劍橋生活素養架構-情緒發展(Emotional Development)【完整手冊】

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英國劍橋大學出版社

劍橋生活素養架構 Cambridge Life Competencies Framework

情緒發展 Emotional Development 臺灣師範大學英語系及翻譯研究所

周中天

教授 譯


華泰文化為英國劍橋大學出版社英語教材的台灣總代理。有感自 108 新課綱的實 施,各界教育工作者無不迫切想了解如何在日常的課程融入「素養導向」教學,華 泰特邀周中天教授執筆翻譯劍橋大學出版社與劍橋大學教育系合作發表的研究成 果 — 劍橋生活素養架構 (Cambridge Life Competencies Framework)。此研究揭 櫫 21 世紀必備的六大生活素養能力並提供明確能力指標,可為課程規畫提供具備實 證且可實踐的全齡段教、學指引。期待透過這份素養架構的中文翻譯,將劍橋的生 活素養教育實踐藍圖分享給更多關心教育的家長與教師,讓台灣新世代具備足夠的 素養能力來迎接明日生活的各項挑戰! 請掃描 QR Code 閱讀 周中天教授《情緒發展》導言

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劍橋生活素養架構∣情緒發展 Emotional Development

情緒發展 (Emotional Development) 劍橋生活素養架構簡介 針對學生在 21 世紀所需的生活技能與素養,有許多作法提出,適用於不同的情境。許多教 育人士常提問,想知道這些作法如何在英語教學的領域中推動,劍橋盡力回應,責無旁貸。 我們著手分析各項素養能力的成分,目的是建立一個基礎架構,以詮釋各種可行作法。 本套架構涵蓋六項生活素養,奠立在三層基礎上。

劍橋生活素養架構 (THE CAMBRIDGE LIFE COMPETENCIES FRAMEWORK)

創意思維

學習方法與 態度

Creative Thinking

協同合作 Collaboration

Learning to Learn

慎思明辨

溝通互動

社會責任

Critical Thinking

Communication

Social Responsibilities

情緒發展 (Emotional Development) 數位知能 (Digital Literacy) 學科知識 (Discipline Knowledge)

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學習歷程 (The Learning Journey) 從學前階段到在職階段,每一學習階段各有不同的素養目標。

學前 (Pre-Primary)

小學 (Primary)

大學 (Higher Education)

中學 (Secondary)

在職 (At Work)

我們研發了一套「能力指標」(Can Do Statements),描述學習者各階段完成時,能夠做到的 事。這些指標明確表明學習者在該階段結束時應該能夠做到 (can do) 的事,也就是可以看得 見的行為表現 (behaviours)(見本篇第 6 頁)。 本架構,從廣泛的素養描述,到明確的能力指標,分成三個層次呈現。

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素養

核心範圍

能力指標

(Competency)

(Core Area)

(Can Do Statement)


劍橋生活素養架構∣情緒發展 Emotional Development

「情緒發展」基礎的定義 情緒發展是各個年齡階段成功的要素。這會影響我們的學習,也影響我們工作或教育過程 中順利行事的能力。它與其他素養能力的不同之處在於,對情緒發展的培育或評估,通常 不會以明示的方法進行,也不是由教師決斷。理想的作法,通常是配合其他學習目標,設 計相關活動來進行,使學習者有機會學得管理自己情緒的技能。 情緒發展對學術和社交成果產生的影響,超過認知能力 (Izard, 2002; Qualter et al., 2011)。學 習者的社交和認知發展,都是以情緒技能為基礎支柱。 情緒發展,是人在社會和教育環境中成長,經年累月形成的一系列能力。靠這些能力,才 能理解和管理自己的情緒、了解他人的情緒,並形成有意義的人際關係。 情緒能力包括學得與各種情緒相關的知識、在各種情緒情況中運用這種知識,以便與自己 或他人適當應對。 對於「情緒發展」,我們確認了其中三個核心範圍: • 辨識並理解情緒。這是指學習者能察覺自己在各種情況下的感受,無論是限於自身的, 或是與他人有關的,而且能夠適當表達出來。這須要靠對自己長處與弱點作反思以及自 我評估、思考自己的情緒並用語言描述,還要能夠看出且具體說明自己的信念、價值觀 和行為。 • 控管自己的情緒。這是說察覺情緒後能加以運用的能力,以便在情緒起伏中有因應的機 制,盡量減少負面情緒並增強正面情緒。學習者遇到負面沮喪情緒時,可以用自律有韌 性方式調適應對。 • 同理心和人際關係能力。這是指學習者能在情境中察顏觀色,辨識他人的情緒。學習者 可以表現出同理心和同情心,分享他人的情緒體驗。這種能力包括關愛他人、理解他人 的觀點、並由此產生共同的情緒反應,採取相關行動。學習者能夠建立關係、維持延 續,參與社交互動,並以尊重關懷的態度處理一些矛盾衝突。

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「情緒發展」的行為表現 (Behaviours) 「情緒發展」與六大生活素養不同,無法以外顯的、歸納化的方式說明,所以我們不特別談 述情緒發展的「能力指標」,而是列出「行為表現」,說明各學習階段中「情緒發展」各層 面所預期的目標。

學習階段

能力

行為表現

(STAGE OF LEARNING)

(ABILITIES)

(BEHAVIOURS)

• 知道主要情緒狀態(例如:快樂、難過、激動、無聊、生氣、害怕 或受挫)。

辨識並理解情緒

• 說出自己會感覺愉快的事物(擅長的事情、喜歡做的事情)。 • 說出使自己感到高興或難過的原因。

• 看出情緒的產生與哪些人、事件、情況、物品等有關係。 • 對成就感到得意。

學前 (PRE-PRIMARY)

控管自己的情緒

• 情緒低落或面對壓力時,能用各種方法來因應。 • 對於期望獲得的滿足或獎勵,能壓抑衝動,耐心等待。 • 向父母

照護者說明自己的情緒。

• 察覺同伴之間共同的情緒(例如:快樂、氣憤等)。

同理心和人際關 係能力

• 開始表現能理解哪些行為會對他人有害,造成不平(例如:說謊、 忽視、戲弄、毆打、排斥等)。 • 安慰他人(例如:擁抱、分享玩具)。 • 開始交朋友。 • 描述不同的情緒。 • 描述哪些事情使自己感到快樂、難過或沮喪。

辨識並理解情緒

• 理解在相同的情況 彼此相關的

事件中,自己可能有多種情緒,但這些情緒是

相似的(例如:沮喪和憤怒)。

• 說出自己某種情緒,並與其他人的情緒比較。 • 沮喪或焦慮時,能有方法控制情緒。

小學

控管自己的情緒

(PRIMARY)

• 在課堂上,適度控制亢奮情緒。 • 開始理解自我情緒控制如何重要。 • 進行自我對話。 • 意識到他人的感受,必要時給予協助和安慰。 • 做錯事後表現悔意,尤其是對人造成傷害或不快時。

同理心和人際關 係能力

• 看到其他孩子受挫難過時,表現出關心和同情。 • 知道如何結交朋友和維持友誼(例如:分享、聆聽、幫助,尊重他 人的感覺和物品;有人感到不高興、不舒服,或被忽視時,能夠察 覺)。 • 述說更多種不同的情緒。

中學 (SECONDARY)

辨識並理解情緒

• 討論自己為什麼感到不同的情緒。 • 描述處理困難情況可以使用的作法。 • 了解某些情緒是如何由自己的性格弱點所引發。

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劍橋生活素養架構∣情緒發展 Emotional Development

學習階段

能力

行為表現

(STAGE OF LEARNING)

(ABILITIES)

(BEHAVIOURS)

• 遇到讚美、管理挫折和批評時,適當地因應面對。

控管自己的情緒

• 以適當的作法來面對壓力。 • 使用一些作法來管理情緒,例如:對情況重新評估,或設法改變。

中學(續)

• (主要是與朋友)討論自己的情緒,並選擇最佳應對作法。

(SECONDARY)

• 顯示能理解他人觀點和感受。

同理心和人際關 係能力

• 以尊重的方式表達反對意見。 • 以建設性的方式調解摩擦衝突。 • 用心維持人際關係,並感受歸屬感。 • 清楚說出造成壓力或不快情緒的原因。 • 辦別相似但實際並不相同的情緒(例如:happiness﹝高興快樂﹞和

辨識並理解情緒

joy﹝心怡愉悅﹞)。 • 預見愉快

困擾的情況,並設法促成或避免。

• 了解生活中其他方面的情緒如何影響與學習相關的情緒。 • 採用具體方法,避免會造成壓力、沮喪或憤怒的事務。 • 遇到障礙和挫折時,即便少有他人支持,也表現出堅韌不拔的毅力。

大學 (HIGHER EDUCATION)

控管自己的情緒

• 藉助過去的經驗,表現出堅韌應變能力,不受負面情緒影響,專注 完成任務。 • 反思自己的各種情緒經驗以及如何管理(例如:寫日記加以記錄)。 • 看到他人受困境所苦時,給予情緒支持。

同理心和人際關 係能力

• 看到他人受困境所苦時,務實地給予實質協助。 • 與同學和老師維持適當的關係。 • 避免說出可能引起分歧或爭論的事情。 • 在工作中,以適當方式描述自己的情緒。

辨識並理解情緒

• 顯示能了解,應於什麼時機適當表達情緒。 • 充分了解自己的性格弱點,以及應該如何克服。 • 能夠察覺,工作上的決策什麼情況下可能會受自己情緒影響。 • 與同事或經主管互動,產生負面情緒時,使用適當方法來加以控管。

在職 (AT WORK)

控管自己的情緒

• 對於工作負擔,或是客戶

供應商帶來的壓力,使用適當方法來加

以控管。 • 控管情緒,以符合工作單位的要求。 • 看出同事之間的情緒問題。

同理心和人際關 係能力

• 認真傾聽同事的問題。 • 對有情緒問題的同事,提供適當的支持協助。 • 與同事、主管、客戶維持適當的交往關係。

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「情緒發展」培養指南 語言課不僅是學習者學習新語言的學術場所,還可以讓學習者增進自身知識,並與周圍的 人密切聯繫,增進整體身心建全。由於這樣的意涵,劍橋生活素養架構列出「情緒發展」 這個範疇,目的是使語言教學也有助達成身心健全的目標。 為了培養有效的情緒控管能力,個人必須具備動機,持之以恆將所學知識具體實踐,採納 回饋意見實際改進,並磨練自己新的生活技能。培養情緒發展,有諸多好處,包括提高社 會效益 (social effectiveness) 和改善人際關係。在課堂表現上,情緒發展的改進,可以產生 以下效果: • 考試成績進步; • 違規與衝突行為減少; • 專注於學習活動任務; • 人際交往能力提高。

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劍橋生活素養架構∣情緒發展 Emotional Development

課堂活動建議 以下提出的活動建議,只是概要說明培育這項能力的可能作法,當然仍可不斷補充增修。

情緒發展培育建議 納入個別化培養方法 (incorporate an individualised approach) • 了解所有學習者對情緒的體驗方式都不同;方法要有效,必須適合個別學習者和各個 環境。 • 指導學習者理解並控管情緒,與他人建立有意義的關係。

活動示例:「叫得出名字就不怕」(Name it to tame it) 簡而言之,將感受具體名稱說出來,可以幫助理解它,並構成一系列「情緒字詞」。這 種活動的用途有兩種:處理負面情緒和理解他人的感受。 1. 處理負面情緒: 師鼓勵學習者,萌生負面情緒時,當下就將之在心中默念或開口說出,或是寫下 老 來,來幫助自己拋開這樣的感受。學習者可以辨識自己的情緒,就不必承受它;他 們可以自覺地意識到自己的身體和思想,並從情緒中抽離。 2. 理解他人的感受: 師讓學習者使用標記情緒的作法,好在互動時察覺彼此的情緒。只要不作聲地想 教 像對方現在的感受,例如問自己:「他現在感覺是怎樣?」就能理解狀況,獲取足夠 訊息,以做出將心比心的反應。教師和學習者首先必須能夠明確辨認情緒,才能理 解體諒他人的感受。

減少學生的焦慮 (minimise students’ anxiety) • 創造條件來激發學生的正向反應。有些學習者在課堂上可能會因為焦慮,導致心跳加速 等等的身體反應。我們應該幫學生認識情緒所造成的這些生理現象,並將這種能量轉化 為積極動力。如果學生能辨識這些反應,就可在遇到這些情況時有應對的作法。 • 營造一種有利減輕焦慮的環境。例如:減少學習者之間的競爭,或練習在不同的環境中 使用語言。

活動示例:「三件好事」(Three good things) 學習者寫下一天中進行順利的三件事,並簡要描述其理由。其中,描述「理由」這一步 驟最為重要,因為它不僅是描寫事件,還須要用心思考。這項活動任務可以令學習者愉 悅,並且獲得成就感,減少負面情緒。活動進行可參照使用以下表格: 今日三件好事

理由

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認清情緒如何影響學生 (raise awareness of how emotions can affect students) • 讓學生建立自信,並鼓勵他們相信智能可以靠努力增進。 • 幫學生了解如何改變觀點,從而控管情緒,轉移情緒。

活動示例:「發現一線希望」(Finding the silver lining) 參加此活動的學習者,最主要是觀察自己班上或校外生活中的各種大小問題。目的是養 成習慣,同時考慮一個情況的各種結果,並且盡量從負面情況中看到正面發展的希望。 學習者可以運用自身的語言能力,就任何情況中的「一線光明希望」,向老師和同學說 明,或是以書面方式寫下來。老師要激勵學習者:每遇到任何一個問題,都必須在其中 至少找到一件好事。活動進行可參照使用以下表格: 情境 這件事有哪些困難不利?

有什麼可能的正向結果?

鼓勵學生表達自己的情緒 (encourage students to express their emotions) • 給學生機會,好跟同學及老師談論自己的情緒。 • 培養學生所需的語言和溝通技巧,好表達自己的情緒。 • 教導學生各種技巧和活動,來鼓勵開放自然的正念 (mindfulness)。

活動示例:「品味」(Savouring) 「品味」是指記住愉快的經歷,並刻意回憶,細細回味,念念不忘。學習者對於某次經 歷、事件或成就,記憶深刻,完全沉浸在當下的愉悅中。老師為了培養學生這種品味能 力,可以鼓勵學習者特別注意一些有趣的事,並透過語言與他人分享。然後,可以鼓勵 學生他們將活動中的某些東西(例如照片或紀念品)做為對象,來時時回憶活動中留下 的正向情緒。 舉例言之,教師可以帶領學習者進行「自然漫步」,要求他們找到三件從未注意過的東 西。學習者可以觸摸、嗅聞、仔細觀察,回到教室後跟同伴分享自己的品味經驗。教師 也可以激勵學習者把這作法養成日常習慣。

請您實作…… 1. 選擇一項上述提供的示例活動,在您的班上實作。 - 計劃活動時,可以依照前面所列的說明操作,也可以參考當中的建議,

再依據班級狀況,調整一些作法。 - 完成活動後,請回想反思:在協助學習者認識與表達自己情緒方面,活

動的哪些部分有效,哪些部分下次可以改進。 2. 請檢視課本或其他教材,選擇以後幾次上課可能進行的活動;想想如何進 行。 - 考慮如何調整這些活動,以提醒學生注意情緒發展的作法,並鼓勵學生

思考自己的情緒。 10


劍橋生活素養架構∣情緒發展 Emotional Development

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劍橋英語教材中的

情緒發展基礎 教學活動範例 小學英語教材

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-41396-1 — Level Up Level 2 Student's Book Caroline Nixon , Michael Tomlinson Excerpt More Information

Level Up Level 2, page 67, ISBN 9781108413961

能力:同理心和人際關係能力 行為表現:意識到他人的感受,必要時給予協助和安慰。

5 The kangaroo’s kind to the old wombat all day. When it’s late, she says goodbye to him, and she looks for her baby. Where is he? She can’t find him! “Joey! Joey! Where are you?” the kangaroo shouts. It’s OK. He’s asleep below the biggest tree. The kind kangaroo finds him and goes to sleep, too.

The next day she wakes up and sees a pouch. She puts her joey in the pouch. Then she sees the old wombat. “Look! This pouch is amazing, but where does it come from?” “It’s my present to you. You’re the kindest kangaroo that I know,” the wombat says. And from that day, all mommy kangaroos have pouches to carry their babies.

2 Talk about the questions. 1

How does the wombat feel at the beginning of the story?

2

How does the wombat feel when the kangaroo helps him?

3

Why does the wombat give her the pouch?

4

How does the kangaroo feel when the wombat gives her the pouch?

3 Who’s kind to you? Are you kind to people? What do you do? Socia� and emotiona� ski��: He�pin� others © in this web service Cambridge University Press

12

www.cambridge.org

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劍橋生活素養架構∣情緒發展 Emotional Development

中學生英語教材

能力:控管自己的情緒 行為表現: (主要是與朋友)討論自己的情緒,

American Think Level 4, page 67, ISBN 9781107598539

並選擇最佳應對作法。 7 A LWAYS LO O K O N TH E B R IG HT SI D E

Me, Myself

& My Take

on the

World

Take #17: It’s all about the positivity

T

oday’s take is all about attitude. So many of my friends are often pessimistic. You know, the kind of people who always think, ‘There’s a dark cloud up there. It’s going to rain soon!’ Guys, we all need to work on our attitudes. It matters how we see things! I read a story recently that I want to share with you, and if you’re a pessimist, maybe it’ll change your attitude a bit too. It’s about this guy, I’ve forgotten his name, let’s call him Jim. He was kind of a born optimist, always in a good mood. Jim owned a shop, and a customer once asked him how he managed to stay so friendly and positive all the time. His answer was: ‘When I wake up in the morning, I know that the day will have good and bad moments for me, but whatever happens, I’m going to choose to be in a good mood.’ Then one day, something terrible happened. An armed robber came in, held him up at gunpoint and made Jim open the safe. As he was trying to open it, Jim’s hand slipped. The robber saw this, probably thought, ‘He’s about to attack me!’ and panicked and fired. Jim was still conscious when the ambulance arrived, and he was rushed to hospital. In the ambulance, he’d felt fine because the paramedic kept telling him, ‘Don’t worry. I’m sure you’ll be OK. As soon as we get to the

hospital, the doctors will take care of you!’ But once Jim was in the operating theatre and he saw the faces of the doctors and nurses, he had the feeling that people thought he was more or less dead already. He knew he needed to do something. There was a nurse who was asking him lots of questions, very fast. One question was: ‘Are you allergic to anything?’ ‘Yes!’ Jim said loudly and everybody stopped what they were doing. There was total silence. ‘Bullets!’ Jim said, and all the doctors and nurses burst out laughing. And then Jim added, ‘Please operate on me thinking that I’ll live, and not that I’ll die!’ Jim survived, thanks to the skill of the doctors and nurses. But what helped too was that he managed to remain an optimist even in the most dramatic moment of his life. So listen up, dear readers. Let’s try and think positively more often. Actually, I’m on the point of doing this right now. I’m having a piano lesson later today. Not my choice really, it’s my parents who think it’s good for me to learn a musical instrument. But I’ll be a good girl. I’ll keep an open mind. I’ll choose to find something positive about playing the piano. Anyway, I’d better go. My bus leaves in five minutes. Oh, and I’m off to Spain on Tuesday for a family holiday so I guess I’ll post my next update two weeks from now.

Learning to see things from a different perspective How we see a situation influences how we feel about it and how we behave in it. Learning to look at things from a more optimistic perspective can have a positive influence on the outcome of a situation.

1 Read what these people have experienced when trying to look at things from a different perspective. Say what and who helped them change their attitude.

For a long time, I used to worry about everything all the time. I even used to worry about not finding anything to worry about. Then we had this discussion in class, and one of my teachers told us a saying I’ll never forget. It may sound ridiculous, but it really helped me change my attitude. It basically says, ‘For every problem under the sun, there is either a solution or there is none. If there is one, think till you find it. If there is none, then never mind it.’ 2

I tended not to believe in myself. I always thought everybody else was better than me. One day I went out with a group of friends, and we met this guy who seemed quite nice. But then I noticed that he started to make fun of the things I said. I became quiet and started to feel bad about myself. When I spoke to my best friend afterwards, she just said, ‘So what? That guy’s strange but that’s him, not you.’ So I decided to ignore the guy and he soon stopped making fun of me. More importantly, I felt better about myself.

SPEAKING Think of any difficult situations where you could usefully apply either of the two perspectives above. Discuss with a partner.

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13


成人英語教材

能力:辨識並理解情緒

Empower Upper Intermediate, page 123, ISBN 9781107468757

行為表現:在工作中,以適當方式描述自己的情緒。

UNIT 10

USEFUL LANGUAGE

4

CONVERSATION SKILLS

5

Describing how you felt a

a

3.66 Complete what Tessa says with the words in the box. Then listen and check.

get I

b

Interrupting and announcing news

believe

can’t

surprised

it. I was it.

so

over

1 2 3 4 5 6

couldn’t

. First prize! I still

Discuss the questions.

1 are ways to stop people ending a conversation 2 are ways to show you are about to say something important

c Here are some more ways to describe how you felt.

c Answer these questions.

3 I was really pleased. 4 I was expecting it.

1 At the end of each remark, does the voice … ? a stay high b go down 2 Does this show the other person … ? a that you’ve finished speaking b that you haven’t finished speaking

Which mean … ? • I was surprised. • I wasn’t surprised.

• I was happy. • I was shocked or disappointed.

d Choose one of the situations below. Make notes to

d Practise saying the remarks.

describe how you felt and why, but don’t mention what happened! Use expressions in 4a and 4c. 1 Your boss called you into his office and said that you were fired. 2 You have won £10,000 on the lottery. 3 You didn’t prepare for the exam and you failed it. 4 Your best friend told you he/she is getting married. 5 Someone stole your wallet. 6 You were promoted.

e

6

restaurant. You each have an important piece of news to tell your group. Student A: You’ve just been offered a new job. Student B: You’ve won a free trip to Paris for two weeks. Student C: You’re getting married. Student D: You’ve won a prize in a poetry competition.

I really wasn’t expecting it.

I still can’t believe it.

SPEAKING

a Work in groups of four (A, B, C and D). You’re in a

Read out your sentences. Can other students guess the situation?

I was so surprised because I only bought one ticket.

Hold . There’s something we have to celebrate. Hang a minute. I know you won’t this … Just a . One more .

b Which remarks … ?

1 How does Tessa say she felt? a) happy b) disappointed c) surprised 2 Which word has the main stress in each sentence? Practise saying the sentences.

1 I wasn’t expecting it. 2 It was quite a blow.

3.65 Watch or listen to Part 3 again. Complete the remarks.

Work alone and decide: • what details you will give • which expressions you will use in 4a, 4c and 5a.

b

Have a conversation. Take it in turns to announce your news. Then continue talking until the next person interrupts.

Unit Progress Test CHECK YOUR PROGRESS You can now do the Unit Progress Test.

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劍橋生活素養架構∣情緒發展 Emotional Development

Further Reading Here are a number of books or articles that you could also look at: Arnold, J. (1999). Affect in language learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Arnold, J., & Murphey, T. (2013). Meaningful action: Earl Stevick’s influence on language teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Dörnyei, Z., & Murphey, T. (2003). Group dynamics in the language classroom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Dörnyei, Z., & Ryan, S. (2015). The psychology of the language learner revisited. New York, NY: Routledge. Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden and build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218-226. Fredrickson, B. L. (2006). The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. In M. Csikszentmihalyi & I. S. Csikszentmihalyi (Eds.), A life worth living: Contributions to positive psychology (pp. 85-103). New York: Oxford University Press.

Gregersen, T. MacIntyre, P.D. & MacMillan, N. (2019). The emotional rollercoaster of teaching abroad: In search of silver linings in difficult times. In C. Gkonou, J.-M. Dewaele, & J. King (Eds.), Language teaching: An emotional rollercoaster. Bristol: Multilingual Matters. Jaeger, A. J. (2003). Job competencies and the curriculum: An inquiry into emotional intelligence in graduate professional education. Research in Higher Education, 44(6), 615-639. Jordan, D. & Le Metais, J. (2000). Developing emotional intelligence in the classroom. Issue 24. NZCER and ACER. https://www.wtc.ie/images/ pdf/Emotional_Intelligence/eq4.pdf

emotional power of the imagination. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 2(2), 193-213. Mayer, J. D., & Salovey, P. (1997). What is emotional intelligence? In P. Salovey, & D. J. Sluyter (Eds.), Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Educational implications (pp. 3-31). Petrides, K. V., Frederickson, N., & Furnham, A. (2004). The role of trait emotional intelligence in academic performance and deviant behavior at school. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(2), 277-293. Reeve, J. (2018). Understanding motivation and emotion (7th ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Lopes, P.N., Salovey, P., & Straus, R. (2003). Emotional intelligence, personality, and the perceived quality of social relationships. Personality and Individual Differences, 35(3), 641 – 658.

Seigel, D., & Hartzell, M. (2014). Parenting from the inside out: How a deeper selfunderstand can help you raise children who thrive. Melbourne; London: Scribe

MacIntyre, P. D. & Gregersen, T. (2013). Emotions that facilitate langauge learning: The positive-broadening

Serrat, O. (2017). Knowledge solutions: Tools, methods, and approaches to drive organizational performance. Singapore: Springer.

Laura and Olivia, Language Research Team, Cambridge University Press

15


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