Rae Cho : UCL Postgraduate Major Project

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UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON FACULTY OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT BARTLETT SCHOOL OF PLANNING

MAJOR PROJECT:

Public Lighting and Urban Design for Dark Hours: Resolving social inequality of public lighting in residential areas by lighting and urban design strategy

Hyung Rae Cho BSc (Hons) Word count: 7,861

Being a Major Project in Urban Design and City Planning submitted to the faculty of The Built Environment as part of the requirements for the award of the MSc (course - Planning, Design and Development or Sustainable Urbanism) at University College London, I declare that this project is entirely my own work and that ideas, data and images, as well as direct quotations, drawn from elsewhere are identified and referenced. 2nd September 2016



Acknowledgement I would first like to express the deepest gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Peter Rees of the Bartlett School of Planning at University College London. He consistently and sincerely conveyed a spirit of adventure in regard to the whole part of my project. Without his insightful guidance and heartfelt help, this major project would not have been possible. I would like to thank Dr. Filipa Wunderlich, my course director, and Dr. Juliana Martins, my personal tutor for their continual support and considerate encouragement. I would also like to thank Mona Sloane, a co-founder of the Configuring Light research programme in the London School of Economics and Political Science, and Florence Lam, Global Lighting Design Leader in ARUP for their in-depth academic and practical advice. In addition, I would like to express my appreciation to who were involved in the survey for this major project in Cromer Street, Orde Hall Street, Doughty Street and Haggerston in London. Without their passionate participation and opinions, the validation survey could not have been successfully implemented. Finally, I would like to thank my family who have shown the greatest support and sacrifice for me during my master course and major project period.



CONTENTS Acknowledgements

3.6 Summary of Case Study · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

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Lists of Figures, Maps, Diagrams and Tables

3.7 Conceptual Framework · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

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4.0 SITE ANALYSIS

Abstract

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Public Lighting for Dark Hours · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 2

1.2 Public Lighting and 24-hour City · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

1.3 Problem Identification : Light Pollution and Social Inequality of Public Lighting · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 3

1.4 Project Objectives · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

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1.5 Research Questions · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

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1.6 Contribution to Practice · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

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1.7 Project Methodology · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

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4.1 Macro Analysis · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

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4.2 Micro Analysis · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

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4.3 Site Observation · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

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4.4 Light Pollution Analysis · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

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4.5 Lighting Policy Analysis · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

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4.6 Opportunities and Constraints Analysis · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

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5.0 SITE-SPECIFIC DESIGN STRATEGY

5.1 Design Framework · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

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5.2 Site-specific Design Strategy · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

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2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW PART 1

2.1 Functions of Public Lighting · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

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2.2 Benefits of Public Lighting · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

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2.3 Negative Impacts of Public Lighting : Light Pollution · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

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2.4 Benefits of Darkness · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

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2.5 Summary of Literature Review Part 1 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

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2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW PART 2

6.0 PROPOSAL

6.1 Lighting Masterplan · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

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6.2 Site-specific Design 1 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

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6.3 Site-specific Design 2 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

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6.4 Site-specific Design 3 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

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6.5 Site-specific Design 4 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

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6.6 Site-specific Design 5 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

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2.6 Public Lighting Design Strategy · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

2.7 Urban Design Strategy · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 17

2.8 Social Strategy · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

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2.9 Summary of Literature Review Part 2 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

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3.0 CASE STUDY TEST

3.1 Case Study Methodology · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

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3.2 Case Study Areas · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

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3.3 Case Study 1 : Cromer Street · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

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3.4 Case Study 2 : Orde Hall Street · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

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3.5 Case Study 3 : Doughty Street · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

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7.0 CONCLUSION

7.1 Delivery · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

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7.2 Evaluation · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

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7.3 Summary of Project · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

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7.4 Limitations and Recommendations for Further Research · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

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Bibliography · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

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External Image References · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

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Appendix : Risk Assessment · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

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FIGURES Figure 1. London in 1736 Figure 2. Toronto in 1841 Figure 3. Paris in 1878 Figure 4. New York in 1886 Figure 5. Urbanisation and artificial light in urban places Figure 6. Human activities during night time, London Figure 7. Dimmed lighting in affluent residential areas, London Figure 8. Overly-bright lighting in social housing estates, London Figure 9. Lighting strategy for wayfinding in the Olympic Park, London Figure 10. Lighting strategy for guiding orientation, Melbourne Figure 11. Lighting strategy for city-branding in Plaza Mayor, Valladolid Figure 11. Lighting for aesthetics, Lyon Figure 12. Three Graces, Liverpool Figure 13. The Van Gogh Path. Netherlands Figure 14. The St John's Hill (Connectivity) and The Thamesmead Estate (Separtion) Figure 15. Leicester Square Garden, London Figure 16. Bastions of Light, Badajoz, Spain Figure 17. New lighting design for Goderham Building, Toronto Figure 18. Light clutter Figure 19. Glare Figure 20. Light trespass Figure 21. An absence of darkness Figure 22. Light profligacy Figure 23. Sky glow Figure 24. Light Trespass in residential area Figure 25. Deep shadows by glare Figure 26. Sky glow and energy waste in Downham Figure 27. Night market in Mumbai, India Figure 28. Dining restaurants in the dark Figure 29. Cut-off design of lighting Figure 30. Shielded design of lighting Figure 31. Shieded lighting types Figure 32. Height of public lighting and light pollution Figure 33. White light Figure 34. Blue light Figure 35. Warm red light Figure 36. Circadian System Figure 37. Lighting masterplan for Xixian Great City Figure 38. Motion sensor lighting, Fujisawa, Japan Figure 39. LED Rose Garden in DDP, Seoul

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Figure 39. BruumRuum, Barcelona Figure 40. Cheonggyecheon Light Festival, Seoul Figure 41. Lamb's Conduit Street, London Figure 42. Horizontal mixed use, Camden, London Figure 43. Permeable and impermeable urban form Figure 44. Legible and Illegible urban form Figure 45. Pavement colour and light reflaction Figure 46. Street furniture in Seattle, Washington Figure 47. Hierarchy of spaces Figure 48. Pedestrianised road in Rua Augusta, Lisbon Figure 49. Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, London Figure 50. Case study tests Figure 51. Case study test methodology Figure 52. Case study test areas Figure 53. Survey in Cromer Street, London Figure 54. Summary of survey in Cromer Street, London Figure 55. Summary of spatial analysis in Cromer Street, London Figure 56. Social housing in Cromer Street I Figure 57. Social housing in Cromer Street II Figure 58. Argyle Walk I Figure 59. Argyle Walk II Figure 60. darkness in social housing Figure 61. Pavement materials and lighting height Figure 62. Tonbridge Street Figure 63. Canopy lighting and light pollution Figure 64. Survey in Orde Hall Street, London Figure 65. Summary of survey in Orde Hall Street, London Figure 66. Summary of spatial analysis in Orde Hall Street, London Figure 67. Lighting and ssparation Figure 68. Poorly-designed lighting Figure 69. Light pollution and typology Figure 70. Height of lighting on Pedestrianised road Figure 71. Light pollution in social housing Figure 72. Dombey Street Figure 73. Lamb's Conduit Street Figure 74. Barbon Close Figure 75. Survey in Doughty Street, London Figure 76. Summary of survey in Doughty Street, London Figure 77. Summary of spatial analysis in Doughty Street, London Figure 78. Pedestrianised road

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Figure 79. John's Mews I Figure 80. John's Mews II Figure 81. Doughty Mews Figure 82. Doughty Street Figure 83. Guilford Street Figure 84. Summary of case study Figure 85. Three justifications for project site Figure 86.Playground of new residential flats Figure 87.Playground of social housing Figure 88. Boat Lane Figure 89. Poorly-maintained footpath Figure 90.Footpath of new residential flat Figure 91. High fences in social housing Figure 92. Pedestrianised bridge ion Haggerston Road Figure 93. Canal Bridge on Kingsland Road Figure 94. Public space in How's Street Figure 95. Un-used open space in social housing Figure 96. Whiston Road Figure 97. Open space in Weymouth Terrace Figure 98. Social housing in Haggerston Road Figure 99. New residential flat in Laburnum Street Figure 100. Dunston Road Figure 101. Unsecured visibility on the Canal Footpath Figure 102. Whiston Road in night Figure 103. Laburnum Street in night Figure 104. Pedestrian road on Whiston Road Figure 105. Two street lightings in 1 meter Figure 106. Unclosed open space in Weymouth Terrace Figure 107. Weymouth Terrace in night Figure 108. Lack of street lighting on footpath Figure 109. Large open space in social housing estates Figure 110. Illumination analysis Figure 111. Light trespass analysis in Haggerston Figure 112. Survey 1 in Haggerston, London Figure 113. Summary of survey 1 in Haggerston, London Figure 114. Survey 2 in Haggerston, London Figure 115. Summary of survey 2 in Haggerston, London Figure 116. Social interaction analysis in different Shades of Night time Figure 117. Lighting comparison analysis Figure 118. Existing section of site-specific design 1

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Figure 119. Proposed section of site-specific design 1 Figure 120. LED Hand-rail lighting Figure 121. LED Indirect street lighting Figure 122. View A: Existing Figure 123. View A: Proposed Figure 124. View B: Existing Figure 125. View B: Proposed Figure 126. Existing section of site-specific design 2 Figure 127. Proposed section of site-specific design 2 Figure 128. Wall Lighting Figure 129. LED indirect street lighting Figure 130. View C: Existing Figure 131. View C: Proposed Figure 132. View D: Existing Figure 133. View D: Proposed Figure 134. View E: Existing Figure 135. View E: Proposed Figure 136. View F: Existing Figure 137. View F: Proposed Figure 138. View G: Existing Figure 139. View G: Proposed Figure 140. View H: Existing Figure 141. View H: Proposed Figure 142. View I: Existing Figure 143. View I: Proposed Figure 144. View J: Existing Figure 145. View J: Proposed Figure 146. View K: Existing Figure 147. View K: Proposed Figure 148. Existing section of site-specific design 5 Figure 149. Proposed section of site-specific design 5 Figure 150. Light Interactive Playground, Singapore Figure 151. Light Swing Installation Figure 152. Comparison Analysis : Existing Figure 153. Comparison Analysis : Proposal Figure 154. Winner and Loser Analysis : Existing Figure 155. Winner and Loser Analysis : Proposal

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MAPS Map 1. Location of case study areas

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Map 29. Core Strategy Development map

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Map 2. Location of surveys in case study 1

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Map 30. Land-use in project site

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Map 3. Crime rate map in case study 1

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Map 31. Traffic flow in day time

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Map 4. Pedestrian flow in case study 1

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Map 32. Traffic flow in night time

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Map 5. Social interaction in case study 1

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Map 33. Pedestrian flow and activity nodes in day time

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Map 6. Land-use in case study 1

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Map 34. Pedestrian flow and activity nodes in night time

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Map 7. Light trespass in case study 1

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Map 35. Project site observation in day time

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Map 8. Existing public lighting in case study 1

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Map 36. Project site observation in night time

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Map 9. Location of surveys in case study 2

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Map 37. Illumination in project site

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Map 10. Crime rate map in case study 2

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Map 38. Light trespass in project site

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Map 11. Pedestrian flow in case study 2

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Map 39. Recommended street illumination

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Map 12. Social interaction in case study 2

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Map 40. Opportunities and Constraints

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Map 13. Land-use in case study 2

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Map 41. Light brightness of blocks

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Map 14. Light trespass in case study 2

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Map 42. Light brightness of streets

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Map 15. Existing public lighting in case study 2

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Map 43. Green corridor

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Map 16. Location of surveys in case study 3

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Map 44. Mobility by Pedestrian crossing

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Map 17. Crime rate map in case study 3

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Map 45. Shared road

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Map 18. Pedestrian flow in case study 3

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Map 46. Connectivity by public lighting

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Map 19. Social interaction in case study 3

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Map 47. Activity nodes and Focal point

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Map 20. Land-use in case study 3

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Map 48. Light Art Installation and Active frontage

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Map 21. Light trespass in case study 3

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Map 49. New retail point in Haggerston Baths

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Map 22. Existing public lighting in case study 3

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Map 50. Major Pedestrian Route

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Map 23. Location of Hackney Borough

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Map 51. Lighting Masterplan

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Map 24. Location of Haggerston

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Map 52. Cut-off Direction of Public Lighting

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Map 25. Location of project site

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Map 53. Site-specific Design 1

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Map 26. Bird's eye view of project site

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Map 54. Site-specific Design 2

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Map 27. Location of CCTV

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Map 55. Site-specific Design 3

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Map 28. Crime rate map in project site

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Map 56. Site-specific Design 4

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Map 56. Site-specific Design 5

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DIAGRAMS

TABLES

Diagram 1. Summary of Introduction

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Table 1. Major objectives and goals of lighting policy in the Borough of Hackney

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Diagram 2. Project Methodology

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Table 2. Recommendation for Public Lighting Design

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Diagram 3. Functions of Public Lighting

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Table 3. Recommendation for Illumination

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Diagram 4. Relationship between safety and public lighting

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Table 4. Proposal phasing

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Diagram 5. Benefits of Public Lighting

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Table 5. SWOT analysis

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Diagram 6. Negative Impacts of Light Pollution

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Diagram 7. Social Inequality of Public Lighting

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Diagram 8. Summary of Literature Review Part 1

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Diagram 9. Introduction of Design Strategy

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Diagram 10. Public Lighting Design Strategy

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Diagram 11. Urban Design Strategy

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Diagram 12. Social Strategy

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Diagram 13. Summary of Literature Review Part 2

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Diagram 14. Conceptual Framework

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Diagram 15. Design Framework

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Diagram 16. Major Objectives of Site-specific Design Strategy

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Diagram 17. Implementation Process and Social Strategy

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Abstract Light pollution is regarded as a crucial environmental issue in terms of human health and energy. Indeed, darkness has been recently considered as a luxury good for residential area night time. This issue can be easily found in London as well, for example, affluent areas tend to have more moderated public lighting, while social housing estates rather tend to have many overly bright public lighting on the purpose to increase safety as it supports CCTV. This contrast of public lighting clearly indicates social inequality as residents of social housing can be frequently exposed to light pollution, such as light trespass. Therefore, this project aims to tackle the issue of social inequality of public lighting between social housing estates and newly developed residential flats. To achieve delivering dimmed lighting in and around social housing estates which can resolve light pollution, this project aims to improve perceived safety by enhancing natural surveillance based on Jane Jacobs’ and Wilson and Kelling’s theories. In this respect, this project suggests an inter-disciplinary approach including public lighting design, urban design as well as social strategy in order to dim public lighting and increase social interaction. To develop the designbased framework, this project will investigate the correlation between public lighting and urban design factors in terms of light pollution and perceived safety through three different case study tests in London. Thereafter, site-specific strategy based on the framework will be implemented to the project area, located in the southern part of Queensbridge Road in Haggerston, London, as this area clearly shows high contrast of public lighting between social housing estates and newly developed residential flats. Finally, this project will conclude with the explanation of its evaluation and delivery processes as well as suggestions for further researches.


1.2 Public Lighting and 24-hour City

It is widely agreed that public lighting has been regarded as a key element for urban planning and design in

It is generally agreed that the trend of rapid urbanization has led to further development of public lighting for night time in

night time (Santen, 2006, p.36), as it has diverse functions, such as securing visibility, ensuring safety, improving

cities. According to a recent research by the United Nations, approximately 55 percent of the world’s population currently

beautification and city branding (Philips, 2014, p.7). With the functions of public lighting for human activities in dark

lives in cities, and it is forecasted to increase up to 75 percent by 2050 (United Nations, 2014, p.1). With the increasing

hours, it has been rapidly developed in urban places. For example, in 1417, lighted lanterns were firstly asked to

population in urban places, public lighting has been developed to go beyond providing only its basic functions including

be displaced outside of all houses in London during winder days in order to secure visibility and safety (Clanton

improving safety and aesthetics. Especially, public lighting has been significantly developed to achieve the huge demands

and Givler, 2008, p.173). Since 19th century as technology of lighting were developed, new types of street lighting

for city’s structural and environmental diversity for night time, as the percentage of social, economic and cultural activities

have been largely adopted in major cities in the world, for instance, gas street lighting in Paris in 1821 and electric

have increased in dark hours (Lam et al, 2015, p.13). This is because public lighting can play a key role in delivering the

street lighting in New York in 1886 (Ibid). Moreover, during the last twenty decades, public lighting technology for

diverse options for people during night time who cannot take part of economic, cultural, social, sports and entertainment

cost, maintenance and energy efficiency has been widely developed as the trend of sustainable urban development

life during day time (Rankel, 2014, p.127). In other words, it can be said that the trend of ‘24-hour city’ has significantly

significantly has risen (Entwistle et al, 2015, p.8).

risen along to the huge demand for night-life of citizens and its economic potential.

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Public Lighting for Dark Hours

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Figure 1. London in 1736

Figure 2. Toronto in 1841

Figure 5. Urbanisation and artificial light in urban places

(Source: William Hogarth’s Four Times of the Day series)

(Source: The Varsity)

(Source: Visible Earth NASA)

Figure 3. Paris in 1878

Figure 4. New York in 1886

Figure 6. Human activities during night time, London

(Source: simoncornwell)

(Source: Ephemeral New York)

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

CASE STUDY

SITE ANALYSIS

DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION


1.3 Problem Identification : Light Pollution and Social Inequality of Public Lighting

1.4 Project Objectives

Although it is hard to deny that public lighting provides the diverse benefits to individuals, communities and the society

In this respect, this project put the social inequality of public lighting related to light pollution at central issue, and

in urban spaces, the fact that inefficient and unnecessary public lighting in the wrong place and at the wrong time rather

aims to achieve the following objectives :

generates crucial negative impacts on economic, environmental as well as social aspects is largely unknown (RCEP, 2009, p.30). This negative impact of artificial lighting is generally referred as ‘Light Pollution’, and this pollution is regarded

• Resolving the social inequality of public lighting in residential areas by design strategy

as one of the fastest growing forms of environmental pollution in contemporary cities (Chepesiuk, 2009, p.21). In terms of this pollution, it can be seen that economic and environmental aspects of it have been spotlighted, with the focus of economic benefits based on the trend of ‘24-hour city’. In contrast, social impacts of light pollution in residential areas

• Bringing diverse benefits in social, economic and environmental aspects into a proposed residential area by design strategy

has been relatively uncovered (Mona Sloane, 2nd, June, 2016, Interview). In this context, a recent report of ‘Configuring Light’ research project by LSE critically announces an issue of significant social inequality of public lighting between affluent residential areas and low-income residential areas, especially social housing estates (Sloane et al, 2016, p.3). This report indicates that there is a notable gap in quantity and quality of

1.5 Research Questions In terms of the design strategy to achieve the objectives, there are three research questions which would be investigated through this project :

lighting infrastructure between the two areas, and this difference in public lighting can be related to the exposure of lighting pollution. This inequality can be easily found in residential areas in London. For example, the report indicates that affluent neighbourhoods and high-priced residential developments in London tend to have more well-designed and managed public lighting which can bring about benefits of darkness, while social housing areas tend to have more overly

• Whether social inequality of public lighting in residential areas can be resolved by only public lighting design? • How urban design principles can be applied to resolve the issue?

bright lighting in order to support CCTV capability (Sloane et al, 2016, p.6). This means that lower-priced residential areas including social housing estates have a higher possibility of being exposed from light pollution than affluent areas.

• Whether an inter-disciplinary approach based on public lighting design, urban design and social aspects can resolve the social issue of public lighting more effectively?

1.6 Contribution to Practice This project aims to resolve the social issue of light pollution in terms of public lighting which has not been relatively uncovered comparing to economic aspects of public lighting in commercial areas. In this regard, it can contribute to built environmental design for night time by investigating how public lighting can be translated to social values. Moreover, it aims to resolve the issue by an inter-disciplinary approach including public lighting and public realm Figure 7. Dimmed lighting in affluent residential areas, London

design elements, and by doing so, it can contribute to practice by investigating correlation between public lighting and public realm design and creating an effective framework based on the two aspects which have been treated separately for night time design.

Figure 8. Overly bright lighting in social housing estates, London

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

CASE STUDY

SITE ANALYSIS

DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION

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Key element for night time design

lP cia So

Light Pollution

Public Lighting

m ble ro

Social Inequality

Functions

of Public Lighting

Benefits "Darkness created by curated lighting design is a feature of more affluent neighbourhoods, while

Social

comparatively low income areas including social

24-hour City

Economic

housing estates have overly bright lighting for better CCTV surveillance" (Mona Sloane, 2nd, June, 2016, Interview)

Primary Objective

Resolve

Major Research Questions In terms of design strategy to resolve the issue, this project

Social Economic

Design Strategy

Benefits

Environmental

Secondary Objective

will investigate the correlation Public Lighting

Public Realm Design

between public lighting and public realm design in order to find the most effective solution.

Diagram 1. Summary of Introduction

4

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

CASE STUDY

SITE ANALYSIS

DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION


1.7 Project Methodology

1. INTRODUCTION

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

Initial Research

Case Study Methodology

Public Lighting Design Strategy

Benefits of Lighting

Functions of Lighting

3. CASE STUDY TEST

Cromer Street

Problem Identification Public Realm Design Strategy

Orde Hall Street Research Questions

Benefits of Darkness

Light Pollution

Social Strategy

Doughty Street

Summary of Stategies

Summary of Case Study Test & Conceptual Framework

Project Objectives

Summary of Public Lighting Research

Contribution to Practice

6. CONCLUSION

6. PROPOSAL

5. SITE-SPECIFIC DESIGN STRATEGY

Delivery Lighting Masterplan

4. SITE ANALYSIS

Micro Analysis

Macro Analysis

Illumination Analysis

Night time Pattern Analysis

Planning Policy

Opportunity & Constraint Analysis

Site-specific Design Strategy

Evaluation

Site-specific Design 1

Summary of Project

Site-specific Design 2 Design Framework

Limitations and Recommendations for Further Research

Site-specific Design 3

Site-specific Design 4

Site-specific Design 5 Diagram 2. Project Methodology

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

CASE STUDY

SITE ANALYSIS

DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION

5


2.1 Functions of Public Lighting

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW PART 1 : PUBLIC LIGHTING AND LIGHT POLLUTION

Visibility

Wayfinding

Aesthetics

Safety

City Branding Figure 9. Lighting strategy for wayfinding in the Olympic Park, London

Figure 10. Lighting strategy for guiding orientation, Melbourne

(Source: frankdasilva)

(Source: City of Melbourne)

The most fundamental function of lighting is to secure visibility of objects by

Lighting strategy for the Olympic Park focuses on

Lighting strategy in Melbourne focuses on improving

creating three-dimensional shapes and supporting recognition of people during

improving wayfinding by well-lit pathways (horizontal

pedestrian wayfinding by highlighting major paths, nodes

night time.

lighting) and highlighted destinations (vertical lighting). This

and edges (horizontal lighting). Also, selected landmarks

(Santen, 2006, p.36)

strategy provides a clear guidance for pedestrian flows,

are illuminated (vertical lighting) to provide a clear

as people respond to light and darkness to gather or

orientation of pedestrians (Lam et al, 2015, p.31).

Diagram 3. Functions of Public Lighting

Visibility

Improved visibility can enhance wayfinding by providing guidance and direction during night time. Also, horizontal and vertical lighting can be used as a strategy to guide pedestrians towards a certain destination.

Wayfinding

(Lam et al, 2015, p.30)

Secured visibility can result in the decrease in crime rate by improving perceived safety.

Safety

(Lam et al, 2015, p.30)

Public lighting can be used to create or improve aesthetics in urban places during night time.

Aesthetics

(Sloane et al, 2016, p.3)

Improved night scene can enhance city brand by creating an inviting ambience.

City Branding

6

dissipate (Lam et al, 2015, p.31).

INTRODUCTION

Figure 11. Lighting strategy for city-branding in Plaza Mayor, Valladolid

Figure 11. Lighting for aesthetics, Lyon

(Source: Illumni)

(Source: Cool Hunting)

Public lighting in Valladolid, Spain focuses on improving

Lighting strategy in Lyon is widely recognised as one of

aesthetics of urban spaces to enhance its cultural and

the most successful cases showing how lighting improves

social identity (Gallego and Elbaz, 2011).

aesthetics of urban places (Paskovic, 2012, p.57).

(Philips, 2014, p.3)

LITERATURE REVIEWS

CASE STUDY

SITE ANALYSIS

DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION


Diagram 4. Relationship between safety and public lighting

Research 1

Research 3 Arup Lighting

The UK Home Office research

Safety

When light above a certain illuminance, the correlation between public lighting and the increase

Improvement of street lighting led to the decrease of

of the safety becomes less clear. This is because

recorded crime rate by around 20% during night time.

overly lit nightscapes rather reduce the eyes’ ability to adapt to darkness and danger spot.

(Farrington and Welsh, 2002, p.36)

(Lam et al, 2015)

po

Op

Crime rate

site

Lighting

Theory 1

Theory 2

Crime Prevention Unit

Jane Jacobs

Wilson and Kelling’s ‘broken windows theory’

Although improvement of street lighting may lead

It is hard to state that lighting is a direct

to the increase of perceived safety of women walking

enabler for safety. Rather, safety is

alone during night time, it is hard to see that the

increased mainly by the improvement

Research 2

improvement directly decreases reported crime rate.

elements promoting human activities.

Well designed and maintained lighting infrastructure can induce positive behaviour of people through creating a balanced mood in a place, and this can result in the decrease of crime rate in the place.

(Jacobs, 1993, p.54)

(Wilson and Kelling, nd, p.7)

of natural surveillance led by human activities in an area. In this respect, lighting can be seen as one of the

(Atkins et al, 1991, p.20)

Lighting

Crime rate Social Natural Interaction Surveillance

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

CASE STUDY

SITE ANALYSIS

DESIGN STRATEGY

Safety

PROPOSAL

Maintenance

Safety

CONCLUSION

7


2.2 Benefits of Public Lighting Enhanced wayfinding and guidance by lighting can increase mobility of pedestrians and connectivity between different communities during night time.

Mobility and Connectivity

(Sloane, et al, 2016, p.11)

Improved wayfinding and safety by lighting can provide pedestrian-friendly environment to people in night time, and this can facilitate the utilisation of

Visibility

Aesthetics

Facilitating public transport, walking and cycling

public transport. (Lam et al, 2015, p.34).

Installed lighting plays a key role in protecting heritage sites by deterring potential intruders.

Protecting heritage sites Wayfinding

Safety

(Kidd, 2000, 171).

City Branding Safe and well-lit urban places attract people to come and spend their time for Jane Jacobs

Mobility and Connectivity

social interaction and night activities during night time.

Facilitating public transport, walking and cycling

Protecting heritage sites

Encouraging Social Interaction

(Philips, 2014, p.3)

Increased social interaction and improved aesthetics by lighting strategy can improve cultural and social identity in urban spaces.

Reinforcing cultural & social identity Reinforcing cultural & social identity

Encouraging Social Interaction

(Philips, 2014, p.7)

Improved cultural and social identity of a city can lead to increase in tourism by attracting more visitors.

Encouraging Tourism

(Philips, 2014, p.7)

Vibrant urban spaces can stimulate night time economy by generating more incomes from hotels, restaurants and shops, and also, this can help inducing

Social inclusion

Stimulating night time economy

Stimulate night time economy

Promoting Tourism

community can help fostering social inclusion.

Social inclusion

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

(Lam et al, 2015, p.14) (Philips, 2014, p.7)

engaging, accessible and comfortable lighting strategy for everyone in a

Diagram 5. Benefits of Public Lighting

8

more investments from private sectors.

CASE STUDY

SITE ANALYSIS

(Slater, 2016).

DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION


Figure 12. Three Graces, Liverpool

Figure 13. The Van Gogh Path. Netherlands

Figure 14. The St John's Hill (Connectivity) and The Thamesmead Estate (Separtion)

(Source: Liverpool Echo)

(Source: CNN)

(Source: LSE Configuring Light)

New lighting strategy of The Three Graces in Liverpool

The Van Gogh Path of ‘light stones’, which absorbs

According to the LSE research programme, public lighting design plays a role in

successfully promotes more social interaction by improving

sunlight during day time and emits illumination during night

fostering connectivity or separation between communities (Sloane, et al, 2016, p.11).

night scene of the place. For example, a statistic shows

time, attracts more cyclists and pedestrians by providing a

that 38% of visitors have spent more time in the city center

unique experience (Lam et al, 2015, p.37).

because of the lighting scheme (Philips, 2014, p.8).

Figure 15. Leicester Square Garden, London

Figure 16. Bastions of Light, Badajoz, Spain

Figure 17. New lighting design for Goderham Building, Toronto

(Source: ARUP)

(Source: Philips)

(Source: ARUP)

New lighting strategy of Leicester Square Garden

New lighting strategy of Bastions successfully contributes

A complementary Heritage Lighting Masterplan in Toronto successfully plays a key

successfully increases more social interaction on the

to economic stimulation of the city by improving social

role in enhancing the cultural identity of the city by highlighting landmarks and historic

square during night time by creating visual excitement and

interaction. For example, The annual hotel occupancy

buildings during night time (Lam et al, 2015, p.25).

increasing visibility on pathways (Lam et al, 2015, p.23).

improved by 6% and the annual money spent in the city increased by € 360,000 per year in 2012, compared to 2008 (Philips, 2014, p.8).

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

CASE STUDY

SITE ANALYSIS

DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION

9


2.3 Negative Impacts of Public Lighting : Light Pollution Despite functions and benefits of public lighting in diverse aspects, public lighting sometimes can generate negative

Well-being and Human Health by Light Trespass

impacts, called 'Light Pollution', to individuals, communities and the society. This pollution can be found in the various forms as followings (RCEP, 2009, p.1) :

George Brainard (Chepesiuk, 2009, p.24): Light trespass during night time can disrupt circadian by producing hormones, and this can increase the risk of depression, insomnia, cardiovascular disease. Moreover, it can accelerate tumor growth for cancer.

(Source: Environmentally Sound)

(Source: Light My Nest)

Figure 18. Light clutter

Figure 19. Glare

The excessive grouping of lights

(Source: Sky and Telescope)

Figure 20. Light trespass

Figure 24. Light Trespass in residential area

The excessive contrast between bright Unwanted light indoor exposure from and dark areas outdoor

The National Cancer Institute (Chepesiuk, 2009, p.26) : A statistic shows that nurses who had worked night shifts at least 3 times a month for 15 years had 35% increased risk of colorectal cancer.

(Source: Town of East Hampton)

Crime and Accident by Glare

High contrast ratios led by glare issue can result in temporary blinding for pedestrians of motorists, and this can lead to increase in car accident (Edensor, 2012, p.12). Security lighting rather can aid criminals by creating glare and deep shadows in which to hide (RCEP, 2009, p.10). (Source: CCTV)

Figure 21. An absence of darkness

(Source: Grenfell Action Group)

(Source: Rob Jackson)

Figure 22. Light profligacy

Lack of natural darkness of night time Over-illumination which wastes energy by artificial lights

Figure 23. Sky glow

The phenomenon of reflected and refracted light from the atmosphere

Figure 25. Deep shadows by glare (Source: FAU Astronomical Observatory)

Energy consumption

Well-being and Human Health

30% of a local authority’s energy bill is used for street lighting (The UK Green Investment Report, 2014, p.3).

Crime and accident by Glare

Light Pollution

All forms of artificial lighting currently account for 19% of global electricity consumption (International Energy Agency, 2006, p.25).

Social inequality Figure 26. Sky glow and energy waste in Downham

Energy waste

(Source: Need-less)

Diagram 6. Negative Impacts of Light Pollution

10

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

CASE STUDY

SITE ANALYSIS

DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION


2.4 Benefits of Darkness Social inequality of Public Lighting Darkness can deliver higher sense of place, calmness, generosity, and conviviality as part of collective effervescence.

Otter (Cited in Edensor, 2012, p.428) : "artificial light rapidly became a symbol and a determinant of urban differentiation’’

Sense of place

(Yuill, 2004)

Mona Sloane (Interview, 2nd, June, 2016) : "There is a significant inequality of public lighting in terms of quality and quantity between affluential areas and social housing estates." Careful illumination strategy can improve energy and cost saving in lighting. (Edensor, 2012, p.12)

Energy saving

The emergence of dark skies can increase quality of life of residents by reducing sky glow, and it also can attract more tourists.

Astronomical Benefits Jane Brox

Mona Slaone

“Lighting highlights contradiction between

“Low-income neighbourhoods including

bright areas in city centre, commercial or

social housing estates tend to have

affluent neighbourhoods, and dark areas in

overly-bright lighting strategy in London,

poor neighbourhoods”

while affluent neighbourhoods have well-

(Edensor, 2012, p.7).

designed lighting against light pollution”

(Edensor, 2012, p.12)

(Sloane, 2016) Figure 27. Night market in Mumbai, India (Source: Brett Cole)

Bright Lighting

Affluent neighbourhoods

Bright Lighting

Low income neighbourhoods

Dark Lighting

Low income neighbourhoods

Dark Lighting

Affluent neighbourhoods

Diagram 7. Social Inequality of Public Lighting Although Jane Brox and Mona Sloane have opposite opinions about the correlation between brightness of lighting and residential areas, it can be seen that the inequality of public lighting in terms of quantity and quality clearly exists between affluent and low-income residential areas.

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

CASE STUDY

SITE ANALYSIS

Figure 28. Dining restaurants in the dark (Source: Spot Cool Stuff Travel)

DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION

11


2.5 Summary of Literature Review Part 1

Main Problem

Public Lighting

Social Inequality

Light Pollution

of Public Lighting

Negative Impacts

Six different forms

Social

Functions

Visibility

Issues in Residential Areas

Aesthetics

Well-being and Human Health

Benefits

Economic & Environmental

Energy waste

Crime and accident by Glare Wayfinding

Safety

City Branding

Protecting heritage sites

Jane Jacobs

Resolve Mobility and Connectivity

Facilitating public transport, walking and cycling

Reinforcing cultural & social identity Sense of place

Social inclusion

Encouraging Social Interaction

Stimulating night time economy

Promoting Tourism

Energy saving

Design Strategy

Astronomical Benefits

Diagram 8. Summary of Literature Review Part 1 12

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

CASE STUDY

SITE ANALYSIS

DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION


Diagram 9. Introduction of Design Strategy

Promote

Design Strategy

Benefits of Darkness

Resolve

Resolve

Light Pollution

Social Inequality of Public Lighting

Following issues can be arisen in dark areas

Dim out

Public Lighting Design Strategy

Enhance

Visibility

Wayfinding

Safety

Social Interaction

Enhance To resolve social inequality of public lighting, light pollution including Design Strategy

glare or light trespass is a key issue which should be resolved first. In terms of this issue, it is widely believed that public lighting design strategy can minimise light pollution by dimming public lighting out, while it promotes benefits of darkness in a residential area. However, sometimes it can be argued that the dimming public lighting may

Urban Design Strategy

weaken the core functions and benefits of lighting, such as visibility, wayfinding, safety and social interaction. Therefore, this project Public Lighting Design Strategy

INTRODUCTION

Urban Design Strategy

accepts urban design factors in order to reinforce the functions and benefits based on the theories of Jane jacobs and Wilson and Kelling.

LITERATURE REVIEWS

CASE STUDY

SITE ANALYSIS

DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION

13


2.6 Public Lighting Design Strategy Cut-off Design of Lighting Incorrect

Shielded Design of Lighting Correct

Incorrect

Correct

This section will explain several key factors of public lighting design which prevent light pollution as well as promote benefits of darkness in

Public Lighting Design Figure 30. Shielded design of lighting

Street lighting

Shieded Lighting Types

Colours Type of Shield

Correct

Wall pack / Flood light

Height Smart Lighting Brightness

Cut-off Light Art Installation

Canopy / Bpllards light

Resolve

14

Incorrect

Barn / PAR light

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW PART 2 : STRATEGIES

residential areas.

Light Pollution

Figure 29. Cut-off design of lighting

Diagram 10. Public Lighting Design Strategy

Light and lens of street lighting should be directed downwards in order to protect light trespass, whenever possible (Santen, 2006, p.123).

(The Dark Sky Society, 2009)

CASE STUDY

PROPOSAL

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

SITE ANALYSIS

DESIGN STRATEGY

Figure 31. Shieded lighting types

CONCLUSION


Height of Public Lighting and Light Pollution

Smart Lighting Systems

Direct upward light

Smart lighting system such as circadian lighting system or motion sensor lighting can bring about diverse benefits including energy saving and reduction of light pollution.

Spill light

Direct glare Useful uight

Light trespass

Upwards reflected light

Figure 36. Circadian System

Figure 37. Lighting Masterplan for Xixian Great

(Source: No Film School)

(Source: ARUP)

Cambridge and Massachusetts are one of the first cities

New lighting strategy in Xixian City is planned based on

to develop a street lighting strategy based on circadian

circadian system in order to respond to changing uses

cycles which can autonomously dim or brighten (Lam et

over time and area. During 'curfews' times, lighting is

al, 2015, 43). The system is projected to consume only a

automatically dimmed or turned off to prevent light

Height of public lighting is a key factor which needs be considered in residential areas, as overly-tall street lighting can

quarter of the energy, while creating an improved colour

disturbance in residential areas (Lam et al, 2015, p.41).

cause lighting trespass (The Dark Sky Society). Therefore, the height of lighting should be regulated to not exceeding

rendition to night time (Ibid).

.

Areas to be lit

Figure 32. Height of public lighting and light pollution

the height of near properties in order to minimise direct glare, intrusive light and direct upward light (Santen, 2006, p.36).

Light Colour

(Source: Ikuzo Lighting)

(Source: Safegrowth)

Figure 33. White light

(Source: Treehugger)

Figure 34. Blue light

Figure 35. Warm red light

Figure 38. Motion sensor lighting, Fujisawa, (Source: Fujisawa SST Council)

White light improves mental health of Blue light helps people wake up in Warm red light provides the signal people as it is similar to the light of the mornings, as it also suppresses a to help people the transition to sleep

Fujisawa SST adopted motion sensor lighting which automatically dims when there is nobody around the lighting

the sun (Lam et al, 2015, p.41).

vital hormone for helping people get (Ibid).

during night time. When there are pedestrians around the lightings, they provide sufficient brightness to illuminate the

to sleep at night (Ibid).

direct area as well as two or three steps ahead (Fujisawa SST Council. 2014, p.12).

.

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

CASE STUDY

SITE ANALYSIS

DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION

15


Light Art IInstallation

Light art installation can be used as an effective strategy to make urban spaces more vibrant and safer during night time. It can enhance sense of place by reinforcing certain characteristics of a place during night time, and this can increase sense of safety by attracting more people to the place and increasing the number of eyes on the street (Lam et al, 2015, p.27).

Figure 39. LED Rose Garden in DDP, Seoul

Figure 39. BruumRuum, Barcelona

Figure 40. Cheonggyecheon Light Festival, Seoul

(Source: Timeout Seoul)

(Source: Artec3 Studiol)

(Source: Alamy)

Dongdaemun Design Plaza (DDP) was redeveloped in 2014 with LED rose

Bruum Ruum in the Plaza de Glories in Barcelona can be regarded as a

Temporary light art installation also can be a strategic tool to transform a

garden having 25.550 electronic roses in a central open place (The Visit

successful case for light art installation (Artec3 Studio, nd). Lighting elements

place more vibrant (Lam et al, 2015, p.27) . Cheonggyecheon which is

Seoul, 2016). This special light art installation makes DDP one of the most

change the colours based on sound sensors and therefore, it attracts more

widely recognized as a new landmark in central Seoul opens light festival

famous destinations in Seoul during night time by attracting a large of visitors

visitors by creating interactive light between people and the public space

annually during winter days since redeveloped in 2009 (The Visit Seoul,

to the place (Ibid).

(Lam et al, 2015, p.25).

nd). The diverse art installations create an inviting night scene in the stream and surrounding areas, and so it attracts approximately 3 million visitors annually (Ibid). Moreover, the creative installations along the stream plays a significant role in enhancing connectivity between different areas, such as from Cheonggye Plaza to Supyogyo Bridge, away around 1.5 km (Hyangmi Kim, 2015).

16

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

CASE STUDY

SITE ANALYSIS

DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION


2.7 Urban Design Strategy To improve social interaction and perceived safety in an area during night time, urban design factors

Active Frontages

Mixed Use

Figure 41. Lamb's Conduit Street, London

Figure 42. Horizontal mixed use, Camden, London

also can play a significant role. Especially, the term of ‘Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design’ (CPTED) can be considered as a powerful tool to reduce opportunities for crime by urban design factors (Cozens and Love, 2015, p.1). The concept of CPTED is corresponding to the theories of Jane Jacobs and Wilson in terms of the way to improve safety in an area. For example, the concept can be seen that more social interaction and pedestrian-friendly design in a place are the most important factor for safety in an area (Ibid). In this respect, this project will put CPTED in a central concept of urban design strategy to improve safety in an area. Therefore, this section will explain several urban design factors which can contribute to improving social interaction and perceived safety based on CPTED. (Source: Panorama Streetline)

Urban Design Strategy

Accessibility

Permeability

Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)

Legibility

To improve natural surveillance on the street, creating

Different dimensions of mixed use, such as horizontal

active frontage should be regarded as a core factor. For

mixed land-use between buildings or vertical mixed land-

example, windows and building entrances need to be

use in a building, can lead to diversity and concentration

facing footpaths to facilitate overlooking (Healthy Spaces

of activities in a place (Hoppenbrouwer and Louw, 2005,

and Places, 2009, p.3). Moreover, streets should be

p.972). This can result in the increase of social interaction

designed to avoid ‘over-defensive’ style, as high fences

by improving vitality in the area (Coupland, 1997, p.24)

and walls to the street can reduce overlooking (DETR,

and it can provide a high degree of natural surveillance

2000, p.23).

(Montgomery, 1998, p.100).

Accessibility and Permeability

Legibility

Figure 43. Permeable and impermeable urban form

Figure 44. Legible and Illegible urban form

Active Frontage Shared Road

Mixed Use

Pedestrianised Road

Green Corridor

Pavement Material

Street Furniture Hierarchy of Spaces

(Source: The Urban Design Compendium)

Enhancing

Improving accessibility and permeability of an area is

Clear legibility which helps people to find their way in

significant to enhance mobility within the area or to

an place can promote walkability of people or social

improve connectivity between surrounding areas (Healthy

interaction during night time by making a place feel

Spaces and Places, 2009, p.3).For example, pedestrian-

safe (DETR, 2000, p.28). To achieve improving legibility,

friendly environment based on the improvement of

location of important routes, focal points and landmarks in

accessibility and permeability can enhance walkability

an area need to be well connected and highlighted (Ibid).

during night time (DETR, 2000, p.26).

Visibility

Wayfinding

Safety

Social Interaction

Diagram 11. Urban Design Strategy INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

CASE STUDY

SITE ANALYSIS

DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION

17


Pavement Material

Street Furniture

Hierarchy of Spaces

Figure 45. Pavement colour and light reflaction

Figure 46. Street furniture in Seattle, Washington

Figure 47. Hierarchy of spaces

(Source: FxGuide)

(Source: Archdaily)

(Source: Sutton Council)

Pavement material is a significant urban design element

Street furniture including sitting places can be considered

To foster vitality of an area, a hierarchy of different open

affecting illuminance of an area during night time, because

as a key factor to create social interaction is arisen in

spaces and places which can be used as different

people generally refer to reflected light from pavement

an area, as it provides rest points for pedestrians (DFT,

functions by different people should be provided (Sutton

when they speak of sufficient light (Santen, 2006, p.36).

2007, p.121). However, sometimes sitting places rather

Council, 2009, p.42).

For instance, bright coloured or glossy pavement materials

can attract anti-social behaviour during night time (Ibid).

reflect more light than dark coloured road surfaces (Ibid).

Therefore, well-designed street furniture needs to be installed in activity nodes and focal points with good lighting (Ibid).

Pedestrianised Road and Shared Road

Green Corridor

Figure 48. Pedestrianised road in Rua Augusta, Lisbon

Figure 49. Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, London (Source: Archlighting)

Pedestrianised or shared road can transform a street

As much as lighting, greenery elements can be considered

more pedestrian or cyclist friendly place where are the

as a key tool in improving wayfinding during night time,

place promoting more social interaction and human

as pedestrians tend to prefer to walk along to green

activities (DETR, 2000). It means that this design strategy

corridors.

can transform a street to be a public space for social interaction rather than for movement during night time.

18

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

(Florence Lam, 20th June 2016, Interview)

CASE STUDY

SITE ANALYSIS

DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION


2.8 Social Strategy

Social Inequality of Public Lighting

Resolve

Light Pollution

Resolve

Ensuring an equal access to public lighting

Understanding the place for lighting

Sharing knowledge

Urban spaces should guarantee an

To deliver site-specific strategy for

Social housing clients need to

equal access to public lighting for

public lighting, the analysis for the

be educated to be able to deliver

all citizens regardless of their social

place should be prepared in depth

s i t e - s p e c i f i c s t r a t e g y, b e y o n d

status and physical conditions, and

to investigate where it is most useful,

standardized regulation. To achieve

therefore, lighting strategy must be

such as the analysis for existing and

this, collaborative forums for sharing

planned to contribute to reducing

potential vehicle and pedestrian

knowledge and practice need to be

social and economic inequalities

routes and major activity nodes

encouraged

(LUCI, nd).

(Clanton and Givler, 2008).

(Sloane, et al, 2016, p.4).

Emphasizing potential value of public lighitng redevelopment

Understanding diverse stakeholders

Engaging stakeholders in design and decision making processes

It is necessary to the value of

A s d i v e r s e s t a k e h o l d e r s s h a re

To understand the diverse needs

potential benefits by successful

public space, richer understanding

of the stakeholders, it is necessary

public lighting and urban design

of different demands of the

to engage them in the process of

strategy, such as increase of quality

stakeholders including residents,

design and decision-making, rather

of life, should be measured in the

other users, and institutions who

than top-down system.

process of measuring cost and

maintain the space should be

(Lam et al, 2015, p.54)

affordability (Sloane, et al, 2016,

c a re f u l l y a n a l y s e d i n o rd e r t o

p.34).

minimise potential conflicts (Sloane,

Design Strategy

Urban Design Strategy (CPTED)

Public Lighting Design Strategy

et al, 2016, p.4)

Support

Social Strategy

Diagram 12. Social Strategy

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

CASE STUDY

SITE ANALYSIS

DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION

19


Public Lighting Design Strategy

2.9 Summary of Literature Review Part 2 Literature review part two shows that public lighting design and public realm design strategy can be used to reduce light pollution and increase safety in residential areas. Also, it indicates that social

Dimmed lighting

strategy needs to be considered to deliver the design strategies more successfully and equally for everyone.

Colours

Support

Type of Shield

Height

Site-specific Design Brightness

Cut-off

Smart Lighting

Social Strategy

Light Art Installation

Ensuring an equal access to public lighting

Problem

Understanding the place for lighting

Light Pollution

Social Inequality

Promote

Resolve Light Trespass Resolve

of Public Lighting

Social Interaction

Resolve Glare Issue

Sense of place

Increase Safety

Sharing knowledge Emphasizing potential value of public lighitng redevelopment

Connectivity & Mobility

Understanding diverse stakeholders Engaging stakeholders in design and decision making processes

Promote

Urban Design Strategy (CPTED)

Accessibility

Permeability

Legibility

Pavement Material

Active Frontage

Shared Road

Pedestrianised Road

Street Furniture

Promote Hierarchy of Spaces

Green Corridor

Support

Mixed use

Diagram 13. Summary of Literature Review Part 2 20

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

CASE STUDY

SITE ANALYSIS

DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION


3.1 Case Study Methodology

Case Study Tests

Test Methodology

This section will test major points from literature review section through survey, spatial analysis and observation in three different residential areas.

Test 1

Test 2

Dimmed Light

Social Interaction

Natural Surveillance

Social Interaction

Survey

Spatial Analysis

Observation

CCTV

Brighter Light

Test 1

Test 2

Test 1

Test 2

Test 3

Test 2

Test 3

Test 3

Test 3

Safety

Whether social interaction is promoted more in the dimmed area or brighter area

Test 3

Whether perceived safety for residents and visitors is more influenced by social interaction or brighter lighting

3.0 CASE STUDY TEST

Brighter Light

Test 4

Social Housing

Test 4 Public Lighting

Light Pollution

Urban Design

Affluent Residential

Whether residents of social housing estates are exposed from light pollution more comparing to the residents in affluent neighbourhoods

How urban design elements are related to public lighting in terms of perceived safety

Figure 50. Case study tests

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

CASE STUDY

Figure 51. Case study test methodology

SITE ANALYSIS

DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION

21


3.2 Case Study Areas Cromer Street

1

Cromer Street and surrounding area is located in north part of Coram's Fields and Russell Square Station. Social housing estate is a major land-use in this residential area.

1

Orde Hall Street

2

Coram's Fields

Orde Hall Street and surrounding area are located between Russell Square and Holborn Station. Brunswick

This residential area has different mixed types of residential housing and typology, for example, social housing in tower, slab, and exterior corridor-access blocks, and residential perimeter blocks. Also, diverse retail shops are situated in Lamb’s Conduit Street.

Russell Square Stn

3 Doughty Street

3 2

Doughty Street and surrounding area are one of the most pleasant and calm residential areas in Camden Borough.

Holborn Police Station

Map 1. Location of case study areas

22

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

Figure 52. Case study test areas

CASE STUDY

SITE ANALYSIS

DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION


3.3 Case Study 1 : Cromer Street

Survey (9pm - 12pm. 23rd June 2016) residents: 14, visitors: 4 Q1. Do you usually feel this residential area is unsafe during night time, comparing to surrounding residential areas in central London?

St. Pancras Stn

Residents :

Visitors : Unsafe

Safe

Q2. Have you ever had any uncomfortable experience of light indoor exposure by outdoor lighting (Light Trespass) during night time?

Residents : Yes

No

Q3. What is a more important factor which makes you feel safer in the residential area during night time between Bright light and more people on the street?

Survey

Residents : Survey

Visitors : Social Interaction

Brighter light

Q4. Do you prefer to do night activity, such as walking around, in the residential area having brighter lighting or more dimmed and moderated lighting? Survey

Westminster Kingsway College

Residents :

Visitors : Overly-bright Lighting

Moderated Lighting Figure 53. Survey in Cromer Street, London

Coram's Fields Brunswick Map 2. Location of surveys in case study 1 INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

Perceived Safety

Light Pollution (Trespass)

Factors for Safety

Factors for Social Interaction

45%

50%

66%

72%

Unsafe

Experienced Light Pollution

More eyes on the street is important

Prefer to do social interaction in modereted light

Figure 54. Summary of survey in Cromer Street, London CASE STUDY

SITE ANALYSIS

DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION

23


Overal Crime Rate (excepts anti-social behaviour)

Pedestrian Flow (7-9pm)

Social Interaction (7-9pm)

Map 3. Crime rate map in case study 1 (Timita, 2014)

Map 4. Pedestrian flow in case study 1

Map 5. Social interaction in case study 1

Land-Use

Residential Light Pollution (Light Trespass)

This area : 80.16 Median : 20.54

Summary of Spatial Analysis

Social Housing Residential Retail

Less

Hotel Commercial Unknown

More

Religion Map 6. Land-use in case study 1 24

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

Map 7. Light trespass in case study 1 CASE STUDY

SITE ANALYSIS

Figure 55. Summary of spatial analysis in Cromer Street, London DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION


Observation 1

4

3

2

5

7

2

Figure 56. Social housing in Cromer Street I

Figure 57. Social housing in Cromer Street II

High fences surrounding social house estates and a large number of canopy lighting on corridors deliver overlydefensive vibe to pedestrians during night time.

Street lighting in and surrounding social housing is mainly unshielded low-sodium light source.

1

8 3

4

6

Height 4m

6m

10m

Colour White Warm Warm Blue Red White

Light LED Source

Map 8. Existing public lighting in case study 1

5

LPS

HPS

6

Figure 58. Argyle Walk I

Figure 59. Argyle Walk II

Although fully cut-off LED lighting is situated in close distance, inactive frontages generate a strong sense of unwelcoming vibe.

contrastingly, active frontages having entrance doors and windows towards the footpath deliver safer and pedestrian-friendly vibe to pedestrians.

7

8

Figure 60. darkness in social housing

Figure 61. Pavement materials and lighting height

Figure 62. Tonbridge Street

Figure 63. Canopy lighting and light pollution

Overly-bright lights emitted in social housing blocks rather create darker space in opposite side during night time.

Street lighting on pedestrianized road has generally lower height (3-5 meters), and bright coloured pavements of the road reflect more light to improve visibility.

Residential flats having lower fences (1 – 1.5 meters) and relatively less number of street lighting deliver high sense of perceived safety comparing to social housing.

Although a large number of canopy lighting on corridors in social housing can improve visibility, overly-defensive vibe does not attract people to move through the site or along to it.

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

CASE STUDY

SITE ANALYSIS

DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION

25


3.4 Case Study 2 : Orde Hall Street

Survey (9pm - 12pm. 24th June 2016) residents: 12, visitors: 5 Q1. Do you usually feel this residential area is unsafe during night time, comparing to surrounding residential areas in central London?

Russell Square Stn

Residents :

Visitors : Unsafe

Safe

Q2. Have you ever had any uncomfortable experience of light indoor exposure by outdoor lighting (Light Trespass) during night time?

Residents : Yes

No

Q3. What is a more important factor which makes you feel safer in the residential area during night time between Bright light and more people on the street? Survey

Residents :

Survey

Visitors : Social Interaction

Brighter light Holborn Police Station

Survey

Q4. Do you prefer to do night activity, such as walking around, in the residential area having brighter lighting or more dimmed and moderated lighting?

Residents :

Visitors : Overly-bright Lighting

Moderated Lighting Figure 64. Survey in Orde Hall Street, London

Red Lion Square Gardens

Perceived Safety

Light Pollution (Trespass)

Factors for Safety

Factors for Social Interaction

40%

33%

58%

70%

Unsafe

Experienced Light Pollution

Bloomsbury Square Gardens

Map 9. Location of surveys in case study 2 26

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

More eyes on the street is important

Prefer to do social interaction in modereted light

Figure 65. Summary of survey in Orde Hall Street, London CASE STUDY

SITE ANALYSIS

DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION


Overal Crime Rate (excepts anti-social behaviour)

Pedestrian Flow (7-9pm)

Social Interaction (7-9pm)

Map 11. Pedestrian flow in case study 2

Map 12. Social interaction in case study 2

This area : 17.37 Median : 20.54 Map 10. Crime rate map in case study 2 (Timita, 2014)

Land-Use

Residential Light Pollution (Light Trespass)

Observation Analysis

Social Housing Residential Retail

Less

Community Facility Commercial Unknown

More

Religion Map 13. Land-use in case study 2 INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

Map 14. Light trespass in case study 2 CASE STUDY

SITE ANALYSIS

Figure 66. Summary of spatial analysis in Orde Hall Street, London DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION

27


Observation 1

2

7

2 8

3

Figure 67. Lighting and ssparation

Figure 68. Poorly-designed lighting

There is a lack of light on the street connecting social housing estates and Boswell Street, and it creates high sense of disconnection and unsafety during night time.

contrastingly, there are overly-bright street lightings and poor street design connecting the estates and Orde Hall Street.

3

6

4

5

1 4

Height 4m

6m

10m

Colour White Warm Warm Blue Red White

Light LED Source

Map 15. Existing public lighting in case study 2

5

HPS

6

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

Figure 70. Height of lighting on Pedestrianised road

Social housing having exterior corridors has more public lighting, comparing to social housing of tower type.

Shielded street lightings (3 meters) on Pedestrianised road create a high sense of place.

7

Figure 71. Light pollution in social housing

Residents in social housing having exterior corridors can be exposed by light trespass created by public lighting on corridors.

28

LPS

Figure 69. Light pollution and typology

Figure 72. Dombey Street

contrastingly, street lighting on Dombey Street is fully shielded to minimise trespass issue.

CASE STUDY

8

Figure 73. Lamb's Conduit Street

Figure 74. Barbon Close

Although Lamb’s Conduit Street is darker than other streets, shared road and active frontage create a strong sense of place and safety.

Although it seems that Barbon Close connects Great Ormond Street to social housing estates, it is physically disconnected by fences.

SITE ANALYSIS

DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION


Survey (9pm - 12pm. 25th June 2016) residents: 10, visitors: 3

3.5 Case Study 3 : Doughty Street

Q1. Do you usually feel this residential area is unsafe during night time, comparing to surrounding residential areas in central London? Residents :

Visitors : Unsafe

Safe

Q2. Have you ever had any uncomfortable experience of light indoor exposure by outdoor lighting (Light Trespass) during night time? Mount Pleasant

Residents : Coram's Fields

Yes

No

Q3. What is a more important factor which makes you feel safer in the residential area during night time between Bright light and more people on the street?

Survey

Residents :

Visitors : Brighter light

Survey

Social Interaction

Q4. Do you prefer to do night activity, such as walking around, in the residential area having brighter lighting or more dimmed and moderated lighting?

Residents :

Visitors : Overly-bright Lighting

Survey

Moderated Lighting Figure 75. Survey in Doughty Street, London

Perceived Safety

Light Pollution (Trespass)

Factors for Safety

Factors for Social Interaction

61%

60%

53%

76%

Safe

Not experienced Light Pollution

Holborn Police Station

Map 16. Location of surveys in case study 3 INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

More eyes on the street is important

Prefer to do social interaction in modereted light

Figure 76. Summary of survey in Doughty Street, London CASE STUDY

SITE ANALYSIS

DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION

29


Overal Crime Rate (excepts anti-social behaviour)

Pedestrian Flow (7-9pm)

Social Interaction (7-9pm)

This area : 22.87 Median : 20.54 Map 17. Crime rate map in case study 3 (Timita, 2014)

Map 18. Pedestrian flow in case study 3

Land-Use

Residential Light Pollution (Light Trespass)

Map 19. Social interaction in case study 3

Observation Analysis

Social Housing Residential Retail

Less

Community Facility Commercial Education

More

Religion Map 20. Land-use in case study 3 30

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

Figure 77. Summary of spatial analysis in Doughty Street, London

Map 21. Light trespass in case study 3 CASE STUDY

SITE ANALYSIS

DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION


Observation 1

2

6

5 4

Figure 78. Pedestrianised road

Figure 79. John's Mews I

A combination of trees, pedestrianised road and low street lighting delivers a strong sense of place and cosiness to pedestrians.

Horizontal light and green walls on John’s Mews effectively provide a clear orientation and guidance to pedestrians.

3

4

2

1

3

Figure 80. John's Mews II

Figure 81. Doughty Mews

Although John’s Mews is significantly quiet with only few number of pedestrians passing by during night time, improved visibility by well-lit street lighting provides a high sense of perceived safety to pedestrians.

Although Doughty Mews is dark with only few number of street lighting during night time, active frontage with flowerpots and trees make this place more pedestrianfriendly.

5

6

Height 4m

6m

10m

Colour White Warm Warm Blue Red White

Light LED Source

Map 22. Existing public lighting in case study 3

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

CASE STUDY

LPS

Figure 82. Doughty Street

Figure 83. Guilford Street

Active frontages with few number of street lighting and many trees create pleasant darkness on Doughty Street.

Street lightings (12-15 meters) on Guilford Street can lead to light trespass issue through direct glare and spill light to opposite flats.

HPS

SITE ANALYSIS

DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION

31


3.6 Summary of Case Study

Bright Coloured Pavement

Moderated Light

Social Interaction

Low Street Lighting

Exterior Corridor Block

Light Pollution

Pedestrianised Road Dark Coloured Pavement

Overly-bright Light

Social interaction in residential areas is likely to happen in the area having moderated light than overly-bright light.

Natural Surveillance

Pedestrianised road tend to have bright coloured pavement and low street lighting rather than dark coloured pavement and high street lighting.

Exterior corridor block is generally more exposed from light pollution than tower block.

Social Interaction

Safety (Residents)

Perceived Safety

Number of Traffic Lanes

Height CCTV

Tower Block

High Street Lighting

Active Frontage

Brighter Light

Residents tend to feel a higher sense of safety in the environment where has more natural surveillance led by social interaction rather than the environment where has brighter light supporting CCTV. This corresponds to Jane Jacobs' "eyes on the street theory".

Height of public lighting is changed according to the number of traffic lanes or width of the road.

Fully Shielded

Low-priced Residential

Light Pollution

Creating active frontage is a key factor which improves perceived safety in a place.

Low-priced Residential

Fully Cut-off

Safety (Residents)

Glare Issue

Affluent Residential

Affluent Residential

Low-priced residential areas including social housing are generally more exposed from light pollution than affluent residential areas in London. This corresponds Mona Sloane's argument.

Public lighting in low-priced residential areas is poorly designed in terms of light pollution comparing to affluent residential areas, as lighting is less shielded and cut-off.

The relationship between glare issue and car accidents can be seen as weak in residential areas in London.

Figure 84. Summary of case study 32

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

CASE STUDY

SITE ANALYSIS

DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION


3.5 Conceptual Framework The results of case study tests evidently show that the perceived safety in an area is hugely related to the two theories of ‘Eyes on the Street’ and ‘Broken windows’ suggested by Jane Jacobs, and Wilson and Kelling, as people tend to feel safer in the area having more eyes on the street and having better maintained and designed

Type of Shield

environment. In this respect, it can be said that urban design factors based on CPTED should cooperate with public lighting design in order to promote social

Smart Lighting

Cut-off

interaction by creating more active and pedestrian-friendly environment, when public lighting design aims to dim in order to reduce light trespass. This conceptual framework will be further developed based on site-specific strategy through site analysis section.

Dimmed Lighting Issue Resolve Light Trespass

Light Pollution

Visibility

Brightness

Colours

Height

Wilson and Kelling's

Social Inequality

'Broken windows theory'

Resolve

Promote

of Public Lighting

Sense of Place Related Promote

Increase Safety

Jane Jacobs'

Promote

'Eyes on the street'

Social Interaction

Connectivity & Mobility

Promote

Support

Pavement Material

Shared Road

Pedestrianised Road

Promote

Mixed Use

Active Frontage

Hierarchy of space

Light Art Installation

Street Furniture

Accessibility

Permeability

Legibility

Green Corridor

Diagram 14. Conceptual Framework INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

CASE STUDY

SITE ANALYSIS

DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION

33


4.1 Macro Analysis Location Map London Dalston Junction

10 minute London Fields Stn

4.0 SITE ANALYSIS

Haggerston Stn

Map 23. Location of Hackney Borough

Borough of Hackney

Shoreditch Park

Cambridge Heath Stn

Hoxton Stn Map 24. Location of Haggerston

Project area is located in Haggerston which is southern part of the Borough of Hackney in London. This area is situated between Shoreditch

Haggerston and Hoxton Overground Station.

Map 25. Location of project site

34

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

CASE STUDY

SITE ANALYSIS

DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION


Justification for Project Site 1. Mixed area between newly developed housing and existing social housing estates

1

Haggerston Stn

Haggerston is a mixed area between newly developed flats and existing social housing estates, and this shows a clear contrast of public lighting in terms of quantity and design quality.

3 Kingsland Road

2. Huge contrast between day time and night time

2 Regent's Canal

Project area is one of the most vibrant destinations for activities during day time as there are diverse

1

open spaces, such as Haggerston Park, Regent’s

2

Canal and Laburnum Boat Club. However, this area turns to be completely different during night time when social housing turns on overly-defensive lighting all around the area.

Haggerston Park

3. Poor design and maintainance of public lighting

3

This area is dominated by low-sodium lighting which Project Area

is an old light source more than 30 years and has a low capability in terms of energy saving and visibility. Moreover, a majority of public lighting, especially within or surrounding social housing, is unshielded or poorly-maintained.

Map 26. Bird's eye view of project site

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

CASE STUDY

SITE ANALYSIS

Figure 85. Three justifications for project site

DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION

35


Location of CCTV in Hackney

Overal Crime Rate (excepts anti-social behaviour)

(Hackney Council, 2016)

(Timita, 2014)

London Fields Stn

London Fields Stn

Haggerston Stn

Haggerston Park Cambridge Heath Stn

Hoxton Stn

Hoxton Stn

Shoreditch

Shoreditch

CCTV 100m buffer

This area : 34.75 Median : 20.54

Map 27. Location of CCTV

Map 28. Crime rate map in project site

The location map clearly shows that PSS cameras are mainly installed along to the high street, Kingsland Road, not

The crime map indicates that there is a contrast of crime rate between western (newly developed residential flats and

project area. In this respect, it is hard to say that existing overly-bright lightings in the project area are targeting to

eastern part (existing social housing).

support the cameras effectively.

36

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

CASE STUDY

SITE ANALYSIS

DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION


4.2 Micro Analysis Core Strategy Development Proposal (2010 - 2025)

Land-Use

(Hackney Council, 2010)

(Hackney Council, 2010)

Kingsland Road

Regent's Canal

Laburnum Boat Club

Haggerston Park

Social Housing New Residential Residential

Estate Renewa l Area

Food and drink

Archaeological Priority Area

Community Facility

Project area boundary

Industrial

Priority Employment Area

Glossary

Nature Conservation : Park

Religion

Nature Conservation : Canal

Leisure

Map 29. Core Strategy Development map

Map 30. Land-use in project site

According to a construction manager of residential renewal (Interview, 5th July), the redevelopment will be completed

Residential is a major land-use in project area. Originally social housing estate was dominant, but new residential blocks

within 6 months. This redevelopment will accelerate the contrast between the new flats and surrounding social housing

are recently constructed. Northern and southern residential areas physically divided by the Regent’s Canal, and two

in terms of public lighting and urban design.

bridges connect them. Also, there is a lack of glossary shop as the majority is located in Kingsland Road which is 7 to 10 minutes away from project area.

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

CASE STUDY

SITE ANALYSIS

DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION

37


Traffic Flow : Day

Traffic Flow : Night

Queensbridge Road

Queensbridge Road

Laburnum Street

Laburnum Street

Whiston Road

Whiston Road

Thurtle Road

Thurtle Road

Kent Street

Kent Street

Bus stop

Bus stop

Boris Bike

Boris Bike

Major road (B road)

Major road (B road)

Minor road

Minor road

Side street

Side street

Map 31. Traffic flow in day time

Map 32. Traffic flow in night time

Comparing to day time, Whiston Road and Qeensbridge Road become a core traffic road for vehicles during night time.

38

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

CASE STUDY

SITE ANALYSIS

DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION


Pedestrian Flow : Day

Pedestrian Flow : Night

Pedestrian flow

Pedestrian flow

Activity nodes

Activity nodes

Map 33. Pedestrian flow and activity nodes in day time

Map 34. Pedestrian flow and activity nodes in night time

The Regent's Canal is used as a dominant activity node during night time. Also, pedestrian flows on footpaths within social housing estates start to decrease.

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

CASE STUDY

SITE ANALYSIS

DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION

39


4.3 Site Observation

Observation Anlysis : Day

1

2 5 Regent's Canal

7 Bridge Academy

Laburnum Boat Club

Kingsland Road

Haggerston Baths

5

3

4

11 10

9 6

Haggerston Park

12

© Crown copyright and database rights 2016 Ordnance Survey (Digimap Licence). FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY.

0

40

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

CASE STUDY

2016 03:38 in day time Map 35. ProjectJul site01,observation

Scale 1:2000 20

40

60

80

100

120

Projection: SITE BritishANALYSIS National Grid

140

160

180

200 m

DESIGN STRATEGY

Hyung Rae Cho UCL

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION


1

2

3

4

Figure 86.Playground of new residential flats

Figure 87. Playground of social housing

Figure 88. Boat Lane

Figure 89. Poorly-maintained footpath

Open space and playground in new residential areas attract more people by lowering fences and directing entrances towards the street.

In contrast, open spaces in social housing estates has inactive frontages and nobody was using the space.

Side streets in new residential areas are more pedestrianfriendly with shared road and active frontages.

In contrast, footpath in social housing estates is poorly designed and maintained.

5

6

7

8

Figure 90.Footpath of new residential flat

Figure 91. High fences in social housing

Figure 92. Pedestrianised bridge ion Haggerston Road

Figure 93. Canal Bridge on Kingsland Road

Street and semi-private space in new residential blocks, are clearly distinguished by lower fence height.

High fences (2 meters) in and around social housing create overly-defensive atmosphere.

There is a lack of attractive points on the bridge connecting northern and southern areas.

In contrast, the Bridge on Kingsland Road has more active and attractive design.

9

10

Figure 94. Public space in How's Street

Public space in unclear design near social housing

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

11

Figure 95. Un-used open space in social housing

Large greenery and open space in social housing, but remained to be unused.

CASE STUDY

12

Figure 96. Whiston Road

There is no pedestrian crossing in Whiston Road and it clearly reduces connectivity and mobility.

SITE ANALYSIS

DESIGN STRATEGY

Figure 97. Open space in Weymouth Terrace

Lack of sitting places in open space does attract people to come and stay.

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION

41


Observation Anlysis : Night

1

3 4

6

2 5 7 12

8

11

9

Height

10

4m

6m

10m

Colour White Warm Warm Blue Red White

Light LED Source

© Crown copyright and database rights 2016 Ordnance Survey (Digimap Licence). FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY.

0

42

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

CASE STUDY

40

60

80

100

HPS

Jul 01, 2016 03:38in night time Map 36. Project site observation

Scale 1:2000 20

LPS

120

Projection: SITE BritishANALYSIS National Grid

140

160

180

200 m

DESIGN STRATEGY

Hyung Rae Cho UCL

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION


1

2

3

4

Figure 98. Social housing in Haggerston Road

Figure 99. New residential flat in Laburnum Street

Figure 100. Dunston Road

Social housing of exterior corridor-access type creates a high level of light trespass by canopy lighting.

New residential block has more moderated public lighting strategy (LED indirect lighting).

Too many lightings on an intersection where no pedestrian and cars are passing, while there is no lighting on the entrance of the canal footpath.

5

6

7

Figure 102. Whiston Road in night

Figure 103. Laburnum Street in night

L a c k o f p e d e s t r i a n c ro s s i n g s o n W h i s t o n R o a d disconnects pedestrian flows.

Inactive frontages of industrial areas do not attract pedestrians.

9

10

Figure 106. Unclosed open space in Weymouth Terrace

Poorly-maintained public space in social housing estates

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

Figure 104. Pedestrian road on Whiston Road

Too narrow pedestrian road

Figure 107. Weymouth Terrace in night

CASE STUDY

The canal footpath is too dark beneath the bridge.

8

11

Overly-bright public lighting in social housing estates

Figure 101. Unsecured visibility on the Canal Footpath

Figure 105. Two street lightings in 1 meter

Poorly-designed and maintained street lightings on footpath

12

Figure 108. Lack of street lighting on footpath

Figure 109. Large open space in social housing estates

Lack of public lighting on footpath creates a high sense of separation between social housing and Kent Street.

Relatively well-organised lighting level on large open space

SITE ANALYSIS

DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION

43


4.4 Light Pollution Analysis Illumination Analysis (Lux / Horizontal)

2

2

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

3 3

1 1

44 6 6

Survey 1

5 5

7 7

9 8 9

8

Too Bright

Figure 110. Illumination analysis

Bright Moderated

Light Levels Outdoor (AutoDesk, nd)

Dark

Condition

Map 37. Illumination in project site

This illumination map based on measuring lux of public lighting clearly shows the inequality of brightness of residential blocks between newly developed flats and existing social housing.

44

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

CASE STUDY

SITE ANALYSIS

Lux

Full Daylight

10,752

Overcast Day

1,075

Very Dark Day

107

One footcandle

10.8

DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION


Light Trespass

Survey 1

Survey 2

Survey 1

Survey 2

Less

More Map 38. Light trespass in project site Figure 111. Light trespass analysis in Haggerston

This light trespass map made by based on the illumination map and different typology types indicate the inequality of light pollution between newly developed flats and social housing estates.

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

CASE STUDY

SITE ANALYSIS

DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION

45


Survey 1 New Residential Flats 9pm - 12pm. 5th July 2016, residents: 14, visitors: 3

Survey 2 Social Housing Estates 9pm - 12pm. 6th July 2016, residents: 15, visitors: 1

Q1. Do you usually feel this residential area is unsafe during night time, comparing to surrounding residential areas in central London?

Q1. Do you usually feel this residential area is unsafe during night time, comparing to surrounding residential areas in central London?

Residents :

Visitors : Unsafe

Residents :

Safe

Visitors : Unsafe

Q2. Have you ever had any uncomfortable experience of light indoor exposure by outdoor lighting (Light Trespass) during night time?

Q2. Have you ever had any uncomfortable experience of light indoor exposure by outdoor lighting (Light Trespass) during night time?

Residents :

Residents : Yes

No

Yes

Q3. What is a more important factor which makes you feel safer in the residential area during night time between Bright light and more people on the street? Residents :

Residents :

Social Interaction

Visitors : Brighter light

Q4. Do you prefer to do night activity, such as walking around, in the residential area having brighter lighting or more dimmed and moderated lighting? Residents :

Social Interaction

Q4. Do you prefer to do night activity, such as walking around, in the residential area having brighter lighting or more dimmed and moderated lighting?

Visitors : Brighter Lighting

No

Q3. What is a more important factor which makes you feel safer in the residential area during night time between Bright light and more people on the street?

Visitors : Brighter light

Residents :

Dimmed Lighting

Visitors : Brighter Lighting

Figure 112. Survey 1 in Haggerston, London

Dimmed Lighting

Figure 114. Survey 2 in Haggerston, London

Perceived Safety

Light Pollution (Trespass)

Factors for Safety

Factors for Social Interaction

Perceived Safety

Light Pollution (Trespass)

Factors for Safety

Factors for Social Interaction

47%

57%

58%

58%

37%

43%

68%

62%

Safe

Not experienced Light Pollution

Prefer to do social interaction in modereted light

Unsafe

Experienced Light Pollution

More eyes on the street is important

Figure 113. Summary of survey 1 in Haggerston, London 46

Safe

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

More eyes on the street is important

Prefer to do social interaction in modereted light

Figure 115. Summary of survey 2 in Haggerston, London CASE STUDY

SITE ANALYSIS

DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION


Social Interaction Analysis in different Shades of Night time

Lighting Comparison Analysis

Social housing

New residential block

6am

n

7th July 2016

Social Interaction

4.

Highest

Sh op clo sin g tim e

5. N igh t sh ift

Happy hour

midnight

7. E arly rise rs

8 . Da w

1 . D u sk

2. H a ppy hour ut ng o 3. Dini

6pm

Dusk

noon

6. After hours Lowest

1. Dusk

It is the extended time of day-time activities in public space. However social interaction in public open space including Haggerston Park or playgrounds start to decrease.

2. Happy hour

It is the shift time for night activity after work time, and also the closing time of greenery open space. However, night activities still happen in other public spaces which do not close, such as the Regent’s Canal.

3. Dining out

It is the peak time of social interaction in retail shops within project area or near Kingsland Road.

After hours

Figure 116. Social interaction analysis in different Shades of Night time

4. Shop closing time It is the closing time of glossaries, pubs, and other community facilities in project area. Figure 117. Lighting comparison analysis

5. Night shift

Social interaction starts to decrease as it is the general time that people mainly relax in home. Also, it is another going work time for night workers, such as cleaning crews and workers for emergency services.

Although there are diverse patterns of human activities based on the different shades of night time, it

6. After hours

It is the main hours for sleep. Only few night activities happen in Kingsland Road and the Regents’ Canal.

including lighting on exterior corridors and street lighting start to be turned on from dusk hours and

7. Early risers

It is the time that human activities start to increase as early risers wake up and go jogging in public space.

8. Dawn

Human activities increase as people start to wake up. Also, it is the time that schools start to open.

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

CASE STUDY

SITE ANALYSIS

seems that public lighting strategy in social housing does not follow them. For example, public lighting not to be dimmed through after hours which is the major time for sleep and the lowest time for social interaction.

DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION

47


4.5 Lighting Policy Analysis

Major objectives and goals 1. Highway safety for all road users and the wider community

2. Security

Recommendatinon for Public Lighting Deesign 3. Cost effectiveness

Light sources

• reduction in night time accidents

• personal safety

• whole life costs

• High-pressure sodium

• motorists

• crime against property, including

• reliability and maintenance of

• Ceramic discharge metal halide

• pedestrians

car crime

• cyclists

• reduction of vandalism

• the elderly

• increase the perception of safety

• disabled people

• assist the operation of CCTV

• children

equipment

5. Visual / environmental intrusion • day time appearance, improved

• location of equipment • specification of components • structural and electrical testing • disposal of redundant and / or obsolete equipment, including

• 8m or higher lighting needs to be

• Angle of street lighting shoud be

used on traffic routes.

• Lightemitting diodes (LED)\

• A minimum free gap of 1.2m

• energy efficiency

on pedestrian road should be

fully cut off between 70 to 90 degrees in order to minimise light pollution.

maintained.

6. Enhancement of the night time environment • areas of high night time activity

Switching & Dimming

Public Art

• T i m e s w i t c h e s a n d g r o u p

• The Council will endeavour

switching are not recommended

t o respo nd po sit iv e ly t o all

• Crime prevention

for general street lighting use.

reasonable requests for

• Environmental issues

• The dimming of streetlighting is

illuminated public art installations.

• Condition of existing equipment

aesthetics of equipment • night time appearance, better optical control • minimising light pollution, upward and spill light

lamps

7. Protection of the night time environment

not currently recommended in

• c o n s e r v a t i o n a r e a s , l i s t e d

• Economic regeneration .

Table 1. Major objectives and goals of lighting policy in the Borough of Hackney

Table 2. Recommendation for Public Lighting Design

Critique based on site analysis

Critique based on site analysis

surveillance led by increase of social interaction. • Also, it does not contain the specific strategies which resolve the social inequality of public lighting between newly developed flats and existing social housing.

LITERATURE REVIEWS

CASE STUDY

• Road safety

costs

safety.

issue as first priority, the focus is mainly on enhancing security by improving visibility rather than by improving natural

Improvement Schemes

• New capital and maintenance

the highly urban nature to ensure

buildings etc.

• Although it seems like that the major objectives and goals of lighting strategy set by the Borough of Hackney cover safety

INTRODUCTION

Light Pollution

installations

4. Electrical, structural and other safety issues

48

Columns

• On the contrary to the recommendation for light sources, a majority of street lighting in project area is still predominated by low-pressure sodium light, while LED lighting covers only newly developed flats. • There are existing street lightings over 8m in height in social housing estates, and this directly causes light trespass issue, while the majority in new residential blocks is designed as less than 4 - 5 meters. • Specific shield types of public lighting should be recommended or regulated by lighting policy. • Through further research on patterns of human activities in different night time, policies for dimming public lighting need be suggested. • For the Improvement Schemes of public lighting, light pollution and the inequality issue should be added as an important point which should be considered.

SITE ANALYSIS

DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION


Recommendation for Illumination (Lux) Main Roads

Minor Roads

• Category CE

• Category CE

• 7 . 5 - 5 0 l u x ( h o r i z o n t a l

• 7 . 5 - 5 0 l u x ( h o r i z o n t a l

illumination)

illumination)

Side Streets

Footpaths and Alleyways

• Category S

• Category S

• 15 - 2 lux (horizontal illumination)

• 15 - 2 lux (horizontal illumination

Table 3. Recommendation for Illumination

Critique based on site analysis • The result of illumination analysis shows that illumination of street lighting near new residential flats are satisfied to the recommended illumination range (CE) set by the Borough. However, the illumination on side streets or footpaths in and around social housing is overly-bright, as more lighting in social housing is installed for improving visibility and security.

Map 39. Recommended street illumination

Major road Minor road Side street Footpath

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

CASE STUDY

SITE ANALYSIS

DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION

49


4.6 Opportunities and Constraints Analysis Opportunity and Constraints Analysis

Opportunities Un-used building (Haggerston Baths) The canal footpath where has the highest level of social interaction during night time Open spaces in social housing estates which have huge potentials

Constraints Inactive frontage Lack of pedestrian crossings on Whiston Road which has 3 to 4 lanes High level of light trespass Too dark places which increase a sense of separation Un-used dead-end streets Defensive and high fences Open spaces which are poorly-maintained Too narrow street High dependency on only two groceries in project and surrounding areas Largely un-used green and open spaces during day and night time New residential blocks which have well-designed lighting and urban design, but can deepen the inequality of public lighting

Map 40. Opportunities and Constraints 50

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

CASE STUDY

SITE ANALYSIS

DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION


5.1 Design Framework Resolve Glare Issue

Fully Cut-off

Fully Shielded

Smart Lighting

Colours

Height

Energy saving

Astronomical Benefits

olv e Re s

Social inclusion

Light Pollution

Reduce Light Trespass

Improve Visibility

'Eyes on the street'

Pedestrianised Road

The major streets connecting activity nodes, focal points, canal walkway and public transport stations should be well-lit to improve wayfinding.

To promote social interaction in residential areas, improving visibility and creating active frontages based on light art installations are key factors.

Theory 1

Brightness

Shared Road

Pavement Material

Social Inequality of Public Lighting Enhancing Safety (Natural Surveillance)

Promote Social Interaction

Improving Sense of place

'Broken windows theory'

Create Focal point

Facilitating public transport, walking and cycling

Create Activity Nodes

Light Art Installation

Pedestrian Friendly Road

Street Furniture

Accessibility

Cooperate

Stimulating night time economy LITERATURE REVIEWS

Enhance Green Corridor

Active Frontage

Reinforcing cultural & social identity

Mixed Use

INTRODUCTION

Enhance Connectivity

Theory 2

5.0 SITE-SPECIFIC DESIGN STRATEGY

To dim public lighting in and around social housing estates, increasing the level of perceived safety is a core factor which must be achieved.

Diagram 15. Design Framework CASE STUDY

SITE ANALYSIS

DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION

51


5.2 Site-specific Design Strategy Major Objectives of Site-specific Design Strategy

New retail point in Haggerston

Light Art Installation and Active

Activity nodes and Focal point

Light Brightness of Blocks

Objective 1. Reducing Light Trespass

Objective 2. Enhancing Perceived Safety

Light Brightness of Streets

Bright

Bright Moderated Dark

Dark

Green corridor

Shared road

Mobility by Pedestrian crossing

Connectivity by Public Lighting

Objective 3. Improving Connecivity

Major Pedestrian Route

Too Bright

Site-specific design strategies base on the design framework have the three major

Diagram 16. Major Objectives of Site-specific Design Strategy

objectives as shown in the diagram. The objectives are formed in a hierarchy, as one objective is important to enable achieving other objectives. For example, improved connectivity would improve perceived safety in the project area, and this would support the public lighting strategy of reducing light pollution.

52

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

CASE STUDY

SITE ANALYSIS

DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION


Existing Block Brightness

Proposed Block Brightness (Happy hours)

Proposed Block Brightness (After hours) Aim

Reduce Light Trespass

Design Elements

Fully Shielded

Fully Cut-off

Smart Lighting

• To reduce light trespass, street lighting should be fully cut-off and the direction of lighting columns should be facing towards the opposite side from residential building facades. • Public lighting must be fully shielded to minimise the amount of direct glare and spill light. Too Bright

• Public lighting including street lighting needs to be automatically dimmed out

Bright

by circadian smart system during ‘After hours’.

Moderated Dark Map 41. Light brightness of blocks

Existing Street Brightness

Proposed Block Brightness (Happy hours)

Proposed Block Brightness (After hours) Aim

Improve Visibility

Design Elements

Colours

Height

Brightness

• Public lighting including street lighting on major roads, side streets and footpaths should be well-lit in order to improve visibility during night time. • Different colour temperatures need to be used based on characteristics of blocks. For example, exterior and surrounding lightings of Haggerston Baths can be warm white (3000k) to attract residents and visitors during ‘happy hours’, while it turns to be cool white (4000k) to promote residential calmness

Bright

of surrounding areas during ‘After hours’. • To prevent further light pollution, the height of street lightings located within residential blocks should be less than 6 meters.

Dark Map 42. Light brightness of streets

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

CASE STUDY

SITE ANALYSIS

DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION

53


Mobility by Pedestrian crossing

Green corridor Aim

Design Element

Aim

Street Furniture

Enhance Green Corridor

Design Elements

Accessibility

Enhance Connectivity

Street Furniture

• To improve mobility and legibility within the project area

• Zebra pedestrian crossings should be installed in

during night time, creating green corridors need to be

Whiston Road in order to improve connectivity between

recommended.

northern and southern residential communities.

• Also, this strategy can enhance connectivity between social housing and new residential flats.

Map 43. Green corridor

Map 44. Mobility by Pedestrian crossing

Shared road

Connectivity by Public Lighting Aim

Dunston Road

Denne Terrace

Pedestrian Friendly Road

Haggerston Road

Design Elements

Pedestrianised Road

Shared Road

Aims

Pavement Material

Improve Visibility

Design Element

Enhance Connectivity

Brightness

• Shared Road which prioritising pedestrians and

• New public lightings must be installed in the three

cyclists by distinguishable pavement materials needs

places where are overly-dark during night time in order

to be installed in the streets having the lowest traffic

to enhance perceived safety of people by improving

volume.

visibility.

• The shared road can improve connectivity between Kent Sreet

communities by increasing pedestrian volume.

Map 45. Shared road

54

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

Map 46. Connectivity by public lighting

CASE STUDY

SITE ANALYSIS

DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION


Activity nodes and Focal point

Light Art Installation and Active frontage Aims

Create Focal point

Design Elements

Create Activity Nodes

Active Frontage

Aims

Light Art Installation

Create Focal point

Design Elements

Create Activity Nodes

Active Frontage

Light Art Installation

• Continuous active frontages through the whole area

• Light art needs to be installed in the three unused

need to be implemented in order to connect activity

or inactive public spaces in order to increase social

nodes and focal point.

interaction.

Map 47. Activity nodes and Focal point

Map 48. Light Art Installation and Active frontage

New retail point in Haggerston Baths

Major Pedestrian Route Aim

Create Focal point

Design Element

Aims

Mixed Use

Pedestrian Friendly Road

Design Elements

Enhance Connectivity

Brightness

Light Art Installation

Active Frontage

Accessibility

• Redevelopment of Haggerston Baths for the leisure land-use needs to be suggested to reinforce the

• Promoting pedestrian-friendly road by public lighting

identity of it and project area.

and urban design strategy can enhance connectivity

• However, the redevelopment should be suggested

between northern and southern parts in project area.

to have retail and glossary shops on ground floors in

By doing so, it can provide safer and faster wayfinding

order to resolve the problem of lack of retail within the

towards Haggerston and Hoxton Overground Stations

area.

to people during night time.

Map 49. New retail point in Haggerston Baths

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

Map 50. Major Pedestrian Route

CASE STUDY

SITE ANALYSIS

DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION

55


6.0 PROPOSAL

6.1 Lighting Masterplan

Height 4m

6m

10m

Colour White Warm Warm Blue Red White

Light LED Source

LPS

HPS

This map shows proposed location, height, colour and light source of public lighting. In order to reduce light trespass, street lighting in residential blocks must be LED lighting. It also recommends LED lighting for street lighting on major or side roads, but high-pressure sodium lighting can be an alternative option. © Crown copyright and database rights 2016 Ordnance Survey (Digimap Licence). FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY.

0

56

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

Jul 01,Map 201651. 03:38 Lighting

Scale 1:2000 20

CASE STUDY

40

60

80

100

120

140

Projection: British SITE National Grid ANALYSIS

160

180

200 m

Hyung Rae Cho UCL

DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION

Masterplan


Cut-off Direction of Public Lighting

The direction of street lighting should be facing the opposite side from residential blocks whenever possible. Map 52. Cut-off Direction of Public Lighting

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

CASE STUDY

SITE ANALYSIS

DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION

57


6.2 Site-specific Design 1 Section : Existing

3m 3m 3m 3m 3m Figure 118. Existing section of site-specific design 1

Section : Proposed View - A, B

3m 3m 3m 3m 3m

Shared road

Map 53. Site-specific Design 1

Problem

4m

5m

3m

10m

3m

5m

12m

4m

So ge

ad

ro

sta

nd

ou gr

sin

ou

an

tri

d

lay

oa

lh

es

cr

cia

d Pe

ffi

lp

d

te

te

sp

sta

en

op

ge

ad

ro

te

ad

ro

sin

an

oa

cr

tri

ra

ffi

nt

Tra

Ce

Tra

es

ou

a riv

lh

i-p

cia

d Pe

So

m

an

tri

lighting in the estates is not fully shielded, and so it causes light trespass to residential flats.

12m

Se

es

generate the most direct cause for light trespass, as it emits the wider range of spill light. Another problem is that street

d Pe

The current type of canopy lighting on exterior corridors in Social housing estates is drop-lens lighting. This type can

4m

e

ac

Suggestion

Figure 119. Proposed section of site-specific design 1

Therefore, this proposal suggests that LED light under the hand-rail of exterior corridors should be installed, as it directly lights downwards corridor floors so that the issue of light trespass can be minimised. Moreover, motion sensor lighting system is suggested for this lighting system, which can automatically dim out slightly when nobody is passing the spot. Another suggestion is that LED indirect lighting should be installed instead of the existing low-pressure sodium and not fully shielded lighting. This lighting can minimise emitting glare and spill light, while it improves visibility.

58

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

CASE STUDY

Figure 120. LED Hand-rail lighting

Figure 121. LED Indirect street lighting

(Source: S3i Group)

(Source: Lightseeker)

SITE ANALYSIS

DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION


View - A : Existing

View - B : Existing

Figure 122. View A: Existing

View - A : Proposed

Figure 124. View B: Existing

View - B : Proposed

Figure 123. View A: Proposed

Fully Shielded

Fully Cut-off

INTRODUCTION

Smart Lighting

Fully Shielded

Brightness

LITERATURE REVIEWS

Figure 125. View B: Proposed

CASE STUDY

SITE ANALYSIS

Fully Cut-off

Smart Lighting

DESIGN STRATEGY

Brightness

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION

59


6.3 Site-specific Design 2 Section : Existing

3m 3m 3m 3m

Figure 126. Existing section of site-specific design 2

View - D

Section : Proposed

View - C

3m 3m 3m 3m

Light Art Installation Glossary

Map 54. Site-specific Design 2

Problem

5m

27m

6.5m

10m

7m

5m

Tall street lightings (approximately 10m) within social housing estates bring about a high level of light pollution. Also, as

Therefore, to resolve light pollution and improve connectivity, this project suggests that LED indirect street lighting and LED wall lighting should be installed in the open space and footpath. Also, the height of LED indirect street lighting must be regulated less than 6 meters.

Figure 128. Wall Lighting Figure 129. LED indirect street lighting (Source: Johnlewis)

60

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

CASE STUDY

SITE ANALYSIS

(Source: Lightseeker)

DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION

ad

ad ro

Figure 127. Proposed section of site-specific design 2

Suggestion

ro

ian

str

c ffi

Tra

de Pe

ing

ce pa

ns

e op

n de ar

s ou

G te

lh cia So

iva

lic

energy consumed, energy efficiency issue can be seen as another issue.

ub i-P

ad ro

dark during night time. Moreover, as the light source is low-pressure sodium which producing more light per watt of

Pr

m Se

ian

str

de Pe

there is no street lighting in the footpath connecting semi-public open space and traffic road, the footpath turns to be


View - C : Existing

View - D : Existing

Figure 130. View C: Existing

View - C : Proposed

Figure 132. View D: Existing

View - D : Proposed

Figure 131. View C: Proposed

Height

Brightness

INTRODUCTION

Fully Shielded

Fully Cut-off

LITERATURE REVIEWS

Figure 133. View D: Proposed

Brightness

CASE STUDY

SITE ANALYSIS

Fully Shielded

Accessibility

DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION

61


6.4 Site-specific Design 3 View - E : Existing

View - E

View - F

View - G

Figure 134. View E: Existing

View - E : Proposed

Shared road Glossary & Retail Active frontage Light Art Installation

Map 55. Site-specific Design 3

Problem As the entrance of the Regent’s Canal and beneath part of the pedestrian bridge are significantly dark, it does not fully attract people during night time. Also, it can be seen that visibility on the canal footpath is significantly low. Moreover, the inactive design and asphalt pavement material of the bridge do not visually provide pedestrian-friendly environment to people during night time.

Suggestion Therefore, this project suggests that LED wall and ground lighting should be installed in the entrance of the Regent’s Canal and the beneath of the pedestrian bridge in order to increase sense of safety by improving visibility. Also, glassed material with moderated LED hand-rail lighting for the bridge wall is recommended in order to secure visibility and Figure 135. View E: Proposed

improve aesthetics. Moreover, to deliver eidetic sense for the pedestrianised road, the remained asphalt road should be changed to bright coloured tiles. Additionally, light art wall needs to be installed to improve utilization of the bridge by attracting people during night time.

62

INTRODUCTION

Colours

LITERATURE REVIEWS

CASE STUDY

SITE ANALYSIS

Brightness

Accessibility

DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION


View - F : Existing

View - G : Existing

Figure 136. View F: Existing

View - F : Proposed

Figure 138. View G: Existing

View - G : Proposed

Figure 137. View F: Proposed

Light Art Installation

Pedestrianised Road

INTRODUCTION

Shared Road

Pavement Material

Active Frontage

LITERATURE REVIEWS

Figure 139. View G: Proposed

Light Art Installation

CASE STUDY

SITE ANALYSIS

Pedestrianised Road

Shared Road

DESIGN STRATEGY

Pavement Material

Active Frontage

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION

63


6.5 Site-specific Design 4 View - H : Existing

View - H

View - J View - I

Figure 140. View H: Existing

View - H : Proposed

Shared road Glossary & Retail Active frontage Light Art Installation

Map 56. Site-specific Design 4

Problem Although industrial blocks and Haggerston Baths are situated in a central location of the area, facades of the buildings are inactive and poorly maintained. Also, pavement in Swimmers Lane beside Haggerston Baths is poorly-designed as there are four different lanes of pedestrian routes on the footpath.

Suggestion Therefore, this project suggests that light art walls should be installed along to the facades of industrial buildings in order to make this place more vibrant. It also suggests that Haggerston Baths should have glossary and retail shops on ground floor when regenerated, as active frontages with green walls can transform Swimmers Lane to be a core public space Figure 141. View H: Proposed

connecting communities to the Regents’ Canal. At the same time, it can resolve the issue which is the lack of glossary and retail shops in project area. Furthermore, pavement on Swimmers Lane needs to be covered by a unified brightcoloured material. Moreover, zebra pedestrian crossings on Whiston Road should be installed to improve connectivity and safety.

64

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

CASE STUDY

Light Art Installation

SITE ANALYSIS

Brightness

Active Frontage

DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION


View - J : Existing

View - I : Existing

Figure 142. View I: Existing

Figure 144. View J: Existing

View - J : Proposed

View - I : Proposed

Figure 143. View I: Proposed

Mixed Use

Accessibility

INTRODUCTION

Brightness

Figure 145. View J: Proposed

Mixed Use

LITERATURE REVIEWS

CASE STUDY

SITE ANALYSIS

Accessibility

Brightness

DESIGN STRATEGY

Colours

Street Furniture

Pedestrianised Road

PROPOSAL

Pavement Material

CONCLUSION

65


6.6 Site-specific Design 5 View - K : Existing

View - K Figure 146. View K: Existing

View - K : Proposed

Shared road Glossary & Retail Light Art Installation

Map 57. Site-specific Design 5

Problem The current footpath connecting social housing estates and Kent Road is significantly dark during night time as there is no street lighting. In this respect, pedestrians rely on only the light emitted from exterior corridor lightings of social housing. This darkness on the street makes this residential blocks more isolated. Also, semi-public open space within social housing blocks is largely unused during day and night time as they are surrounded by 2 meters fences. Moreover, this open space is lit by only few street lighting of 12 meters, and this creates some very dark places in the area which can be exposed by crime.

Suggestion Therefore, it proposes that LED indirect street lighting must be installed in the footpath in order to improve connectivity by enhancing visibility. Also, the overly-defensive fences surrounding the open space should be lowered with clear location

Figure 147. View K: Proposed

of entrances. At the same time, light art installations can improve utilization of the open space as it provides more things to enjoy during ‘Happy hours’. Moreover, to improve visibility and to reduce light trespass, LED indirect street lighting (6

Height

meters) should be installed in the open space.

66

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

CASE STUDY

SITE ANALYSIS

Brightness

Fully Shielded

DESIGN STRATEGY

Fully Cut-off

Accessibility

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION


Section : Existing

3m 3m 3m 3m 3m Figure 150. Light Interactive Playground, Singapore

Figure 148. Existing section of site-specific design 5

(Source: Trade Link Media)

Section : Proposed

3m 3m 3m 3m 3m Figure 151. Light Swing Installation

8m

4m

3m

12m

1.5m

37m

1.5m

(Source: Creative Boys Club)

14m

ian

str

ith

ew

c pa

s en op

ad ro

ith

ew

c pa

s en op

ith

ew

c pa

s en op

ad ro

lic ub i-p

m Se

de Pe

ian

str

lic ub i-p

m Se

de Pe

lic ub i-p

m Se n de

ar

g te

ad ro

ing

s ou

ian

str

iva

Pr

de Pe

lh cia So

ce

fen

ce

fen

ce

fen Figure 149. Proposed section of site-specific design 5

Light Art Installation

Brightness

INTRODUCTION

Accessibility

Brightness

Colours

LITERATURE REVIEWS

Street Furniture

CASE STUDY

SITE ANALYSIS

DESIGN STRATEGY

PROPOSAL

CONCLUSION

67


7.1 Delivery Social Strategy and Delivery process

DT

PSG

Sustainability Advice & Trade-Offs

Engaging stakeholders in design and decision making processes Understanding diverse stakeholders

DT

7.0 CONCLUSION

Understanding the place for lighting

DT

Design and Development

Exploration

PSG

DT

Opportunity Identification

Ensuring an equal access to public lighting

PSG

DT

Detailed Design Implementation

Detailed Design

Emphasizing potential value of public lighitng redevelopment

DT

PSG

DT

PSG

Monitoring

PSG

Sharing knowledge

Sustainability Performance Advice

Project Sustainability Group (PSG) Diagram 16. Delivery Process and Social Strategy (VivaCity2020, nd)

Local authority

Developers

Financiers / Investors

Communities & Residents

As the diagram shows, social strategies from literature review section will be applied in different stages of the urban design decision-making process in order to support design strategies.

Development Team (DT)

68

INTRODUCTION

Lighting Designer

Lighting Engineering Team

Urban Design Team

Planners

Developers

Financiers / Investors

Landowners

Architects

LITERATURE REVIEWS

FRAMEWORK

CASE STUDY

PROPOSAL STRATEGY

APPLICATION

CONCLUSION


Phasing

Residential Renewal

Short Term

Mid Term

Long Term

(1 year)

(2 - 3 years)

(3 - 5 years)

Pedestrian Crossing

Shared Road

Phase 1.

Phase 1

Redevelopment of new residential flats is supposed to be completed within a year. Pedestrian crossings and shared road can be implemented in short-term period.

Social Housing Lighting

Street Lighting

Phase 2

Phase 2. After examination and preparation period, public lighting in social housing estates and street lighting in project area can start to be implemented.

Active Frontage

Green Corridor

Light Art Installation

Phase 3

Phase 3. New urban design developments including street furniture, green corridors, active facades will be implemented with light art installation at central activity nodes and focal point.

Haggerston Baths Regeneration

Phase 4

Phase 4. At phase 4, Haggerston Baths start for redevelopment having new retail and glossary shops on ground floor.

Table 4. Proposal phasing

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

FRAMEWORK

CASE STUDY

PROPOSAL STRATEGY

APPLICATION

CONCLUSION

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7.2 Evaluation SWOT Analysis

Strengths

Public Lighting Design Strategy

Urban Design Strategy

• Reduction of light pollution including light trespass in social housing by proposed corridor lighting and public lighting • Reduces the inequality of public lighting between newly developed flats and social housing estates • Improves connectivity between residential communities by enhancing visibility and legibility in side streets and footpaths • Promotes diversity of darkness which can improve sense of place • Promotes more social interaction in open spaces during night time by creating light art installations • Enhances aesthetics of project area • Improves perceived safety in project area by enhancing natural surveillance on streets • Promotes night activities by delivering more pedestrian-friendly design and improving wayfinding • Increase of utilization of the unused open spaces by improving fence design of social housing estates • Reduces car accidents and improve mobility by installation of zebra pedestrian

Weaknesses

• Initial costs for new or improvement scheme of public lighting might be a huge burden • Limited to improve connectivity to the western part from the project site

• Urban design strategy itself might not provide huge benefits to further southern residential areas

Opportunities

Threats

• The successful case of this project can have a positive influence on surrounding areas as a ripple effect in Proposed light source, LED or Highpressure sodium, based on smart lighting system can bring about more energy saving in long-term • Generates astronomical benefits by reducing sky glow issue • Public art installations in diverse open spaces can reinforce improving unique social and cultural identity of the area • Well-lit streets can facilitate utilization of public transport during night-time

• Improvement in public lighting and urban design in only this area might result in another inequality between project area and surrounding areas

• Retail and glossary shops in Haggerston Baths can stimulate local night economy more

• Increase of visitors may lead to noise pollution during night time • Redevelopment of Haggerston Baths might take longer time than other developments for design strategies • Enhanced built environment design might result in gentrification issue in the area

crossing • Resolves the high-dependency on only one retail spot in the area by creating new retail and glossary shops in Haggerston Baths

Table 5. SWOT analysis

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INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

FRAMEWORK

CASE STUDY

PROPOSAL STRATEGY

APPLICATION

CONCLUSION


Comparison Analysis : Existing

Winner and Loser Analysis : Existing

Figure 152. Comparison Analysis : Existing

Figure 154. Winner and Loser Analysis : Existing

Comparison Analysis : Proposal

Winner and Loser Analysis : Proposal

Figure 153. Comparison Analysis : Proposal INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

FRAMEWORK

Figure 155. Winner and Loser Analysis : Proposal CASE STUDY

PROPOSAL STRATEGY

APPLICATION

CONCLUSION

71


7.3 Summary of Project

7.4 Limitations and Recommendations for Further Research

Through the analysis of literature review part 1, literature review part 2 explains that the issues of visibility,

It also might be said that this project also has several limitations as followings:.

wayfinding, safety and social interaction can potentially arise when light pollution is addressed by only dimming lighting strategy. Therefore, to reinforce public lighting strategy, it accepts the concept of

• The issue that low-income residential areas have brighter lighting and affluent areas have more

CPTED, which is a part of urban design strategy, based on the two theories of ‘eyes on the street’ and

dimmed lighting may not be same in less developed or developing countries which have different

‘broken windows theory’. In this respect, this literature review part explains diverse strategies of public

cultural understandings or different priorities in public lighting strategy. Therefore, the introduced

lighting and urban design as well as social strategy which can reinforce the design strategies.

design strategies in this project needs be examined and revised based on the analysis of the site where will be applied.

Major points for the inequality issue and inter-disciplinary design strategies are tested in three residential areas having different characteristics. The tests based on survey, observation and spatial analysis

• As this project mainly covers design aspects of public lighting, technical or engineering aspects in

proves that residents are more exposed from light trespass in social housing estates rather than affluent

depth need to be further investigated in order to deliver effective solution.

residential flats. Moreover, it clearly indicates that the level of social interaction and perceived safety in residential area is hugely influenced by urban design factors including active frontage. The conceptual framework based on the inter-disciplinary approach is further developed to the design framework, by analysing opportunities and constraints of project site, Haggerston where has a significant contrast between newly developed flats and existing social housing estates in terms of light pollution. The developed design framework is set to achieve the three fundamental objectives: firstly, minimising light trespass by public lighting design, secondly, securing visibility in the street by public lighting and urban design, and lastly, improving perceived safety through promoting social interaction during night time by public lighting and urban design. Additionally, public lighting and urban design factors can lead to improvement of connectivity and sense of place in the area. Therefore, the proposal based on the design framework resolves the social inequality of public lighting between newly developed flats and existing social housing in Haggerston by reducing light pollution. Reduced light pollution would bring about economic and environmental benefits by saving more energy and reducing sky glow. Moreover. Resolved the social inequality of public lighting can result in strong social inclusion in Haggerston. In addition, improved perceived safety and social interaction would facilitate public transport and reinforce the identity of the project site, and it would stimulate its local economy as well.

72

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

FRAMEWORK

CASE STUDY

PROPOSAL STRATEGY

APPLICATION

CONCLUSION


INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEWS

FRAMEWORK

CASE STUDY

PROPOSAL STRATEGY

APPLICATION

CONCLUSION

73


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Appendix : Risk Assessment

RISK ASSESSMENT FORM FIELD / LOCATION WORK

EQUIPMENT

The Approved Code of Practice - Management of Fieldwork should be referred to when completing this form http://www.ucl.ac.uk/estates/safetynet/guidance/fieldwork/acop.pdf

e.g. clothing, outboard motors.

If ‘No’ move to next hazard If ‘Yes’ use space below to identify and assess any risks Examples of risk: inappropriate, failure, insufficient training to use or repair, injury. Is the risk high / medium / low ?

CONTROL MEASURES

Indicate which procedures are in place to control the identified risk

Is equipment used?

No

DEPARTMENT/SECTION THE BARTLETT SCHOOL OF PLANNING LOCATION(S) BLOOMSBURY AND HAGGERSTON, LONDON PERSONS COVERED BY THE RISK ASSESSMENT Hyung Rae Cho BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIELDWORK Site visit analysing the sites, observing neighbourhoods, taking pictures, measuring illumination of public lighting, surveying and interviewing Consider, in turn, each hazard (white on black). If NO hazard exists select NO and move to next hazard section. If a hazard does exist select YES and assess the risks that could arise from that hazard in the risk assessment box. Where risks are identified that are not adequately controlled they must be brought to the attention of your Departmental Management who should put temporary control measures in place or stop the work. Detail such risks in the final section. ENVIRONMENT e.g. location, climate, terrain, neighbourhood, in outside organizations, pollution, animals.

CONTROL MEASURES

The environment always represents a safety hazard. Use space below to identify and assess any risks associated with this hazard Examples of risk: adverse weather, illness, hypothermia, assault, getting lost. Is the risk high / medium / low ? Adverse whether is low risk Assault is high risk Getting lost is low risk Indicate which procedures are in place to control the identified risk

work abroad incorporates Foreign Office advice participants have been trained and given all necessary information only accredited centres are used for rural field work participants will wear appropriate clothing and footwear for the specified environment trained leaders accompany the trip refuge is available work in outside organisations is subject to their having satisfactory H&S procedures in place OTHER CONTROL MEASURES: please specify any other control measures you have implemented:

EMERGENCIES e.g. fire, accidents

the departmental written Arrangement for equipment is followed participants have been provided with any necessary equipment appropriate for the work all equipment has been inspected, before issue, by a competent person all users have been advised of correct use special equipment is only issued to persons trained in its use by a competent person OTHER CONTROL MEASURES: please specify any other control measures you have implemented:

LONE WORKING

Is lone working a possibility?

e.g. alone or in isolation lone interviews.

If ‘No’ move to next hazard If ‘Yes’ use space below to identify and assess any risks Examples of risk: difficult to summon help. Is the risk high / medium / low? Yes

Where emergencies may arise use space below to identify and assess any risks Examples of risk: loss of property, loss of life

Loss of property CONTROL MEASURES

CONTROL MEASURES

Indicate which procedures are in place to control the identified risk

participants have registered with LOCATE at http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/ fire fighting equipment is carried on the trip and participants know how to use it contact numbers for emergency services are known to all participants participants have means of contacting emergency services participants have been trained and given all necessary information a plan for rescue has been formulated, all parties understand the procedure the plan for rescue /emergency has a reciprocal element OTHER CONTROL MEASURES: please specify any other control measures you have implemented:

FIELDWORK

1

May 2010

Indicate which procedures are in place to control the identified risk

the departmental written Arrangement for lone/out of hours working for field work is followed lone or isolated working is not allowed location, route and expected time of return of lone workers is logged daily before work commences all workers have the means of raising an alarm in the event of an emergency, e.g. phone, flare, whistle all workers are fully familiar with emergency procedures OTHER CONTROL MEASURES: please specify any other control measures you have implemented:

FIELDWORK

2

May 2010

77


ILL HEALTH

The possibility of ill health always represents a safety hazard. Use space below to identify and assess any risks associated with this Hazard. Examples of risk: injury, asthma, allergies. Is the risk high / medium / low?

e.g. accident, illness, personal attack, special personal considerations or vulnerabilities.

If ‘No’ move to next hazard If ‘Yes’ use space below to identify and assess any risks Examples of risk: drowning, malaria, hepatitis A, parasites. Is the risk high / medium / low? No

Indicate which procedures are in place to control the identified risk

an appropriate number of trained first-aiders and first aid kits are present on the field trip all participants have had the necessary inoculations/ carry appropriate prophylactics participants have been advised of the physical demands of the trip and are deemed to be physically suited participants have been adequate advice on harmful plants, animals and substances they may encounter participants who require medication have advised the leader of this and carry sufficient medication for their needs OTHER CONTROL MEASURES: please specify any other control measures you have implemented:

TRANSPORT

Will transport be NO Move to next hazard required YES Use space below to identify and assess any risks Examples of risk: accidents arising from lack of maintenance, suitability or training Is the risk high / medium / low?

e.g. hired vehicles

CONTROL MEASURES

CONTROL MEASURES

Indicate which procedures are in place to control the identified risk

lone working on or near water will not be allowed coastguard information is understood; all work takes place outside those times when tides could prove a threat all participants are competent swimmers participants always wear adequate protective equipment, e.g. buoyancy aids, wellingtons boat is operated by a competent person all boats are equipped with an alternative means of propulsion e.g. oars participants have received any appropriate inoculations OTHER CONTROL MEASURES: please specify any other control measures you have implemented:

Indicate which procedures are in place to control the identified risk

only public transport will be used the vehicle will be hired from a reputable supplier transport must be properly maintained in compliance with relevant national regulations drivers comply with UCL Policy on Drivers http://www.ucl.ac.uk/hr/docs/college_drivers.php drivers have been trained and hold the appropriate licence there will be more than one driver to prevent driver/operator fatigue, and there will be adequate rest periods sufficient spare parts carried to meet foreseeable emergencies OTHER CONTROL MEASURES: please specify any other control measures you have implemented:

DEALING WITH THE PUBLIC

Will people be dealing with public

If ‘No’ move to next hazard If ‘Yes’ use space below to identify and assess any risks Examples of risk: personal attack, causing offence, being misinterpreted. Is the risk high / medium / low? Personal attack is low risk Causing offence is low risk Indicate which procedures are in place to control the identified risk

e.g. interviews, observing

CONTROL MEASURES

3

MANUAL HANDLING (MH) e.g. lifting, carrying, moving large or heavy equipment, physical unsuitability for the task.

Do MH activities take place?

If ‘No’ move to next hazard If ‘Yes’ use space below to identify and assess any risks Examples of risk: strain, cuts, broken bones. Is the risk high / medium / low? No

Yes

all participants are trained in interviewing techniques interviews are contracted out to a third party advice and support from local groups has been sought participants do not wear clothes that might cause offence or attract unwanted attention interviews are conducted at neutral locations or where neither party could be at risk OTHER CONTROL MEASURES: please specify any other control measures you have implemented:

78

Will people work on or near water?

e.g. rivers, marshland, sea.

CONTROL MEASURES

FIELDWORK

WORKING ON OR NEAR WATER

May 2010

CONTROL MEASURES

Indicate which procedures are in place to control the identified risk

the departmental written Arrangement for MH is followed the supervisor has attended a MH risk assessment course all tasks are within reasonable limits, persons physically unsuited to the MH task are prohibited from such activities all persons performing MH tasks are adequately trained equipment components will be assembled on site any MH task outside the competence of staff will be done by contractors OTHER CONTROL MEASURES: please specify any other control measures you have implemented:

FIELDWORK

4

May 2010


SUBSTANCES

e.g. plants, chemical, biohazard, waste

Will participants If ‘No’ move to next hazard No work with If ‘Yes’ use space below to identify and assess any substances risks Examples of risk: ill health - poisoning, infection, illness, burns, cuts. Is the risk high / medium / low?

CONTROL MEASURES

Indicate which procedures are in place to control the identified risk

the departmental written Arrangements for dealing with hazardous substances and waste are followed all participants are given information, training and protective equipment for hazardous substances they may encounter participants who have allergies have advised the leader of this and carry sufficient medication for their needs waste is disposed of in a responsible manner suitable containers are provided for hazardous waste OTHER CONTROL MEASURES: please specify any other control measures you have implemented:

OTHER HAZARDS

Have you identified any other hazards?

i.e. any other hazards must be noted and assessed here.

Hazard:

CONTROL MEASURES

Give details of control measures in place to control the identified risks

No

If ‘No’ move to next section If ‘Yes’ use space below to identify and assess any risks

Risk: is the risk

Have you identified any risks that are not adequately controlled?

NO YES

Move to Declaration Use space below to identify the risk and what action was taken

Is this project subject to the UCL requirements on the ethics of Non-NHS Human Research? If yes, please state your Project ID Number For more information, please refer to: http://ethics.grad.ucl.ac.uk/ The work will be reassessed whenever there is a significant change and at least annually. Those participating in the work have read the assessment. Select the appropriate statement: I the undersigned have assessed the activity and associated risks and declare that there is no significant residual risk I the undersigned have assessed the activity and associated risks and declare that the risk will be controlled by the method(s) listed above

DECLARATION

NAME OF SUPERVISOR Professor Peter Rees

SIGNATURE OF SUPERVISOR FIELDWORK

5

DATE

05/09/2016 May 2010

79



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