hyphÓ• Ecological Design & Engineering
design laboratory
FIRM PROFILE HYPHAE DESIGN LABORATORY The Hyphae Design Laboratory (Hyphae) is an ecological engineering and design firm dedicated to creating innovative green infrastructure. Hyphae’s multi-‐disciplinary team blends landscape architecture and civil engineering, turning multi-‐faceted engineering challenges into elegantly designed ecosystem solutions. Hyphae's focus on ecologial design has resulted in a diverse body of work, from landscapes, to living roofs, to mechanical and biological treatment systems for water, to public art projects that unite infrastructure with public space. Hyphae's work ranges in scale, from residential, to commercial, institutional and municipa l design. Working in both urban and rural landscapes Hyphae has managed the design phase of construction projects ranging from $25,000 to $100-‐million. Working diligently with permitting agencies and regulators, Hyphae has pioneered new code acceptance for innovative green infrastructure including groundbreaking rainwater catchment systems and wastewater reuse for landscape irrigation in the public realm.
SERVICES Hyphae provides a range of services from concept to construction. Research and design of functional regenerative ecosystems and consultation on architectural design & engineering are the core work in the office. In addition, scientifc research, product design, and art installations are a secondary focus. Hyphae's core services include: Civil Engineering Sustainable M/E/P Engineering f *UHHQ ,QIUDVWUXFWXUH 'HVLJQ (QJLQHHULQJ Landscape Design including Living Roofs & Walls f 0DVWHUSODQQLQJ Ecosystem Service Modeling f (FRORJLFDO 5HVWRUDWLRQ Community Outreach & Community Based Design
SELECTED PROJECTS
hyphÓ• Ecological Design & Engineering
design laboratory
SFMOMA EXPANSION LIVING WALL Location I San Francisco Client I SFMOMA Architect I Snohetta Projected Completion Date I 2015 Description I Hyphae Design Laboratory in collaboration with Habitat Horticulture are designing a 5000 s.f. living wall for the new SFMOMA expansion being designed by Snohetta. The living walls will be 30' high by 100 feet long and the fer n covered north-facing slopes of SF's maritime moun tains, will serve as its ecological reference or analog. The wall will be one of the first ever to feature fungus, lichens, and species found in our complex ecosystems. Most notably, the living wall have an innovative 100% non-potable irrigation system that recycles museums air conditioning condensate, aka the humidity captured from all the vistors sweat! Additionally, the living wall will recycle water and nutrients, like a hydroponics system, further reducing environmental impact and water use by 60%. The living wall has an expected construction cost of $1,800,000. The total project cost is 190 million.
LAKE MERRITT FLOATING ISLAND PILOT PROJECT Location | Oakland Client | City of Oakland Design | Hyphae Projected Completion Date | 2014 Description | The La ke Merritt Floating Island Pilot Project is being developed by Hyphae Design Laboratory in conjunction with The Planning
Center/ DC&E, Floating Islands West and the City of Oakland. The intent of the project is to launch a floating island in Lake Merritt to improve water quality and provide habitat for birds and fish. The buoyant matrix which forms the island structure has a large surface area, which provides an excellent habitat for microbes to create a biofilm. This biofilm has been shown to uptake excess nutrients in aquatic environments and to increase dissolved oxygen. The island can provide new fi sh habitat by providing a shaded refuge as well as a food source. The island will be studied over the course of the project to lear n how it can help to improve water quality and provide habitat as well as providing a visual amenity for the Lake.
BAY MEADOWS Location | San Mate o, CA Client | Bay Meadows Design/Build | Hyphae Design Lab + Habitat Horticulture Year Completed | 2013 Description | A colorful vertical garden greets guests at Bay Meadows Welcome Center, inviting passersby to pause for a moment and enjoy the landscape. The vibrant s tretch of greenery flows in rhythm with the s urroundings, providing a sense of continuity within the larger gathering space. The living composition mixes lush foliage with purple, pink and white flow ers, evoking a sense of s pring or summer, while the grass-like Acorus gramineus 'ogon' gives movement to the wall, for a playful homage to the meadow.
BUTTERFLY HOUSE Location | Lafayette, CA Client | Private Resi dence Design/Build | Hyphae Design Lab Year Completed | 2009 Description | For this project, Hyphae designed the first rainwater system permitted for indoor non-potable water use in the City of Lafayette and the County of Contra Costa. The residence architect had initially designed a 10,000-gallon rainwater harvesting system for landscape irrigation. We calculated that we could use graywater for landscape irrigation at a substantially lower cost, while providing a smaller rainwater harvesting system to meet indoor non-potable water needs for the entire year. As the client had a large family, we designed a system to have two 1,700-gallon underground tanks to supply the toilets and laundry, amassed graywater from the bathroom s inks and showers and clothes washer, and installed an efficien t drip landscape irrigation system fed by water filtered in a constructed wetland. After the project’s completion, it was selected as a location for an American Institute of Architects (AIA) East Bay Living: Home Tour.
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25,000-gallon cister n that supplies a water feature as well as a solar tracking photovoltaic system that powers irrigation, lighting, and the artwork. We worked with engineers AECOM/HNTB and the City to design and size the systems, convinced all relevant agencies of its engineering viability, and then produced full landscape and civil construction documents and specifications for the roundabout and surrounding street trees and bioswales.
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Location | Los Ange les Client | City of Los Angeles Design | Rana Creek Completion Date | 2009 Description | This City of Los Angeles project is a $40 million bridge renovation that spans the Los Angeles River between the I-5 and I-110 freeways. The roundabout, designed to help control smog and exhaust impacts on surrounding residents, will be the first roundabout in LA. Hyphae served as the landscape designer and civil engineer for the sustainable stormwater features of the project. Hyphae worked with the Bureau of Engineering and local public art ist Greenmeme to make the roundabout not only an art piece, but also a s tormwater bioretention landscape. The system has the capacity to capture and treat a 10-year rainfall event, or 500,000 gallons, off the adjacent bridge and roads. The system also includes a
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Location | San Francisco Client | Community Benefit District Design | Hyphae Design Lab Completion Date | 2014 Description | Hyphae Design Laboratory together with The North of Market/Tenderloin Community Benefit District (NOMTL-CBD) has embarked on a campaign to improve access to public bathrooms. The ecological toilet planned for 2014 will have features such as composting, graywater reuse for the passive irrigation of planted trellis screens, urine nutrient cycling for plant health, and solar panels for lighting and power. After conducting an extensive six-month community research process, Hyphae Design Laboratory developed a 90-page Public Toilet Masterplan that incl udes a comprehensive, neighborhood-wide toilet s urvey conducted by a local resident, input from hundreds of community members, three pre ferred toilet locations, and schematic design guidelines that meet ADA compliance (http://issuu.com/ hyphaedesignlab). The Public Toilet Project is funded in part by a Community Challenge Grant and a Community Development Block Grant.
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hyphae design laboratory
Location | San Francisco Client | Urban Prototyping Festival Design | Hyphae Design Lab Completion Date | 2012 Description | The PPlanter works for both men and women and, similar to a parklet, conveniently takes up a single parking space. The PPlanter system works as follows: A sink is supplied with a human powered foot pump is connected to a freshwater s upply tank. The graywater from the sink, along with so ap residue, flushes and cleans the urinal, keeping odor to a minimum.The graywater, soap and urine (blackwater) from the ADA-compli ant urinal are funneled to a sealed storage tank. The combined blackwater is then pumped into an adjacent planter that houses bamboo plants set in a lightweight mixture of soil and recycled styrofoam coated in pectin. The water from the urinal and sink is evapotranspired by the bamboo and released into the air as distil led, purified water. The bamboo har nesses the incredible amount of nitrogen and phosphorus found i n the urine and uses it to produce more bamboo. W ith high traffic urinals additional planters can be added to the system in s eries.
CUSTOM 1/8” PETG VACUFORMED 2-PART URINAL WITH INFINITY RIM
BAMBOO- BAMBUSA OLDHAMII
3” WOODCHIP MULCH WITH ACTIVATED CARBON
35 GALLON HDPE WATER TANK SLOAN WATERLESS URINAL CARTRIDGE
FOOT PUMP
24” SOIL MIX 8 GALLON DOSING TANK: HOLDS COMBINED URINE AND WATER
12” GRAVEL RESEVOIR
HINGED HATCH FOR ACCESS
LDPE WATERTIGHT CONTAINER
WATER LEVEL SENSOR IN TANK INDICATES WHEN REFILL IS NEEDED SINK AND URINAL MODULE
HOUSING FOR MICROCONTROLLER FOR SENSOR FEEDBACK NETWORK
PASSIVE IR SENSOR RECORDS WHEN URINAL IS USED
BIOFILTRATION MODULE
SLIDING PRIVACY SIGN FLOW METER ON SINK OUTFLOW RECORDS AMOUNT OF WATER USAGE FROM SINK
BIOFILTRATION MODULE
SLIDING PRIVACY SCREEN SIGN
PPLANTER 1.0
PPLANTER Locatio n | Tenderloi n, San Francisco Client | Community Benefit District Design/Build | Hyphae Design Lab Year Completed | 2013 Description | Situated in a single parking space at 357 Ellis St. between Jones St. and Taylor St., the latest PPlanter trial with a new and improved PPlanter 2.0 ran from July 12th to July 24th. The Street Trial is one step in a masterplan put forth by NOMTL CBD in partnership with the Hyphae Design Laboratory to provide low-cost, rapidly deployable, community based, ecological sanitat ion solutions to the Tenderloin and North of Market Street community. The Street Trial provided an opportunity to test some innovative greening strategies, to collect data on daily water and waste flows, and maintenance requirements, and to get feedback from the community on usability and privacy.
The Street Trial also provided an invaluable process for the team to collaborate with City of San Francisco agency partners including Department of Public Works (DPW), Department of Public Health (DPH), the Mayorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Office and Supervisor Jane Kimâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Office to work out permitting logistics. For the Street Trial, design considerations included traffic patter ns, Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) requirements and health codes were. An innovative maintenance checklist was also developed for the project with the help of DPH. Over the course of the two-week trial, volunteers from YWAM SF assisted with daily maintenance, logged data, and collected feedback f rom the public. Compiled data and feedback from the trial will inform the design of the full p ublic toilet planned for 2014. The next steps are to fix some bugs in the PPlanter, incorporate some great feedback, and look for places to get it back out on the street.
Location | Tenderloin, San Francisco Client | NEA/IsFA/Luggage Store Gallery Design/Build | Hyphae Design Lab Year Completed | 2012 Description | Working with Intersection for the Arts and the Luggage Store Gallery, we have reversed a trend by installing the first public benches in MidMarket since the City of San Francisco removed seating along Market Street, Civic Center Plaza and United Nations Plaza in the 1990s. Supported in part by the NEA and the San Francisco Art Commissionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Artery Project, The Trailhead (the Tr ailhead of t he Tender loin Nat ional Forest) is an urban ranger station that provides trail maps of the Tenderloin National Forest initiatives and houses a plant nursery where starts can be purchased, an art gallery space, a youth group. V isitors can grab a coffee at the farm:table run cafe and sit at the reconf igur able pygmy f orest on Mar ket St. In itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s flexibility and rapid installation, the pygmy forest street-scape has inspired the Planning Department in their Parklets 2.0 initiative.
TENDERLOIN TRAILHEAD
THE LIVING CLASSROOM Location | Heronâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Head Park San Francisco, CA Client | Literacy for Environmental Justice Architect | Toby Long Design Year Completed | 2009 Description | Hyphae Principal Brent Bucknum was the project manager and lead designer for this living roof and rainwater system. He also worked with Josiah Cain and John Todd Ecological Design on the ecological waste treatment system. The roof is designed to mimic dry rocky outcrops along the shore, but also has pond liner in some areas, to create a small ver nal ecosystems. Tree limbs were added to provide protection for insects and perches for birds. The plants were collected from around the park and cultivated onsite by students.
NUEVA SCHOOL Library & Student Center Expansion Location I Hillsboro ugh, CA Client I The Nueva School Architect I Leddy Maytum Stacey Year Completed I 2008 Description I Brent Bucknum was the lead designer and project manager for the design of living roofs for these two buildings. One Roof uses all drought tolerant natives and provided habitat for endangered checkerspot butterfly. The other mimics the Hillsborough native grassland ecosystem. Bucknum also worked with Agilewaves, a building automation company, to design a living roof monitoring system.
PROPOSED TERMINAL
AMERICA’S CUP
SF
PIER 27
SF
PIER 27 + 29 Location | Tenderloin, San Francisco Client | GOOD Magazine + the Port of San Francisco Design | Hyphae Design Lab Year Completed | 2012 Description | Hyphae was asked by GOOD Magazine and the Port of San Francisco, to envision a new life for Pier 27 + 29, an awkward shaped triangular pier, that juts out beyond all other piers, to provide an unprecedented 360 view of the city and the bay and the San Francisco waterfront. Soon the pier will be home to a new cruise ship terminal, and the
hub of the America’s Cup. Hyphae wondered how can it best serve the citizens of San Francisco after the America’s Cup is over? GOOD Magazine writes, “Hyphae Design’s Brent Bucknum rallied the crowd with a solution to Dan Hodapp’s challenge from the Port of San Francisco to transform Pier 27 into an asset for the city. Using the changes that are already planned for the 2013 America’s Cup, Bucknum proposed a hypersustainable pier that would not only clean local waters using natural technologies (like oysters!), it would create a peaceful respite for residents that helped connect them with the biological processes of the bay.”
HYPERACCUMULATOR Location | San Francisco's Water Front, CA Client | Blue Trails Design/Build | Hyphae Design Lab Year Completed | 2013 Description | Hyperaccumulator is a floating remediation barge, a functional model that cleans sludge from the San Francisco Bay while also providing a space for human enjoyment of the waterfront. Interactive, transdisciplinary programming and events provide mult iple ways to interpret and appreciate the bay ecosystem.Hyperaccumulator gets people out on the bay to have fun, the first step in understanding the health and environmental issues at stake, changing the environmental paradigm from guilt-driven to leisure and recreation driven environmentalism.
Location | Santa Fe, NM Client | SITE Santa Fe Design | Hyphae De sign Lab Year Completed | 2013 Description | Hyphae's Waterscape design ear ned runner-up for SITE Santa Fe's Call for Architects and Designers. Waterscape is a unique comment on Santa Fe's desert landscape and rail his tory. The design presents water as a precious and surprisingly structu ral element, challenging traditional ideas of water's place in landscape. It speaks to the necessary changes we must make in the desert landscape through creating a pavillion of shade and moisture that sharply constrasts the surrounding site.
SITE SANTA FE
AFFORDABLE WATER EBA LDC
wat act er aud ion i plan t &
Prepared by Hyphae Design Laboratory
Friday, March 23, 2012
Affordable Water : EBALDC Water Use Audit & Sustainable Action Plan Researched by:
Sponsored by:
whats inside? Even as under-valued as water still is, we CAN still make water reuse affordable... look inside and see how! Explore 60 years of water use.
HYPHAE DESIGN LABORATORY
Project Team: Brent Bucknum Eric F. Olson, P.E. Philip Lucas Kerby Olsen Dorianne Shivers
EBALDC Project Team: Mary Lucero-Dorst, Director of Asset Management Jeremy Liu, Executive Director Sammi Truong, Special Projects Coordinator
Additional thank you to the following organizations for their support & info:
Madrone Hotel: Lynn Newton, Property Manager Roserfino Saclolo, Custodian
Nancy Nadel, Oakland City CouncilMember, District 3 (West Oakland) Hector Dominguez, EBMUD A r m a n d o Va s q u e z , C o n s t r u c t i o n Management Consultant Gary Funston, Web Service Company Nancy Quinn, Coinmach Ser vice Corporation
San Pablo Hotel: Karen Jasper, Property Manager Israel Terriquez, Assistant Property Manager RaĂşl Rodriguez, Maintenance Supervisor
Madison Park Hotel: Connie Tang, Property Manager Anh Cam, Assistant Property Manager Leon Phommala, Custodian
Oakland Point Limited Partnership: Robin Smith, Property Manager Anthony Camel, Maintenance Technician
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See how graywater from laundries, showers & sinks can be used for landscape irrigation, toilet flushing & cooling tower, and how greywater can be used to improve indoor air quality. See how rainwater can significantly offset 1,000,000 gallons of water used in one cooling tower on one property!
unless otherwise referenced or copyrighted, the original work in this document is covered by the following creative commons laws:
Table of Contents
Introduction This is an investigation into how one affordable housing developer’s tenants use water and how different typologies for water reuse can apply to their portfolio of properties. It is our goal to set forth a a wave of policy change, that brings about a new paradigm in water use for not only affordable housing, but all multi-family housing properties.
Introduction 3 Need
-Watershed -Economics
However grand a vision, we are not starting with a perfect prototype “eco-affordable housing” project. Instead we are starting humbly, with an extremely diverse existing building portfolio, with buildings ranging from, 20 to 140 years old, from historic hotels, to converted Victorians.
Research Methodology
This study analyzes the feasibility of implementing water efficiency and water reuse strategies on 18 of a total of 30 multi-family buildings of the East Bay Asian Local Development Corporation (EBALDC); 3 large multi-family buildings, Madison Park Apartments, the Madrone Hotel, the San Pablo Hotel; and 9 properties of the Oakland Point Limited Partnership, all in Oakland, California. The sites were chosen both for their need for retrofit work, as well as their diversity of housing typologies.
Action Plan
Our agenda is to use the diversity of water reuse and conservation opportunities these properties provide, as an opportunity to vet different innovative water saving technologies. Through the execution of each of the proposed projects, outlined in this report, we also expect to push the code boundaries. We hope for this to be a real life forum for proactive policy, to work closely and collaboratively with Building and Public Health officials. The report is a preliminary study, but it illustrates a lot about how water is used in a broader social context. Water has been historically undervalued and there haven’t been great incentives in the past for conservation. Water use in multi-family buildings has not been extensively studied, and there are many variables depending on the site. To even begin this report, we had to create new ways of investigating water use. Because water sub-metering is still uncommon, we were forced to do a forensic water analysis through the creative solution of “data mining”. From culling laundry service water bills, to manually entering sometimes 60 years of water bills, we gained an interesting insight into the ebbs and flows of multi-family water use. But at the end of the day, much is still a mystery, and left to speculation. As we work with EBALDC to install sub-metering in critical locations, and continue to monitor water use activity, our understanding will gain higher levels of resolution, and the study will grow. This is intended to be a living document, that evolves along with our understanding. Our greatest challenges are developing efficient water policy and economical valuation, and creating economic solutions.
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-Water Use Analysis -Laundry Use Analysis -Site Investigation
-EBMUD Services and Opportunities
-Conservation & Reuse Options -Spreadsheet Overview
Conservation/Reuse Strategies
-Graywater -Recycled Water -Urban Greenspace
Detailed Site Surveys
-San Pablo Hotel -Madison Park Apartments -Madrone Hotel -OPLP Sites -Pilot Projects -Costs
Case Studies
-BRAC -Pontos -Nubian -Hyphae Projects
NEED: Why is water conservation & reuse important?
Conventional Infrastructure (R-L): Pardee Dam, Pumping & Conveyance to East Bay, Waste Treatment, Bay Discharge
How much water can we afford to use? First and foremost, water conservation and reuse is an energy issue; nearly 20% of Californiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s energy goes to pumping and treating water. If we hope to seriously combat climate change, we must address water. Secondly, the San Francisco Bay/Delta ecosystem is on the verge of collapse, due to human extraction. While this may sound glum, there are simple solutions we can tackle, to help combat these issues.
if we want to...
EBALDC can conserve over 50% of current indoor water use... Read the report and see how! Friday, March 23, 2012
Stop the Mokelumne dam expansion? then we only need to conserve 10-20% of our current water use
Stop an expensive desalination plant? then we only need to conserve at least 20-30%
Restore Bay Delta habitat? then we need to completely rethink our water use 4
NEED: Why is it important in multi-family housing? 30% of all U.S. (60 million residents) live in multi-family units. Storage tanks for rainwater harvesting
The San Pablo Hotel
the opportunity The 21st century presents new challenges and opportunities in the area of water use. !Here in California, water resources are stressed and the situation looks to get more challenging in the future. ! In the past, increases in water demand have been met with increases in water supply. !With serious limitations on the ability to increase supply, water efficiency and water reuse are becoming more attractive options. ! California water resources are under stress. !In 2008, it was estimated that California had a population of approximately 38 million, and it is estimated that the number will rise to 60 million by 2050, an increase of more than 50%. !As population increases, efficiency and reuse will have to increase substantially just to meet human needs.
our use in context !While use varies greatly across the state, Californians average 100 gallons a day per person.! The average person in the United States uses between 65 to 78 gallons of water (250 to 300 liters) per day for drinking, cooking, bathing, and watering their yard. The average person in the Netherlands uses only 27 gallons (104 liters) per day for the same tasks. !In contrast to this, the average person in the African nation of Gambia uses only 1.17 gallons (4.5 liters) of water per day. !This leaves us a great deal of room for reduced water use and smarter use of the water we do utilize.
5 Friday, March 23, 2012
Graywater recycling system
There are over 17 million multifamily units in the U.S. and if they were to reduce water consumption by only 10 percent, it would account for 94 billion gallons of water saved every year. â&#x20AC;&#x153;If a 10 percent conservation rate is applied to a 300-unit community, the average saving to the manager will be about $15,000 a year.â&#x20AC;? !
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-John Klein, JDM Associates
Research Methodology: Forensic Hydrology
Water use data collected from EBMUD
Laundry water usage culled from bills
Calculating Gallons per load
Water Use Investigation
Laundry Use Calculation
We requested water use and billing records for each site from East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD). We initially received one to two year summaries from EBMUD. We noticed that some of the per capita numbers were very high (1025 and 1027 10th street and 1501 8th Street).
Laundry revenue records were obtained from Coinmach and Web Services to estimate the laundry water use at Madison Park Apartments, Madrone Hotel and San Pablo Hotel. The total revenue from washing machines was averaged on a monthly basis and then divided by the cost per cycle to determine the number of cycles per month. The number of gallons per cycle was determined by obtaining the product specs. From this we were able to determine the number of gallons per month that were used for the common washing machines in these buildings.
We requested long term data and received electronic data going back to the 1970s for some sites. In this data, we noticed that there were outliers such as zero readings for some periods or high spikes. We selected averages based upon recent time periods, generally the last two or three years. We have graphed the water use on an annual basis to determine if there are annual trends, such as high landscape watering or cooling tower use in the summer. We have also graphed the long term water use to see if there are long term trends or reductions in water use after water efficiency retrofits, for example.
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Research Methodology: Site Investigations
Cooling Tower Analysis @ San Pablo Hotel
Piping Forensics @ Madrone
All sites were investigated by Hyphae personnel. Observations were made and recorded regarding physical conditions, user behavior, and operations. Photos were taken of the interior and exterior. Most sites received an initial visit and a follow up for clarification of issues discovered on the first visit. The table to the right summarizes the inspections done on each site. With so little empirical data, site visits, served as a critical resource to analyze each buildings water use. We toured each building and did extensive interviews with every site maintenance personal, as well as residents, where possible.
Friday, March 23, 2012
Area
Inspected items
Outdoor landscaped areas
Irrigation system, leaks, general landscape health, resident use patterns
Outdoor hardscape areas
Stormwater runoff issues, permeability, potential for rainwater harvesting, vegetated planters
Exterior Walls
Potential for living walls, planter boxes
Roofs
Potential for rainwater harvesting and living roofs, cooling towers, conditions of gutters, downspouts Washer model, access to discharge water, ease of plumbing to outside, proximity to storage areas
Laundry Rooms
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Fixture Documentation
Common bathrooms and restrooms
Fixture types and flow rates, location of plumbing, estimates of number of users and frequency of use, leaks
Basements and crawl spaces
Outdoor access clearances, interior clearances, access to plumbing, sewer lines
Individual units
Resident lifestyle observations (laundry in unit)
Individual bathrooms
Fixture types and flow rates, location of plumbing, leaks
Boiler/water heater areas
Model, safety issues, leaks
Research Methodology: Establishing a baseline Indoor Water Use from Academic & Municipal Source Beyond the raw data that we could gather for total water use and laundry water use, all other fixture percentages had to be estimated from other studies. We conducted an academic and municipal journal review, to accumulate different findings for both total per capita water use, as well as indoor fixture water use.
Env. Canada
Because most of these EBALDC properties had little to no landscape, we focused on studies that had indoor water use figures. We also weighted our studies to properties in California, assuming water use would be more similar than other regions and countries.
UCLA
AWWA
UC Davis
Calgary
Baseline indoor use
Average
= 68 gallons per day per person
0%
10%
20%
Laundry Faucet
GPD
30%
40%
50%
Toilets Other Indoor/Leaks
60%
70%
Showers/Bath
80%
90%
100%
Dishwashing
HUD HUD #2 MWD
!Information Source For !Per Capita Water Figures
CUWA
!HUD Study, 1984 gpcd, non-conserving households gpcd, conserving households !MWD Report, 1985 !CUWA Manual, 1992 !DWR Bulletin’s 160-93, 1993 and 160-98, 1997 !AWWARF End Use Study (DRAFT) non-conserving households
CUWA #2 DWR DWR #2 AWWA AWWA #2 Average 0
11.0
22.0
33.0
44.0
55.0
66.0
77.0
88.0
99.0 110.0
8 Friday, March 23, 2012
Information Source For Appliance Percentages 1 - Environment Canada 2 - UCLA Institute of the Environment report “Graywater - A Potential Source of Water” by Yoram Cohen (single family home) 3 - American Water Works Association (AWWA) report 4 - Universtity of California Davis, Erin Reschke 5 - City of Calgary “Cooking and Drinking” category from Environment Canada study was attributed to the ‘faucet’ category. “Other Indoor” category was merged with “Leaks” category for the AWWA and City of Calgary studies.
Findings: EBALDC Properties at a glance
Per Capita Water Use Madison Park Apartments Madrone Hotel
The Big Numbers
San Pablo Hotel 919 Chester
31,000 Gallons per day for the
963 Center 1010 Center
EBALDC Facilities studied
1025 Center
71.5 Gallons per person each day 11.4 Million Gallons per year
1027 Center 1430 10th 1442-1446 10th 1501-1505 8th 1734-1736 9th Effie's House Frank G. Mar Hismen Hin-Nu Terrace Hugh Taylor House Jack London Gateway Swan's Apartments Oak Park Apartments 20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
* EBALDC Average omits the extreme outlier, 1025 Center St. and is weighted to reflect total 1415 person occupancy of combined building, and combined Gallons per day. +
Average from AWWA/ EPA Studies
9 Friday, March 23, 2012
EBALDC CURRENT AVERAGE*
69.5
NATIONAL AVERAGE +
56.0
Seven Directions Apartments
0
71.5
38.0
BASIC LEED / CALGREEN (20% Potable Reduction) EBALDC TARGET “LEED PLATINUM” (50% Potable Reduction)
Findings: EBALDC Properties with unit details Data Analysis
Properties in Feasibility Study
UNITS
PEOPLE
Average Consumption (GPPD) Gallons per day Gallons per year
Madison Park Apartments
100 9th St.
98
150
98
14,700
5,365,500
Madrone Hotel San Pablo Hotel
477 8th St. 1955 San Pablo Ave.
32 144
35 141
50 59
1,750 8,319
638,750 3,036,435
Oakland Point (OPLP)
919 Chester St.
6
19
42
798
291,270
Oakland Point (OPLP)
963 Center St.
4
13
63
819
298,935
Oakland Point (OPLP)
1010 Center St.
2
5
65
325
118,625
Oakland Point (OPLP)
1025 Center St.
4
9
188
1,692
617,580
Oakland Point (OPLP)
1027 Center St.
6
7
100
700
255,500
Oakland Point (OPLP)
1430 10th St
1
3
64
192
70,080
Oakland Point (OPLP)
1442-1446 10th St.
3
12
44
528
192,720
Oakland Point (OPLP)
1501-1505 8th St.
3
9
120
1,080
394,200
Oakland Point (OPLP)
1734-1736 9th St.
2
8
41
328
119,720
sum 31,231 average
78
11,399,315
Effie's House
829 E 19th St.
21
25
79
1,975
720,875
Frank G. Mar
283 13th St.
119
320
84
26,880
9,811,200
Hismen Hin-Nu Terrace
2555 International Blvd.
92
275
62
17,050
6,223,250
Hugh Taylor House 1935 Seminary Ave. Jack London Gateway Senior 989 Brush St. Housing
43
47
75
3,525
1,286,625
61
93
47
4,371
1,595,415
Seven Directions Apartments 2946 International Blvd.
36
110
86
9,460
3,452,900
Swan's Apartments
918 Clay St.
18
34
72
2,448
893,520
Oak Park Apartments
2618 E. 16th St.
35
109
55
5,995
2,188,175
sum 71,704 70
10 Friday, March 23, 2012
no apparent reason, Madison Parks average use is high. There is also a peak in summer use, that is strange since, there is no landscape.
• San
Pablo Hotel’s water use is surprising low, considering the cooling tower. While there appears to only be one meter, we are curious if potentially the clinic or other tenants and even the cooling tower might be metered separately?
• Most
of the Oakland Point daily numbers are high, which may be because some of the water use, is actually going to landscape irrigation, rather than exclusively indoor use.
• 1025 is abnormally high and must be caused by a leak, unless there is un-accounted for irrigation, but this is unlikely, given, there is no spike of water use in the summer. This site should definitely be investigated for a leak.
• 1734-36, is
Additional Sites
average
• For
26,171,960
one site where we knew landscape watering was occurring, and could defer from the graph what was the baseline indoor use vs. irrigation use. When we removed the landscape number from the calculation, the indoor use was thought to be as low as 41 gppd, rather than 90, as it would have been without more detailed assessment.
• Additional
sites, may have significant outdoor use, like irrigation, car washing, etc.
• For example,1501 8th, has a high per capita use, but, shows a spike in the summer, which could very likely be unmetered outdoor use. But, there another spike in december, which brings into question, this assumption.
Findings: Action Plan After evaluating the sites and the data, we developed an action plan which is prioritized according to the following criteria: appropriateness for needs of the site, ability for integration into current systems, minimization of replumbing, minimization of capital cost, and highest return on investment. We propose the following course of action to implement water reuse strategies at EBALDC Properties.
PROPERTY
Additional Study
Community Assessment
San Pablo
Trace laundry supply pipes, 1st Interview community floor toilet supply pipes, members re: laundry schedule EBMUD evaluation use for rebate on cooling tower
Madison Park
Trace shower drains,
Madrone
Schedule visit from Pontos rep, evaluate for pilot project. Trace east roof rainwater drain line
Water Reuse
1010 Center 1025-27 Center Observe stormwater runoff
Schedule leak investigation
Water-efficient fixtures
Rainwater for Cooling Landscape, building, Evaluate waterless Towers & First Floor cooler urinal, install new Toilets. Graywater reuse irrigation controllers for landscape
Interview community Shower to toilet members re: extremely graywater and/or low laundry use rainwater system to laundry. Simple laundry to landscape (planters), and potentially larger shower to toilet graywater system
Planted courtyards, indoor planters, living roofs or living walls
Submeter 1st Flr Retail Tenants
Bring more daylight into lightwells. Install living walls and green roofs in lightwells, and place more indoor planters. New irrigation controllers
Clean rain gutters
Interview community re: backyard garden or orchard
Landscape, residence
New irrigation controllers
Backyard garden or orchard
Interview community, neighbors re: flooding and landscaping
Landscape, residence High efficiency clothes washers, new irrigation controllers
1442-46 10th 1501-05 9th
“” at 1446 High efficiency clothes washers, new irrigation controllers Investigate interest around com. garden
Greywater to Landscape
11 Friday, March 23, 2012
Indoor Plants in common areas. Replace Landscape with Graywater fedirrigation
Submeter 1st Flr Replace inefficient rooms for sample. fixtures Mechanical systems, boiler.
1430 10th
1734/36 9th
Greening/ Misc
Landscape, residence
919 Chester 963 Center
Submetering
Landscape, residence
“”
Community garden
Water Conservation & Reuse Solutions What does EBMUD have to offer? EBMUD Water Conservation Support and Services We researched the services that EBMUD provides for water conservation. We researched the water rates, availability of free water audits and rebates offered. We determined that several rebates are appropriate for EBALDC properties and these are listed in the Action Plan section. Water Rates and Conservation Incentives Potable Water Supply Charges - The rate that EBALDC is charged is the multi-family residential rate of $2.73 per unit (100 cubic feet). There currently are no tiers. According to Hector Dominguez, there are tiered rates available. Wastewater Charges - The charges are $1.40 per unit, and a reduction in water use would reduce these fees. Any water sent to a dedicated landscape water meter is not charged wastewater fees.
Is Recycled Water Applicable to For EBALDC?
The feasibility of using recycled municipal wastewater from the East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD) was evaluated. Recycled water is appropriate for non-potable uses such as landscape irrigation, equipment washing, boiler makeup, water cooling and toilet flushing. EBMUD has a distribution network throughout Oakland. The distribution lines come within two blocks of a grouping of OPLP properties and also within 1/2 block of the Madison Park Hotel. The potential for supplying EBALDC properties with recycled water was evaluated. Ultimately the cost of providing reclaimed water is not in the interest of EBMUD, if the client is going to be using less than 1 million gallons per year. EBMUD currently provides recycled water to customers for $2.34 per unit (100 cubic feet). The largest user of recycled water is the Chevron refinery in Richmond. It also supplies numerous parks in Oakland. The only indoor use of recycled water is for toilet flushing inside the EBMUD office. According to Lori Steere of EBMUD, the system has not been well received. The water has a pale yellow color and a strong odor of disinfectant. She said “I don’t expect that any new recycled water for toilet flushing systems will be added anytime soon.”
City of Oakland Sewer Charges - These charges are $1.52 per unit, and a reduction in water use would reduce these fees. Recycled Water - EBMUD currently offers recycled municipal wastewater for a price of $2.34 per unit in a limited service area. While the distribution line is only 1 block from Madison Park Hotel, that property has no landscaping and recycled water is not currently available to permit for indoor use. This issue is discussed further in the Conservation/ Reuse section. On-Site Water Surveys EBMUD offers free onsite water surveys to customers, but once one has been done, there are time limits until a subsequent audit can be performed. After reviewing the site data with Hector Dominguez, an onsite water survey was performed at 1501 8th Street and it was determined that a leaky toilet had caused high water usage. The leaky toilet was repaired. Currently, the only EBALDC properties eligible for free audits are the following which are not a part of the feasibility study: -Frank G. Mar Community Housing,!283 13th St Oakland -Hismen Hin-Nu Terrace, 2555 International Blvd. Oakland -Jack London Gateway Senior Housing, 989 Brush St Oakland Recycled water is municipal wastewater that has been treated to a tertiary standard and is suitable for non-potable use such as irrigation, toilet flushing and laundry.
12 Friday, March 23, 2012
Water Conservation & Reuse Solutions What does EBMUD have to offer?
What are the alternatives to EBMUD options?
EBMUD Rebates
There are multiple onsite water resources we have to work from that can save significantly more money than using reclaimed water from EBMUD. Below is a list of water options, that may be available, depending on site and building conditions.
Self Adjusting Irrigation Controller - A self-adjusting irrigation controller controls an irrigation system in response to local weather and soil moisture conditions. This can save significant amounts of water and keep the landscape healthier. Rebates are available for sites where summer water use is at least 750 gallons per day more than winter use due to landscape watering. This rebate is appropriate for San Pablo Hotel.
GW RW GrW MW ReW BW PW
Mulch - When applied to landscaped areas, mulch helps soil hold moisture, reduces evaporation, minimizes weed growth and builds organic content in soil. EBMUD has coupons for a 5-25 percent discount on mulch. Alternatively, a tree service can be contacted and mulch can generally be obtained free of charge. Adding mulch to the landscaping is appropriate for the following sites: San Pablo Hotel, 919 Chester Street, 963 Center Street,, 1010 Center Street, 1025 Center Street, 1027 Center Street, 1430 10th Street and 1734-36 9th Street, High Efficiency Clothes Washers - EBMUD provides $100 rebates on high efficiency clothes washers. As of August 2010, there were low efficiency clothes washers installed at 963 Center (2 units), 1430 10th Street, 1446 10th Street, 1501 8th Street, 1734 9th Street and 1736 9th Street. These washers can be replaced with high efficiency models and this water can go to a laundry to landscape graywater system (with the exception of 1446 10th Street). Water Brooms - Washing sidewalks, patios and floors can use a lot of water. EMBUD offers $150 rebates on the purchase of a water broom (usually cost about $300). Maintenance at the buildings can borrow a water broom from EBMUD first to see if they like it before they decide to use the rebate. Water brooms could be useful at Madison Park Hotel and San Pablo Hotel.
Graywater Rainwater Groundwater Mechanical Water Recycled Water Black Water Potable Water
The scale of the building can also impact what options are available, for example, reclaimed water isn;t even available on buildings using less than million gallons per year, or where lines have not been run. Similarly, smaller buildings don;t have cooling towers, so mechanical water isn;t an option. Below is a list of genreral breakdown of building types and water use options for those types.
WaterSmart Customized Rebates - EBMUD offers individualized rebates for large water using equipment. The cooling tower at the San Pablo Hotel would be ideal to have it evaluated for a rebate. Dave Wallenstein of EBMUD said that a technician can calculate the amount of water that would be saved over a 10 year period, for example.
INSTITUTIONAL
MW / RW / RCW /GrW/ GW / BW / PW
Additional Recommendations
COMMERCIAL
The water bills were studied for each site and up to 35 years of data was obtained for some sites. Large spikes in water use were observed for most of the sites at one time or another. Hector Dominguez of EBMUD said that in these cases, the likely cause was a leaky toilet. He said that a leaky toilet can waste up to 1000 gallons per day. He stressed the importance of checking all toilet flapper valves at least once per year. This can easily be combined with a check of smoke detector batteries. Toilet bowl cleaners placed in toilet tanks also erode the rubber on flappers, shortening their life.
RW / GW / PW
13 Friday, March 23, 2012
GW / MW / RW / BW / PW
MULTI-FAMILY
GW / MW/ RW / PW/GrW
SINGLE FAMILY
GW / RW / PW/GrW
AFFORDABLE WATER EBA LDC
wat act er aud ion i plan t &
Prepared by Hyphae Design Laboratory
SITE STUDIES
Friday, March 23, 2012
Aerial view of the San Pablo Hotel
SITE STATISTICS
•141 residents •144 units •70 individual
San Pablo Hotel historical water use
average gallons per day for a given month
16000 14000 12000 10000 gallons
bathrooms, 2 common bathrooms, 2 clinic bathrooms, 1 employee bathroom. •301,051 gallons consumed per month •daily water consumption per person of 69 gallons •4 laundry rooms, producing 201 gallons of graywater on average per day •significant landscaped patio area
Interior lobby at San Pablo Hotel
8000 6000 4000 2000
-0 9 ec D
-0 8 ec D
-0 7 ec D
-0 6 ec D
-0 5 ec D
-0 4 ec D
-0 3 ec D
-0 2 ec D
-0 1 ec D
-0 0 ec D
-9 9 ec D
-9 8 ec D
-9 7 ec D
-9 6 ec D
-9 5 ec D
D
ec
-9 4
0
15 Friday, March 23, 2012
350000
80
325000
60
300000
275000
GPD Water Use Breakdown
Individual water use averages
gallons per person
Gallons per month
Average Water use of building per month
21% 44%
40
14% 20
3%
Water use spikes in the summer, supporting our thought that much of the water is irrigation and cooling towers. Leaps, such as those seen from January to February then to May are most likely due to billing.
gppd/month sinks
showers 2 toilets
Data Analysis We studied building plans, analyzed data and interviewed residents to understand the building water use. The 36 year daily average water consumption at the San Pablo Hotel is 9893 gallons per day. This figures to about 65 gallons per person, per day. 301051 gallons per month. graywater (shower, laundry and sink) makes up 45% of the total water consumption. Non-individual use of water such as cooling tower makeup and irrigation water demand makes up 42%.
16 Friday, March 23, 2012
g se p oc t no v de c
l
au
ju
n fe b m ar ap r m ay ju n
0
ja
p oc t no v de c
se
g
l
au
ju
n ju
ay
r
m
ap
ar m
b fe
ja
n
250000
toilets
19%
showers toilets sinks laundry other
Original Water Use Breakdown
Toilet + Cooling Tower
6%
21%
Previous + Industrial Laundry
21%
6%
9%
21%
25% 44%
15% 14%
3%
19%
Using normal indoor use calculations, for typical multifamily homes, significant (44%) of the water use is unaccounted for i at San Pablo hotel.
3%
3%
27%
27% 19%
19%
In this revised chart, we doubled the toilet use estimate, based on user interviews, and we added a modest calculation for Cooling Tower use, but still 25% of water is unaccounted for.
In this revised chart, we still doubled the toilet use estimate, but also increased the Cooling Tower use. We then added two other uses, as well as added two other, unaccounted for uses, 1) the industrial laundry, for the clinic, and 2) irrigation use and water other outdoor water used by maintenance staff for washing sidewalks. (use numbers based on maintenance staff estimates)
Potential Sources for Unknown Water Use
Strategies for Conservation
• Increased toilet use. It was deciphered from talking to residents that the seniors use the toilet twice as often as a typical resident, because they tend to be at home most days. They also tend to use the downstairs toilets, much of the day, which are far easier to tap into, for rainwater supply. • Water tower (could be losing up to 1 gal/min to evaporation) • Industrial laundry Use • Power Washing of sidewalks • Landscape usage (5 minutes a day)
• Cooling Tower Optimization and water reuse
• Submetering different uses
• Graywater collection of laundry, groundfloor showers & sinks to landscape irrigation and/or filtration for further toilet flushing & cooling tower • rainwater collection of patio/roof area to toilet flushing/ landscape irrigation/ laundry use, and cooling tower
17 Friday, March 23, 2012
showers toilets sinks laundry other cooling tower industrial laundry irrigation & Street Washing
COOLING TOWER
Cooling Tower Meter Location
Draindown can be easily collected.
Leaking Make-Up Valve
Flow metering in Basement
Water Use It is our hypothesis, that the cooling tower is one of the most significant water draws on the building, it would be important to begin submetering the cooling tower, to confirm this assumption. Through optimization, and adaption of the on and off cycling ranges, significant savings could be made. Rainwater, and even graywater could be treated to supply the cooling tower, further reducing water usage. Water Conservation Strategies • 1st, Water sub-meter for Cooling Tower • 2nd, calibration and performance optimization of existing cooling tower • 3rd, Cooling Tower water supply from rainwater and water reuse on landscape, or toilet flushing. • 4th, a more efficient cooling tower Simulation model Below is a simulation model created to estimate water use and efficiency of the San Pablo Cooling Tower. We used standard hot and cold water temperatures, and wet bulb temperatures, to run the model. More accurate, calculations could be developed, if we were to base this on actual building statistics, and cooling tower settings. The various lines on the graph to the right, represent water usage against the range set for the cooling tower to cycle on and off. More water is used when a larger temperature range is needed to be made up. Similarly, the x-axis represents wet-bulb temperature, which factors in humidity, or in human terms, the comfort level of the space. The more humid the space, the more water is used to cool it.
4,000 gallons per day are used in the cooling tower! 18
Friday, March 23, 2012
Inner courtyard patio
Water from basement sump is pumped to the storm sewer
RAINWATER
Collectable rainwater vs laundry demand 30,000
22,500
gallons
â&#x20AC;˘ rainwater collection of patio/roof area to toilet flushing/ landscape irrigation/ laundry use â&#x20AC;˘ The inner courtyard patio is already designed to collect rainwater runoff and then convey it to a sump in the basement. This can be easily modified to collect rainwater for indoor reuse.
Rainwater from the roof is conveyed to the storm sewer at this grate
15,000
7,500
The conveyance lines are highlighted in red showing the path from the patio to the sump in the basement
Friday, March 23, 2012
average roof runoff average water use (GW production) production from laundry
19
c de
v no
t oc
p se
g au
l ju
n ju
ay m
r ap
ar m
fe b
ja
n
0
RAINWATER Potential Offset Calculations While many people would believe the bigger the tank you have the more savings; in fact, in almost all situations the 10,000 and 15,000 gallon tanks do not save significantly more water than a 5,000 tank. With more refined cooling tower demand calculations and total toilet usage calculations, even more precise tank size can be calculated, to maximize the reuse potential.
Annual Water Savings if captured RW is used to flush two downstairs toilets Ground Level Patio & SW Ground Level Patio & SW Roof & Roof SE Roof
Storage size
Ground Level Patio
1000
16,114
22,096
24,113
2000
17,114
23,096
25,113
5000
20,114
26,096
28,113
10000
25,114
29,200
29,200
15000
29,200
29,200
29,200
Retrofit Tank Solutions Because of limited access to the basement of San Pablo Hotel, our proposal is to utilize, “pillow tanks” such as the one pictured below. These tanks are made of a kevlar type material and used in military and relief applications. Overtime, they have become a mainstay for rainwater harvesting retrofit projects, where getting a large tank into a basement or even backyard is prohibitively expensive. The tanks can also be custom fabricated, to fit into currently unused,long and narrow space between the structural steel and wood posts in the San Pablo Hotel basement.
Annual Water Savings if captured RW is used to flush two downstairs toilets & Industrial Laundry & Refill Cooling Tower Ground Level Patio & SW Ground Level Patio & SW Roof & Roof SE Roof
Storage size
Ground Level Patio
1000
10,081
80,400
126,209
2000
10,481
80,400
128,209
5000
11,481
80,400
134,209
10000
11,981
80,400
138,112
15000
12,848
80,400
138,112
Stormwater Management Calculations Please note that water savings for small amounts of storage are skewed because the storage tank should be large enough to hold an average 2-yr 12-hr event in order to achieve estimated savings as well as improve stormwater runoff. “2-yr 12-hr event” is a statistical calculation of the amount of rain over a 12hour period, from a rainstorm, that will occur every 2 years. This storm event is used, because it is the standard adopted by California’s Regional Water Board for Federal NPDES compliance, as well as for LEED calculations. From a stormwater quality control standpoint, the 2-yr statistic represents the majority of storms, rather than an anomaly, like a 10, 25, or 50 year event rainfall, therefore maximizing your stormwater management solution, for treating and reusing the most storms with the least space.
20 Friday, March 23, 2012
GRAYWATER
Cooling Tower Meter Location
much pipework is intricately complex
groundfloor restrooms can be accessesed
• Gray water could most easily be captured for irrigation, but would require redesign of landscape and irrigation system
Greywater vs. Blackwater 5,000
• Graywater could be mixed with rainwater and potable supplies to meet cooling tower demand. • Could be very challenging to permit. • Not enough 1st floor toilet demand to warrant filtration for that alone
gallons per day
• Graywater collection of laundry/showers & sinks to landscape irrigation/ filtering for toilet flushing & cooling tower
3,750 2,500 1,250 0
greywater
blackwater
GPD wastewater production
21 Friday, March 23, 2012
LANDSCAPE POTENTIAL While the San Pablo Hotel landscape is in disrepair, and in need of serious maintenance, it has incredible potential, especially considering, that the residents spend a significant amount of time at home. If we could make the landscape inviting, and create more activity spaces outside, I believe residents would use it more. From simple raised gardens, the tenants could use without bending over, to chess tables, and even outdoor, TV watching areas!This would provide the residents, more fresh air, and more activity options than simply sitting in the common room. EBALDC could harness this great opportunity to replace the landscape, and create better programed uses, while using the opportunity to install a graywater-fed irrigation system in some areas and low water use plants in others. We deduced from speaking with the maintenance personnel and observing water data, that in addition to the cooling tower, the currently inefficient landscape contributes to the significant spike in summer water use.
22 Friday, March 23, 2012
Action Plan - Individual Sites San Pablo Hotel This site has great potential for water efficiency, reuse and greening. In our analysis of the water data, we estimate that 44% of the water is going to â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;otherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; uses which includes the cooling tower, landscape, cleaning and washing surfaces and potential leaks. It is important to investigate where this water is going. We suggest putting submeters on the cooling tower, landscape and the power washer. Data from this new metering can help us to find inefficient and wasteful uses of water. It is important to determine how efficiently the cooling tower is operating because this could be a source of significant water waste. EBMUD can do an analysis of the cooling tower to check its performance and to see if it is eligible for a rebate. Submeters should be installed for both the cooling tower and the landscape. Mulch should be applied to the landscape for irrigation efficiency and soil health. Self adjusting irrigation controllers should be installed and an EBMUD rebate should be applied for. This site has great potential for a rainwater catchment system to supply toilet flushing on the first floor. There is already a system installed which collects rainwater from the inner courtyard and then drains it to a sump. The water is then pumped to the storm drain. Instead of sending this water to the Bay, the water can be stored in the basement in pillow tanks and then utilized to flush toilets on the first floor. Costs for pumping to the first floor toilets are offset by reduced pumping to the storm sewer. Graywater from the onsite clothes washing machines can be utilized to water planter boxes or a green wall in the interior courtyard as well as the ground level landscape.
* Line Items with Greatest Variability
Rainwater to 1st Floor Toilets & Cooling Tower Rainwater Materials Pillow Tanks ($1.40 - $2.50 per gallon) Pump & Accessories
Cost $6,000.00 $2,500.00
Indexing Valve & Accessories Controls * Monitoring
$850.00 $1,250.00
Laundry Graywater to Landscape Graywater Materials BRAC RGW-450
Cost $2,000.00
Pump & Accessories
$500.00
Indexing Valve & Accessories
$450.00
Backflow Preventer
$700.00
DWV Fittings
$650.00
DWV Fittings
$1,250.00
Inspection
$450.00
Irrigation Lines
$6,000.00
Pressurized Piping
$1,200.00
Pre-filtration
$150.00
Filtration & UV Sterilization Material Total
$2,000.00 $13,050.00
Potable Make-up
$350.00
Inspection
$450.00
Pre-filtration
$500.00 Material Total
$12,200.00
Rainwater Labor * Plumbing to Toilets($600-$1200 per fixture) Plumbing SW Roof
$3,600.00 $900.00
Plumbing to Cooling Tower
$1,500.00
Plumbing Pump & Filters
$3,000.00
Permit & Design Fees
$4,000.00
Labor Total
Graywater Labor *Plumbing for Graywater Capture ($600-$1200 per
$3,600.00
fixture) Irrigation Installation
$10,000.00
Permit & Design Fees
$3,000.00
$13,000.00 Labor Total
Total Potable Savings = 80-130,000 gallons
$16,600.00
Total Potable Savings = 20,000-100,000 gallons * Rough Estimate, because there was no meter for landscape usage
23 Friday, March 23, 2012
Madison Park Apartments individual water use averages
MADISION PARK APARTMENTS Location: 100 9th Street, Oakland CA
Spring and summer peak water usage is hard to explain at Madison Park, since there is no landscape or cooling towers. It is thought that potentially water increases, because older resident, may have young grandchildren visiting more during the summer.
• 150 residents • 98 units • 98 individual bathrooms, 2 common restrooms • monthly average building water consumption of 503,592 gallons • daily water consumption per person of 113 gallons • 8 laundry machines, producing 226 gallons of graywater on average per day • no landscape
gallons per person
150
113
75
38
0
jan
feb
mar
gpcd total/month
View from the north
Friday, March 23, 2012
Aerial View
apr
may
jun jul month
aug
sep
gpcd BW/month
Madison Park building plans
oct
nov
dec
gpcd GW/month
24
roof runoff vs water demands
GPD Breakdown
gallons per day month shower laundry
toilets roof runoff
c de
v no
t oc
p se
g au
l ju
ju
m
n
0
ay
0
r
1750
ap
Sinks
3500
17500
ar
Toilets Other
35000
m
Showers Laundry
5250
b
14%
52500
fe
20%
7000
n
45%
70000
ja
3%
gallons per month
18%
graywater vs blackwater
graywater blackwater source type
sinks
Informal basement art gallery
25 Friday, March 23, 2012
Supply and demand for 10,000 gallons storage 40000 Rainwater Runoff not captured
Amount of laundry demand not met by stored rainwater.
30000
Total Potable Savings
20000
70,000 gallons
10000
0 Jan
Feb
March
April
May
June
July
Aug
Sept
Discharge from whole roof (gallons/month) 2000 & 10,000 gallon water level Easily replumbed with rainwater from one point
And Greywater collected from one point
Oct
Nov
Dec
Laundry demand
Supply and demand for 2,000 gallons storage 10000
7500
Total Potable Savings
5000
63,000 gallons
2500
0 Jan
Feb
March
April
May
June
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
With rainwater systems, it is extremely important to optimize the tank size, since storage is one of the greatest expenses. The graph above shows how the 2,000 gallon tank provides almost as much water savings as the larger tank, with only 1/5th the tank size! Friday, March 23, 2012
Nov
Dec
26
GW from Shower to Toilet (on 1 st floor only)
Graywater Reuse from Shower to Toilet
4500
Gallons
Madison Park building plans were studied to understand how many showers and toilets could easily be tapped into on the first floor. Through both plan site investigation we discovered that there is easy access to bathroom graywater drainage in the basement. Retrofit plumbing, could be done non-intrusively, and most of the treated graywater supply lines back to the toilets could also be done in the basement, without requiring cosmetic retrofits to the bathrooms. From the easily accessible bathrooms alone, roughly 3,000 gallons per month, or 35,000 gallons per year could be saved.
6000
3000
1500
0 Jan
Feb
March
April
May
June
Toilet Demand
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
GW from Shower Use
Note: Assumes 15 residents on 1st floor and that each resident showers once per day for 5 minutes and uses the toilet 5 times per day. These calculations are based on standard LEED calculations. Actual shower usage, is likely higher.
Shower connection
Diversion point
27 Friday, March 23, 2012
Dec
Action Plan for Madison Park
Madison Park Apartments
Madison Park has several features which make it very attractive for water reuse. There is a large roof which can easily catch rainwater. There is a large basement. Although the basement does not have a high clearance or a large point of access to allow the entry of water storage tanks, there is a large amount of open floor space which can accommodate pillow tanks for rainwater storage. Rainwater can be used to satisfy the laundry demand of the building for 7 months of the year while utilizing only a 2,000-gallon storage tank. This would save approximately 63,000 gallons of potable water annually. There is an exciting opportunity for Madison Park Apartments to be the site for a pilot project for a Pontos graywater treatment system. Pontos systems are designed to use water from showers and sinks and then this water can be used to flush toilets. Pontos systems are in use in Germany, but have not yet been approved in the United States. The company is trying to get systems in place in this country to demonstrate their effectiveness. Pontos is interested in donating a system to EBALDC and therefore, the only installation cost would be for plumbing the system. The feasibility of a Pontos system must also be evaluated from the standpoint of plumbing accessibility. In order for this system to work, the shower and sink plumbing must be accessible so that it can be accessed before it joins blackwater plumbing from toilets. BRAC graywater systems can treat laundry water and supply this water for toilet flushing. BRAC is also interested in doing a pilot project to demonstrate the use of graywater for toilet flushing. The bank of 8 clothes washers is easy to access and provides an ideal source of graywater. The 175 gallons of laundry graywater is sufficient quantity to flush the common toilets in the basement and the resident toilets on the first floor. The water can be treated with a BRAC treatment system and then pumped to supply the toilets. This would save an additional 63,000 gallons per year for a total savings of 126,000 gallons annually. In addition to water reuse, Madison Park has excellent potential for the installation of planters and trellised vines in the lightwell courtyards and fire escape areas. These â&#x20AC;&#x153;living wallsâ&#x20AC;? could improve the air quality, and beautify these spaces, and provide character.
28 Friday, March 23, 2012
Cost Estimates Scenario 1 - Supply 2 Toilets with Graywater from Laundry Graywater Materials BRAC RGW-250
Cost $2,462.00
Scenario 2 - Supply 19 Toilets with Graywater from Showers and Sinks
Rainwater to Laundry System
Graywater Materials
Rainwater Materials
Cost
BRAC RGW-450
$3,012.00
External Filter External Filter
$300.00
Indexing Valve & Accessories
$450.00
DWV Fittings
$650.00
Potable Make-up
$600.00
Inspection
$500.00
Pillow Tanks ($1.40 - $2.50 per gallon)
Indexing Valve & Accessories
DWV Fittings
$3,000.00
DWV Fittings
Potable Make-up
$1,350.00
Inspection
$3,000.00
Material Total
Plumbing from laundry machines to BRAC system
$1,200.00
Plumbing from BRAC system to toilets ($600-1200 per fixture)
$2,400.00
Permit & Design Fees
$4,500.00
Labor Total
$650.00 $1,500.00
Pre-filtration
$500.00
Backflow
$600.00
Inspection
$950.00
$11,862.00 Material Total
Greywater Labor Graywater Labor
$1,500.00
$1,000.00
$5,962.00
Plumbing from 17 showers and sinks to BRAC system
$11,200.00
Plumbing from BRAC system to 19 toilets
$15,000.00
Total
$1,450.00
Pump & Accessories
Indexing Valve & Accessories
$1,500.00 Material Total
Cost
$7,150.00
Rainwater Labor
$38,062.00
Plumbing for Rainwater Capture from Roof
$3,600.00
Plumbing to Laundry
$4,000.00 Total
$14,750.00
$8,100.00
Total Potable Savings = 8,000-12,000 gallons
Total Potable Savings = 40,000 gallons
Total Potable Savings = 70,000 gallons
Note: Estimates are based on standard â&#x20AC;&#x153;per fixtureâ&#x20AC;? costs we have received from local Oakland plumbers. These estimates do not reflect the actual site specific costs, based on site visits, or drawings. These estimates are also baseline, costs for the systems to be installed, higher levels of automation, control, and metering are not included, but can be estimated 29 Friday, March 23, 2012