UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON FACULTY OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT BARTLETT SCHOOL OF PLANNING
MAJOR PROJECT:
Public Lighting and Urban Design for Dark Hours: Resolving social inequality of public lighting in residential areas by lighting and urban design strategy
Hyung Rae Cho BSc (Hons) Word count: 7,861
Being a Major Project in Urban Design and City Planning submitted to the faculty of The Built Environment as part of the requirements for the award of the MSc (course - Planning, Design and Development or Sustainable Urbanism) at University College London, I declare that this project is entirely my own work and that ideas, data and images, as well as direct quotations, drawn from elsewhere are identified and referenced. 2nd September 2016
Acknowledgement I would first like to express the deepest gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Peter Rees of the Bartlett School of Planning at University College London. He consistently and sincerely conveyed a spirit of adventure in regard to the whole part of my project. Without his insightful guidance and heartfelt help, this major project would not have been possible. I would like to thank Dr. Filipa Wunderlich, my course director, and Dr. Juliana Martins, my personal tutor for their continual support and considerate encouragement. I would also like to thank Mona Sloane, a co-founder of the Configuring Light research programme in the London School of Economics and Political Science, and Florence Lam, Global Lighting Design Leader in ARUP for their in-depth academic and practical advice. In addition, I would like to express my appreciation to who were involved in the survey for this major project in Cromer Street, Orde Hall Street, Doughty Street and Haggerston in London. Without their passionate participation and opinions, the validation survey could not have been successfully implemented. Finally, I would like to thank my family who have shown the greatest support and sacrifice for me during my master course and major project period.
CONTENTS Acknowledgements
3.6 Summary of Case Study · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
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Lists of Figures, Maps, Diagrams and Tables
3.7 Conceptual Framework · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
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4.0 SITE ANALYSIS
Abstract
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Public Lighting for Dark Hours · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 2
1.2 Public Lighting and 24-hour City · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
1.3 Problem Identification : Light Pollution and Social Inequality of Public Lighting · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 3
1.4 Project Objectives · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
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1.5 Research Questions · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
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1.6 Contribution to Practice · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
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1.7 Project Methodology · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
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4.1 Macro Analysis · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
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4.2 Micro Analysis · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
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4.3 Site Observation · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
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4.4 Light Pollution Analysis · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
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4.5 Lighting Policy Analysis · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
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4.6 Opportunities and Constraints Analysis · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
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5.0 SITE-SPECIFIC DESIGN STRATEGY
5.1 Design Framework · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
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5.2 Site-specific Design Strategy · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
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2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW PART 1
2.1 Functions of Public Lighting · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
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2.2 Benefits of Public Lighting · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
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2.3 Negative Impacts of Public Lighting : Light Pollution · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
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2.4 Benefits of Darkness · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
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2.5 Summary of Literature Review Part 1 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
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2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW PART 2
6.0 PROPOSAL
6.1 Lighting Masterplan · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
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6.2 Site-specific Design 1 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
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6.3 Site-specific Design 2 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
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6.4 Site-specific Design 3 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
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6.5 Site-specific Design 4 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
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6.6 Site-specific Design 5 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
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2.6 Public Lighting Design Strategy · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
2.7 Urban Design Strategy · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 17
2.8 Social Strategy · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
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2.9 Summary of Literature Review Part 2 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
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3.0 CASE STUDY TEST
3.1 Case Study Methodology · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
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3.2 Case Study Areas · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
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3.3 Case Study 1 : Cromer Street · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
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3.4 Case Study 2 : Orde Hall Street · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
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3.5 Case Study 3 : Doughty Street · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
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7.0 CONCLUSION
7.1 Delivery · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
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7.2 Evaluation · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
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7.3 Summary of Project · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
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7.4 Limitations and Recommendations for Further Research · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
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Bibliography · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
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External Image References · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
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Appendix : Risk Assessment · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
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FIGURES Figure 1. London in 1736 Figure 2. Toronto in 1841 Figure 3. Paris in 1878 Figure 4. New York in 1886 Figure 5. Urbanisation and artificial light in urban places Figure 6. Human activities during night time, London Figure 7. Dimmed lighting in affluent residential areas, London Figure 8. Overly-bright lighting in social housing estates, London Figure 9. Lighting strategy for wayfinding in the Olympic Park, London Figure 10. Lighting strategy for guiding orientation, Melbourne Figure 11. Lighting strategy for city-branding in Plaza Mayor, Valladolid Figure 11. Lighting for aesthetics, Lyon Figure 12. Three Graces, Liverpool Figure 13. The Van Gogh Path. Netherlands Figure 14. The St John's Hill (Connectivity) and The Thamesmead Estate (Separtion) Figure 15. Leicester Square Garden, London Figure 16. Bastions of Light, Badajoz, Spain Figure 17. New lighting design for Goderham Building, Toronto Figure 18. Light clutter Figure 19. Glare Figure 20. Light trespass Figure 21. An absence of darkness Figure 22. Light profligacy Figure 23. Sky glow Figure 24. Light Trespass in residential area Figure 25. Deep shadows by glare Figure 26. Sky glow and energy waste in Downham Figure 27. Night market in Mumbai, India Figure 28. Dining restaurants in the dark Figure 29. Cut-off design of lighting Figure 30. Shielded design of lighting Figure 31. Shieded lighting types Figure 32. Height of public lighting and light pollution Figure 33. White light Figure 34. Blue light Figure 35. Warm red light Figure 36. Circadian System Figure 37. Lighting masterplan for Xixian Great City Figure 38. Motion sensor lighting, Fujisawa, Japan Figure 39. LED Rose Garden in DDP, Seoul
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Figure 39. BruumRuum, Barcelona Figure 40. Cheonggyecheon Light Festival, Seoul Figure 41. Lamb's Conduit Street, London Figure 42. Horizontal mixed use, Camden, London Figure 43. Permeable and impermeable urban form Figure 44. Legible and Illegible urban form Figure 45. Pavement colour and light reflaction Figure 46. Street furniture in Seattle, Washington Figure 47. Hierarchy of spaces Figure 48. Pedestrianised road in Rua Augusta, Lisbon Figure 49. Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, London Figure 50. Case study tests Figure 51. Case study test methodology Figure 52. Case study test areas Figure 53. Survey in Cromer Street, London Figure 54. Summary of survey in Cromer Street, London Figure 55. Summary of spatial analysis in Cromer Street, London Figure 56. Social housing in Cromer Street I Figure 57. Social housing in Cromer Street II Figure 58. Argyle Walk I Figure 59. Argyle Walk II Figure 60. darkness in social housing Figure 61. Pavement materials and lighting height Figure 62. Tonbridge Street Figure 63. Canopy lighting and light pollution Figure 64. Survey in Orde Hall Street, London Figure 65. Summary of survey in Orde Hall Street, London Figure 66. Summary of spatial analysis in Orde Hall Street, London Figure 67. Lighting and ssparation Figure 68. Poorly-designed lighting Figure 69. Light pollution and typology Figure 70. Height of lighting on Pedestrianised road Figure 71. Light pollution in social housing Figure 72. Dombey Street Figure 73. Lamb's Conduit Street Figure 74. Barbon Close Figure 75. Survey in Doughty Street, London Figure 76. Summary of survey in Doughty Street, London Figure 77. Summary of spatial analysis in Doughty Street, London Figure 78. Pedestrianised road
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Figure 79. John's Mews I Figure 80. John's Mews II Figure 81. Doughty Mews Figure 82. Doughty Street Figure 83. Guilford Street Figure 84. Summary of case study Figure 85. Three justifications for project site Figure 86.Playground of new residential flats Figure 87.Playground of social housing Figure 88. Boat Lane Figure 89. Poorly-maintained footpath Figure 90.Footpath of new residential flat Figure 91. High fences in social housing Figure 92. Pedestrianised bridge ion Haggerston Road Figure 93. Canal Bridge on Kingsland Road Figure 94. Public space in How's Street Figure 95. Un-used open space in social housing Figure 96. Whiston Road Figure 97. Open space in Weymouth Terrace Figure 98. Social housing in Haggerston Road Figure 99. New residential flat in Laburnum Street Figure 100. Dunston Road Figure 101. Unsecured visibility on the Canal Footpath Figure 102. Whiston Road in night Figure 103. Laburnum Street in night Figure 104. Pedestrian road on Whiston Road Figure 105. Two street lightings in 1 meter Figure 106. Unclosed open space in Weymouth Terrace Figure 107. Weymouth Terrace in night Figure 108. Lack of street lighting on footpath Figure 109. Large open space in social housing estates Figure 110. Illumination analysis Figure 111. Light trespass analysis in Haggerston Figure 112. Survey 1 in Haggerston, London Figure 113. Summary of survey 1 in Haggerston, London Figure 114. Survey 2 in Haggerston, London Figure 115. Summary of survey 2 in Haggerston, London Figure 116. Social interaction analysis in different Shades of Night time Figure 117. Lighting comparison analysis Figure 118. Existing section of site-specific design 1
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Figure 119. Proposed section of site-specific design 1 Figure 120. LED Hand-rail lighting Figure 121. LED Indirect street lighting Figure 122. View A: Existing Figure 123. View A: Proposed Figure 124. View B: Existing Figure 125. View B: Proposed Figure 126. Existing section of site-specific design 2 Figure 127. Proposed section of site-specific design 2 Figure 128. Wall Lighting Figure 129. LED indirect street lighting Figure 130. View C: Existing Figure 131. View C: Proposed Figure 132. View D: Existing Figure 133. View D: Proposed Figure 134. View E: Existing Figure 135. View E: Proposed Figure 136. View F: Existing Figure 137. View F: Proposed Figure 138. View G: Existing Figure 139. View G: Proposed Figure 140. View H: Existing Figure 141. View H: Proposed Figure 142. View I: Existing Figure 143. View I: Proposed Figure 144. View J: Existing Figure 145. View J: Proposed Figure 146. View K: Existing Figure 147. View K: Proposed Figure 148. Existing section of site-specific design 5 Figure 149. Proposed section of site-specific design 5 Figure 150. Light Interactive Playground, Singapore Figure 151. Light Swing Installation Figure 152. Comparison Analysis : Existing Figure 153. Comparison Analysis : Proposal Figure 154. Winner and Loser Analysis : Existing Figure 155. Winner and Loser Analysis : Proposal
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MAPS Map 1. Location of case study areas
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Map 29. Core Strategy Development map
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Map 2. Location of surveys in case study 1
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Map 30. Land-use in project site
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Map 3. Crime rate map in case study 1
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Map 31. Traffic flow in day time
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Map 4. Pedestrian flow in case study 1
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Map 32. Traffic flow in night time
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Map 5. Social interaction in case study 1
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Map 33. Pedestrian flow and activity nodes in day time
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Map 6. Land-use in case study 1
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Map 34. Pedestrian flow and activity nodes in night time
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Map 7. Light trespass in case study 1
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Map 35. Project site observation in day time
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Map 8. Existing public lighting in case study 1
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Map 36. Project site observation in night time
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Map 9. Location of surveys in case study 2
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Map 37. Illumination in project site
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Map 10. Crime rate map in case study 2
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Map 38. Light trespass in project site
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Map 11. Pedestrian flow in case study 2
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Map 39. Recommended street illumination
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Map 12. Social interaction in case study 2
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Map 40. Opportunities and Constraints
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Map 13. Land-use in case study 2
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Map 41. Light brightness of blocks
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Map 14. Light trespass in case study 2
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Map 42. Light brightness of streets
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Map 15. Existing public lighting in case study 2
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Map 43. Green corridor
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Map 16. Location of surveys in case study 3
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Map 44. Mobility by Pedestrian crossing
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Map 17. Crime rate map in case study 3
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Map 45. Shared road
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Map 18. Pedestrian flow in case study 3
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Map 46. Connectivity by public lighting
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Map 19. Social interaction in case study 3
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Map 47. Activity nodes and Focal point
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Map 20. Land-use in case study 3
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Map 48. Light Art Installation and Active frontage
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Map 21. Light trespass in case study 3
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Map 49. New retail point in Haggerston Baths
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Map 22. Existing public lighting in case study 3
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Map 50. Major Pedestrian Route
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Map 23. Location of Hackney Borough
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Map 51. Lighting Masterplan
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Map 24. Location of Haggerston
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Map 52. Cut-off Direction of Public Lighting
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Map 25. Location of project site
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Map 53. Site-specific Design 1
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Map 26. Bird's eye view of project site
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Map 54. Site-specific Design 2
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Map 27. Location of CCTV
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Map 55. Site-specific Design 3
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Map 28. Crime rate map in project site
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Map 56. Site-specific Design 4
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Map 56. Site-specific Design 5
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DIAGRAMS
TABLES
Diagram 1. Summary of Introduction
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Table 1. Major objectives and goals of lighting policy in the Borough of Hackney
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Diagram 2. Project Methodology
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Table 2. Recommendation for Public Lighting Design
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Diagram 3. Functions of Public Lighting
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Table 3. Recommendation for Illumination
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Diagram 4. Relationship between safety and public lighting
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Table 4. Proposal phasing
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Diagram 5. Benefits of Public Lighting
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Table 5. SWOT analysis
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Diagram 6. Negative Impacts of Light Pollution
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Diagram 7. Social Inequality of Public Lighting
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Diagram 8. Summary of Literature Review Part 1
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Diagram 9. Introduction of Design Strategy
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Diagram 10. Public Lighting Design Strategy
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Diagram 11. Urban Design Strategy
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Diagram 12. Social Strategy
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Diagram 13. Summary of Literature Review Part 2
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Diagram 14. Conceptual Framework
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Diagram 15. Design Framework
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Diagram 16. Major Objectives of Site-specific Design Strategy
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Diagram 17. Implementation Process and Social Strategy
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Abstract Light pollution is regarded as a crucial environmental issue in terms of human health and energy. Indeed, darkness has been recently considered as a luxury good for residential area night time. This issue can be easily found in London as well, for example, affluent areas tend to have more moderated public lighting, while social housing estates rather tend to have many overly bright public lighting on the purpose to increase safety as it supports CCTV. This contrast of public lighting clearly indicates social inequality as residents of social housing can be frequently exposed to light pollution, such as light trespass. Therefore, this project aims to tackle the issue of social inequality of public lighting between social housing estates and newly developed residential flats. To achieve delivering dimmed lighting in and around social housing estates which can resolve light pollution, this project aims to improve perceived safety by enhancing natural surveillance based on Jane Jacobs’ and Wilson and Kelling’s theories. In this respect, this project suggests an inter-disciplinary approach including public lighting design, urban design as well as social strategy in order to dim public lighting and increase social interaction. To develop the designbased framework, this project will investigate the correlation between public lighting and urban design factors in terms of light pollution and perceived safety through three different case study tests in London. Thereafter, site-specific strategy based on the framework will be implemented to the project area, located in the southern part of Queensbridge Road in Haggerston, London, as this area clearly shows high contrast of public lighting between social housing estates and newly developed residential flats. Finally, this project will conclude with the explanation of its evaluation and delivery processes as well as suggestions for further researches.
1.2 Public Lighting and 24-hour City
It is widely agreed that public lighting has been regarded as a key element for urban planning and design in
It is generally agreed that the trend of rapid urbanization has led to further development of public lighting for night time in
night time (Santen, 2006, p.36), as it has diverse functions, such as securing visibility, ensuring safety, improving
cities. According to a recent research by the United Nations, approximately 55 percent of the world’s population currently
beautification and city branding (Philips, 2014, p.7). With the functions of public lighting for human activities in dark
lives in cities, and it is forecasted to increase up to 75 percent by 2050 (United Nations, 2014, p.1). With the increasing
hours, it has been rapidly developed in urban places. For example, in 1417, lighted lanterns were firstly asked to
population in urban places, public lighting has been developed to go beyond providing only its basic functions including
be displaced outside of all houses in London during winder days in order to secure visibility and safety (Clanton
improving safety and aesthetics. Especially, public lighting has been significantly developed to achieve the huge demands
and Givler, 2008, p.173). Since 19th century as technology of lighting were developed, new types of street lighting
for city’s structural and environmental diversity for night time, as the percentage of social, economic and cultural activities
have been largely adopted in major cities in the world, for instance, gas street lighting in Paris in 1821 and electric
have increased in dark hours (Lam et al, 2015, p.13). This is because public lighting can play a key role in delivering the
street lighting in New York in 1886 (Ibid). Moreover, during the last twenty decades, public lighting technology for
diverse options for people during night time who cannot take part of economic, cultural, social, sports and entertainment
cost, maintenance and energy efficiency has been widely developed as the trend of sustainable urban development
life during day time (Rankel, 2014, p.127). In other words, it can be said that the trend of ‘24-hour city’ has significantly
significantly has risen (Entwistle et al, 2015, p.8).
risen along to the huge demand for night-life of citizens and its economic potential.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Public Lighting for Dark Hours
2
Figure 1. London in 1736
Figure 2. Toronto in 1841
Figure 5. Urbanisation and artificial light in urban places
(Source: William Hogarth’s Four Times of the Day series)
(Source: The Varsity)
(Source: Visible Earth NASA)
Figure 3. Paris in 1878
Figure 4. New York in 1886
Figure 6. Human activities during night time, London
(Source: simoncornwell)
(Source: Ephemeral New York)
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
CASE STUDY
SITE ANALYSIS
DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
1.3 Problem Identification : Light Pollution and Social Inequality of Public Lighting
1.4 Project Objectives
Although it is hard to deny that public lighting provides the diverse benefits to individuals, communities and the society
In this respect, this project put the social inequality of public lighting related to light pollution at central issue, and
in urban spaces, the fact that inefficient and unnecessary public lighting in the wrong place and at the wrong time rather
aims to achieve the following objectives :
generates crucial negative impacts on economic, environmental as well as social aspects is largely unknown (RCEP, 2009, p.30). This negative impact of artificial lighting is generally referred as ‘Light Pollution’, and this pollution is regarded
• Resolving the social inequality of public lighting in residential areas by design strategy
as one of the fastest growing forms of environmental pollution in contemporary cities (Chepesiuk, 2009, p.21). In terms of this pollution, it can be seen that economic and environmental aspects of it have been spotlighted, with the focus of economic benefits based on the trend of ‘24-hour city’. In contrast, social impacts of light pollution in residential areas
• Bringing diverse benefits in social, economic and environmental aspects into a proposed residential area by design strategy
has been relatively uncovered (Mona Sloane, 2nd, June, 2016, Interview). In this context, a recent report of ‘Configuring Light’ research project by LSE critically announces an issue of significant social inequality of public lighting between affluent residential areas and low-income residential areas, especially social housing estates (Sloane et al, 2016, p.3). This report indicates that there is a notable gap in quantity and quality of
1.5 Research Questions In terms of the design strategy to achieve the objectives, there are three research questions which would be investigated through this project :
lighting infrastructure between the two areas, and this difference in public lighting can be related to the exposure of lighting pollution. This inequality can be easily found in residential areas in London. For example, the report indicates that affluent neighbourhoods and high-priced residential developments in London tend to have more well-designed and managed public lighting which can bring about benefits of darkness, while social housing areas tend to have more overly
• Whether social inequality of public lighting in residential areas can be resolved by only public lighting design? • How urban design principles can be applied to resolve the issue?
bright lighting in order to support CCTV capability (Sloane et al, 2016, p.6). This means that lower-priced residential areas including social housing estates have a higher possibility of being exposed from light pollution than affluent areas.
• Whether an inter-disciplinary approach based on public lighting design, urban design and social aspects can resolve the social issue of public lighting more effectively?
1.6 Contribution to Practice This project aims to resolve the social issue of light pollution in terms of public lighting which has not been relatively uncovered comparing to economic aspects of public lighting in commercial areas. In this regard, it can contribute to built environmental design for night time by investigating how public lighting can be translated to social values. Moreover, it aims to resolve the issue by an inter-disciplinary approach including public lighting and public realm Figure 7. Dimmed lighting in affluent residential areas, London
design elements, and by doing so, it can contribute to practice by investigating correlation between public lighting and public realm design and creating an effective framework based on the two aspects which have been treated separately for night time design.
Figure 8. Overly bright lighting in social housing estates, London
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
CASE STUDY
SITE ANALYSIS
DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
3
Key element for night time design
lP cia So
Light Pollution
Public Lighting
m ble ro
Social Inequality
Functions
of Public Lighting
Benefits "Darkness created by curated lighting design is a feature of more affluent neighbourhoods, while
Social
comparatively low income areas including social
24-hour City
Economic
housing estates have overly bright lighting for better CCTV surveillance" (Mona Sloane, 2nd, June, 2016, Interview)
Primary Objective
Resolve
Major Research Questions In terms of design strategy to resolve the issue, this project
Social Economic
Design Strategy
Benefits
Environmental
Secondary Objective
will investigate the correlation Public Lighting
Public Realm Design
between public lighting and public realm design in order to find the most effective solution.
Diagram 1. Summary of Introduction
4
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
CASE STUDY
SITE ANALYSIS
DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
1.7 Project Methodology
1. INTRODUCTION
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Initial Research
Case Study Methodology
Public Lighting Design Strategy
Benefits of Lighting
Functions of Lighting
3. CASE STUDY TEST
Cromer Street
Problem Identification Public Realm Design Strategy
Orde Hall Street Research Questions
Benefits of Darkness
Light Pollution
Social Strategy
Doughty Street
Summary of Stategies
Summary of Case Study Test & Conceptual Framework
Project Objectives
Summary of Public Lighting Research
Contribution to Practice
6. CONCLUSION
6. PROPOSAL
5. SITE-SPECIFIC DESIGN STRATEGY
Delivery Lighting Masterplan
4. SITE ANALYSIS
Micro Analysis
Macro Analysis
Illumination Analysis
Night time Pattern Analysis
Planning Policy
Opportunity & Constraint Analysis
Site-specific Design Strategy
Evaluation
Site-specific Design 1
Summary of Project
Site-specific Design 2 Design Framework
Limitations and Recommendations for Further Research
Site-specific Design 3
Site-specific Design 4
Site-specific Design 5 Diagram 2. Project Methodology
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
CASE STUDY
SITE ANALYSIS
DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
5
2.1 Functions of Public Lighting
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW PART 1 : PUBLIC LIGHTING AND LIGHT POLLUTION
Visibility
Wayfinding
Aesthetics
Safety
City Branding Figure 9. Lighting strategy for wayfinding in the Olympic Park, London
Figure 10. Lighting strategy for guiding orientation, Melbourne
(Source: frankdasilva)
(Source: City of Melbourne)
The most fundamental function of lighting is to secure visibility of objects by
Lighting strategy for the Olympic Park focuses on
Lighting strategy in Melbourne focuses on improving
creating three-dimensional shapes and supporting recognition of people during
improving wayfinding by well-lit pathways (horizontal
pedestrian wayfinding by highlighting major paths, nodes
night time.
lighting) and highlighted destinations (vertical lighting). This
and edges (horizontal lighting). Also, selected landmarks
(Santen, 2006, p.36)
strategy provides a clear guidance for pedestrian flows,
are illuminated (vertical lighting) to provide a clear
as people respond to light and darkness to gather or
orientation of pedestrians (Lam et al, 2015, p.31).
Diagram 3. Functions of Public Lighting
Visibility
Improved visibility can enhance wayfinding by providing guidance and direction during night time. Also, horizontal and vertical lighting can be used as a strategy to guide pedestrians towards a certain destination.
Wayfinding
(Lam et al, 2015, p.30)
Secured visibility can result in the decrease in crime rate by improving perceived safety.
Safety
(Lam et al, 2015, p.30)
Public lighting can be used to create or improve aesthetics in urban places during night time.
Aesthetics
(Sloane et al, 2016, p.3)
Improved night scene can enhance city brand by creating an inviting ambience.
City Branding
6
dissipate (Lam et al, 2015, p.31).
INTRODUCTION
Figure 11. Lighting strategy for city-branding in Plaza Mayor, Valladolid
Figure 11. Lighting for aesthetics, Lyon
(Source: Illumni)
(Source: Cool Hunting)
Public lighting in Valladolid, Spain focuses on improving
Lighting strategy in Lyon is widely recognised as one of
aesthetics of urban spaces to enhance its cultural and
the most successful cases showing how lighting improves
social identity (Gallego and Elbaz, 2011).
aesthetics of urban places (Paskovic, 2012, p.57).
(Philips, 2014, p.3)
LITERATURE REVIEWS
CASE STUDY
SITE ANALYSIS
DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
Diagram 4. Relationship between safety and public lighting
Research 1
Research 3 Arup Lighting
The UK Home Office research
Safety
When light above a certain illuminance, the correlation between public lighting and the increase
Improvement of street lighting led to the decrease of
of the safety becomes less clear. This is because
recorded crime rate by around 20% during night time.
overly lit nightscapes rather reduce the eyes’ ability to adapt to darkness and danger spot.
(Farrington and Welsh, 2002, p.36)
(Lam et al, 2015)
po
Op
Crime rate
site
Lighting
Theory 1
Theory 2
Crime Prevention Unit
Jane Jacobs
Wilson and Kelling’s ‘broken windows theory’
Although improvement of street lighting may lead
It is hard to state that lighting is a direct
to the increase of perceived safety of women walking
enabler for safety. Rather, safety is
alone during night time, it is hard to see that the
increased mainly by the improvement
Research 2
improvement directly decreases reported crime rate.
elements promoting human activities.
Well designed and maintained lighting infrastructure can induce positive behaviour of people through creating a balanced mood in a place, and this can result in the decrease of crime rate in the place.
(Jacobs, 1993, p.54)
(Wilson and Kelling, nd, p.7)
of natural surveillance led by human activities in an area. In this respect, lighting can be seen as one of the
(Atkins et al, 1991, p.20)
Lighting
Crime rate Social Natural Interaction Surveillance
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
CASE STUDY
SITE ANALYSIS
DESIGN STRATEGY
Safety
PROPOSAL
Maintenance
Safety
CONCLUSION
7
2.2 Benefits of Public Lighting Enhanced wayfinding and guidance by lighting can increase mobility of pedestrians and connectivity between different communities during night time.
Mobility and Connectivity
(Sloane, et al, 2016, p.11)
Improved wayfinding and safety by lighting can provide pedestrian-friendly environment to people in night time, and this can facilitate the utilisation of
Visibility
Aesthetics
Facilitating public transport, walking and cycling
public transport. (Lam et al, 2015, p.34).
Installed lighting plays a key role in protecting heritage sites by deterring potential intruders.
Protecting heritage sites Wayfinding
Safety
(Kidd, 2000, 171).
City Branding Safe and well-lit urban places attract people to come and spend their time for Jane Jacobs
Mobility and Connectivity
social interaction and night activities during night time.
Facilitating public transport, walking and cycling
Protecting heritage sites
Encouraging Social Interaction
(Philips, 2014, p.3)
Increased social interaction and improved aesthetics by lighting strategy can improve cultural and social identity in urban spaces.
Reinforcing cultural & social identity Reinforcing cultural & social identity
Encouraging Social Interaction
(Philips, 2014, p.7)
Improved cultural and social identity of a city can lead to increase in tourism by attracting more visitors.
Encouraging Tourism
(Philips, 2014, p.7)
Vibrant urban spaces can stimulate night time economy by generating more incomes from hotels, restaurants and shops, and also, this can help inducing
Social inclusion
Stimulating night time economy
Stimulate night time economy
Promoting Tourism
community can help fostering social inclusion.
Social inclusion
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
(Lam et al, 2015, p.14) (Philips, 2014, p.7)
engaging, accessible and comfortable lighting strategy for everyone in a
Diagram 5. Benefits of Public Lighting
8
more investments from private sectors.
CASE STUDY
SITE ANALYSIS
(Slater, 2016).
DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
Figure 12. Three Graces, Liverpool
Figure 13. The Van Gogh Path. Netherlands
Figure 14. The St John's Hill (Connectivity) and The Thamesmead Estate (Separtion)
(Source: Liverpool Echo)
(Source: CNN)
(Source: LSE Configuring Light)
New lighting strategy of The Three Graces in Liverpool
The Van Gogh Path of ‘light stones’, which absorbs
According to the LSE research programme, public lighting design plays a role in
successfully promotes more social interaction by improving
sunlight during day time and emits illumination during night
fostering connectivity or separation between communities (Sloane, et al, 2016, p.11).
night scene of the place. For example, a statistic shows
time, attracts more cyclists and pedestrians by providing a
that 38% of visitors have spent more time in the city center
unique experience (Lam et al, 2015, p.37).
because of the lighting scheme (Philips, 2014, p.8).
Figure 15. Leicester Square Garden, London
Figure 16. Bastions of Light, Badajoz, Spain
Figure 17. New lighting design for Goderham Building, Toronto
(Source: ARUP)
(Source: Philips)
(Source: ARUP)
New lighting strategy of Leicester Square Garden
New lighting strategy of Bastions successfully contributes
A complementary Heritage Lighting Masterplan in Toronto successfully plays a key
successfully increases more social interaction on the
to economic stimulation of the city by improving social
role in enhancing the cultural identity of the city by highlighting landmarks and historic
square during night time by creating visual excitement and
interaction. For example, The annual hotel occupancy
buildings during night time (Lam et al, 2015, p.25).
increasing visibility on pathways (Lam et al, 2015, p.23).
improved by 6% and the annual money spent in the city increased by € 360,000 per year in 2012, compared to 2008 (Philips, 2014, p.8).
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
CASE STUDY
SITE ANALYSIS
DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
9
2.3 Negative Impacts of Public Lighting : Light Pollution Despite functions and benefits of public lighting in diverse aspects, public lighting sometimes can generate negative
Well-being and Human Health by Light Trespass
impacts, called 'Light Pollution', to individuals, communities and the society. This pollution can be found in the various forms as followings (RCEP, 2009, p.1) :
George Brainard (Chepesiuk, 2009, p.24): Light trespass during night time can disrupt circadian by producing hormones, and this can increase the risk of depression, insomnia, cardiovascular disease. Moreover, it can accelerate tumor growth for cancer.
(Source: Environmentally Sound)
(Source: Light My Nest)
Figure 18. Light clutter
Figure 19. Glare
The excessive grouping of lights
(Source: Sky and Telescope)
Figure 20. Light trespass
Figure 24. Light Trespass in residential area
The excessive contrast between bright Unwanted light indoor exposure from and dark areas outdoor
The National Cancer Institute (Chepesiuk, 2009, p.26) : A statistic shows that nurses who had worked night shifts at least 3 times a month for 15 years had 35% increased risk of colorectal cancer.
(Source: Town of East Hampton)
Crime and Accident by Glare
High contrast ratios led by glare issue can result in temporary blinding for pedestrians of motorists, and this can lead to increase in car accident (Edensor, 2012, p.12). Security lighting rather can aid criminals by creating glare and deep shadows in which to hide (RCEP, 2009, p.10). (Source: CCTV)
Figure 21. An absence of darkness
(Source: Grenfell Action Group)
(Source: Rob Jackson)
Figure 22. Light profligacy
Lack of natural darkness of night time Over-illumination which wastes energy by artificial lights
Figure 23. Sky glow
The phenomenon of reflected and refracted light from the atmosphere
Figure 25. Deep shadows by glare (Source: FAU Astronomical Observatory)
Energy consumption
Well-being and Human Health
30% of a local authority’s energy bill is used for street lighting (The UK Green Investment Report, 2014, p.3).
Crime and accident by Glare
Light Pollution
All forms of artificial lighting currently account for 19% of global electricity consumption (International Energy Agency, 2006, p.25).
Social inequality Figure 26. Sky glow and energy waste in Downham
Energy waste
(Source: Need-less)
Diagram 6. Negative Impacts of Light Pollution
10
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
CASE STUDY
SITE ANALYSIS
DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
2.4 Benefits of Darkness Social inequality of Public Lighting Darkness can deliver higher sense of place, calmness, generosity, and conviviality as part of collective effervescence.
Otter (Cited in Edensor, 2012, p.428) : "artificial light rapidly became a symbol and a determinant of urban differentiation’’
Sense of place
(Yuill, 2004)
Mona Sloane (Interview, 2nd, June, 2016) : "There is a significant inequality of public lighting in terms of quality and quantity between affluential areas and social housing estates." Careful illumination strategy can improve energy and cost saving in lighting. (Edensor, 2012, p.12)
Energy saving
The emergence of dark skies can increase quality of life of residents by reducing sky glow, and it also can attract more tourists.
Astronomical Benefits Jane Brox
Mona Slaone
“Lighting highlights contradiction between
“Low-income neighbourhoods including
bright areas in city centre, commercial or
social housing estates tend to have
affluent neighbourhoods, and dark areas in
overly-bright lighting strategy in London,
poor neighbourhoods”
while affluent neighbourhoods have well-
(Edensor, 2012, p.7).
designed lighting against light pollution”
(Edensor, 2012, p.12)
(Sloane, 2016) Figure 27. Night market in Mumbai, India (Source: Brett Cole)
Bright Lighting
Affluent neighbourhoods
Bright Lighting
Low income neighbourhoods
Dark Lighting
Low income neighbourhoods
Dark Lighting
Affluent neighbourhoods
Diagram 7. Social Inequality of Public Lighting Although Jane Brox and Mona Sloane have opposite opinions about the correlation between brightness of lighting and residential areas, it can be seen that the inequality of public lighting in terms of quantity and quality clearly exists between affluent and low-income residential areas.
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
CASE STUDY
SITE ANALYSIS
Figure 28. Dining restaurants in the dark (Source: Spot Cool Stuff Travel)
DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
11
2.5 Summary of Literature Review Part 1
Main Problem
Public Lighting
Social Inequality
Light Pollution
of Public Lighting
Negative Impacts
Six different forms
Social
Functions
Visibility
Issues in Residential Areas
Aesthetics
Well-being and Human Health
Benefits
Economic & Environmental
Energy waste
Crime and accident by Glare Wayfinding
Safety
City Branding
Protecting heritage sites
Jane Jacobs
Resolve Mobility and Connectivity
Facilitating public transport, walking and cycling
Reinforcing cultural & social identity Sense of place
Social inclusion
Encouraging Social Interaction
Stimulating night time economy
Promoting Tourism
Energy saving
Design Strategy
Astronomical Benefits
Diagram 8. Summary of Literature Review Part 1 12
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
CASE STUDY
SITE ANALYSIS
DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
Diagram 9. Introduction of Design Strategy
Promote
Design Strategy
Benefits of Darkness
Resolve
Resolve
Light Pollution
Social Inequality of Public Lighting
Following issues can be arisen in dark areas
Dim out
Public Lighting Design Strategy
Enhance
Visibility
Wayfinding
Safety
Social Interaction
Enhance To resolve social inequality of public lighting, light pollution including Design Strategy
glare or light trespass is a key issue which should be resolved first. In terms of this issue, it is widely believed that public lighting design strategy can minimise light pollution by dimming public lighting out, while it promotes benefits of darkness in a residential area. However, sometimes it can be argued that the dimming public lighting may
Urban Design Strategy
weaken the core functions and benefits of lighting, such as visibility, wayfinding, safety and social interaction. Therefore, this project Public Lighting Design Strategy
INTRODUCTION
Urban Design Strategy
accepts urban design factors in order to reinforce the functions and benefits based on the theories of Jane jacobs and Wilson and Kelling.
LITERATURE REVIEWS
CASE STUDY
SITE ANALYSIS
DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
13
2.6 Public Lighting Design Strategy Cut-off Design of Lighting Incorrect
Shielded Design of Lighting Correct
Incorrect
Correct
This section will explain several key factors of public lighting design which prevent light pollution as well as promote benefits of darkness in
Public Lighting Design Figure 30. Shielded design of lighting
Street lighting
Shieded Lighting Types
Colours Type of Shield
Correct
Wall pack / Flood light
Height Smart Lighting Brightness
Cut-off Light Art Installation
Canopy / Bpllards light
Resolve
14
Incorrect
Barn / PAR light
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW PART 2 : STRATEGIES
residential areas.
Light Pollution
Figure 29. Cut-off design of lighting
Diagram 10. Public Lighting Design Strategy
Light and lens of street lighting should be directed downwards in order to protect light trespass, whenever possible (Santen, 2006, p.123).
(The Dark Sky Society, 2009)
CASE STUDY
PROPOSAL
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
SITE ANALYSIS
DESIGN STRATEGY
Figure 31. Shieded lighting types
CONCLUSION
Height of Public Lighting and Light Pollution
Smart Lighting Systems
Direct upward light
Smart lighting system such as circadian lighting system or motion sensor lighting can bring about diverse benefits including energy saving and reduction of light pollution.
Spill light
Direct glare Useful uight
Light trespass
Upwards reflected light
Figure 36. Circadian System
Figure 37. Lighting Masterplan for Xixian Great
(Source: No Film School)
(Source: ARUP)
Cambridge and Massachusetts are one of the first cities
New lighting strategy in Xixian City is planned based on
to develop a street lighting strategy based on circadian
circadian system in order to respond to changing uses
cycles which can autonomously dim or brighten (Lam et
over time and area. During 'curfews' times, lighting is
al, 2015, 43). The system is projected to consume only a
automatically dimmed or turned off to prevent light
Height of public lighting is a key factor which needs be considered in residential areas, as overly-tall street lighting can
quarter of the energy, while creating an improved colour
disturbance in residential areas (Lam et al, 2015, p.41).
cause lighting trespass (The Dark Sky Society). Therefore, the height of lighting should be regulated to not exceeding
rendition to night time (Ibid).
.
Areas to be lit
Figure 32. Height of public lighting and light pollution
the height of near properties in order to minimise direct glare, intrusive light and direct upward light (Santen, 2006, p.36).
Light Colour
(Source: Ikuzo Lighting)
(Source: Safegrowth)
Figure 33. White light
(Source: Treehugger)
Figure 34. Blue light
Figure 35. Warm red light
Figure 38. Motion sensor lighting, Fujisawa, (Source: Fujisawa SST Council)
White light improves mental health of Blue light helps people wake up in Warm red light provides the signal people as it is similar to the light of the mornings, as it also suppresses a to help people the transition to sleep
Fujisawa SST adopted motion sensor lighting which automatically dims when there is nobody around the lighting
the sun (Lam et al, 2015, p.41).
vital hormone for helping people get (Ibid).
during night time. When there are pedestrians around the lightings, they provide sufficient brightness to illuminate the
to sleep at night (Ibid).
direct area as well as two or three steps ahead (Fujisawa SST Council. 2014, p.12).
.
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
CASE STUDY
SITE ANALYSIS
DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
15
Light Art IInstallation
Light art installation can be used as an effective strategy to make urban spaces more vibrant and safer during night time. It can enhance sense of place by reinforcing certain characteristics of a place during night time, and this can increase sense of safety by attracting more people to the place and increasing the number of eyes on the street (Lam et al, 2015, p.27).
Figure 39. LED Rose Garden in DDP, Seoul
Figure 39. BruumRuum, Barcelona
Figure 40. Cheonggyecheon Light Festival, Seoul
(Source: Timeout Seoul)
(Source: Artec3 Studiol)
(Source: Alamy)
Dongdaemun Design Plaza (DDP) was redeveloped in 2014 with LED rose
Bruum Ruum in the Plaza de Glories in Barcelona can be regarded as a
Temporary light art installation also can be a strategic tool to transform a
garden having 25.550 electronic roses in a central open place (The Visit
successful case for light art installation (Artec3 Studio, nd). Lighting elements
place more vibrant (Lam et al, 2015, p.27) . Cheonggyecheon which is
Seoul, 2016). This special light art installation makes DDP one of the most
change the colours based on sound sensors and therefore, it attracts more
widely recognized as a new landmark in central Seoul opens light festival
famous destinations in Seoul during night time by attracting a large of visitors
visitors by creating interactive light between people and the public space
annually during winter days since redeveloped in 2009 (The Visit Seoul,
to the place (Ibid).
(Lam et al, 2015, p.25).
nd). The diverse art installations create an inviting night scene in the stream and surrounding areas, and so it attracts approximately 3 million visitors annually (Ibid). Moreover, the creative installations along the stream plays a significant role in enhancing connectivity between different areas, such as from Cheonggye Plaza to Supyogyo Bridge, away around 1.5 km (Hyangmi Kim, 2015).
16
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
CASE STUDY
SITE ANALYSIS
DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
2.7 Urban Design Strategy To improve social interaction and perceived safety in an area during night time, urban design factors
Active Frontages
Mixed Use
Figure 41. Lamb's Conduit Street, London
Figure 42. Horizontal mixed use, Camden, London
also can play a significant role. Especially, the term of ‘Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design’ (CPTED) can be considered as a powerful tool to reduce opportunities for crime by urban design factors (Cozens and Love, 2015, p.1). The concept of CPTED is corresponding to the theories of Jane Jacobs and Wilson in terms of the way to improve safety in an area. For example, the concept can be seen that more social interaction and pedestrian-friendly design in a place are the most important factor for safety in an area (Ibid). In this respect, this project will put CPTED in a central concept of urban design strategy to improve safety in an area. Therefore, this section will explain several urban design factors which can contribute to improving social interaction and perceived safety based on CPTED. (Source: Panorama Streetline)
Urban Design Strategy
Accessibility
Permeability
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)
Legibility
To improve natural surveillance on the street, creating
Different dimensions of mixed use, such as horizontal
active frontage should be regarded as a core factor. For
mixed land-use between buildings or vertical mixed land-
example, windows and building entrances need to be
use in a building, can lead to diversity and concentration
facing footpaths to facilitate overlooking (Healthy Spaces
of activities in a place (Hoppenbrouwer and Louw, 2005,
and Places, 2009, p.3). Moreover, streets should be
p.972). This can result in the increase of social interaction
designed to avoid ‘over-defensive’ style, as high fences
by improving vitality in the area (Coupland, 1997, p.24)
and walls to the street can reduce overlooking (DETR,
and it can provide a high degree of natural surveillance
2000, p.23).
(Montgomery, 1998, p.100).
Accessibility and Permeability
Legibility
Figure 43. Permeable and impermeable urban form
Figure 44. Legible and Illegible urban form
Active Frontage Shared Road
Mixed Use
Pedestrianised Road
Green Corridor
Pavement Material
Street Furniture Hierarchy of Spaces
(Source: The Urban Design Compendium)
Enhancing
Improving accessibility and permeability of an area is
Clear legibility which helps people to find their way in
significant to enhance mobility within the area or to
an place can promote walkability of people or social
improve connectivity between surrounding areas (Healthy
interaction during night time by making a place feel
Spaces and Places, 2009, p.3).For example, pedestrian-
safe (DETR, 2000, p.28). To achieve improving legibility,
friendly environment based on the improvement of
location of important routes, focal points and landmarks in
accessibility and permeability can enhance walkability
an area need to be well connected and highlighted (Ibid).
during night time (DETR, 2000, p.26).
Visibility
Wayfinding
Safety
Social Interaction
Diagram 11. Urban Design Strategy INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
CASE STUDY
SITE ANALYSIS
DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
17
Pavement Material
Street Furniture
Hierarchy of Spaces
Figure 45. Pavement colour and light reflaction
Figure 46. Street furniture in Seattle, Washington
Figure 47. Hierarchy of spaces
(Source: FxGuide)
(Source: Archdaily)
(Source: Sutton Council)
Pavement material is a significant urban design element
Street furniture including sitting places can be considered
To foster vitality of an area, a hierarchy of different open
affecting illuminance of an area during night time, because
as a key factor to create social interaction is arisen in
spaces and places which can be used as different
people generally refer to reflected light from pavement
an area, as it provides rest points for pedestrians (DFT,
functions by different people should be provided (Sutton
when they speak of sufficient light (Santen, 2006, p.36).
2007, p.121). However, sometimes sitting places rather
Council, 2009, p.42).
For instance, bright coloured or glossy pavement materials
can attract anti-social behaviour during night time (Ibid).
reflect more light than dark coloured road surfaces (Ibid).
Therefore, well-designed street furniture needs to be installed in activity nodes and focal points with good lighting (Ibid).
Pedestrianised Road and Shared Road
Green Corridor
Figure 48. Pedestrianised road in Rua Augusta, Lisbon
Figure 49. Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, London (Source: Archlighting)
Pedestrianised or shared road can transform a street
As much as lighting, greenery elements can be considered
more pedestrian or cyclist friendly place where are the
as a key tool in improving wayfinding during night time,
place promoting more social interaction and human
as pedestrians tend to prefer to walk along to green
activities (DETR, 2000). It means that this design strategy
corridors.
can transform a street to be a public space for social interaction rather than for movement during night time.
18
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
(Florence Lam, 20th June 2016, Interview)
CASE STUDY
SITE ANALYSIS
DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
2.8 Social Strategy
Social Inequality of Public Lighting
Resolve
Light Pollution
Resolve
Ensuring an equal access to public lighting
Understanding the place for lighting
Sharing knowledge
Urban spaces should guarantee an
To deliver site-specific strategy for
Social housing clients need to
equal access to public lighting for
public lighting, the analysis for the
be educated to be able to deliver
all citizens regardless of their social
place should be prepared in depth
s i t e - s p e c i f i c s t r a t e g y, b e y o n d
status and physical conditions, and
to investigate where it is most useful,
standardized regulation. To achieve
therefore, lighting strategy must be
such as the analysis for existing and
this, collaborative forums for sharing
planned to contribute to reducing
potential vehicle and pedestrian
knowledge and practice need to be
social and economic inequalities
routes and major activity nodes
encouraged
(LUCI, nd).
(Clanton and Givler, 2008).
(Sloane, et al, 2016, p.4).
Emphasizing potential value of public lighitng redevelopment
Understanding diverse stakeholders
Engaging stakeholders in design and decision making processes
It is necessary to the value of
A s d i v e r s e s t a k e h o l d e r s s h a re
To understand the diverse needs
potential benefits by successful
public space, richer understanding
of the stakeholders, it is necessary
public lighting and urban design
of different demands of the
to engage them in the process of
strategy, such as increase of quality
stakeholders including residents,
design and decision-making, rather
of life, should be measured in the
other users, and institutions who
than top-down system.
process of measuring cost and
maintain the space should be
(Lam et al, 2015, p.54)
affordability (Sloane, et al, 2016,
c a re f u l l y a n a l y s e d i n o rd e r t o
p.34).
minimise potential conflicts (Sloane,
Design Strategy
Urban Design Strategy (CPTED)
Public Lighting Design Strategy
et al, 2016, p.4)
Support
Social Strategy
Diagram 12. Social Strategy
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
CASE STUDY
SITE ANALYSIS
DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
19
Public Lighting Design Strategy
2.9 Summary of Literature Review Part 2 Literature review part two shows that public lighting design and public realm design strategy can be used to reduce light pollution and increase safety in residential areas. Also, it indicates that social
Dimmed lighting
strategy needs to be considered to deliver the design strategies more successfully and equally for everyone.
Colours
Support
Type of Shield
Height
Site-specific Design Brightness
Cut-off
Smart Lighting
Social Strategy
Light Art Installation
Ensuring an equal access to public lighting
Problem
Understanding the place for lighting
Light Pollution
Social Inequality
Promote
Resolve Light Trespass Resolve
of Public Lighting
Social Interaction
Resolve Glare Issue
Sense of place
Increase Safety
Sharing knowledge Emphasizing potential value of public lighitng redevelopment
Connectivity & Mobility
Understanding diverse stakeholders Engaging stakeholders in design and decision making processes
Promote
Urban Design Strategy (CPTED)
Accessibility
Permeability
Legibility
Pavement Material
Active Frontage
Shared Road
Pedestrianised Road
Street Furniture
Promote Hierarchy of Spaces
Green Corridor
Support
Mixed use
Diagram 13. Summary of Literature Review Part 2 20
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
CASE STUDY
SITE ANALYSIS
DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
3.1 Case Study Methodology
Case Study Tests
Test Methodology
This section will test major points from literature review section through survey, spatial analysis and observation in three different residential areas.
Test 1
Test 2
Dimmed Light
Social Interaction
Natural Surveillance
Social Interaction
Survey
Spatial Analysis
Observation
CCTV
Brighter Light
Test 1
Test 2
Test 1
Test 2
Test 3
Test 2
Test 3
Test 3
Test 3
Safety
Whether social interaction is promoted more in the dimmed area or brighter area
Test 3
Whether perceived safety for residents and visitors is more influenced by social interaction or brighter lighting
3.0 CASE STUDY TEST
Brighter Light
Test 4
Social Housing
Test 4 Public Lighting
Light Pollution
Urban Design
Affluent Residential
Whether residents of social housing estates are exposed from light pollution more comparing to the residents in affluent neighbourhoods
How urban design elements are related to public lighting in terms of perceived safety
Figure 50. Case study tests
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
CASE STUDY
Figure 51. Case study test methodology
SITE ANALYSIS
DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
21
3.2 Case Study Areas Cromer Street
1
Cromer Street and surrounding area is located in north part of Coram's Fields and Russell Square Station. Social housing estate is a major land-use in this residential area.
1
Orde Hall Street
2
Coram's Fields
Orde Hall Street and surrounding area are located between Russell Square and Holborn Station. Brunswick
This residential area has different mixed types of residential housing and typology, for example, social housing in tower, slab, and exterior corridor-access blocks, and residential perimeter blocks. Also, diverse retail shops are situated in Lamb’s Conduit Street.
Russell Square Stn
3 Doughty Street
3 2
Doughty Street and surrounding area are one of the most pleasant and calm residential areas in Camden Borough.
Holborn Police Station
Map 1. Location of case study areas
22
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
Figure 52. Case study test areas
CASE STUDY
SITE ANALYSIS
DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
3.3 Case Study 1 : Cromer Street
Survey (9pm - 12pm. 23rd June 2016) residents: 14, visitors: 4 Q1. Do you usually feel this residential area is unsafe during night time, comparing to surrounding residential areas in central London?
St. Pancras Stn
Residents :
Visitors : Unsafe
Safe
Q2. Have you ever had any uncomfortable experience of light indoor exposure by outdoor lighting (Light Trespass) during night time?
Residents : Yes
No
Q3. What is a more important factor which makes you feel safer in the residential area during night time between Bright light and more people on the street?
Survey
Residents : Survey
Visitors : Social Interaction
Brighter light
Q4. Do you prefer to do night activity, such as walking around, in the residential area having brighter lighting or more dimmed and moderated lighting? Survey
Westminster Kingsway College
Residents :
Visitors : Overly-bright Lighting
Moderated Lighting Figure 53. Survey in Cromer Street, London
Coram's Fields Brunswick Map 2. Location of surveys in case study 1 INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
Perceived Safety
Light Pollution (Trespass)
Factors for Safety
Factors for Social Interaction
45%
50%
66%
72%
Unsafe
Experienced Light Pollution
More eyes on the street is important
Prefer to do social interaction in modereted light
Figure 54. Summary of survey in Cromer Street, London CASE STUDY
SITE ANALYSIS
DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
23
Overal Crime Rate (excepts anti-social behaviour)
Pedestrian Flow (7-9pm)
Social Interaction (7-9pm)
Map 3. Crime rate map in case study 1 (Timita, 2014)
Map 4. Pedestrian flow in case study 1
Map 5. Social interaction in case study 1
Land-Use
Residential Light Pollution (Light Trespass)
This area : 80.16 Median : 20.54
Summary of Spatial Analysis
Social Housing Residential Retail
Less
Hotel Commercial Unknown
More
Religion Map 6. Land-use in case study 1 24
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
Map 7. Light trespass in case study 1 CASE STUDY
SITE ANALYSIS
Figure 55. Summary of spatial analysis in Cromer Street, London DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
Observation 1
4
3
2
5
7
2
Figure 56. Social housing in Cromer Street I
Figure 57. Social housing in Cromer Street II
High fences surrounding social house estates and a large number of canopy lighting on corridors deliver overlydefensive vibe to pedestrians during night time.
Street lighting in and surrounding social housing is mainly unshielded low-sodium light source.
1
8 3
4
6
Height 4m
6m
10m
Colour White Warm Warm Blue Red White
Light LED Source
Map 8. Existing public lighting in case study 1
5
LPS
HPS
6
Figure 58. Argyle Walk I
Figure 59. Argyle Walk II
Although fully cut-off LED lighting is situated in close distance, inactive frontages generate a strong sense of unwelcoming vibe.
contrastingly, active frontages having entrance doors and windows towards the footpath deliver safer and pedestrian-friendly vibe to pedestrians.
7
8
Figure 60. darkness in social housing
Figure 61. Pavement materials and lighting height
Figure 62. Tonbridge Street
Figure 63. Canopy lighting and light pollution
Overly-bright lights emitted in social housing blocks rather create darker space in opposite side during night time.
Street lighting on pedestrianized road has generally lower height (3-5 meters), and bright coloured pavements of the road reflect more light to improve visibility.
Residential flats having lower fences (1 – 1.5 meters) and relatively less number of street lighting deliver high sense of perceived safety comparing to social housing.
Although a large number of canopy lighting on corridors in social housing can improve visibility, overly-defensive vibe does not attract people to move through the site or along to it.
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
CASE STUDY
SITE ANALYSIS
DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
25
3.4 Case Study 2 : Orde Hall Street
Survey (9pm - 12pm. 24th June 2016) residents: 12, visitors: 5 Q1. Do you usually feel this residential area is unsafe during night time, comparing to surrounding residential areas in central London?
Russell Square Stn
Residents :
Visitors : Unsafe
Safe
Q2. Have you ever had any uncomfortable experience of light indoor exposure by outdoor lighting (Light Trespass) during night time?
Residents : Yes
No
Q3. What is a more important factor which makes you feel safer in the residential area during night time between Bright light and more people on the street? Survey
Residents :
Survey
Visitors : Social Interaction
Brighter light Holborn Police Station
Survey
Q4. Do you prefer to do night activity, such as walking around, in the residential area having brighter lighting or more dimmed and moderated lighting?
Residents :
Visitors : Overly-bright Lighting
Moderated Lighting Figure 64. Survey in Orde Hall Street, London
Red Lion Square Gardens
Perceived Safety
Light Pollution (Trespass)
Factors for Safety
Factors for Social Interaction
40%
33%
58%
70%
Unsafe
Experienced Light Pollution
Bloomsbury Square Gardens
Map 9. Location of surveys in case study 2 26
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
More eyes on the street is important
Prefer to do social interaction in modereted light
Figure 65. Summary of survey in Orde Hall Street, London CASE STUDY
SITE ANALYSIS
DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
Overal Crime Rate (excepts anti-social behaviour)
Pedestrian Flow (7-9pm)
Social Interaction (7-9pm)
Map 11. Pedestrian flow in case study 2
Map 12. Social interaction in case study 2
This area : 17.37 Median : 20.54 Map 10. Crime rate map in case study 2 (Timita, 2014)
Land-Use
Residential Light Pollution (Light Trespass)
Observation Analysis
Social Housing Residential Retail
Less
Community Facility Commercial Unknown
More
Religion Map 13. Land-use in case study 2 INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
Map 14. Light trespass in case study 2 CASE STUDY
SITE ANALYSIS
Figure 66. Summary of spatial analysis in Orde Hall Street, London DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
27
Observation 1
2
7
2 8
3
Figure 67. Lighting and ssparation
Figure 68. Poorly-designed lighting
There is a lack of light on the street connecting social housing estates and Boswell Street, and it creates high sense of disconnection and unsafety during night time.
contrastingly, there are overly-bright street lightings and poor street design connecting the estates and Orde Hall Street.
3
6
4
5
1 4
Height 4m
6m
10m
Colour White Warm Warm Blue Red White
Light LED Source
Map 15. Existing public lighting in case study 2
5
HPS
6
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
Figure 70. Height of lighting on Pedestrianised road
Social housing having exterior corridors has more public lighting, comparing to social housing of tower type.
Shielded street lightings (3 meters) on Pedestrianised road create a high sense of place.
7
Figure 71. Light pollution in social housing
Residents in social housing having exterior corridors can be exposed by light trespass created by public lighting on corridors.
28
LPS
Figure 69. Light pollution and typology
Figure 72. Dombey Street
contrastingly, street lighting on Dombey Street is fully shielded to minimise trespass issue.
CASE STUDY
8
Figure 73. Lamb's Conduit Street
Figure 74. Barbon Close
Although Lamb’s Conduit Street is darker than other streets, shared road and active frontage create a strong sense of place and safety.
Although it seems that Barbon Close connects Great Ormond Street to social housing estates, it is physically disconnected by fences.
SITE ANALYSIS
DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
Survey (9pm - 12pm. 25th June 2016) residents: 10, visitors: 3
3.5 Case Study 3 : Doughty Street
Q1. Do you usually feel this residential area is unsafe during night time, comparing to surrounding residential areas in central London? Residents :
Visitors : Unsafe
Safe
Q2. Have you ever had any uncomfortable experience of light indoor exposure by outdoor lighting (Light Trespass) during night time? Mount Pleasant
Residents : Coram's Fields
Yes
No
Q3. What is a more important factor which makes you feel safer in the residential area during night time between Bright light and more people on the street?
Survey
Residents :
Visitors : Brighter light
Survey
Social Interaction
Q4. Do you prefer to do night activity, such as walking around, in the residential area having brighter lighting or more dimmed and moderated lighting?
Residents :
Visitors : Overly-bright Lighting
Survey
Moderated Lighting Figure 75. Survey in Doughty Street, London
Perceived Safety
Light Pollution (Trespass)
Factors for Safety
Factors for Social Interaction
61%
60%
53%
76%
Safe
Not experienced Light Pollution
Holborn Police Station
Map 16. Location of surveys in case study 3 INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
More eyes on the street is important
Prefer to do social interaction in modereted light
Figure 76. Summary of survey in Doughty Street, London CASE STUDY
SITE ANALYSIS
DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
29
Overal Crime Rate (excepts anti-social behaviour)
Pedestrian Flow (7-9pm)
Social Interaction (7-9pm)
This area : 22.87 Median : 20.54 Map 17. Crime rate map in case study 3 (Timita, 2014)
Map 18. Pedestrian flow in case study 3
Land-Use
Residential Light Pollution (Light Trespass)
Map 19. Social interaction in case study 3
Observation Analysis
Social Housing Residential Retail
Less
Community Facility Commercial Education
More
Religion Map 20. Land-use in case study 3 30
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
Figure 77. Summary of spatial analysis in Doughty Street, London
Map 21. Light trespass in case study 3 CASE STUDY
SITE ANALYSIS
DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
Observation 1
2
6
5 4
Figure 78. Pedestrianised road
Figure 79. John's Mews I
A combination of trees, pedestrianised road and low street lighting delivers a strong sense of place and cosiness to pedestrians.
Horizontal light and green walls on John’s Mews effectively provide a clear orientation and guidance to pedestrians.
3
4
2
1
3
Figure 80. John's Mews II
Figure 81. Doughty Mews
Although John’s Mews is significantly quiet with only few number of pedestrians passing by during night time, improved visibility by well-lit street lighting provides a high sense of perceived safety to pedestrians.
Although Doughty Mews is dark with only few number of street lighting during night time, active frontage with flowerpots and trees make this place more pedestrianfriendly.
5
6
Height 4m
6m
10m
Colour White Warm Warm Blue Red White
Light LED Source
Map 22. Existing public lighting in case study 3
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
CASE STUDY
LPS
Figure 82. Doughty Street
Figure 83. Guilford Street
Active frontages with few number of street lighting and many trees create pleasant darkness on Doughty Street.
Street lightings (12-15 meters) on Guilford Street can lead to light trespass issue through direct glare and spill light to opposite flats.
HPS
SITE ANALYSIS
DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
31
3.6 Summary of Case Study
Bright Coloured Pavement
Moderated Light
Social Interaction
Low Street Lighting
Exterior Corridor Block
Light Pollution
Pedestrianised Road Dark Coloured Pavement
Overly-bright Light
Social interaction in residential areas is likely to happen in the area having moderated light than overly-bright light.
Natural Surveillance
Pedestrianised road tend to have bright coloured pavement and low street lighting rather than dark coloured pavement and high street lighting.
Exterior corridor block is generally more exposed from light pollution than tower block.
Social Interaction
Safety (Residents)
Perceived Safety
Number of Traffic Lanes
Height CCTV
Tower Block
High Street Lighting
Active Frontage
Brighter Light
Residents tend to feel a higher sense of safety in the environment where has more natural surveillance led by social interaction rather than the environment where has brighter light supporting CCTV. This corresponds to Jane Jacobs' "eyes on the street theory".
Height of public lighting is changed according to the number of traffic lanes or width of the road.
Fully Shielded
Low-priced Residential
Light Pollution
Creating active frontage is a key factor which improves perceived safety in a place.
Low-priced Residential
Fully Cut-off
Safety (Residents)
Glare Issue
Affluent Residential
Affluent Residential
Low-priced residential areas including social housing are generally more exposed from light pollution than affluent residential areas in London. This corresponds Mona Sloane's argument.
Public lighting in low-priced residential areas is poorly designed in terms of light pollution comparing to affluent residential areas, as lighting is less shielded and cut-off.
The relationship between glare issue and car accidents can be seen as weak in residential areas in London.
Figure 84. Summary of case study 32
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
CASE STUDY
SITE ANALYSIS
DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
3.5 Conceptual Framework The results of case study tests evidently show that the perceived safety in an area is hugely related to the two theories of ‘Eyes on the Street’ and ‘Broken windows’ suggested by Jane Jacobs, and Wilson and Kelling, as people tend to feel safer in the area having more eyes on the street and having better maintained and designed
Type of Shield
environment. In this respect, it can be said that urban design factors based on CPTED should cooperate with public lighting design in order to promote social
Smart Lighting
Cut-off
interaction by creating more active and pedestrian-friendly environment, when public lighting design aims to dim in order to reduce light trespass. This conceptual framework will be further developed based on site-specific strategy through site analysis section.
Dimmed Lighting Issue Resolve Light Trespass
Light Pollution
Visibility
Brightness
Colours
Height
Wilson and Kelling's
Social Inequality
'Broken windows theory'
Resolve
Promote
of Public Lighting
Sense of Place Related Promote
Increase Safety
Jane Jacobs'
Promote
'Eyes on the street'
Social Interaction
Connectivity & Mobility
Promote
Support
Pavement Material
Shared Road
Pedestrianised Road
Promote
Mixed Use
Active Frontage
Hierarchy of space
Light Art Installation
Street Furniture
Accessibility
Permeability
Legibility
Green Corridor
Diagram 14. Conceptual Framework INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
CASE STUDY
SITE ANALYSIS
DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
33
4.1 Macro Analysis Location Map London Dalston Junction
10 minute London Fields Stn
4.0 SITE ANALYSIS
Haggerston Stn
Map 23. Location of Hackney Borough
Borough of Hackney
Shoreditch Park
Cambridge Heath Stn
Hoxton Stn Map 24. Location of Haggerston
Project area is located in Haggerston which is southern part of the Borough of Hackney in London. This area is situated between Shoreditch
Haggerston and Hoxton Overground Station.
Map 25. Location of project site
34
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
CASE STUDY
SITE ANALYSIS
DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
Justification for Project Site 1. Mixed area between newly developed housing and existing social housing estates
1
Haggerston Stn
Haggerston is a mixed area between newly developed flats and existing social housing estates, and this shows a clear contrast of public lighting in terms of quantity and design quality.
3 Kingsland Road
2. Huge contrast between day time and night time
2 Regent's Canal
Project area is one of the most vibrant destinations for activities during day time as there are diverse
1
open spaces, such as Haggerston Park, Regent’s
2
Canal and Laburnum Boat Club. However, this area turns to be completely different during night time when social housing turns on overly-defensive lighting all around the area.
Haggerston Park
3. Poor design and maintainance of public lighting
3
This area is dominated by low-sodium lighting which Project Area
is an old light source more than 30 years and has a low capability in terms of energy saving and visibility. Moreover, a majority of public lighting, especially within or surrounding social housing, is unshielded or poorly-maintained.
Map 26. Bird's eye view of project site
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
CASE STUDY
SITE ANALYSIS
Figure 85. Three justifications for project site
DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
35
Location of CCTV in Hackney
Overal Crime Rate (excepts anti-social behaviour)
(Hackney Council, 2016)
(Timita, 2014)
London Fields Stn
London Fields Stn
Haggerston Stn
Haggerston Park Cambridge Heath Stn
Hoxton Stn
Hoxton Stn
Shoreditch
Shoreditch
CCTV 100m buffer
This area : 34.75 Median : 20.54
Map 27. Location of CCTV
Map 28. Crime rate map in project site
The location map clearly shows that PSS cameras are mainly installed along to the high street, Kingsland Road, not
The crime map indicates that there is a contrast of crime rate between western (newly developed residential flats and
project area. In this respect, it is hard to say that existing overly-bright lightings in the project area are targeting to
eastern part (existing social housing).
support the cameras effectively.
36
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
CASE STUDY
SITE ANALYSIS
DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
4.2 Micro Analysis Core Strategy Development Proposal (2010 - 2025)
Land-Use
(Hackney Council, 2010)
(Hackney Council, 2010)
Kingsland Road
Regent's Canal
Laburnum Boat Club
Haggerston Park
Social Housing New Residential Residential
Estate Renewa l Area
Food and drink
Archaeological Priority Area
Community Facility
Project area boundary
Industrial
Priority Employment Area
Glossary
Nature Conservation : Park
Religion
Nature Conservation : Canal
Leisure
Map 29. Core Strategy Development map
Map 30. Land-use in project site
According to a construction manager of residential renewal (Interview, 5th July), the redevelopment will be completed
Residential is a major land-use in project area. Originally social housing estate was dominant, but new residential blocks
within 6 months. This redevelopment will accelerate the contrast between the new flats and surrounding social housing
are recently constructed. Northern and southern residential areas physically divided by the Regent’s Canal, and two
in terms of public lighting and urban design.
bridges connect them. Also, there is a lack of glossary shop as the majority is located in Kingsland Road which is 7 to 10 minutes away from project area.
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
CASE STUDY
SITE ANALYSIS
DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
37
Traffic Flow : Day
Traffic Flow : Night
Queensbridge Road
Queensbridge Road
Laburnum Street
Laburnum Street
Whiston Road
Whiston Road
Thurtle Road
Thurtle Road
Kent Street
Kent Street
Bus stop
Bus stop
Boris Bike
Boris Bike
Major road (B road)
Major road (B road)
Minor road
Minor road
Side street
Side street
Map 31. Traffic flow in day time
Map 32. Traffic flow in night time
Comparing to day time, Whiston Road and Qeensbridge Road become a core traffic road for vehicles during night time.
38
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
CASE STUDY
SITE ANALYSIS
DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
Pedestrian Flow : Day
Pedestrian Flow : Night
Pedestrian flow
Pedestrian flow
Activity nodes
Activity nodes
Map 33. Pedestrian flow and activity nodes in day time
Map 34. Pedestrian flow and activity nodes in night time
The Regent's Canal is used as a dominant activity node during night time. Also, pedestrian flows on footpaths within social housing estates start to decrease.
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
CASE STUDY
SITE ANALYSIS
DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
39
4.3 Site Observation
Observation Anlysis : Day
1
2 5 Regent's Canal
7 Bridge Academy
Laburnum Boat Club
Kingsland Road
Haggerston Baths
5
3
4
11 10
9 6
Haggerston Park
12
© Crown copyright and database rights 2016 Ordnance Survey (Digimap Licence). FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY.
0
40
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
CASE STUDY
2016 03:38 in day time Map 35. ProjectJul site01,observation
Scale 1:2000 20
40
60
80
100
120
Projection: SITE BritishANALYSIS National Grid
140
160
180
200 m
DESIGN STRATEGY
Hyung Rae Cho UCL
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
1
2
3
4
Figure 86.Playground of new residential flats
Figure 87. Playground of social housing
Figure 88. Boat Lane
Figure 89. Poorly-maintained footpath
Open space and playground in new residential areas attract more people by lowering fences and directing entrances towards the street.
In contrast, open spaces in social housing estates has inactive frontages and nobody was using the space.
Side streets in new residential areas are more pedestrianfriendly with shared road and active frontages.
In contrast, footpath in social housing estates is poorly designed and maintained.
5
6
7
8
Figure 90.Footpath of new residential flat
Figure 91. High fences in social housing
Figure 92. Pedestrianised bridge ion Haggerston Road
Figure 93. Canal Bridge on Kingsland Road
Street and semi-private space in new residential blocks, are clearly distinguished by lower fence height.
High fences (2 meters) in and around social housing create overly-defensive atmosphere.
There is a lack of attractive points on the bridge connecting northern and southern areas.
In contrast, the Bridge on Kingsland Road has more active and attractive design.
9
10
Figure 94. Public space in How's Street
Public space in unclear design near social housing
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
11
Figure 95. Un-used open space in social housing
Large greenery and open space in social housing, but remained to be unused.
CASE STUDY
12
Figure 96. Whiston Road
There is no pedestrian crossing in Whiston Road and it clearly reduces connectivity and mobility.
SITE ANALYSIS
DESIGN STRATEGY
Figure 97. Open space in Weymouth Terrace
Lack of sitting places in open space does attract people to come and stay.
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
41
Observation Anlysis : Night
1
3 4
6
2 5 7 12
8
11
9
Height
10
4m
6m
10m
Colour White Warm Warm Blue Red White
Light LED Source
© Crown copyright and database rights 2016 Ordnance Survey (Digimap Licence). FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY.
0
42
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
CASE STUDY
40
60
80
100
HPS
Jul 01, 2016 03:38in night time Map 36. Project site observation
Scale 1:2000 20
LPS
120
Projection: SITE BritishANALYSIS National Grid
140
160
180
200 m
DESIGN STRATEGY
Hyung Rae Cho UCL
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
1
2
3
4
Figure 98. Social housing in Haggerston Road
Figure 99. New residential flat in Laburnum Street
Figure 100. Dunston Road
Social housing of exterior corridor-access type creates a high level of light trespass by canopy lighting.
New residential block has more moderated public lighting strategy (LED indirect lighting).
Too many lightings on an intersection where no pedestrian and cars are passing, while there is no lighting on the entrance of the canal footpath.
5
6
7
Figure 102. Whiston Road in night
Figure 103. Laburnum Street in night
L a c k o f p e d e s t r i a n c ro s s i n g s o n W h i s t o n R o a d disconnects pedestrian flows.
Inactive frontages of industrial areas do not attract pedestrians.
9
10
Figure 106. Unclosed open space in Weymouth Terrace
Poorly-maintained public space in social housing estates
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
Figure 104. Pedestrian road on Whiston Road
Too narrow pedestrian road
Figure 107. Weymouth Terrace in night
CASE STUDY
The canal footpath is too dark beneath the bridge.
8
11
Overly-bright public lighting in social housing estates
Figure 101. Unsecured visibility on the Canal Footpath
Figure 105. Two street lightings in 1 meter
Poorly-designed and maintained street lightings on footpath
12
Figure 108. Lack of street lighting on footpath
Figure 109. Large open space in social housing estates
Lack of public lighting on footpath creates a high sense of separation between social housing and Kent Street.
Relatively well-organised lighting level on large open space
SITE ANALYSIS
DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
43
4.4 Light Pollution Analysis Illumination Analysis (Lux / Horizontal)
2
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
3 3
1 1
44 6 6
Survey 1
5 5
7 7
9 8 9
8
Too Bright
Figure 110. Illumination analysis
Bright Moderated
Light Levels Outdoor (AutoDesk, nd)
Dark
Condition
Map 37. Illumination in project site
This illumination map based on measuring lux of public lighting clearly shows the inequality of brightness of residential blocks between newly developed flats and existing social housing.
44
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
CASE STUDY
SITE ANALYSIS
Lux
Full Daylight
10,752
Overcast Day
1,075
Very Dark Day
107
One footcandle
10.8
DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
Light Trespass
Survey 1
Survey 2
Survey 1
Survey 2
Less
More Map 38. Light trespass in project site Figure 111. Light trespass analysis in Haggerston
This light trespass map made by based on the illumination map and different typology types indicate the inequality of light pollution between newly developed flats and social housing estates.
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
CASE STUDY
SITE ANALYSIS
DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
45
Survey 1 New Residential Flats 9pm - 12pm. 5th July 2016, residents: 14, visitors: 3
Survey 2 Social Housing Estates 9pm - 12pm. 6th July 2016, residents: 15, visitors: 1
Q1. Do you usually feel this residential area is unsafe during night time, comparing to surrounding residential areas in central London?
Q1. Do you usually feel this residential area is unsafe during night time, comparing to surrounding residential areas in central London?
Residents :
Visitors : Unsafe
Residents :
Safe
Visitors : Unsafe
Q2. Have you ever had any uncomfortable experience of light indoor exposure by outdoor lighting (Light Trespass) during night time?
Q2. Have you ever had any uncomfortable experience of light indoor exposure by outdoor lighting (Light Trespass) during night time?
Residents :
Residents : Yes
No
Yes
Q3. What is a more important factor which makes you feel safer in the residential area during night time between Bright light and more people on the street? Residents :
Residents :
Social Interaction
Visitors : Brighter light
Q4. Do you prefer to do night activity, such as walking around, in the residential area having brighter lighting or more dimmed and moderated lighting? Residents :
Social Interaction
Q4. Do you prefer to do night activity, such as walking around, in the residential area having brighter lighting or more dimmed and moderated lighting?
Visitors : Brighter Lighting
No
Q3. What is a more important factor which makes you feel safer in the residential area during night time between Bright light and more people on the street?
Visitors : Brighter light
Residents :
Dimmed Lighting
Visitors : Brighter Lighting
Figure 112. Survey 1 in Haggerston, London
Dimmed Lighting
Figure 114. Survey 2 in Haggerston, London
Perceived Safety
Light Pollution (Trespass)
Factors for Safety
Factors for Social Interaction
Perceived Safety
Light Pollution (Trespass)
Factors for Safety
Factors for Social Interaction
47%
57%
58%
58%
37%
43%
68%
62%
Safe
Not experienced Light Pollution
Prefer to do social interaction in modereted light
Unsafe
Experienced Light Pollution
More eyes on the street is important
Figure 113. Summary of survey 1 in Haggerston, London 46
Safe
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
More eyes on the street is important
Prefer to do social interaction in modereted light
Figure 115. Summary of survey 2 in Haggerston, London CASE STUDY
SITE ANALYSIS
DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
Social Interaction Analysis in different Shades of Night time
Lighting Comparison Analysis
Social housing
New residential block
6am
n
7th July 2016
Social Interaction
4.
Highest
Sh op clo sin g tim e
5. N igh t sh ift
Happy hour
midnight
7. E arly rise rs
8 . Da w
1 . D u sk
2. H a ppy hour ut ng o 3. Dini
6pm
Dusk
noon
6. After hours Lowest
1. Dusk
It is the extended time of day-time activities in public space. However social interaction in public open space including Haggerston Park or playgrounds start to decrease.
2. Happy hour
It is the shift time for night activity after work time, and also the closing time of greenery open space. However, night activities still happen in other public spaces which do not close, such as the Regent’s Canal.
3. Dining out
It is the peak time of social interaction in retail shops within project area or near Kingsland Road.
After hours
Figure 116. Social interaction analysis in different Shades of Night time
4. Shop closing time It is the closing time of glossaries, pubs, and other community facilities in project area. Figure 117. Lighting comparison analysis
5. Night shift
Social interaction starts to decrease as it is the general time that people mainly relax in home. Also, it is another going work time for night workers, such as cleaning crews and workers for emergency services.
Although there are diverse patterns of human activities based on the different shades of night time, it
6. After hours
It is the main hours for sleep. Only few night activities happen in Kingsland Road and the Regents’ Canal.
including lighting on exterior corridors and street lighting start to be turned on from dusk hours and
7. Early risers
It is the time that human activities start to increase as early risers wake up and go jogging in public space.
8. Dawn
Human activities increase as people start to wake up. Also, it is the time that schools start to open.
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
CASE STUDY
SITE ANALYSIS
seems that public lighting strategy in social housing does not follow them. For example, public lighting not to be dimmed through after hours which is the major time for sleep and the lowest time for social interaction.
DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
47
4.5 Lighting Policy Analysis
Major objectives and goals 1. Highway safety for all road users and the wider community
2. Security
Recommendatinon for Public Lighting Deesign 3. Cost effectiveness
Light sources
• reduction in night time accidents
• personal safety
• whole life costs
• High-pressure sodium
• motorists
• crime against property, including
• reliability and maintenance of
• Ceramic discharge metal halide
• pedestrians
car crime
• cyclists
• reduction of vandalism
• the elderly
• increase the perception of safety
• disabled people
• assist the operation of CCTV
• children
equipment
5. Visual / environmental intrusion • day time appearance, improved
• location of equipment • specification of components • structural and electrical testing • disposal of redundant and / or obsolete equipment, including
• 8m or higher lighting needs to be
• Angle of street lighting shoud be
used on traffic routes.
• Lightemitting diodes (LED)\
• A minimum free gap of 1.2m
• energy efficiency
on pedestrian road should be
fully cut off between 70 to 90 degrees in order to minimise light pollution.
maintained.
6. Enhancement of the night time environment • areas of high night time activity
Switching & Dimming
Public Art
• T i m e s w i t c h e s a n d g r o u p
• The Council will endeavour
switching are not recommended
t o respo nd po sit iv e ly t o all
• Crime prevention
for general street lighting use.
reasonable requests for
• Environmental issues
• The dimming of streetlighting is
illuminated public art installations.
• Condition of existing equipment
aesthetics of equipment • night time appearance, better optical control • minimising light pollution, upward and spill light
lamps
7. Protection of the night time environment
not currently recommended in
• c o n s e r v a t i o n a r e a s , l i s t e d
• Economic regeneration .
Table 1. Major objectives and goals of lighting policy in the Borough of Hackney
Table 2. Recommendation for Public Lighting Design
Critique based on site analysis
Critique based on site analysis
surveillance led by increase of social interaction. • Also, it does not contain the specific strategies which resolve the social inequality of public lighting between newly developed flats and existing social housing.
LITERATURE REVIEWS
CASE STUDY
• Road safety
costs
safety.
issue as first priority, the focus is mainly on enhancing security by improving visibility rather than by improving natural
Improvement Schemes
• New capital and maintenance
the highly urban nature to ensure
buildings etc.
• Although it seems like that the major objectives and goals of lighting strategy set by the Borough of Hackney cover safety
INTRODUCTION
Light Pollution
installations
4. Electrical, structural and other safety issues
48
Columns
• On the contrary to the recommendation for light sources, a majority of street lighting in project area is still predominated by low-pressure sodium light, while LED lighting covers only newly developed flats. • There are existing street lightings over 8m in height in social housing estates, and this directly causes light trespass issue, while the majority in new residential blocks is designed as less than 4 - 5 meters. • Specific shield types of public lighting should be recommended or regulated by lighting policy. • Through further research on patterns of human activities in different night time, policies for dimming public lighting need be suggested. • For the Improvement Schemes of public lighting, light pollution and the inequality issue should be added as an important point which should be considered.
SITE ANALYSIS
DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
Recommendation for Illumination (Lux) Main Roads
Minor Roads
• Category CE
• Category CE
• 7 . 5 - 5 0 l u x ( h o r i z o n t a l
• 7 . 5 - 5 0 l u x ( h o r i z o n t a l
illumination)
illumination)
Side Streets
Footpaths and Alleyways
• Category S
• Category S
• 15 - 2 lux (horizontal illumination)
• 15 - 2 lux (horizontal illumination
Table 3. Recommendation for Illumination
Critique based on site analysis • The result of illumination analysis shows that illumination of street lighting near new residential flats are satisfied to the recommended illumination range (CE) set by the Borough. However, the illumination on side streets or footpaths in and around social housing is overly-bright, as more lighting in social housing is installed for improving visibility and security.
Map 39. Recommended street illumination
Major road Minor road Side street Footpath
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
CASE STUDY
SITE ANALYSIS
DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
49
4.6 Opportunities and Constraints Analysis Opportunity and Constraints Analysis
Opportunities Un-used building (Haggerston Baths) The canal footpath where has the highest level of social interaction during night time Open spaces in social housing estates which have huge potentials
Constraints Inactive frontage Lack of pedestrian crossings on Whiston Road which has 3 to 4 lanes High level of light trespass Too dark places which increase a sense of separation Un-used dead-end streets Defensive and high fences Open spaces which are poorly-maintained Too narrow street High dependency on only two groceries in project and surrounding areas Largely un-used green and open spaces during day and night time New residential blocks which have well-designed lighting and urban design, but can deepen the inequality of public lighting
Map 40. Opportunities and Constraints 50
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
CASE STUDY
SITE ANALYSIS
DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
5.1 Design Framework Resolve Glare Issue
Fully Cut-off
Fully Shielded
Smart Lighting
Colours
Height
Energy saving
Astronomical Benefits
olv e Re s
Social inclusion
Light Pollution
Reduce Light Trespass
Improve Visibility
'Eyes on the street'
Pedestrianised Road
The major streets connecting activity nodes, focal points, canal walkway and public transport stations should be well-lit to improve wayfinding.
To promote social interaction in residential areas, improving visibility and creating active frontages based on light art installations are key factors.
Theory 1
Brightness
Shared Road
Pavement Material
Social Inequality of Public Lighting Enhancing Safety (Natural Surveillance)
Promote Social Interaction
Improving Sense of place
'Broken windows theory'
Create Focal point
Facilitating public transport, walking and cycling
Create Activity Nodes
Light Art Installation
Pedestrian Friendly Road
Street Furniture
Accessibility
Cooperate
Stimulating night time economy LITERATURE REVIEWS
Enhance Green Corridor
Active Frontage
Reinforcing cultural & social identity
Mixed Use
INTRODUCTION
Enhance Connectivity
Theory 2
5.0 SITE-SPECIFIC DESIGN STRATEGY
To dim public lighting in and around social housing estates, increasing the level of perceived safety is a core factor which must be achieved.
Diagram 15. Design Framework CASE STUDY
SITE ANALYSIS
DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
51
5.2 Site-specific Design Strategy Major Objectives of Site-specific Design Strategy
New retail point in Haggerston
Light Art Installation and Active
Activity nodes and Focal point
Light Brightness of Blocks
Objective 1. Reducing Light Trespass
Objective 2. Enhancing Perceived Safety
Light Brightness of Streets
Bright
Bright Moderated Dark
Dark
Green corridor
Shared road
Mobility by Pedestrian crossing
Connectivity by Public Lighting
Objective 3. Improving Connecivity
Major Pedestrian Route
Too Bright
Site-specific design strategies base on the design framework have the three major
Diagram 16. Major Objectives of Site-specific Design Strategy
objectives as shown in the diagram. The objectives are formed in a hierarchy, as one objective is important to enable achieving other objectives. For example, improved connectivity would improve perceived safety in the project area, and this would support the public lighting strategy of reducing light pollution.
52
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
CASE STUDY
SITE ANALYSIS
DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
Existing Block Brightness
Proposed Block Brightness (Happy hours)
Proposed Block Brightness (After hours) Aim
Reduce Light Trespass
Design Elements
Fully Shielded
Fully Cut-off
Smart Lighting
• To reduce light trespass, street lighting should be fully cut-off and the direction of lighting columns should be facing towards the opposite side from residential building facades. • Public lighting must be fully shielded to minimise the amount of direct glare and spill light. Too Bright
• Public lighting including street lighting needs to be automatically dimmed out
Bright
by circadian smart system during ‘After hours’.
Moderated Dark Map 41. Light brightness of blocks
Existing Street Brightness
Proposed Block Brightness (Happy hours)
Proposed Block Brightness (After hours) Aim
Improve Visibility
Design Elements
Colours
Height
Brightness
• Public lighting including street lighting on major roads, side streets and footpaths should be well-lit in order to improve visibility during night time. • Different colour temperatures need to be used based on characteristics of blocks. For example, exterior and surrounding lightings of Haggerston Baths can be warm white (3000k) to attract residents and visitors during ‘happy hours’, while it turns to be cool white (4000k) to promote residential calmness
Bright
of surrounding areas during ‘After hours’. • To prevent further light pollution, the height of street lightings located within residential blocks should be less than 6 meters.
Dark Map 42. Light brightness of streets
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
CASE STUDY
SITE ANALYSIS
DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
53
Mobility by Pedestrian crossing
Green corridor Aim
Design Element
Aim
Street Furniture
Enhance Green Corridor
Design Elements
Accessibility
Enhance Connectivity
Street Furniture
• To improve mobility and legibility within the project area
• Zebra pedestrian crossings should be installed in
during night time, creating green corridors need to be
Whiston Road in order to improve connectivity between
recommended.
northern and southern residential communities.
• Also, this strategy can enhance connectivity between social housing and new residential flats.
Map 43. Green corridor
Map 44. Mobility by Pedestrian crossing
Shared road
Connectivity by Public Lighting Aim
Dunston Road
Denne Terrace
Pedestrian Friendly Road
Haggerston Road
Design Elements
Pedestrianised Road
Shared Road
Aims
Pavement Material
Improve Visibility
Design Element
Enhance Connectivity
Brightness
• Shared Road which prioritising pedestrians and
• New public lightings must be installed in the three
cyclists by distinguishable pavement materials needs
places where are overly-dark during night time in order
to be installed in the streets having the lowest traffic
to enhance perceived safety of people by improving
volume.
visibility.
• The shared road can improve connectivity between Kent Sreet
communities by increasing pedestrian volume.
Map 45. Shared road
54
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
Map 46. Connectivity by public lighting
CASE STUDY
SITE ANALYSIS
DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
Activity nodes and Focal point
Light Art Installation and Active frontage Aims
Create Focal point
Design Elements
Create Activity Nodes
Active Frontage
Aims
Light Art Installation
Create Focal point
Design Elements
Create Activity Nodes
Active Frontage
Light Art Installation
• Continuous active frontages through the whole area
• Light art needs to be installed in the three unused
need to be implemented in order to connect activity
or inactive public spaces in order to increase social
nodes and focal point.
interaction.
Map 47. Activity nodes and Focal point
Map 48. Light Art Installation and Active frontage
New retail point in Haggerston Baths
Major Pedestrian Route Aim
Create Focal point
Design Element
Aims
Mixed Use
Pedestrian Friendly Road
Design Elements
Enhance Connectivity
Brightness
Light Art Installation
Active Frontage
Accessibility
• Redevelopment of Haggerston Baths for the leisure land-use needs to be suggested to reinforce the
• Promoting pedestrian-friendly road by public lighting
identity of it and project area.
and urban design strategy can enhance connectivity
• However, the redevelopment should be suggested
between northern and southern parts in project area.
to have retail and glossary shops on ground floors in
By doing so, it can provide safer and faster wayfinding
order to resolve the problem of lack of retail within the
towards Haggerston and Hoxton Overground Stations
area.
to people during night time.
Map 49. New retail point in Haggerston Baths
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
Map 50. Major Pedestrian Route
CASE STUDY
SITE ANALYSIS
DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
55
6.0 PROPOSAL
6.1 Lighting Masterplan
Height 4m
6m
10m
Colour White Warm Warm Blue Red White
Light LED Source
LPS
HPS
This map shows proposed location, height, colour and light source of public lighting. In order to reduce light trespass, street lighting in residential blocks must be LED lighting. It also recommends LED lighting for street lighting on major or side roads, but high-pressure sodium lighting can be an alternative option. © Crown copyright and database rights 2016 Ordnance Survey (Digimap Licence). FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY.
0
56
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
Jul 01,Map 201651. 03:38 Lighting
Scale 1:2000 20
CASE STUDY
40
60
80
100
120
140
Projection: British SITE National Grid ANALYSIS
160
180
200 m
Hyung Rae Cho UCL
DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
Masterplan
Cut-off Direction of Public Lighting
The direction of street lighting should be facing the opposite side from residential blocks whenever possible. Map 52. Cut-off Direction of Public Lighting
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
CASE STUDY
SITE ANALYSIS
DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
57
6.2 Site-specific Design 1 Section : Existing
3m 3m 3m 3m 3m Figure 118. Existing section of site-specific design 1
Section : Proposed View - A, B
3m 3m 3m 3m 3m
Shared road
Map 53. Site-specific Design 1
Problem
4m
5m
3m
10m
3m
5m
12m
4m
So ge
ad
ro
sta
nd
ou gr
sin
ou
an
tri
d
lay
oa
lh
es
cr
cia
d Pe
ffi
lp
d
te
te
sp
sta
en
op
ge
ad
ro
te
ad
ro
sin
an
oa
cr
tri
ra
ffi
nt
Tra
Ce
Tra
es
ou
a riv
lh
i-p
cia
d Pe
So
m
an
tri
lighting in the estates is not fully shielded, and so it causes light trespass to residential flats.
12m
Se
es
generate the most direct cause for light trespass, as it emits the wider range of spill light. Another problem is that street
d Pe
The current type of canopy lighting on exterior corridors in Social housing estates is drop-lens lighting. This type can
4m
e
ac
Suggestion
Figure 119. Proposed section of site-specific design 1
Therefore, this proposal suggests that LED light under the hand-rail of exterior corridors should be installed, as it directly lights downwards corridor floors so that the issue of light trespass can be minimised. Moreover, motion sensor lighting system is suggested for this lighting system, which can automatically dim out slightly when nobody is passing the spot. Another suggestion is that LED indirect lighting should be installed instead of the existing low-pressure sodium and not fully shielded lighting. This lighting can minimise emitting glare and spill light, while it improves visibility.
58
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
CASE STUDY
Figure 120. LED Hand-rail lighting
Figure 121. LED Indirect street lighting
(Source: S3i Group)
(Source: Lightseeker)
SITE ANALYSIS
DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
View - A : Existing
View - B : Existing
Figure 122. View A: Existing
View - A : Proposed
Figure 124. View B: Existing
View - B : Proposed
Figure 123. View A: Proposed
Fully Shielded
Fully Cut-off
INTRODUCTION
Smart Lighting
Fully Shielded
Brightness
LITERATURE REVIEWS
Figure 125. View B: Proposed
CASE STUDY
SITE ANALYSIS
Fully Cut-off
Smart Lighting
DESIGN STRATEGY
Brightness
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
59
6.3 Site-specific Design 2 Section : Existing
3m 3m 3m 3m
Figure 126. Existing section of site-specific design 2
View - D
Section : Proposed
View - C
3m 3m 3m 3m
Light Art Installation Glossary
Map 54. Site-specific Design 2
Problem
5m
27m
6.5m
10m
7m
5m
Tall street lightings (approximately 10m) within social housing estates bring about a high level of light pollution. Also, as
Therefore, to resolve light pollution and improve connectivity, this project suggests that LED indirect street lighting and LED wall lighting should be installed in the open space and footpath. Also, the height of LED indirect street lighting must be regulated less than 6 meters.
Figure 128. Wall Lighting Figure 129. LED indirect street lighting (Source: Johnlewis)
60
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
CASE STUDY
SITE ANALYSIS
(Source: Lightseeker)
DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
ad
ad ro
Figure 127. Proposed section of site-specific design 2
Suggestion
ro
ian
str
c ffi
Tra
de Pe
ing
ce pa
ns
e op
n de ar
s ou
G te
lh cia So
iva
lic
energy consumed, energy efficiency issue can be seen as another issue.
ub i-P
ad ro
dark during night time. Moreover, as the light source is low-pressure sodium which producing more light per watt of
Pr
m Se
ian
str
de Pe
there is no street lighting in the footpath connecting semi-public open space and traffic road, the footpath turns to be
View - C : Existing
View - D : Existing
Figure 130. View C: Existing
View - C : Proposed
Figure 132. View D: Existing
View - D : Proposed
Figure 131. View C: Proposed
Height
Brightness
INTRODUCTION
Fully Shielded
Fully Cut-off
LITERATURE REVIEWS
Figure 133. View D: Proposed
Brightness
CASE STUDY
SITE ANALYSIS
Fully Shielded
Accessibility
DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
61
6.4 Site-specific Design 3 View - E : Existing
View - E
View - F
View - G
Figure 134. View E: Existing
View - E : Proposed
Shared road Glossary & Retail Active frontage Light Art Installation
Map 55. Site-specific Design 3
Problem As the entrance of the Regent’s Canal and beneath part of the pedestrian bridge are significantly dark, it does not fully attract people during night time. Also, it can be seen that visibility on the canal footpath is significantly low. Moreover, the inactive design and asphalt pavement material of the bridge do not visually provide pedestrian-friendly environment to people during night time.
Suggestion Therefore, this project suggests that LED wall and ground lighting should be installed in the entrance of the Regent’s Canal and the beneath of the pedestrian bridge in order to increase sense of safety by improving visibility. Also, glassed material with moderated LED hand-rail lighting for the bridge wall is recommended in order to secure visibility and Figure 135. View E: Proposed
improve aesthetics. Moreover, to deliver eidetic sense for the pedestrianised road, the remained asphalt road should be changed to bright coloured tiles. Additionally, light art wall needs to be installed to improve utilization of the bridge by attracting people during night time.
62
INTRODUCTION
Colours
LITERATURE REVIEWS
CASE STUDY
SITE ANALYSIS
Brightness
Accessibility
DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
View - F : Existing
View - G : Existing
Figure 136. View F: Existing
View - F : Proposed
Figure 138. View G: Existing
View - G : Proposed
Figure 137. View F: Proposed
Light Art Installation
Pedestrianised Road
INTRODUCTION
Shared Road
Pavement Material
Active Frontage
LITERATURE REVIEWS
Figure 139. View G: Proposed
Light Art Installation
CASE STUDY
SITE ANALYSIS
Pedestrianised Road
Shared Road
DESIGN STRATEGY
Pavement Material
Active Frontage
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
63
6.5 Site-specific Design 4 View - H : Existing
View - H
View - J View - I
Figure 140. View H: Existing
View - H : Proposed
Shared road Glossary & Retail Active frontage Light Art Installation
Map 56. Site-specific Design 4
Problem Although industrial blocks and Haggerston Baths are situated in a central location of the area, facades of the buildings are inactive and poorly maintained. Also, pavement in Swimmers Lane beside Haggerston Baths is poorly-designed as there are four different lanes of pedestrian routes on the footpath.
Suggestion Therefore, this project suggests that light art walls should be installed along to the facades of industrial buildings in order to make this place more vibrant. It also suggests that Haggerston Baths should have glossary and retail shops on ground floor when regenerated, as active frontages with green walls can transform Swimmers Lane to be a core public space Figure 141. View H: Proposed
connecting communities to the Regents’ Canal. At the same time, it can resolve the issue which is the lack of glossary and retail shops in project area. Furthermore, pavement on Swimmers Lane needs to be covered by a unified brightcoloured material. Moreover, zebra pedestrian crossings on Whiston Road should be installed to improve connectivity and safety.
64
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
CASE STUDY
Light Art Installation
SITE ANALYSIS
Brightness
Active Frontage
DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
View - J : Existing
View - I : Existing
Figure 142. View I: Existing
Figure 144. View J: Existing
View - J : Proposed
View - I : Proposed
Figure 143. View I: Proposed
Mixed Use
Accessibility
INTRODUCTION
Brightness
Figure 145. View J: Proposed
Mixed Use
LITERATURE REVIEWS
CASE STUDY
SITE ANALYSIS
Accessibility
Brightness
DESIGN STRATEGY
Colours
Street Furniture
Pedestrianised Road
PROPOSAL
Pavement Material
CONCLUSION
65
6.6 Site-specific Design 5 View - K : Existing
View - K Figure 146. View K: Existing
View - K : Proposed
Shared road Glossary & Retail Light Art Installation
Map 57. Site-specific Design 5
Problem The current footpath connecting social housing estates and Kent Road is significantly dark during night time as there is no street lighting. In this respect, pedestrians rely on only the light emitted from exterior corridor lightings of social housing. This darkness on the street makes this residential blocks more isolated. Also, semi-public open space within social housing blocks is largely unused during day and night time as they are surrounded by 2 meters fences. Moreover, this open space is lit by only few street lighting of 12 meters, and this creates some very dark places in the area which can be exposed by crime.
Suggestion Therefore, it proposes that LED indirect street lighting must be installed in the footpath in order to improve connectivity by enhancing visibility. Also, the overly-defensive fences surrounding the open space should be lowered with clear location
Figure 147. View K: Proposed
of entrances. At the same time, light art installations can improve utilization of the open space as it provides more things to enjoy during ‘Happy hours’. Moreover, to improve visibility and to reduce light trespass, LED indirect street lighting (6
Height
meters) should be installed in the open space.
66
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
CASE STUDY
SITE ANALYSIS
Brightness
Fully Shielded
DESIGN STRATEGY
Fully Cut-off
Accessibility
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
Section : Existing
3m 3m 3m 3m 3m Figure 150. Light Interactive Playground, Singapore
Figure 148. Existing section of site-specific design 5
(Source: Trade Link Media)
Section : Proposed
3m 3m 3m 3m 3m Figure 151. Light Swing Installation
8m
4m
3m
12m
1.5m
37m
1.5m
(Source: Creative Boys Club)
14m
ian
str
ith
ew
c pa
s en op
ad ro
ith
ew
c pa
s en op
ith
ew
c pa
s en op
ad ro
lic ub i-p
m Se
de Pe
ian
str
lic ub i-p
m Se
de Pe
lic ub i-p
m Se n de
ar
g te
ad ro
ing
s ou
ian
str
iva
Pr
de Pe
lh cia So
ce
fen
ce
fen
ce
fen Figure 149. Proposed section of site-specific design 5
Light Art Installation
Brightness
INTRODUCTION
Accessibility
Brightness
Colours
LITERATURE REVIEWS
Street Furniture
CASE STUDY
SITE ANALYSIS
DESIGN STRATEGY
PROPOSAL
CONCLUSION
67
7.1 Delivery Social Strategy and Delivery process
DT
PSG
Sustainability Advice & Trade-Offs
Engaging stakeholders in design and decision making processes Understanding diverse stakeholders
DT
7.0 CONCLUSION
Understanding the place for lighting
DT
Design and Development
Exploration
PSG
DT
Opportunity Identification
Ensuring an equal access to public lighting
PSG
DT
Detailed Design Implementation
Detailed Design
Emphasizing potential value of public lighitng redevelopment
DT
PSG
DT
PSG
Monitoring
PSG
Sharing knowledge
Sustainability Performance Advice
Project Sustainability Group (PSG) Diagram 16. Delivery Process and Social Strategy (VivaCity2020, nd)
Local authority
Developers
Financiers / Investors
Communities & Residents
As the diagram shows, social strategies from literature review section will be applied in different stages of the urban design decision-making process in order to support design strategies.
Development Team (DT)
68
INTRODUCTION
Lighting Designer
Lighting Engineering Team
Urban Design Team
Planners
Developers
Financiers / Investors
Landowners
Architects
LITERATURE REVIEWS
FRAMEWORK
CASE STUDY
PROPOSAL STRATEGY
APPLICATION
CONCLUSION
Phasing
Residential Renewal
Short Term
Mid Term
Long Term
(1 year)
(2 - 3 years)
(3 - 5 years)
Pedestrian Crossing
Shared Road
Phase 1.
Phase 1
Redevelopment of new residential flats is supposed to be completed within a year. Pedestrian crossings and shared road can be implemented in short-term period.
Social Housing Lighting
Street Lighting
Phase 2
Phase 2. After examination and preparation period, public lighting in social housing estates and street lighting in project area can start to be implemented.
Active Frontage
Green Corridor
Light Art Installation
Phase 3
Phase 3. New urban design developments including street furniture, green corridors, active facades will be implemented with light art installation at central activity nodes and focal point.
Haggerston Baths Regeneration
Phase 4
Phase 4. At phase 4, Haggerston Baths start for redevelopment having new retail and glossary shops on ground floor.
Table 4. Proposal phasing
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
FRAMEWORK
CASE STUDY
PROPOSAL STRATEGY
APPLICATION
CONCLUSION
69
7.2 Evaluation SWOT Analysis
Strengths
Public Lighting Design Strategy
Urban Design Strategy
• Reduction of light pollution including light trespass in social housing by proposed corridor lighting and public lighting • Reduces the inequality of public lighting between newly developed flats and social housing estates • Improves connectivity between residential communities by enhancing visibility and legibility in side streets and footpaths • Promotes diversity of darkness which can improve sense of place • Promotes more social interaction in open spaces during night time by creating light art installations • Enhances aesthetics of project area • Improves perceived safety in project area by enhancing natural surveillance on streets • Promotes night activities by delivering more pedestrian-friendly design and improving wayfinding • Increase of utilization of the unused open spaces by improving fence design of social housing estates • Reduces car accidents and improve mobility by installation of zebra pedestrian
Weaknesses
• Initial costs for new or improvement scheme of public lighting might be a huge burden • Limited to improve connectivity to the western part from the project site
• Urban design strategy itself might not provide huge benefits to further southern residential areas
Opportunities
Threats
• The successful case of this project can have a positive influence on surrounding areas as a ripple effect in Proposed light source, LED or Highpressure sodium, based on smart lighting system can bring about more energy saving in long-term • Generates astronomical benefits by reducing sky glow issue • Public art installations in diverse open spaces can reinforce improving unique social and cultural identity of the area • Well-lit streets can facilitate utilization of public transport during night-time
• Improvement in public lighting and urban design in only this area might result in another inequality between project area and surrounding areas
• Retail and glossary shops in Haggerston Baths can stimulate local night economy more
• Increase of visitors may lead to noise pollution during night time • Redevelopment of Haggerston Baths might take longer time than other developments for design strategies • Enhanced built environment design might result in gentrification issue in the area
crossing • Resolves the high-dependency on only one retail spot in the area by creating new retail and glossary shops in Haggerston Baths
Table 5. SWOT analysis
70
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
FRAMEWORK
CASE STUDY
PROPOSAL STRATEGY
APPLICATION
CONCLUSION
Comparison Analysis : Existing
Winner and Loser Analysis : Existing
Figure 152. Comparison Analysis : Existing
Figure 154. Winner and Loser Analysis : Existing
Comparison Analysis : Proposal
Winner and Loser Analysis : Proposal
Figure 153. Comparison Analysis : Proposal INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
FRAMEWORK
Figure 155. Winner and Loser Analysis : Proposal CASE STUDY
PROPOSAL STRATEGY
APPLICATION
CONCLUSION
71
7.3 Summary of Project
7.4 Limitations and Recommendations for Further Research
Through the analysis of literature review part 1, literature review part 2 explains that the issues of visibility,
It also might be said that this project also has several limitations as followings:.
wayfinding, safety and social interaction can potentially arise when light pollution is addressed by only dimming lighting strategy. Therefore, to reinforce public lighting strategy, it accepts the concept of
• The issue that low-income residential areas have brighter lighting and affluent areas have more
CPTED, which is a part of urban design strategy, based on the two theories of ‘eyes on the street’ and
dimmed lighting may not be same in less developed or developing countries which have different
‘broken windows theory’. In this respect, this literature review part explains diverse strategies of public
cultural understandings or different priorities in public lighting strategy. Therefore, the introduced
lighting and urban design as well as social strategy which can reinforce the design strategies.
design strategies in this project needs be examined and revised based on the analysis of the site where will be applied.
Major points for the inequality issue and inter-disciplinary design strategies are tested in three residential areas having different characteristics. The tests based on survey, observation and spatial analysis
• As this project mainly covers design aspects of public lighting, technical or engineering aspects in
proves that residents are more exposed from light trespass in social housing estates rather than affluent
depth need to be further investigated in order to deliver effective solution.
residential flats. Moreover, it clearly indicates that the level of social interaction and perceived safety in residential area is hugely influenced by urban design factors including active frontage. The conceptual framework based on the inter-disciplinary approach is further developed to the design framework, by analysing opportunities and constraints of project site, Haggerston where has a significant contrast between newly developed flats and existing social housing estates in terms of light pollution. The developed design framework is set to achieve the three fundamental objectives: firstly, minimising light trespass by public lighting design, secondly, securing visibility in the street by public lighting and urban design, and lastly, improving perceived safety through promoting social interaction during night time by public lighting and urban design. Additionally, public lighting and urban design factors can lead to improvement of connectivity and sense of place in the area. Therefore, the proposal based on the design framework resolves the social inequality of public lighting between newly developed flats and existing social housing in Haggerston by reducing light pollution. Reduced light pollution would bring about economic and environmental benefits by saving more energy and reducing sky glow. Moreover. Resolved the social inequality of public lighting can result in strong social inclusion in Haggerston. In addition, improved perceived safety and social interaction would facilitate public transport and reinforce the identity of the project site, and it would stimulate its local economy as well.
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INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
FRAMEWORK
CASE STUDY
PROPOSAL STRATEGY
APPLICATION
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEWS
FRAMEWORK
CASE STUDY
PROPOSAL STRATEGY
APPLICATION
CONCLUSION
73
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Appendix : Risk Assessment
RISK ASSESSMENT FORM FIELD / LOCATION WORK
EQUIPMENT
The Approved Code of Practice - Management of Fieldwork should be referred to when completing this form http://www.ucl.ac.uk/estates/safetynet/guidance/fieldwork/acop.pdf
e.g. clothing, outboard motors.
If ‘No’ move to next hazard If ‘Yes’ use space below to identify and assess any risks Examples of risk: inappropriate, failure, insufficient training to use or repair, injury. Is the risk high / medium / low ?
CONTROL MEASURES
Indicate which procedures are in place to control the identified risk
Is equipment used?
No
DEPARTMENT/SECTION THE BARTLETT SCHOOL OF PLANNING LOCATION(S) BLOOMSBURY AND HAGGERSTON, LONDON PERSONS COVERED BY THE RISK ASSESSMENT Hyung Rae Cho BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIELDWORK Site visit analysing the sites, observing neighbourhoods, taking pictures, measuring illumination of public lighting, surveying and interviewing Consider, in turn, each hazard (white on black). If NO hazard exists select NO and move to next hazard section. If a hazard does exist select YES and assess the risks that could arise from that hazard in the risk assessment box. Where risks are identified that are not adequately controlled they must be brought to the attention of your Departmental Management who should put temporary control measures in place or stop the work. Detail such risks in the final section. ENVIRONMENT e.g. location, climate, terrain, neighbourhood, in outside organizations, pollution, animals.
CONTROL MEASURES
The environment always represents a safety hazard. Use space below to identify and assess any risks associated with this hazard Examples of risk: adverse weather, illness, hypothermia, assault, getting lost. Is the risk high / medium / low ? Adverse whether is low risk Assault is high risk Getting lost is low risk Indicate which procedures are in place to control the identified risk
work abroad incorporates Foreign Office advice participants have been trained and given all necessary information only accredited centres are used for rural field work participants will wear appropriate clothing and footwear for the specified environment trained leaders accompany the trip refuge is available work in outside organisations is subject to their having satisfactory H&S procedures in place OTHER CONTROL MEASURES: please specify any other control measures you have implemented:
EMERGENCIES e.g. fire, accidents
the departmental written Arrangement for equipment is followed participants have been provided with any necessary equipment appropriate for the work all equipment has been inspected, before issue, by a competent person all users have been advised of correct use special equipment is only issued to persons trained in its use by a competent person OTHER CONTROL MEASURES: please specify any other control measures you have implemented:
LONE WORKING
Is lone working a possibility?
e.g. alone or in isolation lone interviews.
If ‘No’ move to next hazard If ‘Yes’ use space below to identify and assess any risks Examples of risk: difficult to summon help. Is the risk high / medium / low? Yes
Where emergencies may arise use space below to identify and assess any risks Examples of risk: loss of property, loss of life
Loss of property CONTROL MEASURES
CONTROL MEASURES
Indicate which procedures are in place to control the identified risk
participants have registered with LOCATE at http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/ fire fighting equipment is carried on the trip and participants know how to use it contact numbers for emergency services are known to all participants participants have means of contacting emergency services participants have been trained and given all necessary information a plan for rescue has been formulated, all parties understand the procedure the plan for rescue /emergency has a reciprocal element OTHER CONTROL MEASURES: please specify any other control measures you have implemented:
FIELDWORK
1
May 2010
Indicate which procedures are in place to control the identified risk
the departmental written Arrangement for lone/out of hours working for field work is followed lone or isolated working is not allowed location, route and expected time of return of lone workers is logged daily before work commences all workers have the means of raising an alarm in the event of an emergency, e.g. phone, flare, whistle all workers are fully familiar with emergency procedures OTHER CONTROL MEASURES: please specify any other control measures you have implemented:
FIELDWORK
2
May 2010
77
ILL HEALTH
The possibility of ill health always represents a safety hazard. Use space below to identify and assess any risks associated with this Hazard. Examples of risk: injury, asthma, allergies. Is the risk high / medium / low?
e.g. accident, illness, personal attack, special personal considerations or vulnerabilities.
If ‘No’ move to next hazard If ‘Yes’ use space below to identify and assess any risks Examples of risk: drowning, malaria, hepatitis A, parasites. Is the risk high / medium / low? No
Indicate which procedures are in place to control the identified risk
an appropriate number of trained first-aiders and first aid kits are present on the field trip all participants have had the necessary inoculations/ carry appropriate prophylactics participants have been advised of the physical demands of the trip and are deemed to be physically suited participants have been adequate advice on harmful plants, animals and substances they may encounter participants who require medication have advised the leader of this and carry sufficient medication for their needs OTHER CONTROL MEASURES: please specify any other control measures you have implemented:
TRANSPORT
Will transport be NO Move to next hazard required YES Use space below to identify and assess any risks Examples of risk: accidents arising from lack of maintenance, suitability or training Is the risk high / medium / low?
e.g. hired vehicles
CONTROL MEASURES
CONTROL MEASURES
Indicate which procedures are in place to control the identified risk
lone working on or near water will not be allowed coastguard information is understood; all work takes place outside those times when tides could prove a threat all participants are competent swimmers participants always wear adequate protective equipment, e.g. buoyancy aids, wellingtons boat is operated by a competent person all boats are equipped with an alternative means of propulsion e.g. oars participants have received any appropriate inoculations OTHER CONTROL MEASURES: please specify any other control measures you have implemented:
Indicate which procedures are in place to control the identified risk
only public transport will be used the vehicle will be hired from a reputable supplier transport must be properly maintained in compliance with relevant national regulations drivers comply with UCL Policy on Drivers http://www.ucl.ac.uk/hr/docs/college_drivers.php drivers have been trained and hold the appropriate licence there will be more than one driver to prevent driver/operator fatigue, and there will be adequate rest periods sufficient spare parts carried to meet foreseeable emergencies OTHER CONTROL MEASURES: please specify any other control measures you have implemented:
DEALING WITH THE PUBLIC
Will people be dealing with public
If ‘No’ move to next hazard If ‘Yes’ use space below to identify and assess any risks Examples of risk: personal attack, causing offence, being misinterpreted. Is the risk high / medium / low? Personal attack is low risk Causing offence is low risk Indicate which procedures are in place to control the identified risk
e.g. interviews, observing
CONTROL MEASURES
3
MANUAL HANDLING (MH) e.g. lifting, carrying, moving large or heavy equipment, physical unsuitability for the task.
Do MH activities take place?
If ‘No’ move to next hazard If ‘Yes’ use space below to identify and assess any risks Examples of risk: strain, cuts, broken bones. Is the risk high / medium / low? No
Yes
all participants are trained in interviewing techniques interviews are contracted out to a third party advice and support from local groups has been sought participants do not wear clothes that might cause offence or attract unwanted attention interviews are conducted at neutral locations or where neither party could be at risk OTHER CONTROL MEASURES: please specify any other control measures you have implemented:
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Will people work on or near water?
e.g. rivers, marshland, sea.
CONTROL MEASURES
FIELDWORK
WORKING ON OR NEAR WATER
May 2010
CONTROL MEASURES
Indicate which procedures are in place to control the identified risk
the departmental written Arrangement for MH is followed the supervisor has attended a MH risk assessment course all tasks are within reasonable limits, persons physically unsuited to the MH task are prohibited from such activities all persons performing MH tasks are adequately trained equipment components will be assembled on site any MH task outside the competence of staff will be done by contractors OTHER CONTROL MEASURES: please specify any other control measures you have implemented:
FIELDWORK
4
May 2010
SUBSTANCES
e.g. plants, chemical, biohazard, waste
Will participants If ‘No’ move to next hazard No work with If ‘Yes’ use space below to identify and assess any substances risks Examples of risk: ill health - poisoning, infection, illness, burns, cuts. Is the risk high / medium / low?
CONTROL MEASURES
Indicate which procedures are in place to control the identified risk
the departmental written Arrangements for dealing with hazardous substances and waste are followed all participants are given information, training and protective equipment for hazardous substances they may encounter participants who have allergies have advised the leader of this and carry sufficient medication for their needs waste is disposed of in a responsible manner suitable containers are provided for hazardous waste OTHER CONTROL MEASURES: please specify any other control measures you have implemented:
OTHER HAZARDS
Have you identified any other hazards?
i.e. any other hazards must be noted and assessed here.
Hazard:
CONTROL MEASURES
Give details of control measures in place to control the identified risks
No
If ‘No’ move to next section If ‘Yes’ use space below to identify and assess any risks
Risk: is the risk
Have you identified any risks that are not adequately controlled?
NO YES
Move to Declaration Use space below to identify the risk and what action was taken
Is this project subject to the UCL requirements on the ethics of Non-NHS Human Research? If yes, please state your Project ID Number For more information, please refer to: http://ethics.grad.ucl.ac.uk/ The work will be reassessed whenever there is a significant change and at least annually. Those participating in the work have read the assessment. Select the appropriate statement: I the undersigned have assessed the activity and associated risks and declare that there is no significant residual risk I the undersigned have assessed the activity and associated risks and declare that the risk will be controlled by the method(s) listed above
DECLARATION
NAME OF SUPERVISOR Professor Peter Rees
SIGNATURE OF SUPERVISOR FIELDWORK
5
DATE
05/09/2016 May 2010
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