( 157 : 2004 > 8 /! ) K 0 < 6 0 . & &
= # .=E ) .= ! ") . ) ) ) . 0 &@ +" 1 :F!@ < E. ! .0@ &! >( 1727) )' 9 ) . .0 3 .6 < E ; 7 0 $ ) ) . 2 @ ( 0 ! ") . 90 1 @ < > 6 ( 0 90 ! ") . S 8 $ &0 S > . . 9 ! . ( 41 : 1966 > 2 ) ! ") ( 01 &0 .! ! . #. = ) ' 0 ! . . A ( 1925 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1724 ) )/ . .6 2= 9 =0 < A.@ 3g ! E$ # + â&#x20AC;&#x201C; / â&#x20AC;&#x201C; . 6! < = F . . . . @ 2 $E G @ > & 3 ! V. C
49
=/ > 8C ! ? G ) 0 < 0 K 6 (K K J ) & = . < E " < )/ < > )/ + @ 0 + ' @ .) 0 ; 0 . )/ 8 8 $ > +6 0 @ ! ") . E. .0 G2 > .!6 / C G @ 3 . ? = 6 0 $ C! U (1837) + 2 ' 9 ) ! ! ") = ! ") ! +" > N /0 N &0 6 P 0 ) 0@ )/ > 6! ' 0 ! @ .) 0 < 3( 1 F (# + ( N N E . ) @ ? U . ! G' N; + 0 4$E / < ! ") . +" > 6! ! ") 0 ! .) 6) 0 ! . 3 ! ( 1847 ) + =) ( = ! " + =2 @) .=E ) < 0 ! . +2 N# N= ) N=2 @ ) ! 8 +=2 : C 0@ +.) 6 !' +J . ( 92 : 1971 > ! ) =6 > ( 1 < . G )/ . C . c( N +. + 8 $ / 9 ) 2 . & ! 4 / + ( 1857 ) + # @ .& > =6 . 3 = ` # 8 $ > ? 0 ( ( S = . I & 9 (Buffer State ) " K 0 ! / . G
50
! " ( 1724 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1436 ) ) ) . +/0 +.'@ : Q 5.( : # & ! 5 6 G .6 N . 4$E ) .' > ) ) E % .0 &) = Q . > K ' # + . ) T # ? N / N = ' =" & "/ ; ' 6!/ ! (1436) ! 4$E ; ' > 3( / : ! ' >. @ ! .) ! 0 ! % ! + ! > . .X )X > E J ! & )/ ) ; ' +1 ! ' 5K H F= ) := @ = ! @ A ' 0 + ' < ) +/0 . 6 ' . ( 5 : 1983 > 5. K ) = .=0@ \ E V( . 0 . < ) ) . ' . / 0 . # . U K ! / 5$ > ) < ! ) $# > & < 6 /0 . . ( 1 < > . .
F & K 0 ! . 1 0 F 2 ) +J 6 ( < ) . 4$E 7 0 .' ! ") . < K . ( 88 : 1965 > )
51
> 9 ) ! ]. / ) ) . : B 67 @ F= . V ! .) U .' > 7 ! 5.6 F!Q ( + 1412 ) ! $! @. $ ( = @ ) E.) 9 += ' < F= . = @ ) ! / +K6 F /0 0 =& (= < . . . # . 8 . ( 58 > 2006 > / ) KE =! = = (1465) ! < 0 4$E +/0 V( . 0 7 = = )= $ 4. C0@ F; ! @ .. 4.) +/0 < .' > . C&= = + =/0 = =6! p K .o / G $E @ +J > +E.6 ) =) & > ! ") 9 ) + /0 .!K : ( 13 : 1983 > 5. K ) 6 E@ ) ! ? 6 N" .0@ ! / / 6 (1299 ) ! 2 ! ! ") . 67 .1 .= $#@ > 5.( :. ; @ : # # @ 6 = P 0 ) . . + '@ < 6 E$ C! . V( ) ) . < U = $ (1501 ) != C C& . " . . ' 67 .2 . . +" .!K . . E.) > ) 5$ I U K! ( 1507 ) + N3. ) T # ! K .3 . C!1 A 4$E 0 ! ! C .! 6 G'
52
.= A = 4$E P) 0 .' > E J . ) T # < . 6! 5 / ) ) < &0 @ ) ) G / C 0 <=! 5$= =0 F! +/0 < ( 1465 ) + V( . 0 .) += . += > ) ) . ! 8 4.6 @. > ! 0 E F . . & > . . . # . C # P # . G . '() = > 6 9 ! < < 6 . ) ) . / 8 $ . ( 33 : 1981 > ! ) / 5 j @ : C F / + 5$ ' < ( q 'f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
53
= . 3 .= Q ) ) . 0 &@ ( 1541 ) + = > ( 59 : 2006 ..0 = ! ") $ =C! 6 ` Z ! / ) #. ! ") . ( 44 : 2004 > 5 K) ) =& = 0 0 2 = . G = < Z / ) ! ") Z KE 5.B @ N # > Z J P ) ! / C& . 6 < ) ) + = 6 G=! #. \ ! / ) + ( 6 ) 5 C& 4
. . ) ) . @ < \ ! / > +E.2 G' ) ) . E. @ C& . 0 1 @ 4 8 + 4 N # =E G ) ) . 8 < s7 0 r "@ 4$6 / > 8 $ ( K .) .= = ! 6 C' > ) E$ A # .( 60 : 2006 > / ) (K ) ! . E @ ) ) . # . 21 <2 C . +" N = ! N ' N & F /0 .6 5$ ( !K) F! 4.) +/0 < (1584) +/0 < 3( 1 4.6 (3( / : ! ) ' . @ . > ! . + . +/0 < < 3( / ' K 0! > !K : ! 0 > ) ) 1 N . ! !K ' 8 & ! 6 ! !0 8 ) 6! . > 8 F !
= . 8 +/0 .j ) f > K 0 + K < < ( 1588) / < F P U $ ) ) . E$ &) (1588) + g3. : 1975 > " ) 6 / . C 5 C& Z . + ' . ( 277
54
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
55
!= ! " : 4 ' F &! +/0 )2 > 8 / ) ' . (96 : 1987 > ) (+1643 D=E1053) = 3 = = 4 J K 5$ &! / +/0 E.) < = ) ; / > 3 . 3 ) F Q N .@ / .' > 2 C 9(# = 4.= G= F! ( 1655) + F @ % 5$ ! " : 4 < F / = C = ! = "Q N. ) 4.( ( 0! F!@ 8 $ > # . ( 63 : 2006 > / ) ! ") N= =/ .' > ) ) < N @ # &! A +" = % .0 K @ / > !C < "/ C B F . N .@ N ) ; P) P 0 &) F!( 0 F! ^ # 4.6
= = 0 < Q & < 6 > F! # ) E 6 K 0 < . ) 4. F! C) .& 0 8 !E < 0 ! =" : 4 ' C&@ < F ; C! < P ) > 4 = . )=2 =/ > / + ' +/0 #. + ' 5$ +/0 " < + ' ) ; KC0 ; F > 5.= K ) ( 1677) + C! 3 4 ' C)2 5$ . 4 2 . ( 27 : 1983 . =) U @ $ F @ .) ( 1678) + ) ) Z ) . 0 <
( N C / 4.) @ @ 9 5$ F @ # + .! K 0 < F= \ .= 4 #@ P . > F= # 4 ; 4 ! F ) .! 5 C& 4
56
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
57
= .' + ' ' ) ) . S 9 < N Q D: M 6& # / 6 ! K 0 ..) .=' >V(= . 0 K ) ) ) . ' D (1436) +
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!/ > ! ") ! . > ' "(" 0! E. < 7 0 .=! =6 = = = / 3 K @ < 6 C P) =2 > = &= =6 = 9 =) = + '@ >4 ! / : . 3 0 < 1 > ) ) & K 0 5 C& 4 0 - (1509) +
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" % ( 1925 – 1724 ) )/ . +/0 ! ) K F . ! & 6! )/ ' E .! + ' ! + 0! 1 N 6 +" > ) T # 0 =)/ ! ' + K E$# 6 N ' ! . . ) C2
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? ! & > ( 1690 ) + 6 +/0 < )/ . & . 0 = > 6 = 0 F / + ' . 0 < 0 E$ C! G= E.) . 5 2 G . + ! @ ! ") . 5@ . G $E G2# + 0 c 0 c \ . 4B @ F .) & ! ? # > . \ > " =! = + ' ( 1722) ! & ! \ . \ ^ +E.) +/0 < + ) 6C)2 & NK6 ! ) ) . 6 + ' @ .) +2 ( 1724 @ @ .(68 : 2006 > / ) . . < C < \ ^ \ . . 0 E 5$ & ! ? )/ . N!Q 3 K @ / 9 . < ! 6 (# + > ( 1768 ) + <6 ! ( 1737 ) + F /0 @. *
آ : qﺕ %( a -ا! ﻡ " #اrری ف ( !@ Jا!& ر ، ( q G ) #وه #8 6Kآ 6ة ! " %وع آ nة وأ"^ ذ ﻡ =دة ،ﻡ " % s ( Pن ،وه ﺕ ً K HVhوا ً ﻡ) أراﺽ %و" ا! اق و ا ا!& ات ا! " %ﻡ tت ﻡ) ا! 6ت ﺕ q -إ!E آ ، qوآ\! " Uا!& ات اrو _ ،واﺥ M&8ا! ' در " ﺕ=Lی= أﺹ Hا!> ) 6وﻡ QGا (= ! J8P q >" ، J%ة ر Gل ذآ ا!?Iوی #Z Z -ﻡ ، J%-أ %Bه Jآ q! d )( qأ = أ=Gاد ا! 6-ﻡ = Lﺹ E8ا A 8P pو ، J8وآ )( qآ ب ،وآ )( q ر( )( #ﺹ ' .#
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+= . @ .' > ' . + . +/0 .) ) ) . +/0 K 8 $ > ( 1747 ) + 4 & .6 . F! '@ G 5$ > ? . 0(C < 9 . . ( 71 : 1980 > + ) ) ) +. V(& # < 0 ) 1 ? .6 . .'
= <= )/ . F G 5$ 1 G' < N 7! > 9 ! +#2@ / / 5 0 @ 3 ! < 4 1 +K ) T # ) = C .= = @ =E > ; ! F ( + . @ T # > N) = N ! ! )/ . ' $#@ $6 > ' .!6 / @ ! ") U > 6 . 6 /0 0 F) Q + ' . 0 < 0 G E$ C! $ =C! )2# @ . > ! ") : C ! h ! U & )/ = R = @ = )/ +E. )/ "@ 8 $ > ) ) . +6!Q +6! 5@ . ' ) T # 0( Q 0 2/ 1 C ! ") & NK NK/ +6 G2 $E 9 0 > . ( 35 : 1981 > ! ) +6 $ +6 < 6! ( N / G . :@ = ' = : @ @ .=) = ?= = ( 1766 ) + !/ > +6 20 +6; ! U . 6; ! @ A.& @ ) T # ? # > ! 8 : C ! A ' %(" A '@ .& @ . ( 97 : 1990 > K# ) ( 1769 ) + ' 5$ +! J ? F #@ . +/0 < 2 6!@ 1 ( 1836 ) + & ! . ( 0 )/ . !/ + > 0 < &0 4$E 2 . > 6 ! ") ) + @ 0 !(
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! ") . / > ! ") 0 .; ' < . )/ . .' @ .) 1 G 0 ! / < 6 @ " > 6 0 ( 1867) + Q 0 E )/ ' + K . U .' . 6 g / 0 2 + ' >F=) =' ( ! ) . . . . + ' < . ! ") ! >G . (1837) + + 2 L@ .E ) . 2 < 2# K E3 ! 0 ! . .E ) @ > )/ 0 E ! / > ) ' C2 < )' (1857) + 0 ! 6 ( 2 < )/ . G C >K 0 0 .(79D78 : 1980 > + ) ) 5$ + 3 @ < )/ . G . C 8 $ .) ( F >( 1857 ) + 4 5 . & ! 4 4 .&@ = ' C = /0 $E 3 .' > & F + $E 6 <C2@ + ' .' > ! ") . (1848/5/31) . ! " + P @ : 1967 > 0 6 ! )
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T6! < 5$ K F! FC # > (1881) + . ? .) F= .) K ? F . > + ' )/ . $ C! + . 4. 1 =#H = < . 0(C )/ ; ' : ; 0 ? . = Q :0@ F!@ / > . . # K ? / > ) ) . Q= (1888 / 5 / 11) ? N $! 6 F > F . G2 : @ 0 1 F=!@ F= . B #. 0 $ < 0 ) )/ . V = +.= <= = K ? & G > 8 $ < T; ! < # = 0( I & . 0 6! / . / 5$ / 6! 0( ! .= ! C 4 .E@ 5 4 < 3 ! G . 5$ > I = F= I ( 1888/10/30 ) N!( 4 .&Q > .2 6 .! 2006 > / ) . 0( + ' / 6! 5 5$ + .( 78 :
62
. 0( Q K ? U !' N #@ !/ ! / = =0( K = 0 & (Z ! ) / # @. > N . & ' ! ='() ? = N. . N.6 #. 8 $ / 6! . P $6 ! &!' : Q .) & # ! 0 )' . 4 =#@ =E # @ F ! N K ? . .' > ( 1890 ) + = =6 =! ) ( 1897 ) + = K ? J / 5$ K# ? & . ( 110 : 1967 > 0 N= ) =/ 5$= 0 K# ? +/0 < $6 =/ <= <2=' @ .) .0 . / .0 > ! F ' .& = . 0 ! / > 6 7 ^ @ 4.6 > # G= .=! ' F ' Z E 2 6 I &@ > / ) j = > = K . ! . . U > 9 ) / Z . ( 79 : 2006 > / ) / 0 6 @ .=) T # 6 / 0 A '@ K# ? ! @ .'
2= = = ) T # < & U @ ! 701 6 ' < &! / ! = /C S $=6 > ! ! K/ / $ F= 5.!6 0 = ) T # 9(J < + E = G== ! = 0 S 1 4$=6 > < + 6 E.2 ) =; Z Q . =0 > 6 62 J@ 9 0 $==E =6 .=/@ > S N= 6 ! @ $6 > ! " 6
63
<= ' =6 .=6) > ( 1905 ) + K# ? G 6 . . .E ) .= .= <= 8= $ .=) . > = # KJ @ . 5@ .2 ! . ( 71 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 70 : 1967 > . ) = . > A #@ =' C .E ) . K/ . + 7! F . 5$ + ' :/) < ! $#@ > ( Hans , 1929 : 323 ) <2 C C . > )/ # > ( N 5 +/0 @ I2 I &@ # . 6! B #. > )/ . G2 < "Q < . 5.B @ K# Q N! 2 ! $ > ! @ @ 0 . G & # : = Q ./@ > F . G2 < "B %.0 .' ! ./@ $6 > ! ") . F F!@ !) 2 $E " + . ! .=0 < / ' 6 ) 6 ( 2 6!@ )/ . . ( Bell , 1917 : 29 ) 3 .E ) = ! = $ C! 9 ! < ! . + .) = )/ . E. @ > ( 93 : 1965 > ) ( 1907 ) + ) u ! .2 6 ( 0 #H N.6) 6 @ / 6)2 < "B .E ) 8 Q = < )/ . 8 $ > + ' .2 F ' 0 3 . 5@ ! I 5$ (1905) + ( E / ) + /0 3 ' + > ( Stephen , 1959 : 20 ) . K < 0 + ' C! !@ . @ < 6 ' )/ . ! @ ( 1914 ) + < ) 0 + ' .! = >. 0 < 6 ' ! . ! @ ! ! ") . .2 ! !
64
. ! @ / ? G ) ! ") & 0 K# ? ! &0 K( . 3 31BE . ! /0 .6) 2 . 3 = = /0 / < . @ 6 > N) 2 0 < = =/ 6 ) & & #1 . .0 K . +@ . +@ / ! /@ . ( 20 : 1949 > ) . ! / P=) 6 0& = ! = G=;( & ( 1915 ) + / @ . C! !@ # # = ' =# / 6! < ) ; ) . ) @ U 8 .2 F E )/ Z @. > ( Reader , 1915 : 78 ) @ 1 > +6 . = ' K/ . @ .) 0 !1 < 6 @ ! < G . ' . .0 < 21 &0 ! ") . ! & =6 ' = = )/ . = < 3g ! 0 K! ! = 0 == ) @.= ==E.! > =! . 4$=E ! . 0 .=2 > =6) C 0 ) ; ) ! ") .2 )/ ! / ( 1916 ) + . $! 9 ! 8 < + 7! . @ 5$ > # ; . ( 82 : 2006 > / ) ( 1918 ) + = =# @ < ) 0 @ )/ . 0 &@ = ( 1920 ) =" =6 . / > ! ") . @ @ .) ! . A '@ > " 4$E V ! N ( 224 : 1952 > ! 0 ) + 9 ) ( < . ! / 9 )= Z = = F C! )/ K# ?= = @ I 8 $ = ! I &= = ! = 2= F0 0 2 F!/ > ( Jonhn, 1962 : 64 )
65
K# ? . @ .) > ( Temperly , 1924 : 1186 ) 0 & +60 . ( 76 : 1988 > ! 0 ) F /0 G2# & 1 Q
) = =6 + = ! ! C )C ; 7 3 !" 8 + ' : ' < 5 . & ! . C7 . 0 4 .6 ! = /.= @ . < . #H + ' > . @ < . ! / .' > F G . G! > &) @ % .0 4$E K# ? .=' =6 F 3K 6! K# ? . B (. / ) # ; ' . ( 67 : 1980 > + ) ) I Q . / / 5$ # 2 I ! ( 1920 ) + C G / 8 $ .) % .0 +" > /0 < 5 / ( ! ! : 0 ' : ; &! F =C! < 4. . 3 2 < /0 ; .! @ 0 N K F C! .=) . K $#@ 5$ ! 5. ) ) # 2 > K ; .= <= = ! &0 > ( Moberly , 1927 : 183 ) < ) 0 . @ : @ < > .! ! . ' ) 2 / 0 3 S
.= !1 =0 9 =) G=2 / > 0 (# S N 2@ 0 @ .' ! ") . $E = =7! & <= ! = @ + & = > ! . ( 84 : 2006 > / ) / 5$ K# ? < @ > .2 # 2 ( ! I ! @ .) 6 .= / G . G! <& # 2 . B @ > . . B ! . )2 .6 + F J @ .) (# T Q > ! /0 <
66
8= $ " / 6 )/ . < 3 2 F ! &! # 2 G2 > = > C! 62 @ 9 . (# +6 K/ F G 7! . (97 :1980 >+ ) )P 0 U ' C K ) F Z ) 5$ ' = I / $ ; .) &!) K! # 2 A. 67 +" = : Z 6 Q P @ / < & C %) / 0 5 = 6 +/0 8 $ : @ 5 6 2 4 + < N/ F C! @ $ > ? 0! 0K / ) F ' @ Q F (0@ 9 0 @. > ( 1926 ) + ! 3g . @ K# ? ' / > ! F ..) 8 ) > Z ! E / 9 / F > N ; 6! &C!1 @ ! ) A ( 0 0K ' 2 4 ' / > . ) K0 + ( 0 < F & 4 & . .!) ! @ > A # .0 8 5@ U ' . 0 < > K# ? 6 .6) G # = ! 9 0 / .' K# ? . + > ! ) +=" > F . N 6 K# &' $# K 0 5 6 2 4 #. > . @ > 5.=E K =# \ 2= ! ; / /0 6 / 0 < ! <= # / 0 /0 / 3 0!@ G ) + /0 ! @ ! P C K :! & > ! ( 01 1981 > ! ) . . G2 < F ;!6 + . # 2 4 < . ( 49 :
67
< 6 (# 3 .0 $E < & .! ? = F! G / & < F 0 ! . K# ? 8 ( 1925 ) ! =2 4 = = @ .' > 0 ! . N / 0 \ . ? F! @ .) . 0 . =! <= K Q= > F ^ # K# ? F
# $ C! G 1 F!@ 5 6 F= .=& = Q 4 # K# ? < 5.E K Q > ) 5.E K .. = .) > 0 < . ) 4 F . J E F ' G ^ # F K K 0 ! . ! . ) 4 K E.! C < K# ? G + ='@ C0 + 7! A ( 1925 ! 18 ) + 3 > 0 ! . ) <= (= @ . 0 . F! G K# ? F (# + K# # 67 < F ! A +" 6 @ "(" . 0 < N @ \ . ? F! > 6
= = ) +=/0 K 8 $= > N / N N /0 /0 > 6 < . ( 23 : 1972 > ' ) +( K ) + < 0 =; G= . 0 P # E !J@ .' ! v @ %0 A ! 8 $! 0 //C . @ .) > + ' ! ) = N= ; ' =/ 5$ ) U & 6 ( (# 8 $ > < 9= 0 = 6 K! # < . ) > ! . =! 6 2 / 5 6 2 ! G . < ) > w..w6 X 62 J@ C 4 1 " Z N &! ) / 0 / F! > F= . =6 ! / / > ! K 0 8 (# ! U & +=/0 <= 3( ( F ) 6 . )/ +" > U . K &! < 1 N @ F & Q ! =2 > 60 &= < 3 . #@ ! & # 8 $ > ( !1 C! C .6 @ & # > 6 N& # N .& . . +/ 0 =6)' / ! 4$E 0 6 J I & > K# ? + @ .
6; ! @ < N # ) . F 0 1
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% " &C ( 2013 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1925 ) 4 !
.( 1979D1925 ) 4 ! / +/0 + 7! : %0 . ( 1925 ) + ! ( 01 : . +2 ) ! : ! " . ( 0 . $# ! 3 : % "
.(2013 D1979) 4 ( 6 +/0 + 7! : ! " %0 . ) 4 ! 5 6 +/0 + 7! : . ) 2' 4 ! 5 6 +/0 + 7! 8 : ! "
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% " &C ( 2013 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1925 ) 4 ! = E <= ( 1918 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1914 ) < ) 0 .) ) P ) >F! K K 3 K @ & J ! . .. < F ;K < .@ ) g = =g E C =! / = > (1916 ) + = =/ :/ = = ' C G= ' A . (=6 . + = ' <= '. & .0 / ! = 5 6 .) H J $ C! 9 ! . .0 ! ! &# .< ) 0 > ! 4$E < ! / > ! ") 5$= ! $ C! 9 ! A.0 ' C 1 4$E 0 &@ +E C 7 7 8 $ ( 1925 ! )
( 0 I
? = 8 $ $! > ) ! U 2 > ! 5 ) 1 4$=E = = ) ) < 3 2 < ! ( 01 .# . &= ' ; = 6! ..) ) > ) 4. ) ? = = =6 " 1 . < ) $E U 2 @ E. < .@ " = .' E > < K # + 9( A < & >% .0 . ( &0 U( .( ) !) = C (=# 4 ! &C $E . ! D : M "0 (# ( 2013 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1925 ) .( 1979D1925 ) 4 ! / +/0 + 7! : %0 .(2013 D1979) 4 ! 5 6 +/0 + 7! : ! " %0
70
%0 ( 1979D1925 ) 4 ! / +/0 + 7! = +/0 < ( 1921 21 ) 5 6 # 2 / =/ >( 127 : 1971 > + =/ ) U .= N K 0 N N.; ' F C! . = =/ F >F 7! Z C 8 F E N) ! &! $E 4 # . . . 3 ! 2 F / G P ) > ..) &' ! ' C .! )= F=
# $= C! F G 5 ' Z < .! > ( 612 :1992 > ) ' ) + = = K < 4. G2 $6 > 3 d < 3 2 U = 5$= ( 56 : 1939 > . = ) Z Q F # . G / E @ . . N" .0 N 7! &' . F 7! F= A = F @ 9 + / # 2 <6 ! @ .) = < ) 0 @ ( N F @ 9 0 ='() E. > )/ . @ K# ? )2 "Q 6 / ( N ) > < F! ) 1 5$ # 2 ' / > 2 @ < 0 ( 1924 ) 0 @ = > EQ F ' < 4 @ .& $#@ . ( 171 : .. > ) ( 0 N .6 ) ; ) # D : M (# %0 $E . ! .(1925D1921) ! ( 01
:
.(1925 ) + .) +2 ) !
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( 1925 D1921) ! ( 01 F ) ' > ( 1917 ) + C " " +/0 N. . N 7! '@ 6 / G 6 # . . # / 5 & .6) 6 & 5@
&! / > ( 1918 ) < ) 0 6 K K ! > > ! 2 0 ! $ > N / 4$E : .(
=0 8= = @ =6 / .( < <2 C ! ) : .( ! / / / 6 @ # 2 E. @ . ) K +" > N D : EK @ > ( 0 6 6 ( 1919 H 9 ) .E ) P .1 +7) ) ( ; ! ! / 0 < ) 0 @ ' <= I2 "Q 6 / > E J + .( .!6 / & 9 ) =6 =& .E ) P < ! : G . c = C + ) 5@ = C /0 : ; 9 ) ! .! (:/ / ) > = 6! 0 ! 9 ! ! 0 @ .) ( . 9 " ) > Z = . = = ! 0 : .( .E ) )2 =6 ' =J . = Q 6 / N # N. .6 ! & / @ # + K 5 4 /0 ! / $E / > : . ( 275 : 2009 > ! ) ! (#. G! .( 02
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( 1921 ) ! /0 0
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(1921 = ) ( ! : 0 ' : ; &! / 5$ # 2 + ' <= ; = . 3 2 /0 P > . /0 0 < A.@
&=! =# 2 6 > . . /0 4$6 < +qJ l@ 5$ 4 . ( 54 : 1939 > . ) U . K ( 1921 ! ) # 2 .
.3
6= @ "(" .) ; 3 K : ; =# =2 (# . 8 == <= ; = S # 2 F I ! $ (1921 ) ( ! <= /0 :@ (1921 !) = = + =' . 0@ &! .(= '() E " < ! 0 .' > U . K &! 6 # 2 6 ( (1921) .E ) + 2# G K ! / > 6 /0 ! / ! ) K ! > + 1991 > + E )(1 +' 90 7! .E ) & C ) $ ! / . .( 144 : # . (/ 0 ! /0 : .( 3 K U 2# # 2 / G== == . > . B + 7! E.) ' $ > ( 1922D1921 ) : $ P $6 ( " H) / # (1922) + = .(280 : 2009 > ! ) N. ( N #. /0 h 6 @ 6 (# / (1927) ! < 0
.4
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( 1922 ) K# ? .2 C /0 / 0 9( !
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G = = .= . C /0 ! C / < 3 3 K = : ; ( + ' )P $ > ( 1922 ) )C 6 &! F! ( 1921 ) & 6 & + 1 C / < N / + 5$ K# ? ! ) / 5$ ! 1913 ) ! $! G . + G #Q < G K ! 6 ..0 .' . (311 : 2006 > 8! )( 1920 ) ! .) G / G . > ! /0 ( ( 1923 ) C /0 ; # 2
.6
4.2 ( + ') 3 K := ; E . / B . ( # 2 ) / = @ = #. @. > U . K 2 F C! 3 K ; C < + . ( 248 : 1999 > . ) ) 6 + 0 : . ' ! .0 9 0 9 ) ( 1924 ) # 2 A. / !
.7
=0 C = ! : = C ! =7 ! ( 1924 ) $H (= <= .= ! .! =6! $0 ! # 2 +K > . Q
.& =# 2 . 5$ = > 66 . ' 6 F== =) = = =2 0 ' 6 / / ) F > = 6 ) .( = = = E `' ! / F . / .# !) : ..E > /0 F @ F & . + .! > ( 82 : 1937 ! > . . + K . F " . . : . > 6 < 0K
74
=0 > : = Z 6 ; P @ / C %) / F!E$ <= +2 < # 2 &@ @ .) / 02 . ( 280 : 2009 > ! ) : / ) / 0
.8
= 0! +. @ / ) . .) 1 / E.) ( # 2 ) I ! G= K =" ( 0( # 2 # ! / > K# ? G # 6 ( 0 6 = M / 6 G= 9= 4 ' / > 9 G @ < Z D: ( 224 : 1970 > ? ) 9= 8 = > ( K 0 . 0 ) . J 6 ' C .â&#x20AC;«Ø£â&#x20AC;¬ . ( &') 0 ! < (4 ! /) ( . /) ) ( $@) . ( K .) 4 (. H + #) ) > (5. 0@) . ' C .â&#x20AC;«Ø¨â&#x20AC;¬ =2 @ 9 = # ( 6C=&@) < > ( # \ 2 ) . ! ' C .^ . (K E + ) ( 6 6 ) < ( # ) . ( 6 ) 9 F ( # 2 ) E. ' C .. 8 ) @ Z ! F C! ( # 2 ) E. ' C 2 # .' = +" > & 0 !/ ( .!E) (1 F .) ! B =/ +. @ J > ( 81 : 1937 > 6 ) ! ; # 90 @ ) < ( K#) ? . 5$ > ( # 2 ) I & ' + 0 @ < A.@ ! =' =' @ < > 6 @ "(" (# F 0 ! 6 ) ( # 2 ) < '
75
! . ( # 2 ) = ( K#) ? E.) < .' > / ) 6 ( # 2 ) . ( 100 : 1939 > . ) ( 1924 ! / ) K 0 < # 2 E.) . > 6! (# @ N B . 3 (# 5$= ! : 0 2' %0 ( 1925 ! " ! / ) A $ 6
= =! +/ 0 < . # 2 ! / > . K# ? +6 = K# @ J > 6 K K# ? < I 5.E K \ 2 8 @ .) & < E$ ! /0 ! 3 F ) 6 < E$ P .(175 : . . > ) 6! B < \ . ? 4. . 0 0 9 =! E.! ( 1925 ! 15 ) < 0 & K# ? 7 5.=E K \ 2= =! +/ 0 F! $ > F P 3 B ! G 0 !1 6 N @ F .&@ @ .) F) . 0 0 < U = ! = &! A. @ > ( 127 : 1970 > 0 ) (# 4. ! G . ) ? G!'@ @ .) > K# ? ( F! 2 ( Moony Penny ) ! ! 0 <= = K# ? = . = 8 $ .! > . J .' # 2 ' Q 4 @ \ . 4 K = K# ? = . .! . ( 350 : 1986 > / K ) F # < 0 &' ) K# ? # F < C0 < 4 . 5.E K 5$ 2 6 + 6!@ 0 . K# .. > C K# ? K# ? E$ $6 N / C0 Q F!Q 5.E K / > . ) 8 ! .= 0 . ? F! F / > ( 286 : 1928 > ) ) F . G' / +
76
? = ) F= `) K# ? '@ P) G \ . ? F! > .6) . ( 254 : 1970 > K# =6! K=! =# < 9 K P) & C0 K# ? ! = = K# ? : 0 . P) 5.E K Y 0 N .! ( 50 ) = ! 20 D19 ) = = K# ? < P < @ 2 .0@ .)& +" > 0 <= 0 8 !E K 0 < 0 / .0@ < F . 4. ' >( 1925 A \ . ? V 9( E.) + > ( 44 > 1972 > ) K . +" 3 = S ! /0 0 ! $/E > 6 < . 0 . F! K# ? 0 0 ) 6 N / N / 0 ! 0 0 ! . +" +6 P . ( 131 : 1970 > 6 ! + ) ! 3 ! ( 01 @ %0 A =! / K# ? 6 .6 . % .0 @ 1 > $E
/ < A.@ (1908 ) + C! C @ .) & # E J F) > 6 5 ) 1 $ C! G 6 . . ! C
=! = ( N 2= >
) T # ! ! I & 3 % .0@
N = # = 1 G' / $ ( 1914 ) + < ) 0 +=/0 8 $ , F! / 5 6 +/0 + ' : 5 +/0 6! .6 / > 6! . F . < 6 2 < <) +" > (1925) + 6 0 KJ 5$ ! " (1925 ) + .) +2 ) !
77
$=E K / / > E.0 `# 1 / 0 : C 3 . .)X .=' > ( +/0 (# ) K : C .! ) . / . 3 .) =67 .) C ) " U & 0 ! / = ! @ A ' 6 .( ) 0 4$E > V < ) = N = "/ ) . @ NC ! N) $# U & $E @ J 1 > C # . +6 . .=6) =# @ =) .=2 : C A.= &!) ! .) ! K .' == K' ==0 <= = ) ) ! 4 . ! . @ 0 5 4$=E $= C! . =0 ( 1747 ) + = 4 . ! U & =/ > +6 0 : C (0 < +6; . . 0 8 $ $! : .( 21 0 / > # <= = ) 0 6 C / %. 0 9 0 / > ) $E 0 > = ) = /C . ) . 67 " 9 ) 1 ( 1 6 ) @ N # N / ( 0 . ( 52 : 1980 > 5. ) ) F/ = 5$ 9 9 :C! # 2 4 .6 & # / . . . Q ) . $ > < < F; 5$ 4 . ! ? = A. # 2 + ' / > . . 9 ! ! E +@ = 0 = 3 . . 9 ! / 4 P) I K# .= / . ! .! . . @ A ! / + 8; @ @ .) I2 > K 0
= < 6 ( +6 6)' " $ > <
78
<) ) 4$E / 6 6;! E@ > ) T # #. 6 /0 ) <= = / . = =6 I & @ N ; . J ! / 6! < <= =E ; E N. . @ G . .' E . / 8 $ > ! 6 ; ) 9 ! 8 3 +E 1 5.B / +E. . ) T # 9 ! = 6 ( 0 ..E 9 ! 4$E @ . / +E. . @ 0 &@ $ < 0 6 K= P) = F . > 6 0 / .; ) ' 6; . F ) $E A &= ! A / ! %(" ) K / 90 . 6 0 ) . ( 109 : 1970 > 0 ) < @ = 0 @ .=) ! Z + ' .! ! . ! & . .K .' = < 3( 1 > C &' % "@ N3. )/ . . 6! .=' > = K# < K# ? ` # G . I # 6! C > . . K '.! @ ( 20 ) = ( N 2 = ( ="(" +; ! ' + ' > . 4$E 6 . )C . ! /0 . C . ( 429 :1954 > C ) F / < 6C 2 K# ? 2 @ +2 # 2 6 ! .=) 1 ( 1925 ) + = )/ . .2 # 2 6! 0 / = M = ! ! T= 0 < . =! 1 8 $ > = . F C . ! + /0@ 9 D : ( 60 : 1981 > ! )
79
: C G F 0 J < . ( 01 F ) P .1 6! / 6 E / 1 0 . ' 4$E > J +6 /0 ` # + < 0 . 1 &# 0 & . +6 " 0 ` # @ +E ) . ) > F ' # 2 6! 0 ! ) . &# 3 6 ! .2 = ) ) 4 . @ )C E ! > 6 ! .' 0 4$E @ !) 1 6 .# ; G ' / F C ( 01 P . F ( F 0 . . @ 62 # 2 C !1 " ( =01 = < 4 & F ' < F . ) 8 .3 + = ' +2= = = P @ 0 3 6 ! 1 +. . 6 = ) .! > ! ( 01 = ) A.& $6 0 0 $ K# ? .. E. ' " ( 1925 K 23 ) = /0 .# = @ .=) 6 ; < P " P 6 0 6 3 0 F )2 ( 1925 ) + 6 < K# ? $#@ @ .) . . .# ! F= /0 K ! F!@ F 3 N! .&@ .' K# ? Q . 6!S > ' = /0 G . 5$ >( 111 : 1966 > ) 6! B < F= 0! < N @ K# ? \ . ? ) ' .& ! ? # 6 ! ` & 1 0 ! Z " +K( .( 233 : 1998 > ) K#
80
1 =0 = .. 6 # ) 6 ( 0 .) 6 .6 7 =6) K > ! ( 01 ` # ) 6 + ' C (1925 = 31) ! : ' . E &0 9 = 0 = / 3 = 5 . 0@ 4 . > # 2 3 K : ; F 12 ) ! : G +" > ( 252 :1991 > + E ) Z ) = =/ @ .) < 4 &! # 2 &! ' ( 1925 ! / 25) &! = .' > ! 2 G < F P .( 248 : 1971 > ! ) 6 E . . ( 8 $ N B (1926 ! > F ( 01 I & . Q . . 4 +/0 1 ! ' +" 6! 1 N . + 6! ; ' ! / .E ) / 3 @ = ! % + +" > 6! N3K 0 &@ / G 6 . . . A #@ 6 0! C& 6 &0 B 6/ " P ) @.
= / K 0! " / > ! 90 ? N (# = ! 3 C 0 1 > C! F C! < > ! 6 ) = > . C! ! 1 0 < / + F 0 & C! ) = 1 : = M ! 0 C! G K C @ +6! ' : ! / ) > 5 = ) %14 == =/ > %6 = ! > % 40 = ! > %40 .0 . ( 50 : 1974 +=2 ! / + 4 ! ( 01 8 I & +2 6!( S 0 & ! . + ' . ) " <
81
+ / > F 0 5$ + ' . .0 6 ! V 2 @ 6! .& +=2 = 6 ! 1 > 6 2 @ < + ' +2 N N0 & M < 0 .& > F =2 + ' ( 0 .6 6 ! 0 (# " 02 ! / 6 + ' 67@ ( 1925 ) + ( 01 .) .& C 5 / ) +/ 0 ! . I2 / 6 ./@ ! 4$E $=E (=# > ! 1 1 + ' . 0 )C +2 3 +" = +K 5$ . B ' @. " . ! ]. S 8 &# G ! / F 5$ 2 V(&S . ) . 6! / @ .=E ) 6 . K ( 9 # S $ > ./ ! ! .0 + & < 2! @ 9 @ > . ! ! ' . ' @ . ==6! > = &=) .=6 6 `! = K 1 + 0 .=6) (1920) + = . B 0 6!S > + ' / .=6 =0 < 3 +.=) + K 1 2 < =6 ' +2 ( 1925 ) + .2 ! .) 0 6!
==0 8= 2 V(& = B 4$E > = ! G > + ' $=E ) ) &@ # =2 / = =6! P ) F==! =0 =!1 + ' # 8 $ > 0 ' F / < 0 . .( 63 :1981 > ! ) 0 / F C! 4 & F 0 & F ) I! N. 6 6 $=C! =
# 8 6 ! / 6 ( 0 .) ! # / P=) G .) 0 ) . @ ! .!/ 3 ) 1 A 4$E ) < 3 2 < # E > ; K 9 C
82
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â&#x20AC;&#x201C;
83
( =0 = / @ .) ! +/0 + 7! 6) @ %0 A = = 4$E ) ) .2 K ! / (1925) + =2 > = ! 6 ) ) + ) +6 )! > " 7 = =) > ) + ) < & G! .6 ' N =/ %= 0 > ! ) #. ` < &0 )& ! )
= ! +6; 7! !" '@ ) ! ) #. & 5 ! ) #. 0 ; @ ) >+6 ) + ) 3 = ) ` = = K ) ! ) / > C 20 < K/ C = U = < ( > ) J +6; 7! ! C 7 K (; ) 1H A > ! / F) + ' : C " =/ = = < @ 31BE " / ! / >(1928) + $! + ' < : C <= : C 1M ; $ < (1908) + + ' C! / A.@ > ) . ! / / J % " ( 0 . $# ! 3
)= 8 = > ( 1925 ) + == = ) =! 5 =/ ) ( 01 .) =/ =) ' ! = / > ( 1 0 @ 2! 9 0 = =6 . K = / =) !/" = 'Q > 2 @ # . G =! .= C& .=/B / 5 / ) =67 $=E > 3 =! @ = ' == ) == 4$=E = ) A. = ! V = " / > 0 = /
84
< 3 2 ! 3 ; < Q 5$ = = C $ C! )2# D : 3 4$E K @ / > 6 ( 0 . @ 6 E 6 = ' +" > + ' ) C& C! K # < + ' +
.1
>G' 6! 3 0 A . 3 @ ! G= / ! .& . 1 F!@ +J > . . 3 @ 6; .=) 5 6 2 4 +/0 + 7! 6 6 ! C 3 9 ! 8 & )
! ? G A $ > ( 1925 ) + 6 ( 0
1( C& .!K 1( . 6 + . 9( < 6 . . C . ( > 6 ' /0 .( 158 : 2006 > / ) / @ (185) Y = 0 0 3 K @ U ( 1936 ) + ' $ >G / @ (67.282) I & G (25.400) =0 = U == ' =" .0 . 7! 3 0 1 < 6 2 2 @ / ; ) @ NC @ # 6; K @ .0 & @ + 0 0 ` .6 ! D: ( 12 : 1981> ! ) E ) 0 > <= =2 = ) ! 3K / @ (11) U '
.@
.: 7 0 7 0 < 2 ) ' 3K / 1H (10) U ' .
. 6C&@
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=7 0 <= 2 3K / 1H (4.400) U ' .^ . = N3K= = + ' 5 6 2 4 .6 ! )
.4
> 8 $=!H = ! = 1 ) 1 / F!Q ! @ > 6 2 @ ) +=/0 B G @ > += 'O 5 / ) +/0 ! @ . ( 105 : 1981 > K C ) = ; 2 = . = + ' 3 ! @ ' 0 6 . K / ) !/" '@
.5
= . = ! K @ > 6 2 @ # . G / ) ' @ ! ! / > E " + F ' 5@ Z > / ) +; . /! . 6 21 E 0 ) Z . ( 175 : 2006 (# ) ) < " &0 P / V +. G > / . .) G ! 1 : . .. = ) ( .. ! < 5.B 5$ ) . /S > K =0 =) ) $ .. (# : . ) TE =! @ / > ) ) 1 ! . G @ & # 6! / +6 . & ) < )& C . . ( 128 : 1980 > + ) ) ! /0 F <) ! / E J @ = ) = : .= + =0 ! ' ! /0 .&@ .' = .. 6 0 0 ) : . / Q > ; . 6 )
.6
86
9= A .' > ) 6 ) ) 1 ! : . = / ) . K/ + ' 2 @ / < 3 4$E . ( 51 : 1974 > 5 ) G . ; 7 0 8= $ 2 F' 0 2 ) + @ 9; G2
.7
> =6 ) +/ 0 + ' ! /0 G! (# N )=& =6! = ) ) + ' +/ 0 .. ' ( N 2 .=! =6) A = 2E / < 2 ( N N ' 9 . ( 71 : 1981 > ! ) 2 31 = E @ 9 ) ; 3 B ) ! /0 + '
.8
6) < NK .) $E > E @ > ! /0 . ( 132 : 1970 > 0 ) G ) . Q /! . 6 21 E # U !@ / + .# = ) A < J (# ! ' ) 90 ! = 2 > &# / F! . & > #H ' = = ) = + K= > . 0 A . ) P = Q F ./B = # .=6) + . ^ # < C J 5Q & 1 +.) .6) G > J 5 : C = /0 1 N K =! =/ .6) $E C # .! > ^ # ) ; ( ) +=/ 0 < = 0 G= > ! J ! F @ ! = = ) ) 3 ! @ < ! &0 P $ .( 74: 1981> ! )
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= =0 A =' . / /0 G K (# K==) 8= $ 9 = ; / " =; / 0& ; / + ) ; / > + ) ) + ' ) 5. ! / < 3 2 ) 6) . ( 129 : 1980 ; =7 = = =) F ' = C 3 K = : + =0
.10
=/ = & > 0 / @ / < 3 = !1 @ = /0 == @ > +==6 . G=2=# = =6 = = = 0 N=C7 +60!= . +6 & +60 A . <!. 2 / ) = K = ) ) < + 0 5$ > F2 ) @ . 9 0 5@ > = ! ) F = ) = 2 G; 2 0 ; . ; . & . ( 71 : 1981 = ! = = . ) K 9 ) < C 3 ! @ G!
.11
. ( 132 : 1970 > 0 ) E J 3( / = 3 = P =C 5 = 6 =2 4 = 5 / ' .& D: ( 52 : 1974 5 ) .( N / N K! ; ) V( UK! . @ . C 5K 3 . E ) 5K 3 . G! .
5 / =) .==; &= 0 I & ) ; ) 8( @ . & .^ . ! . .. . ) 3 ) + 0 ..
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= = C = /0 G= =) : =C U = ' + '
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A =#@ 6 ) = =2 =/ 3 = 0(C 2 @ P p Q 31BE P ) 3 .1 > ; .# =C7 " V K! F2 @ 8 ) V(C < P =C 5$ = > (1962) + = G= ! /0 .&@ / > ! < 6! 2 F K $ > F K V(& ! ' 8 @ / < + 0 C # 9 ! : 0( < .(129 : 1980 >+ ) ) C 3 K : 1 ) 2 > = == = 0& = .# +. = ! /0 . )
.14
= ' G= > = .=) 5@ =6 = 1 + ' A J@ = K( = .# + . 0& ! / + 1 F!S C . ( 73 : 1981 > ! ) .=EQ F (# ) 0 9 0 E !E +/0 + 7! /! = F 0 ! 9 0 + 0 ./B 4.& .0 + 9 " = 1 @ = =6 7! = =7! P= += ) . = / <= ; E$ + E P) > ( Mvhan , Undated : 248 ) <= +6 = 2 ! ) . @ +7) ! + 7! :!= <= 9 C K 5 M ! :! @ / 9 ) ) . ( Mohammed, 1961 : 18 ) )
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= ! = 6 + ' 6 ( 01 < ! $! C 6 ) ( ! . < &!) I 0! ! +( ; (# ' > & ) % .0 + . ? =/ V.= = . = A & E 3 S > . TE ! = 1 . C /$ . C 8 .E .( 185 : 2006 > / ) 6 ! / N= = # "/@ . 6 +/0 ! @ %0 A /0 . ' ) 2 < N @ ' .6 + = ' = = ) ) + @ 9 . 6! 9 ! / ' ) ! w !k ' 6 E@ > ..) 0 / F)! =/ 70( + > E . C C > / K # C; @ @ = += > + 1 .0 K A +/0 ! K ; 0 1 + = ' = 1 = . : ; @ @ 7 0 /
p &! 5@ + ' P C / + 7! < N "(" "/@ .) M >F # N. ' K 1 6!@ 1 > ) .' ) . ) &!) . / @ += ) ) / > ! 1 I; ;C "/ @ = " N.. $C! > 0 ; / F ' . C ( 0( ?2
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= 4 = +6C ' 2 @ +6C' / + 4 + 7! C # $ 6 + /0 6 +/0 + 7! ! < %0 . ) > ) ) . 4 (
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) = 3 ! @ F 8 > 0 5 6 2 . 0 4 +/0 # @ ) 2! = =" = / A # ! ) ! < ) $= 5 0 . . 1 2! $E 0 " .' > ( 1979 ) + 4 + 7! @ > ' &! . & ! 4$E (1925) + . ) 4 ) + 7! E ( 1958 ) + K 0 0 ) 6 9 " ! 6 (# A 0 ) " / 0 ( 1968 ) + = . / > &! < 0 V C/ ) P R ! ( 01 .2 7! ) " u K 0 .( 85D84 : 1981 > ! ) =0 C F E ! / ) 02 =/ +E &= = +6 0 ) $6 N ' N) . ! / 4 +/0 / > ( 01 ` # +6 H 9 0 E 4$E Q !' ! / +6! $ > 0 > =! # + . ( 6 +/0 + 7! u @ ) ) !
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= N..= G= @.= > . ) ) V F 2 ! @ F ) . F 2' ) $ .6 : M (# %0 $E . ! . ) 4 ! 5 6 +/0 + 7! : . ) 2' 4 ! 5 6 +/0 + 7! 8 : ! " ) 4 ! 5 6 +/0 + 7!
) 6! G 6 ) @ > ! &# < ! 6 + 6C = ' ) ! +/0 7!@ & # > & ) % .0 + . ? A. < +=/0 + =7! / 4 !( " / > @ 5. G 0 = )C = C F ) I& @ 5$ ( 1979 ) + $! +/ 0 ( 4. .=0 <= <= = ' 20 F )2 ) # % G= > ) K F 4. .0 < ! " > .!6 F ' = > ' ) T # C2 < . ) ) @ N F/ . .= ) F ) N C! > K E 9= 2 < > ) < 6 # . @ . ( 5598 ..) > 2012/5/5 !. + ) 3 = ) 2' 4 ! +/0 + 7! A. ' ( 1979 ) " & ! .) ! . / @ 4. 5$ T6! 1 ) ! = / 0 C 1( . 6 .; ! / . M :C! < +;
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