Hsin Yeh Logbook Final Submission

A01 LOGBOOK Constructing Environments - ENVS10003 2014, SEM 1

Hsin Yeh - 690458

WEEK 1

INTRODUCTION TO CONSTRUCTION

WEEKLY ELEARNING

THEATRE SESSION

Week 1 lecture was an subject overview of Constructing Environments, followed by an activity of building a strong structure out of a piece of paper. The activity showed the way a material is constructed has large influence on the load it is able to withstand.

Six topics, including loads, construction overview, materials, basci structural forces, load path, and Melbourne’s bluestone structure, were introduced in the week 1 eLearning. Each of these topics are further explored, as shown in the knowledge map, and their contexts are inter-connecting with one another. For example, materials relate to the isotropic or anisotropic properties when being compressed or tensed. Also, the economy and sustainability of materials and the use of blustone in Melbourne city share the same idea of using local materials in construction.

STUDIO ACTIVITY: TOWER The studio activity was to build a tower as high as it can be, which would be able to fit in an animal model. The material is MDF bricks.

The first layer was built with the bricks standing on its length in order to have a higher construction. However, the tower would be unstable if the base only rest with small surface area. Therefore, from the second layer, the bricks are layed flat and rest with the most suface area.

As shown in figure 3, when the tower reached the forth layer, a brick in the first layer was rotated 90 degree and an additional brick was inserted from the side to support the end brick on the forth layer.

This construction was to create a entrance for the animal model to fit in.

The construction of the tower continues to repeat the previous process, which is illustrated in figure 4. Every four layers, a brick was inserted from the side to keep the entrance open.

The plan view of the tower was a semi ellipse form, as shown in figure 5, with the arrow pointing the entrance.

1 4

2

5

3

6

7

8

The loads of a brick were supported by the bricks below it at both ends, and the loads of these two bricks were transferred further down to the other bricks. As a result the entire tower was stablised by the compression between each brick. This is illustrated in figure 6.

When taking out a brick, the loads of bricks were transferred in a different way, and the tower was still stable. This is shown in figure 8. More bricks could be taken as long as the existing brick was compressed by the bricks above and supported by at leaset one brick below.

WEEK 2

STRUCTURAL LOADS AND FORCES

Week 2’s lecture included an activity of building a structure, which could withstand 500 grams to 1 kilogram of load, using few straws, pins, and a plastic container. Several students had participate in making one, and alterations were made to increase the load capacity of the structures. The knowledge map is a summary of the strategies that can strengthen the structure, which are learnt through the activity.

Week 2’s eLearning introduced the concepts of construction systems, structure systems, structural connections, and environmentally sustainable design (ESD). These topics link with each other in many ways.

The ideas of ESD buildings can be incorporated into the decision making of what type of structural system to be used for constructing a building. Structural system is an element in construction system, and there are many types of structures. Each of the structure type is then constructed differently by applying varioud structure connections. These concepts provide basic understandings of the method of construction and how to construct in a more sustainable way.

WEEKLY ELEARNING THEATRE SESSION

STUDIO ACTIVITY: FRAME The task of week 2 studio session was to construct a frame structure as high as it could and be able to withstand load.

able to relieve some load from the original posts, but due to the weak joints, they did not successfully increase the load capacity of the structure.

The frame structure from my group started with a wide triangular base, so the load would be spread across wider footing. There were also bracings between the three stripes of balsa wood to make the triangular base more stable.

Some bracings were also added between the long posts to strengnthen the structure.

The upper structure was built by three stripes of balsa wood connecting to the traingular base. One stripe per side.

These three posts were then held by another triangular frame, but smaller.

Then, three longer posts were connected to this second triangular frame, and held together on top by a third triangular frame.

However, after several supportive additions to the structure, it was only able to withstand the load of a sticky tape roll for few seconds before collapsing.

Image. 1, taken by Hsin Yeh Frame tower built by my group

At this stage, a load was placed on top of the structure to test its capacity. It was not stable as the posts were very long, the triangular frames that held the posts were quite far apart from each other.

Therefore, another three very long posts were added to the structure, connecting from the top to the bottom traingular base. These three posts were

weak joint, easily collapse

Image. 2, taken by Hsin Yeh Frame tower built by my group

The posts of the structure were too long and there were not enough horizontal support, such as the triangulat frames and the bracings, between the posts.

Also, the joint between the stripes of balsa wood were not strong enough to stablise the structure. Plus, the narrowness of the triangular frames held the posts too close to each other. Therefore, the loads pushed the posts inward easily. A wider distance between posts, stronger joints, and more bracings might make the structure stronger.

Image. 3

weak joint, easily collapse

Image. 4

Image. 5 Taken by Hsin Yeh Frame tower built by group A

Image. 6

Image. 7 Taken by Hsin Yeh Frame tower built by group B

The other two groups constructed their frame towers in a similar way. They were both based on triangular frameworks made of three stripes per each triangle. These triangular frames were then connected to each other by one post at each point on the triangle (group A) or bracings between posts (group B). Group A also added supportive structure at the base, which created a wider and more stable footing. The load capacity of these two groups’ towers were greater than the tower of my group as the loads were transferred through the structure in a more widespread and balanced way, as shown in image 6 and 8. Their structures were more consistent and wide, therefore, were able to withstand heavier loads.

Image. 8

WEEK 3

FOOTING AND FOUNDATION

WEEKLY ELEARNING STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

Strut - slender element: columns - carry loads parallel to long axis - strong in compression Tie - slender element: cables - carry loads parallel to long axis - strong in tension Beam - horizontal element - carry vertical load - strong in compression & tension Slab - wide horizontal element - carry vertical load - bending, supported by beams Panel - deep vertical element: walls - walls carry vertical load - shear diaphragms (bracing plane) carry horizontal load

FOOTING & FOUNDATION - At the bottom of a building - Transfers loads safely and evenly to the ground

FOOTING

- A substructure below a building - RETAINING WALLS: (Ching p.3.07) Resist adjacent force of soil acting on the structure - SHALLOW FOOTING: (Ching p.3.08) Used when soil is stable

Pad footing Strip footing Raft footing

- The ground underneath a structure - DEEP FOUNDATION: (Ching p.3.24) Used when soil is unstable

End bearing piles Friction piles

FOUNDATION

FOOTING & FOUNDATION

STONE - piled EARTH - compressed blocks CLAY - bricks CONCRETE - Roman concrete - Strong in compression - Weak in tension - Good thermal mass - Durable

The point of balance, where the entire weight concentrated

EQUILIBRIUM

MASS MATERIAL Modular - made in standard units - bricks, blocks Non-modular - monolithic - concrete, rammed earth, huge stone

CENTRE OF MASS

MASONRY MATERIAL Masonry: - building with units of products, mortar as bonding agent - units together act as a monolithic whole - Bond: pattern, arrangement of units - Course: horizontal row - Joint: connection of units - Mortar: mixture for bonding

- A state of balance, object/system at rest - Equal action of opposing forces - Applied forces = reaction forces - Horizontal equilibrium:

sum of H = 0 - Vertical equilibrium:

sum of V = 0 - Rotating equilibrium:

sum of M = 0 - M = moment = tendency to make a point rotate = force x distance (Nm/kNm)

WEEKLY ELEARNING CLAY BRICKS

CONCRETE BLOCKS

STONE

Standard dimension: 110 x 230 x 76 (mm)

Standard dimension: 90 x 390 x 190 (mm)

Production: - handmade - machine moulded - extruded and wire-cut

- Cement + sand + gravel + water - Hollow or solid - Load or non-load bearing - Reinforced by steel

Igneous: - granite, basalt, bluestone Sedimentary: - limestone, sandstone (pink, yellow, creamy) Metamorphic: - marble, stone (flooring, benchtop)

PERPEND

BED JOINT

RAKED IRONED

WEATHER STRUCK FLUSH

Various Types of Concrete Blocks www.cpwrconstructionsolutions.org

Gabion Wall http://www.tonytextures.com/fridaysfree-texture-download-gabione-stonebasket-wall/

Monolithic Stones http://betterthanufos.blogspot.com. au/2012_06_01_archive.html

Ashlar http://www.kaneva.com/asset/assetDetailsFullScreen.aspx?assetId=6381772

Rubble http://quoteko.com/rubble-stone.html

STRETCHER COURSE HEADER COURSE

BRICK-ON-EDGE COURSE

SOLDIER COURSE

THEATRE SESSION SITE

URBAN PLANNING

- Brownfield in London - Clearing of soil & water:

taking out oil, gasoline, chemicals,

and radioactive substance

The Olympic Park occupies a large area of the landscape, and includes buildings for various sports and resifential area for the players. The area of the park is designed to be transformed for other uses after the event is finished.

STRUCTURE

LONDON OLYMPIC CONSTRUCTION

The structure of the stadium contains various circular layers. An exploded digital model is shown in he lecture to point out the different structural elements.

London Olympic Park www.travelofix.com

REUSABILITY Many materials used in the construction are from recycled sources.

After the Olympic, some materials can also be reused for future construction.

London Olympic Park www.travelofix.com

STUDIO ACTIVITY: OUT AND ABOUT (PART 1) STAIRS ON WEST END OF UNION HOUSE / Photos taken by Hsin Yeh

SKELETAL STRUCTURE

The stairs were lifted by the cables, which were in tension.The cables were attached to beams underneath the stairs in order to support the loads of the stairs. At the bottom of the stairs, the beams were also stablised to the ground by steel structure, so the stairs wouldn’t swing horizontally.

The cables were held together by beams that extruded out from the walls of the Union House. The internal structure of the wall might be as shown in the sketch. The beam extended deep into the structure and was held by a solid structure, possibly concrete, to support it lifting the cables.

NORTH COURT UNION HOUSE / Photos taken by Hsin Yeh

MEMBRANE STRUCTURE

The membrane was strectched out by the cables pulling it downward in diagonal direction. The cables were secured on the ground. There was a metal plate with narrow, long gaps that could drain the water coming down from the membrane away to the underground.

There were several columns around the membrane also pulling the membrane out. The columns were placed at an angle, so their centre of mass was outside their base. Therefore, the weight of the column acted as a force to pull down the membrane through cables.

STUDIO ACTIVITY: OUT AND ABOUT (PART 1) BEAUREPAIRE CENTRE POOL / Photos taken by Hsin Yeh

SKELETAL STRUCTURE

The load was tranfered through the roofing and the vertical struts in white paint. The window frame acted very little in transferring the loads, and only stablised the structure of the window.

The brick wall on the facade was not load-bearing, but only a facade to hide the structure of the building behind. There were several weep holes at the bottom to drain water out of the internal side of the brick wall.

The white painted columns also contained pipes to drain water from the roof. A cap could be opened at the bottom of each pipe for maintenance.

ARTS WEST STUDENT CENTRE/ Photos taken by Hsin Yeh

SKELETAL STRUCTURE

The protruding steel framed panel from the Arts West Building was supported by a four-sided block.

The end column of the steel frame sat into the block, which was possibily filled with cement in order to hold the steel framed panel rigidly.

The block was covered by thin panels of stone slab, which were glued to the block, and the gaps between the panels were sealed with silicone.

The beam runing across from the steel framed panel to the exterior wall of the building also carried part of the load. The beam was a composite material constructed by bolting steel panels to the hardwood.

STUDIO ACTIVITY: OUT AND ABOUT (PART 1) UNDERGROUND CARPARK / Photos taken by Hsin Yeh

SURFACE STRUCTURE

The carpark was under the South Lawn and constructed by pre-fabricated curved concrete panel. The panels were designed to form a funnel-like form as shown in the sketch. Above each of this funnel was a tree planted on the South Lawn.

Due to the curved panels, the load applied to the ceiling was transferred sideway similar to the load path of arches.

NEW MELBOURNE SCHOOL OF DESIGN / Photos taken by Hsin Yeh SKELETAL STRUCTURE Cantilever supported by steel beams and girders with bracing.

Scaffoldings and temporary lifts were installed on site for workers to move around. The non-structural facade panels were being installed, including the white cement panels, and glass panels. Above the windows on each level, there was long sheets of screen to reduce the strongness of sunlight.

Rotable perforated zinc panels would be installed on the exterior facade in order to shade the sunlight according to the position of sun.

OVAL PAVILION / Photos taken by Hsin Yeh

SKELETAL STRUCTURE The cantilever at the front of the Oval Pavilion expanded a long way and created good shaded area for sheltering people. The cantilever was supported by the thick and vertical structure and a room framed by transparent glass. The structure was a timber frame structure.

The main building was painted in black and was also a timber frame structure with dark cement cladding on the exterior.

WEEK 4

FLOOR SYSTEMS & HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS

WEEKLY ELEARNING

CONCRETE

STEEL SYSTEM Ching 4.15 Girder

TIMBER SYSTEM Ching 4.26

CONCRETE SYSTEM

Bearer

Joist

Beam

= 1 cement + 2 fine aggregates + 4 coarse aggregates + 0.5 water - Hydration: (chemical reaction)

Release heat, crystal formed to interlock materials - strong in compression, weak in tension - plastic before set - too much water: weak concrete - too little water: unworkable, stiff concrete - Variety of textured finishes available - Reinforcement:

reinforced with steel

strong in compression & tension

FORMWORK

FLOOR & FRAMING SYSTEM SPAN

- Space between two structural suoorts - Measured between vertical (horizontal) supports for a horizontal (vertical) element - a property of the supported element

FLOOR SYSTEM & HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS

SPACING

- Repeating distance between a series of similar elements - Measured horizontally/vertically from centre-line to centre-line - A property of the supporting element

*Spacing of the supporting elements depends on the span of the supported elements

- Supports and moulds for pouring the concrete in and let the concrete set to create forms.

- Curing process:

concrete setting process, props and brac-

ings are used to support the formwork - REUSABLE FORMWORK:

removed after concrete is set - SACRIFICIAL FORMWORK:

leaves attached to the set concrete

PRE-CAST CONCRETE BEAM

- Horizontal - Carry loads along its length, and transfer loads to vertical supports

CANTILEVER

- The overhanging part of a structure, which is supported only by one end - Carry loads along its length, and transfer loads to the support

- Cast in factories previously, and transported to site for construction - Controlled condition, standarised, higher POTENTIAL WEAK POINTS quality CONSTRUCTION JOINT: - Retaining wall, wall, column - Connection of different pieces of concrete elements

IN-SITU CONCRETE

- Cast on construction site - Formwork constructed on site - Footings, flooring

CONTROL JOINT: - Absorb the expansion & contraction in concrete due to temperature change

THEATRE SESSION

ENGINEER

The engineer provided knowledge about the construction methods, and evaluated if the architect’s design was achievable. The engineer also estimated the price for the methods and materials of construction, and worked with the project manager to control the budget.

PROJECT MANAGER

The project manager discussed with the client, in this case is the University of Melbourne, about the requirements and aims of the building. Then, the project manager represented the client and talked to the engineer and the architect about the budget, desired outcomes, and other requirements that the building project needed to comform to.

CONSTRUCTION OF OVAL PAVILION The ‘New Pavilion,’ 1906 Source: Harry Brookes Allen Album

Oval Pavilion Under Construction http://pcs.unimelb.edu.au/projects/current_projects/main_ oval_

ARCHITECT The architect designed the building according to the specific requirements the client demanded, which was communicated through the project manager. The architect also discussed the design with the engineer to work out the possible ways to construct the various parts of the buildings, such as the roof, foundation, and cantilever.

Ground Floor Plan http://pcs.unimelb.edu.au/projects/current_projects/ main_oval_

Architectural Graphics http://pcs.unimelb.edu.au/projects/current_projects/main_oval_

STUDIO ACTIVITY: SCALE, ANNOTATION, AND WORKING DRAWING CONVENTIONS ALL PHOTOS IN THE FOLLOWING SECTION Taken by Hsin Yeh from the ‘Oval Pavilion Construction Drawing‘

This studio session introduced the conventions of working drawing through reading the ‘Oval Pavilion Construction Drawings‘.

The drawing set is a professional example of design drawings. By looking at these drawings, students were able to learn the basic requirements and types of drawings for a refined design, including plans, elevations, sections, and details. Title block is also very important as it provides basic context of a drawing. Materials are annotated by tags and abbreviations, which are then explained in legends. Drawings are also numbered to form a system that allows readers to refer elevations or sections in plans, and then backward. Contents page, drawing numbers, page layout, font size, and many other formatting of the drawings are also important to give the drawing set a good overall presentation.

Comparing the drawings to the actual Oval Pavilion building, students could see how the drawings correspond with the actual building precisely in details. The drawings are drawn before the building’s construction, so engineers, architects, and builders could discuss and follow the design as the building was constructed. Therefore, as the buildiing was finished, it should look almost the same to the working drawings.

After looking at the ‘Oval Pavilion Construction Drawings‘, I’ve learnt about what to include in plans, elevations, sections, and details, and the basic formatting of design drawings set.

The following pages include the answers for the ‘Construction Documentation Tour Questionnaire’ in sections - title block, plans, elevations, sections, and details.

TITLE BLOCK - Drawing title - Scale, date, revision number - Project name - Client - Design team/architect - Consultants - Orientation: normally North at the top

STUDIO ACTIVITY: SCALE, ANNOTATION, AND WORKING DRAWING CONVENTIONS PLANS

ELEVATIONS

- Dimensions, room area, room number

- Showing the vertical outlines of a building - Dimension & grids

- Tags for reference to: Elevation

Materials

Section

Door

- Drawing title, grids - Floor levels and height

Reference Number: Floor plan sometimes has no Ref. number as it is the first drawing.

- Clouded parts = showing the latest updated information. Refer to revision number for date of update.

Door

Window

- Legends

- Information about the construction steps to be taken is expressed using words.

Window

STUDIO ACTIVITY: SCALE, ANNOTATION, AND WORKING DRAWING CONVENTIONS SECTIONS

DETAILS

- Showing the internal structure of a building vertically - Things cut through are in the thickest lines, and things further away are presented in finer lines

- Stairs, walls, windows, connections between materials are shown in details - Break lines are used to break down a long object in order to only show the important parts.

WEEK 5

COLUMNS, GRIDS & WALL SYSTEMS

WEEKLY ELEARNING

STRUCTURAL FRAMES

SHORT & THICK COLUMNS

- Ratio of [effective length : smallest cross section radius] < 12:1 - Break by CRUSHING > BUCKLING, when STRESS > COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH - Concrete: strong in compression

LONG & SLENDER COLUMNS

- Ratio of [effective length : smallest cross section radius] > 12:1 - Break by BUCKLING > CRUSHING - Steel: strong in tension

CONCRETE FRAME (Ching p.5.05) - Grid of columns and beams - Joined by rigid connections - Material: reinforced concrete elements - Use: large building construction STEEL FRAME (Ching p.5.37) - Grids of columns, girders & beams - Rigid joints & bracing - Material: I beam - Use: industrial building TIMBER FRAME (Ching p.5.48) - Grid of posts, poles & beams - Rigid joints & bracing - Use: sloping site

COLUMNS, GRIDS & WALL SYSTEMS

* Buckling: sunden lateral/torsional instability of s slender object by an axial load. * Effective length: distance between two points of inflection WALL SYSTEMS - Ching p.5.03

LOAD BEARING WALLS

CONCRETE - in-situ/precast - load bearing panels provide support for SPANDREL PANELS or OTHER STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS (floor slabs or roof) - extend span REINFORCED MASONRY - core filled concrete blocks - grout filled cavity masonry - bond beams: special cooncrete blocks filled with concrete to bond individual elements together, over openings - steel or concrete lintels

SOLID MASONRY: - Single/multiple skins of masonry units - bricks secured by:

- placing bricks (with header

showing in the face of wall)

over the top

- metal wall ties in the mortar

bed CAVITY MASONRY - Two skins of masonry - Better thermal performance - damp proof course - weep holes

FRAMES

FIXED FRAME - fixed joints at connection to supporting elements - resist deflection - sensitive to settlement, thermal expansion & contraction HINGED FRAME - pin joints at connection to supporting elements - flexible and bendable 3-HINGED FRAME - pin joints at connection to supporting elements and at the centre of frame

STUD FRAMING

- Metal frame (light gauge) - Timber frame - Structural members repeated at smaller intervals - Elements: TOP PLATES, BOTTOM PLATES, VERTICAL STUDS, NOGGINGS, CROSS BRACING, PLY BRACING * Brick veneer construction is: 1 skin of non-structural masonry + 1 skin of structural frame wall

WEEKLY ELEARNING FROM WOOD TO TIMBER PROVENENCE EARLY WOOD - thin, large cells result in lighter colour - rapid growth in the beginning of season LATE WOOD - thick, small cells result in darker colour - slower growth later in the season (lack of water) - create growth ring GROWTH - one ring / year - if more than one season / year -> more rings - fire/disease -> more rings STRUCTURAL NATURE GRAIN DIRECTION - parallel to grain: strong and stiff - perpendicular to grain: weak SEASONING (DRYING) - adjust moisture & provide more dimensional stability - remove FREE moisture & BOND moisture 3 WAYS - AIR SEASONING:

6 months - 2 years per 50mm thickness

cheap, but slow - KILN SEASONING:

20 - 40 hours

dryness: 12% or below - SOLAR KILN:

less expensive TYPES SOFTWOODS (conifer species) - radiata pine, cypress pine, hoop pine, douglas fir HARDWOODS (eucalyptus) - victorian ash, brown box, spotted gum, jarrah, tasmanian oak, balsa wood

GREEN SAWING

QUATER SAWN - growth rings parallel to shorter edge

RADICAL SAWN - face is always a radical cut - rare & efficient - stacking difficulty

BACK SAWN - growth rings parallel to long edge

WEEKLY ELEARNING TIMBER PROPERTIES & CONSIDERATIONS

ENGINEERED TIMBER PRODUCT

PROPERTIES HARDNESS - medium to low FRAGILITY - medium to low DUCTILITY - low PLASTICITY - medium FLEXIBILITY - high POROSITY - high, vary due to different seasoning, finishing & fixing DENSITY - extremely varied CONDUCTIVITY - poor conductore of heat & electricity, insulate well DURABILITY - durable REUSABILITY - high, second hand available SUSTAINABILITY - low embodies energy, fully renewable COST - effective

LVL - Laminated Veneer Lumber - longtidudinal direction, high strength

SPECIFYING & HANDLING SIZE - depth x strength - length max 6m STRENGTH GRADE - F-grade / MGP gradings MOISTURE CONTENT - seasoned: < 15% - unseasoned: > 15% SPECIES - variety in performance & appearance CONSIDERATIONS KNOTS: weak points, particularly in tension WATER DAMAGES - fungal attack when moisture > 20% - swelling, shrinkage -> crackings PROTECTION AGAINST WATER - avoid exposure - seal with paint PROTECTION AGAINST INSECT - chemical / physical barriers PROTECTION AGAINST SUNLIGHT - sunlight cause drying, shrinkage, breaks - light colour paint HAZARDS: fire, chemical exposure

LVL http://www.metsawood.us Glulam - Glue Laminated Timber - longtidudinal direction

Glulam http://www.panabodehomes. com CLT - Cross Laminated Timber - gluing & pressing thin laminates - alternate directions, strength in both directions

CLT http://web.utk.edu

Plywood - gluing & pressing thin laminates

Plywood http://www.medallionfp.com MDF - medium density fiberboard - fibres + wax + resin binder

MDF http://www.trademasterjoinery.com.au

Chipboard & Strandboard - chips/strands + wax + resin binder

Chipboard http://www.nextdaydiy.com

THEATRE SESSION BASEMENT EXCAVATION - steel cage - reinforcement

PRECAST CONCRETE STRUCTURE

PRECAST CONCRETE FACADE

- walls, columns - oversized delivery - lifting tools: hooks & bean - precast gaps and holes for connection to other elements on site

- white cement & coloured aggregates - smooth pale concrete finish - putting the facade slabs to the structure, non-structural

ROOF

- structural steel & glazed roof

ABP BUILDING

ABP Building South Facade http://www.abp.unimelb.edu.au

CANTILEVER

Roof Construction http://www.abp.unimelb.edu.au

- steel structure stretch due to load - therefore, structure was built 15mm higher for it to drop 15mm afterwards

Y STAIRS

Y Stairs Constructed at Factory http://www.abp.unimelb.edu.au

Zinc Screens & Cantilever http://www.abp.unimelb.edu.au

STUDIO ACTIVITY: STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS GROUND FLOOR LOAD-BEARING WALLS - Material: concrete - structural supports

1) Looking at drawings to determine scale and structural elements Taken by Hsin Yeh

2) Cutting and gluing pieces of materials according to the dimensions of walls and ground for basement Taken by Hsin Yeh

3) Put the floor slab of ground floor on top of the basement Taken by Hsin Yeh

CONCRETE FLOOR SLABS - material: concrete slabs - concrete slabs at basement separate building from earth - concrete slabs at ground floor are supported by load-bearing walls at basement, and support the structure above as well

BASEMENT LOAD-BEARING WALLS - material: core filled concrete blocks - at basement - support the entire structure above

4) Looking inside the model. The ground floor slab is supported by the walls in the basement Taken by Hsin Yeh

CONCRETE - strong in compression and tention when reinforced by steel rods - very suitable for used in load-bearing structure

RETAINING WALLS - material: core filled concrete blocks - walls that define the basement - resist the force from the adjacent earth - supporting the basement

WEEK 6

SPANNING & ENCLOSING SPACE

WEEKLY ELEARNING TRUSS

- structural frame based on the geometric rigidity of the triangle - composed of linear members that subject only to axial tension / compression STEEL TRUSS - fabricated by welding and bolting angles and tees - slender, require steel gusset plates at connections

ROOFING STRATEGIES & SYSTEMS

Roofing: parapet, flat, folded, concrete, glaze…

FLAT ROOF: - Pitch 1-3 degree > transfer loads, water drainage - Concrete slabs, flat trusses/space frames, beams & decking, joists & decking, roof sheet PITCHED & SLOPING ROOF: - Pitch > 3 degree - Rafters, beams & purlins, trusses SLOPE: (Ching p.6.03) - Low: < 15, roll or continuous membrane - Medium: 15 – 30, shingles, tiles, or sheet materials - High: 30 – 40, same as above - <15: water easily go into the gap between tiles or sheets - >15: water don’t go into the gap due to gravity and pitched tiles/sheets

SPANNING & ENCLOSING SPACE PLATES

- rigid, planar, monolithic structure - carry load in multidirectional pattern - loads generally follow the shortest and stiffest routes to supports - example: reinforced concrete slab - bending in two directions - transverse strips increase the overall stiffness with torsional resistance - square(or nearly) rather than rectangular: short plate strips are stiffer, carry more loads, and bend more FOLDED PLATE: - Thin, deep elements joined rigidly along their boundaries - Form sharp angles to brace lateral buckling - Each plane as a beam in long direction - Span is reduced by the folded points in short direction - Folded points supported the plate - Vertical diaphragms / rigid frames stiffen the folded plate SPACE FRAME: - Short rigid elements triangulated in three dimensions - Subject only to axial tension or compression

ROOF SYSTEMS (Ching p.6.02)

- Primary sheltering element - Form & slope = shed rain water, melt snow, a system of drainage, gutters & downspouts - Construction = control moisture vapor, infiltration of air, flow of heat and solar radiation - Resist spread of fire - Span across long distance - Carry its own weight and weight of any attachment - Resist lateral or uplifting wind force, seismic forces - Reflect the building floor plan - Visual appearance

CONCRETE SLAB ROOFS: (Ching p.6.04) - Roof garden, car park - Fire rating - Waterproofing & insulation = several layers of materials on top of concrete STRUCTURAL STEEL FRAMED ROOFS: (Ching p.6.06-07) FLAT STRUCTURAL STEEL ROOF: SLOPING STRUCTURAL STEEL ROOF: - Lighter sheet metal roofing – roof beams & purlins PORTAL FRAMES: - Braced rigid frames (2 columns & 1 beam) - Purlins for the roof, girts for the walls - Roof and walls often finished with sheet metal TRUSSED ROOFS: (Ching p.6.09) TRUSS: - Framed roofs constructed by open web steel or timber elements SPACE FRAME: (Ching p.6.10) - 3 dimensional trusses - long spanning, suitable for spacious glazing roof - matrix-like structures LIGHT FRAMED ROOFS: GABLE ROOFS: (Ching p.6.19) - Bird mouth rafters set on the supporting beams or walls - Overhangs the gable, wall outriggers are used

HIP ROOFS: (Ching p.6.17) - Folds around the corner of vertical triangular wall

WEEKLY ELEARNING METALS

- Metal atoms past each other when subject to stress and rearrange themselves - Hence, metals are malleable, ductile, and not brittle > sheets, wires FERROUS: - Ferrum, Latin word for ‘iron’ - 4th most common element in earth, relatively cheap NON-FERROUS: - All other metals - Less common, more expensive - Less reactive to oxygen (to oxide), superior quality ALLOYS: - Combination of two or more metals - Ferrous alloy – contain iron - Non-ferrous alloy – doesn’t contain iron

PROPERTIES: - Hardness – varied, lead is soft, gold is strong - Fragility – low - Ductility – high (atoms) - Flexibility / plasticity – medium, high while heated - Permeability / porosity – waterproof - Density – high - Conductivity – very good conductor of heat and electricity, good for electricity, bad for insulation - Durability – very durable, depends on treatment, finishing…

- Reusability / recyclability – high - Sustainability / carbon footprint – very high embodies energy - Cost – cost effective, economic

FERROUS METALS

IRON: Magnetic, very reactive, good compressive strength - WROUGHT IRON: Heated and hammered to desired shape, labour intensive - CAST IRON: Iron melted and poured into moulds, acquire high compressive strength, rare in construction due to its weight and brittleness STEEL (IRON ALLOYS): - Iron + carbon (mainly) - Others: manganese, chromium, boron, titanium - Very strong - Conduct heat and electricity - Plastic – formed into many shapes - Very durable if properly protected - STRUCTURAL STEEL:

*Framing:

- Hot rolled:

- Cold formed:

- Reinforcing bars:

*Steel Sheeting:

- Cladding and roofing

- Corrugated iron or other sheet metals

- Protected from weather > paint, enameled finishes, galvanization

*Stainless steel alloy

- Chromium added

- Coils, sheets, plates, bars, wires…

- Used in harsh environment, such as kitchen and operating rooms

- Very very rare to be used as primary structure due to cost

NON-FERROUS METALS

CONSIDERATIONS: CORROSION: - Metals react by giving or taking other metal’s ions > corrode - Direct contact, water/moisture - Prevention:

- Insulation between metals – rubber gasket

- Away from moisture

- Coated with metal that corrodes itself to protect the covered metal, galvanized steel is coated by a thin layer of zinc to prevent rusting - Anodic end -> cathodic end WATER RELATED OXIDATION & CORROSION: - Form a protection or do damage - Aluminum rust to form a protective layer, rusty steel is weaker and undesirable - Protection:

- Avoid prolonged exposure to moisture – flat horizontal surface

- Seal – enamel or paint

- Chemical treatment – galvanized

ALUMINUM: Light, Non-magnetic, Easily formed and cast - Pure aluminum lacks strength - High cost and embodied energy - Uses: Window frames, door handles, window catches, cladding panels - React with air to create a fine layer of oxide to protect it from further oxidation - Other treatment: powder coating, anodoisation COPPER: - Reddish with metallic lustre when polished - Green after oxidization - Malleable and ductile - Good conductor of heat and electricity - Uses:

Roofing, develops green colour over time

Pipework, electrical cabling ZINC: Lead: - Bluish white, lustrous Tin - Brittle at ambient temperature Titanium - Malleable at 100 to 150 degree C bronze - Conductor of electricity Brass (copper + zinc) - Uses:

Galvanising iron, cladding material

THEATRE SESSION 171 Collins Street

- suitable backdrop for St. Patrick’s Cathedral - pick up surrounding environment - get through heritage regulation - consider the interest of neighbouring property & people - 6 stars construction, excavation, demolishing

The New Royal Children’s Hospital

- built within Royal Park - contract: achieve the expectation of the owner’s profit - government building

The New Royal Children’s Hospital http://www.batessmart.com.au

The New Royal Children’s Hospital View from Distance http://www.batessmart.com.au

3 CASE STUDIES & PROPERTY MANAGEMENT 171 Collins Street https://171collins.com.au

PROPERTY

- space creation - profits made & lost - capitalising opportunity - knowing product & marketing - achieving set outcomes - developer and project in complex relationship

- investor

- landlord

- government

- market - successful development requires:

- location

- relation

- external linkage 35 Coliins Street 1 https://urbanmelbourne.info

35 Spring Street

- consider context of surrounding

* Flinders Lane

* heritage building - fabrication & material relate to surrounding

* masonry representation - relationship with neighbours

* boundaries, distance

* set back

* space and natural light for others - profit mainly from consumers

* make sure the apartments work for the consumers

* layout, design, function

35 Coliins Street 2 https://urbanmelbourne.info

STUDIO ACTIVITY: STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS OVAL PAVILION MODEL PRESENTATION

The students were meant to present the models they made in week 5 in this week’s studio.

However, as the whole class and the tutor weren’t aware of this presentation in week 5, and all the models were already thrown away, there was no presentation on the models.

FULLSIZE PRESENTATION

This week’s studio involved a in-class presentation of the Full Size interim submission. Each group presented their construction site individually among the members. Besides my own group, there were two more groups in the studio class and the knowledge maps of their construction site are shown below.

GROUP A

GROUP B

WEEK 7

DETAILING STRATEGIES 1

WEEKLY ELEARNING DETAILING FOR MOISTURE

ARCHES (Ching 2.25)

- transform vertical forces into inclined components - transfer forces to abutments on either side of the archway - line of thrust must coincide with the arch axis - thrust is proportional to load and span, inversely proportional to rise - masonry arches: wedge-shaped stones or bricks - rigid arches: timber, steel, reinforced concrete - vaults= extruded arches in three dimension

DOMES (Ching 2.26)

- compression in the upper zone - tensile in the lower zone - stacked blocks / continuous rigid material: reinforced concrete / short linear elements - spherical surface with circular plan - = rotated arch

SHELLS (Ching 2.27)

- transmit forces by membrane stresses - thin curved plate: reinforced concrete - thinness: little bending resistance, unsuitable for concentrated loads STRATEGIES CONDUCTION - thermal insulation - thermal break (for highly conducted materials) - double glazing RADIANT HEAT - reflective surface - shading systems AIR LEAKAGE - reflective foil sarking - weather stripping

- tanking: waterproof membrane made of rubber-like material applied around the construction - double-skinned walls: brick veneer - eaves: drain water down through pipes, protect some wall surfaces WATER PENETRATION (when all conditions are present): STRATEGIES - an opening - water present at the opening - a force to move water through the opening (remove one of the conditions, water doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t penetrate)

DETAILING STRATEGIES 1

KEEP WATER AWAY - gutters collect water - downpipes discharge water - overlapping cladding (weatherboards and roof tiles) - sloping sills for doors and windows - flashing for roof and wall - sloping ground at the base of buildings NEUTRALISE FORCE GRAVITY - slopes & overlaps carry away water SURFACE TENSION AND CAPILLARY ACTION - drip & break top water surface tension and the capillary action

DETAILING FOR HEAT

HEAT GAIN AND LOSS: - conducted through building envelopes - radiant heat sources - thermal mass regulate flow of heat effective control of heat gain and loss, save energy, save money, and increase comforts

REMOVE OPENINGS - openings: planned (doors, windows) & unplanned (poor construction, deterioration of material) - seal openings:

sealants (silicone)

gasket (preformed shapes made of rubber) *both subject to deterioration by weathering

MOMENTUM gaps constructed in more complex labyrinth shapes to prevent windblown rain, moisture, and snow entering the gaps.

MATERIALS OF THE WEEK RUBBER PLASTIC PAINTS

THERMAL MASS - absorb and store heat - heat released when surrounding temperature drops - suitable for large temperature difference between day and night - masonry/concrete/water bodies

NEUTRALISE PRESSURE

WEEKLY ELEARNING RUBBER

PROVENANCE - natural rubber: 13th century, sourced from Rubber Treeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s sap - synthetic rubber: 20th century, manufactured in a laboratory PROPERTIES - harder rubber resist abrasion, softer rubber provide seals - low fragility - high ductility when heated - highly flexible, plastic, and elastic - waterproof - poor conductor of heat and electricity, good insulator USES - natural rubber:

seals

gasket & control joints

flooring

insulation

hosing & piping - synthetic rubber:

epdm - gasket & control joints

neoprene - control joints

silicone - seals CONSIDERATIONS - avoid sun exposure

EPDM Gasket http://www.solianiemc.com/products/epdm-conductive-gasket-emcnbc/

PLASTIC

PROVENANCE - made from carbon, silicon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and chloride monomers into polymers PROPERTIES - low-medium fragility - high ductility, highly flexible and plastic - waterproof - poor conductor of heat and electricity, good insulator - not renewable, high embodied energy USES - thermoplactics - moldable when heated, solid when cooled

polyethelyne (polythene)

polymethyl methacrylate (perspex, acrylic) skylight, glass alternative

polyvinyl chlorides (PVC, vinyl)

polycarbonate - roofing - thermosetting plastics: can only be shaped once

Melamide Formaldehyde (laminex) - finishing suraces

polyshyrene (shyrene) - insulation panels - elastomers (synthetic rubbers) CONSIDERATIONS - avoid sun exposure

Perspex http://www.jpsigns.net.au/products/ perspex.php

PAINTS

PROVENANCE - paint is liquid until painted over a surface and contacts with air to form a film - to protect and color elements COMPONENTS - binder (film forming), diluent (dissolve) & pigment (give colour) PROPERTIES - resist fading, red dyes tend to be less stable in sunlight - resist chipping, cracking, and peeling - mat to gloss surface finishes - water based is more flexible than oil based USES - oil based:

used prior to water based paints

chemical evaporation

High Glass finishes

not water soluble - water based:

most commonly used today

durable and flexible

water soluble

Hurtsville Grove House http://www.walksydneystreets.net/south03.htm

WEEK 8

STRATEGIES FOR OPENINGS

WEEKLY ELEARNING STRATEGIES FOR OPENINGS ROUGH OPENING HEAD JAM

DOOR LEAF

STOP ARCHITRAVE

HANDLE, LATCH & LOCK

SILL/THRESHOLD

DOOR SWING Door Terminology Ching, F.D.K., ‘Building Construction Illustrated’ p.8.03

DOORS - entrance - boundary between interior and exterior - theatre of entering and leaving structure: - door frame - door leaf materials: - timber doors & frames - aluminium doors & frames: manufactured frame rather than self-designed - steel doors & frames: good impact protection, security purpose

SWINGING

POCKET SLIDING

FOLDING

Door Operation Ching, F.D.K., ‘Building Construction Illustrated’ p.8.04

MOMENT OF INERTIA

the sum of the products of each element of an area + the square of its distance from a coplanar axis of rotation.

Window Terminology http://www.homecents.com/gloss/framing/ Index.html

GLASS

COMPONENTS - formers: basic ingredient to form a glass (silica) - fluxes: help to melt formers at lower temperature (soda ash) - stabilisers: keep the finished glass from dissolving or crumbling (limestone) HISTORY blown glass > sheet glass > lead crystal > plate glass > lamination > float glass TYPES FLAT GLASS: sheets, clear/tinted, laminated, tempered, GLASS SKINS wired Glass development is a result from the evolutions of SHAPED GLASS: curved, blocks, channels, tubes, fibres material, technology, and human culture.

FLOAT GLASS: most common - clear float glass: simplest, cheapest, dangerous shards Glass is the interface between the sun and the build- laminated glass: a tough plastic interlayer bonded togething, and it allows human to interact with the sun. er between two glass panels, broken fragments adhere to the plastic interlayer USES - tempered glass: toughened glass, heating glass to 650 de- double & triple glazing insulate heat gree C, then cooled rapidly PROPERTIES - tinted glass: reduce visible light transfer - waterproof - wired glass: steel wire mesh bonded together between - transmit heat and light, but not electricity two glass panels - fragile on edges, brittle - patterned glass: increase privacy - low ductility, highly flexible and plastic when melted - curved glass: moulded - highly reusable - glass fibres: transmitter of digital data - high embodied energy - expensive to produce and transport

STRATEGIES FOR OPENINGS

BYPASS SLIDING

SURFACE SLIDING

WINDOWS materials: - timber, aluminium & steel (finer, flatter) curtain walls: - windows hung off concrete structure as the exterior wall system - loads should be carried around rather than through the windows

STUDIO ACTIVITY: IN DETAIL This weekâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s studio acitivity was to draw a 1:5 detail from the Oval Pavilion drawing in 1:1 scale on an A1 sheet of paper.

The tutor first showed us some 1:1 structural models of the Oval Pavilionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s details built by other students. These models gave me very clear visualisation of what the detail actually represents in real life.

Then we went to the Oval Pavilion building to locate and see the details in actual size.

This is the 1:1 drawing of the detail with hatches and annotations of the materials.

WEEK 9

DETAILING STRATEGIES

WEEKLY ELEARNING CONSTRUCTION DETAILING

Detailing is about how materials are put together in a structure MOVEMENT: - compresses / as installed / elongated movements of structure HEALTH & SAFETY: - balustrade beside stairs - fire isolation - disability access AGING: - harsh environments: seaside (salt) / industrial areas (pollution) - glossy surface scratched easily, aged quickly - mat/satin surface aged more graccefully - copper improved appearance as aging, brown to green colour REPAIRABLE SURFACES & RESISTENCE TO DAMAGE: - plasterboard:

repaintable, repairable easily

skirting at bottom resist damage

coved skirting avoid contraction of dirt

corner protected by metal - kitchen cupboard, furniture:

recess to hide dirt and waste

cleanable surface - marble, laminate - cleanable surfaces:

curved element to avoid contraction of dirt

easily cleaned surfaces

solid, shiny materials in bathroom to cope with wet CONSTRUCTABILITY: - accessibility of materials & services:

off the self items are convenient and cheaper

locally available materials and services are cheaper - detailing to suit construction expertise - good connection - tolerance:

small gaps, such as weep hole

shadow line: small gap between two surfaces, easily

constructed, aged gracefully - budget

COMPOSITE MATERIALS

MONOLITHIC MATERIAL: - single material - materials combined, components are indistinguishable COMPOSITE MATERIALS: - two or more materials combined - components are individually distinguishable - remain banded together - retain individual identities and properties - provide specific/improved characteristics not obtainable by individual materials - 4 MAIN TYPES:

fibrous: discontinuous/continuous fibres

laminar: sandwich panels

particulate: gravel and resins

hybrid: combination of two or more

composite types

DETAILING STRATEGIES

MOVEMENT JOINTS

EXPANSION JOINTS: - a complete breakthrough, filled with compressible material - allow thermal or moisture expansion to occur CONTROL JOINTS: - continuous grooves or separations to form a plane of weakness - regulate the location and amount of cracking ISOLATION JOINTS: - divide large or complex structure into sections - allow different movement to occur between the parts SEALANTS - effective seal, prevent water and air passage - durable, resilient, cohesive & adhesive strength

LOW RANGE SEALANT

MEDIUM RANGE SEALANT

HIGH RANGE SEALANT

REINFORCED FIBRE CEMENT (FRC) FIBREGLASS FIBRE REINFORCED POLYMERS ALUMINIUM SHEET COMPOSITE TIMBER

JOINTS & CONNECTIONS (Ching 02.30) how forces are transferred through structural elements depend largely on the types of joints and connections used.

[3 ways of joining elements] butt joints: one element is continuous interlocking/overlapping joints: all elements connected are continuous and bypass each other molded or shaped joints [Connectors] point connector: bolt linear connector: weld - resist rotation surface connector: glue - resist rotation bolted connections welded steel connections precast concrete connections reinforced concrete [Joints] pin joint: allow rotation, resist translation in any direction rigid joint: resist rotation and translation in any way, maintain angular relationships. roller joint: allow rotation, resist translation in a direction perpendicular into/away from their faces. cable anchorage: allow rotation, resist translation in the direction of the cable.

WEEKLY ELEARNING REINFORCED FIBRE CEMENT (FRC)

FIBREGLASS

Fibre Glass Reinforced Cement Flooring Board http://www.archiexpo.com/prod/fermacell-gmbh/fibre-glassreinforced-cement-flooring-boards-fire-resistant-dry-screedsystem-56810-815364.html

Fibreglass http://gzguangjian.en.made-in-china.com/productimage/ qKPmaFJAaxVw-2f1j00qKyQmZjfrUcr/China-E-Glass-FiberglassChopped-Strand-Mat.html

TIMBER

FIBRE REINFORCED POLYMERS

Rafter Timber Truss http://www.eboss.co.nz/library/pryda-nz/pryda-new-zealandspan-floor-and-rafter-timber-tru

Fibre Reinforced Polymers http://www.directindustry.com/prod/technobasalt-invest-llc/ basalt-fiber-reinforced-polymer-bars-bfrp-65468-1007959.html

- materials: cellulose(/glass) fibres, cement, sand & water - forms: sheet & board - sheets, pipes, roof tiles - uses: cladding for wet area walls & floor panels (under tiles), both exterior and interior - benefits: not burnt, resistant to permanent water and termite damage, resistant to rotting and warping(distortion), reasonably inexpensive

- materials: solid timber + engineered timber + galvanised pressed steel - forms: timber top and bottom chords, with steel or engineered board webs - uses: beams (floor joists and roof rafters) and trusses - benefits: minimum amount of material, maximum efficiency, cost effective, easy to install & accommodate services

- materials: glass fibres + epoxy resins - forms: flat sheets and formed/shaped products - uses: transparent/translucent roof & wall cladding, water tanks, baths, pools - benefits: fire resistant, weatherproof, lightweight, strong

ALUMINIUM SHEET COMPOSITE

- materials: aluminium + plastic - forms: sandwich panel construction - plastic core of phenolic resin lined with two external skins of thin aluminum sheets - uses: interior & exterior cladding - benefits: less amount of aluminum required, light weight, less expensive, weather resistant, unbreakable, shock resistant

- materials: polymers (plastic) + timber, glass or carbon fibres Aluminium Sheet Composite - forms: moulded or pultrusion processed products http://www.multipaneluk.com.au/products/architectural-ma- uses: decking (external cladding), structural elements terials/aluhex/ - benefits: high-strength, reinforced with glass or carbon fibre provide a strength to weight ratio greater than steel, corrosion resistant

STUDIO ACTIVITY: OFF CAMPUS ABOUT THE CONSTRUCTION SITE

All photographs regarding the construction site visit were taken by Hsin Yeh on the site.

LIGHTWEIGHT STRUCTURE

WALLS AND FLOOR CEILINGS

PLASTERBOARD: - were used for interior walls and ceilings The week 9 studio was an off campus visit to a construction site in the CBD. The construction was a five-storey extension on top of an existing commercial building of 19 storeys. The project costs 28-30 billion dollars, and was managed by a main building company, who then sub-contracted builders separately for different services, such as plumbers and carpenters.

On the day of the visit, builders were on site for installing facade glass panels. The panels were transported to the site on a truck, which parked outside the front facade of the building.

Additional space is required around the construction site for workers to move around and storing materials.

Scaffoldings and temporal lifts were installed and covered the laneway beside the building. Therefore, the workers were able to access the construction site on top of the existing building.

The building company needed to notify community in its neighbourhood and public organisations, such as buses, trams, and taxi companies, about the construction.

The exisitng building could only withstand limited amount of extra weight. Therefore, the extension above it was constructed to be as light as possible, but still stable.

FLOORING: - made of Hebel slabs, which are lightweight concrete slabs with air bubbles inside STRUCTURAL FRAME: - steel framing system was used because it was easier to construct, strong, and lighter than concrete framing

FIRE ISOLATED: - each floor was fire isolated by the space between the concrete floor slabs and the steel frame, which was then coated with vermiculite fire protection spray, and covered by plasterboard ceiling panels.

- the stairs were also fire isolated by using concrete materials and doors that only open inward SERVICES: - were installed in the space between the ceiling panels of the current floor and the concrete slabs of the next floor above.

STUDIO ACTIVITY: OFF CAMPUS CRANE

All photographs regarding the construction site visit were taken by Hsin Yeh on the site.

SLIDING BALCONY A balcony-like element could be slided out from the building and hung over in the air. There were several slender steel columns that acted downward on this sliding balcony to hold its weight when it was slided out into the midair.

A crane was installed at the 20th floor to lift materials for the construction. It was stablised by four structural fixings, which hold down its weight.

The crane penetrated through the five floors.

On the ceiling of the highest floor, a big hole was left open for the crane to lift things up and down.

GLASS FACADE PANELS When the pre-fabricated glass panels were installed on the facades, adjustments were required to fit the panels perfectly with all the other elements. There were adjustable connectors on the panels to allow tolerance when bolting the panels to the structure.

WEEK 10

WHEN THINGS GO WRONG

WEEKLY ELEARNING

LATERAL SUPPORTS

WEAKNESS: - soft story: ground floor of a building that are significantly weaker or more flexible than the above floors - re-entrant corners: inward intersection of two buildings. Different level of movement at each re-entrant corner leads to tension.

- discontinuous structural members - torsion

WIND: - a function of the amount of surface exposed - act on the surface - minimum value at base, maximum value at the top - structural weakness: tall thin slabs & cantilever

STRATEGIES: - bracing / diaphragm - sheer wall - moment joints - seismic base isolator

wind & earthquake: dynamic load, but treated as static load to predict their effect

COLLAPSES & FAILURES (CASE STUDY)

FLAT STEEL SHEETING ON PLYWOOD: - coastal climate: salt air problem, corrosion - flat steel sheet glued to plywood, timber plywood glued to stud walls - exposed to weather: steel sheets get really hot, glue defects - sheet falls apart from the plywood - nailed back, lost aesthetic - plywood disconnected to the stud walls consider the exposure to weather, long-term duration of materials, construction details, connections & joints

WIND LOADS: - horizontal forces exerted by a moving mass of air - forces: wind-induced sliding, uplift, or overturning - positive pressure on the windward vertical surfaces - negative pressure / suction on the sides and leeward surfaces

EARTHQUAKE: - a function of the amount of mass above foundation - act on the base - structural weakness: asymmetry

DETAILING STRATEGIES TIMBER FASCIA: - exposed to sun - painted black only on one side - black painted side absorbs heat & dries out - non-painted side absorbs moisture & expands - crackings occur within 12 months

DYNAMIC LOADS (Ching 2.08-2.10)

EARTHQUAKE: - three-dimensional vibrations, horizontal forces are more critical in structural design - base shear: equivalent lateral force acting against earthquake - overturning moment must be balanced by restoring moment, which is provided by the dead loads of a structure and should be at least 50% greater than the overturning moment.

HEROES & CULPRITS BUILDING MATERIALS (Ching 12) CONCRETE MASONRY STEEL METALS STONE WOOD PLASTICS GLASS

HEALTH: - reduce VOC - in paint, sealers, adhesives, carpets - reduce particles / dust - minimize horizontal shelves, loose fibre products - green cleaning - avoid vacuuming and chemicals, use self made cleaner, such as tea tree oil & water spray SOURCE AND WASTE: - choose renewable/abundant materials: earth, timber, bamboo, agricultural products - timber - recycled, plantation - waste - reduce, reuse, recycle ENERGY: - minimize embodied energy - optimise lighting

STUDIO ACTIVITY: IN DETAIL, ON SITE (TAKE 2), & DETAILING VOLUME IN DETAIL

ON SITE

Each student presented their 1:1 detail drawing and received feedback from tutor. My feedback was to use thicker lines for main structural material in order to give hierachy and make the drawing easier to read.

The class walked to the Oval Pavilion building to look at the details again.

I couldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t see mine really clearly as it is on the roof. However, I could see the external cladding and the aluminium fascia.

Heat insulation Sound insulation

Structural element of timber roof framing

A long strip of foam rod is inserted into the small gap between the fascia and the cladding, so it occupies most of the depth of the gap.

Therefore, the sealant does not need to be poured in as deep.

Interior plasterboard to resist fire and impact

STUDIO ACTIVITY: IN DETAIL, ON SITE (TAKE 2), & DETAILING VOLUME DETAILING VOLUME

Placed tracing papers over the 1:1 detail drawing.

Drew 45 degree straight lines that extended from the original detail drawing.

Created a 3D visualisation of the detail.

REPORT

CONSTRUCTION WORKSHOP

PLANNING The activity was to construct a beam structure with given materials to withstand as much load as possible.

The materials given to my group was: 1200 x 3.2 x 90 mm Plywood x 1 1200 x 42 x 18 mm Pine x 3 Our team came up with a plan of a truss structure.

We designed a triangular frame that used a piece of pine at each side.

These pines would then be joined with pin joints at the bottom and pin joint at the top.

PROCESS Working with actual construction materials was very different from building scale models.

Marked two faces of a piece of material in order to have a consistant cut.

Cut the material with a Western saw, which has forward teeth. Therefore, the person cutting was ‘pushing forth’ the saw in a light and quick pace.

In the actual construction, additional skills, such as utilising the tools, and sawing techniques, were required. We also needed to think about the connections between mateials. The materials couldn’t just be glued or taped, but the needed to be joined by nails, screws, or nailed plates.

Drilled two pieces of pine one on top of the other at the same time to ensure the holes were drilled at the correct position The actual materials were heavier, on both materials. A driller was used in clock-wise rotation so the strength and sophistication of the joints were really important when cutting into, as well as pulling out from the hole. in order to structurally support the materials.

THE RESULTING BEAM

A small piece of plywood was cut out to be used as a plate, which was nailed to the two pieces of pine to form a rigid connection between them.

The pines were nailed together at the bottom to form pin joints. The pin joints allow flexible rotation to occur at the two sides of the truss, which were subjected to tension.

DESTRUCTIVE TESTING Maximum weight: 90kg Maximum deflection: 125mm Theoretically, a truss structure should be able to withstand far more weight than 90 kg. However, due to the poor connection joint at the top of the truss, the structure failed very quickly.

One of the nails used at the joint was longer than the materialâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s thickness and had a smaller head. Therefore, it was more likely to deflects as it had greater moment of rotation, and the nail head could easily penetrate through the plywood.

DESTRUCTIVE TESTING: OTHER GROUPSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; BEAMS Maximum weight: 313 kg Maximum deflection: 160mm Stacking the materials one on top of the other to increase the thickness of the beam, so it was strong in vertical direction, and expecially at the centre.

However, the force was to concentrated at the centre, and created more pressure particularly to the centre. It might be better to even the thickness of the beams to distribute some loads to either side, so the pressure was evenly carried along the beam.

Maximum weight: 160 kg Maximum deflection: 170mm This is a frame structure with the centre strengthened by a piece of plywood.

The load was carried evenly through the beam along its horizontal and vertical elements.

However, the spaces between the columns were the weakness, as there were no reinforcement underneath the top piece of pine to withstand tensile forces as the weight got heavier.

APPENDIX

SUBJECT GLOSSARY

SUBJECT GLOSSARY WEEK 1 Load Path A illustration of how load is transferred in a structure with arrows representing the force and its direction.

Masonry A type of construction where all elements, including load bearing or nonload bearing, are made of bricks, stones, marbles, and other materials that are compressed and solid.` Compression A situation when an object is pressed or pushed inward by exterior forces. Compression often causes the object to be shortened.

Reaction Force A force reacting to an applied force. An object resting on the ground is the result of the ground releasing a force against the weight of the object. The weight released from the ground is a reaction force.

Point Load A load that is localised to a specific location on a structure. This normally refers to a location with small area rather than a literally sharp point.

Beam A horizontal structure that support the load of a building or part of a structure. Such as a long piece of wood, metal, or concrete.

WEEK 2 Structural Joint A joining of materials, which is supportive or useful to a structure, using mechanical techniques.Examples are roller joint, pin joint, and fixed joint.

Stability A state or level of a structureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s quality in being stable.

Tension A situation when an object is pulled apart by exterior forces, and is often lengthened.

Frame A border or grid of skeletal materials, such as timber and metal, that outline the form of a structure.

Bracing A supportive element that links diagonally between beams or columns to reinforce the structureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s stability.

Column A long piece of material stands upright from ground to support roof, floor, or stand alone as a decoration.

SUBJECT GLOSSARY WEEK 3 Moment M=Fxd M: moment, F:magnitude of force d: http://www.learneasy.info/ distance of the force from MDME/MEMmods/MEM30005A/ moments/Moments.html axis of rotation Retaining Wall A structure that retains any material (usually earth) and prevents it from from sliding away.

Steel Decking Light-gauge, corrugated steel sheets used for roof or floor construction.

Slab on Ground A slab placed directly on ground without basement, and sometimes with insulating http://www.archiexpo.com/prod/bacacier/compositehttp://www.dictionaryofconstruction. floors-steel-deck-concrete-1788-984623.html or impervious layers com/definition/slab-on-grade.html beneath it.

Span Substructure A property of a supported element. Indicates A supporting structure at the base of a building that the distance between two supporting elesupports the superstructure above. ments of the supported element.

http://www.spec-net.com.au/ press/1010/con_061010.htm https://courses.cit.cornell.edu/arch262/notes/10b.html

Pad Footing The individual spread footing supporting freestanding columns and piers.

WEEK 4 teklastructures.support.tekla. com

Strip Footing The continuous spread footings under foundation walls.

Joist Secondary beams used to support floor or ceiling systems. Usually parallel between walls or girders.

Girder A primary horizontal support (beam) in a structural system.

Girder

Concrete Plank A pre-cast, lightweight, and hollow-core concrete board used for floor or roof decking.

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Joist_(PSF).png http://www.buildinghow.com/ default.aspx?ch=76

http://www.spanwright. co.uk/precast-flooring

SUBJECT GLOSSARY Spacing A property of a supporting element. Indicates the repeated distance between supporting elements. Measured from centre to centre.

Axial Load A load that passes through the centre of a support, and is perpendicular to the plane of the supportâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s section.

Purlin A horizontal element placed under and perpendicular to rafters to support the roofing system.

http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/ structures/deck/8399031

WEEK 5 Stud A vertical support between the top and bottom plates of a frame system.

Nogging A horizontal element between studs in a frame system.

Lintel A horizontal support that spans over an opening, such as door or window, in a frame system.

Buckling A sunden lateral/torsional instability of s slender object by an axial load. http://www.fea-optimization.com/ETBX/ buckle_help.html

Seasoned Timber Timber that has been processed to remove its moisture content.

WEEK 6

http://chestofbooks.com/architecture/Construction-Superintendence/Pitch-Roofs-Wood-Construction-Continued.html#.U3i1015qJ-I

Cantilever The overhanging part of a structure, which is supported only by one end. http://www.urbansplatter.com/architecture-terms-usedwithin-the-site/

Portal Frame A framing system consists of 2 columns joined to 1 beam.

Rafter A sloping beam directly beneath and supports roofing materials.

http://steelmax.com.au/projects/portal-frames

SUBJECT GLOSSARY Eave The bottom edge of a roof that projects beyond the exterior wall of a building.

http://www.roofventilationblog.com.au/ eaves-gables-worries/169/

Alloy A combined material of two or more metals, such as alluminium combined with copper.

http://www.earthtimes.org/energy/aluminium-alloy-affordable-hydrogen-storage/1570/

Soffit The underside of an structural element, such as beam and arch.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arch_of_Titus_Detail.jpg

Top Chord The top member of a truss.

Vapour Barrier Any damp proofing material that resists moisture to permeate through wall, ceiling, or floor.

http://schools.ednet.ns.ca/avrsb/133/ritchiek/notes/Text/ grade10/rooftrusses.htm

WEEK 7 Drip A projecting form that breaks the surface tension of water, and prevents water from continuing along a surface. http://inspectapedia.com/exterior/Gutter_Defects2.htm

Down Pipe A pipe that carries water from a gutter to the ground.

http://www.ultimatehandyman. co.uk/roofing/build-pitch-roof. htm

http://superiorsaunas.com/store/index.php?main_ page=product_info&products_id=355

Flashing A thin, waterproof sheet of material placed over structural elements to prevent water penetration. Often seen at connections of materials on roofs.

http://www.blok-lok. com/index.php?main_ page=product_info&products_id=77

SUBJECT GLOSSARY Gutter A shallow, long piece of material (metal or plastic) placed along and below a eave to collect and drain water away from the roof.

Sealant A impervious material, such as silicone or rubber, that is used to fill gaps and cracks between building elements, in order to resist water or dust.

Deflection The changing process of a material due to applied loads.

http://www.emseal.com/Products/Infrastructure/ Submerseal/Inject_sealant_band_submerseal.htm http://emweb.unl.edu/Mechanics-Pages/ Scott-Whitney/325hweb/Beams.htm

WEEK 8 http://hkcroofing.com/gutters/gutter-guard/

Insulation A material that prevents heat, electricity, or sound, from entering into and out from building elements. http://advice.myhome. ie/2011/11/solve-your-insulation-problems/

Parapet A wall that extends above the roof level.

http://www.adrosol.com/ view-sample/flat-roof-andparapet-wall/id/51

Window Sash A framed part of a window that holds the glass, and often refers to a movable one.

Stress Compression or tension exerted onto a material by loads.

http://www.examiner.com/article/another-free-energy-audit-northern-virginia

Door Furniture The fixtures of a door, such as locks, handles or latches.

http://www.shop4handles.co.uk/news/product-news/stainless-front-door-furniture/

http://mail.colonial.net/~hkaiter/earthquakes.html

Shear Force A force acting on an object that slides one part of it in a direction against the other part of it.

http://psas.pdx.edu/lv2cguidance/spur_ gear_tooth_stress__44___strain__44___ and_deflection_for_static_loading/

SUBJECT GLOSSARY Moment of Inertia the sum of the products of each element of an area + the square of its distance from a coplanar axis of rotation.

Composite Beam A beam composed of two or more materials that are individually distinguishable.

Skirting A border at the base of an interior wall to prevent damage from impact and dirt. http://hogar.pisos.com/bricolaje/tareas-de-bricolaje/ carpinteria/como-reparar-un-zocalo-de-madera/

http://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/moment-of-inertia/2825/

WEEK 9 Sandwich Panel A panel formed by bonding two thinner layers of materials to a thicker core.

http://www.steelconstruction.info/Design_of_beams_ in_composite_bridges

Bending An act of modifing the shape of an element, in curved or angular ways. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/I_ beam_bending0.png

Shadow Line Joint A thin gap between two materials at their connection. http://www.rockwool-coresolutions.com/sandwich+panel+technology/sandwich+panel+definition http://www.gtairsolutions.com.au/ products_services_outlets_grilles. html

Cornice A horizontal, ornamental moulded projection on top of a building or wall.

http://doubleoak.blogspot. com.au/2012/03/master-closet-pocket-door-her-closet.html

WEEK 10 Shear Wall A wall structure intended to resist lateral forces, such as earthquakes and wind, parallel to the plane of the wall. http://nisee.berkeley.edu/ lessons/a_figure33.jpg

SUBJECT GLOSSARY Defect A flaw, imperfection, or weakness in the appearance, durability, and function of a material.

Braced Frame A timber framing system, in which all vertical elements are braced and only extend to one storey high.

Life Cycle The period of time from a building’s initial construction through to its functioning, and ends when the building is no longer used.

http://www.case4n6.com/page. php?getpage=buildingdamage

Soft Storey The ground floor of a building, which is more open and wicker in structure compared to other levels above.

http://www.nexus.globalquakemodel.org/gem-building-taxonomy/overview/glossary/braced-frame--lfbr

Corrosion The oxidation of material due to chemical or electrochemical exposure, such as rust.

IEQ Short for ‘Indoor Environmental Quality.‘ Refers to the overall comfort felt by occupants in a building. The quality includes humidity, ventilation, air circulation, acoustics and lighting.

http://www.indiananotechnology.com/ ground-causes-for-deterioration/

Fascia A flat-surface board installed at the vertical, exterior face of a building.

http://www.helpingwithhomes.com/house-remodeling-expert/modern-gutters-downspouts

http://www.isover.com/Our-commitment-to-sustainability/Toward-sustainable-buildings/What-is-sustainable-construction

https://sftool.gov/learn/about/1/indoor-environmental-quality-ieqhttp://www.corrosioncollege.com/white-paper.cfm

REFERENCE LIST Ching, F.D.K. (2008). Building construction illustrated (4th ed.). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.