IaaC bits 2.4.1

Implementing Advanced Knowledge

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2 .4.1 Bio-Architecture IAAC - Research

Bio-Architecture:

Research and Development towards a Sustainable Urban Habitat The Self-Sufficiency Agenda developed in IaaC establishes the responsibility to confront the process of global urbanization from a multi-scalar and operatio­nal perspective, as well as through the develop­ment of prototypes that promote environmen­tal, economic and social sustainability.

IaaC feels that we must ask more of architecture: we as archi­tects should be required to design inhabitable organisms that are capable of developing functions and integrating the processes of the natural world that formerly took place at a distance, in otherpoints of the surrounding te­rritory. It is necessary to generate complex knowledge linked to a multi-layered reading of realities that have traditionally been thought of as separate, such as energy manipulation, nature, urban mobility, dwellings, systems of production and fabrication, the development of software, information networks, etc. This opens up the possibility of generating new prototypes, capable of engaging with complex and changing environments.

To this extent IaaC develops a series of projects related to the concept of Bio-Architecture. In particular recent research developed in IaaC has given way to 2 projects of interest: the first is the Bio Ceramic System [BCS], developed by Iker Luna, under Luis Fraguada, inside the Open Thesis Fabrication program, in the research line of Smart Urban Elements; the second is the Bio Photovoltaic Panel developed by Apostolos Marios Mouzakopoulos, Pablo Marcet, Aswini Mani and Akanksha Kargwal, under Claudia Pasquero and Carmelo Zapulla, during the Masters in Advanced Architecture, in the When energy Becomes Form Introductory Studio. Both projects place sustainability in the centre of their agenda, underlining the potentials of Bio Architecture in the generation of a sustainable Habitat.

[BCS] Bio Ceramic System

This research describes a studio experiment developed with the aim of exploring the bio receptivity of ceramics taking advantage of the porosity of the material that allows it to retain water and using natural fibers as complement elements to benefits other properties.

It is known that species like moss and other organisms have the capacity to grow in diverse typologies of surfaces, in particular surfaces with high levels of moisture and acceptable pH levels. Ceramics, such as roof tiles, become suitable places for the reproduction of this organism, providing even Cover - Bio Ceramic System Figure 1 - Bio Ceramic System analysis 2

more benefit to the material performance in terms of thermal and acoustic parameters, not to mention, photosynthetic organisms help to improve air quality, and to alleviate urban heat island effects.

It is important to understand that materials suffer different physical changes depending on the environment and climate conditions. Moss and other plants can also be responsible for increasing the moisture levels and, with temperature rise; water can significantly damage a normal ceramic piece.

Testing Material Phase 1 [TM1] A first phase of research was dedicated to a comprehensive framework on previous work in ceramic fields taking in account components to test different levels of porosity and roughness. By nature of its microstructure, traditional ceramic material can function as a buffer for both heat and moisture. The use of bentonite white clay was chosen as it has been proven that the material offers an equilibrium moisture content of 13 percent under 50 percent standard humidity conditions, whereas the equilibrium moisture content of kaolinite under the same conditions is only 0.7 percent.

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Introducing porosity into any material will improve the thermal insulating characteristics (decreasing the conductivity) of the material. Porous materials consist in a solid matrix containing gas within the pores. Their good insulation properties are achieved due to the reduced thermal conductivity in gases, in comparison with solids or liquids. Pine sawdust was therefore incorporated in different proportions, as well as chamotte to produce a rough finish helping the growing process.

Moss growing acceleration [MGA]

Botanically speaking, mosses are non-vascular plants in the land plant division Bryophyta. They are small (normally a few centimeters tall) herbaceous (non- woody) plants that absorb water and nutrients mainly through their leaves and harvest sunlight to create food through a process of photosynthesis. They differ from vascular plants in their lack of water bearing xylem tracheids or vessels. As in liverworts and hornworts, the haploid gametophyte generation is the dominant phase of the life cycle. This contrasts with the pattern in all vascular plants (seed plants and pteridophytes), where the diploid sporophyte generation is dominant. Mosses reproduce using spores, not seeds and have no flowers.

Since moss gametophytes have no vascular system to transport water, through the plant or waterproofing systems to prevent tissue water from evaporating they must have a damp environment in which to grow, and a surrounding of liquid water to reproduce. They also require enough sunlight to conduct photosynthesis being autotrophic. Shade tolerance varies by species, as it does with taller plants. In most areas, mosses grow chiefly in damp shady areas, such as wooded areas and at the edges of streams; but they can grow anywhere in cool damp cloudy climates. Some species are also adapted to sunny, seasonally dry areas like alpine rocks or stabilized sand dunes. Since life cycle moss can take couple of months to stabilize, the method chosen was of mixing different components in order to accelerate the growth.

Near infrared/ Normalized Difference Vegetation Index [NIR/NDVI] In order to analyze the bio receptibility of the BCS the NIR NIR and NDVI technology was used to see and detect first evidence of living moss in the ceramics. This allows observing which samples are more suitable for growing the photosynthetic organism in controlled conditions. This process was developed using a modified digital camera, in this case the Canon A810, by replacing the original filter from the lens and adding a specific blue filter1.

This new filter captures near-infrared and blue light in the same image, but Figure 2 -Bio Ceramic System Studies

in different color channels. Images are processed with a code1 designed in Studio R, a language designed for processing images and Quantum Gis a open source geographic information system.

Once the multispectral photograph of the materials is taken, it is possible to post-process the images, compositing the infrared and visible data to generate new images which display the healthy moss, photosynthetically active areas as bright regions. In this case QGIS1 was used to analyze regions, but a grasshopper definition was also generated to explore new potential data.

Near-infrared photography has been a key tool for planning at the industrial and governmental level: it is used on airplanes and satellites by vineyards, large farms, and even NASA for sophisticated agricultural and ecological assessment.

Figure 3 - Bio Ceramic System hardware work Figure 4 - Bio Photovoltaic Panel 6

Conceptual Prototype [CP1] As a first conceptual prototype, the design is base in two layers of ceramics with different properties. The first layer is responsible of containing the organisms; in this sense this layer must have high levels of moisture but also a texture geometry that can help structurally to avoid possible cracks. Besides these characteristics, this layer also contains Rockwool. The second layer is a less porous ceramic combined with enamel or vanis. This layer is designed in order to retain water and responsible of incrementing the rigidity of the system. To produce these pieces it is important to analyze the percentage of contraction due to water loss, before and after cooking.

Improving NVDI methodology [NIR/NDVI] The observations through the practice of this method I had show that normalised difference vegetation index can change as a consequence of different factors, as in the final image result. For this reason the protocol was improved in order to get a better image quality. One of the factors that can modify the image and the values is the direction and the amount of direct sun light, for this reason the pictures were taken between 12:00 and 14:00, as well as good weather conditions. To verify these values and to compare this index a black background, a green color (to prove if this color is not producing NDVI) and a healthy sample of moss were also analyzed with the same method.

Hypothesis [HYP] Reyner Banham states that “Of all the factors involved in environmental management, humidity has, for most of architectural history, been the most pestiferous, subtle, and elusive of control�. By Nature of its microstructure, traditional ceramic material can function as a buffer for both heat and moisture. The intention of the project with this second group of prototypes was to control moisture levels with different porosity levels. The conclusion of the observation of the NVDI pictures was that photosynthetic organism grows progressively in ceramic of G3, unlike G2 and G1 where water absorption is higher, but also dries faster. To measure and understand the moisture levels better the ceramic formula used was from piece 3CL from group 3, not only because it seems to be one of the best samples with better bioreceptibility but also because Chamotte C and Rockwool creates low levels of frangibility compared to the rest.

Multiple Moisture Details [MM-D] In order to prove and compare the difference in terms of porosity, a multiple moisture sensor using an Arduino MEGA controller is being developed, capable of reading data from ten different regions inside of the clay. This measurement will help to better understand the capacity of water retention and time absorption. Code and projection data was designed in MATLAB.

Temp/Sound Buffer [HSB] While the moss is providing high levels of humidity because the capacity to keep water to survive this will generate a passive heat buffer, where the water will be retained by the three layers in the clay, making a natural exchange cycle from the moss to the medium and vice versa. At the same time these levels of density can be tested as both sound and temperature buffers.

Bio-Photovoltaic panel

A battery in which energy is harvested from bacteria inside the soil to release electrons.

Installed at the Valldaura campus of the Institute for Advanced Architecture of Catalonia, the Bio-Photovoltaic Paneling System has sensors that display its status, whilst making it self-sufficient.

The bacteria is fed through by-products from the photosynthesis of plants, and by introducing an anode and cathode (battery) into the soil, the free electrons can be extracted and put into the circuit.

Each of the components that form the BPV have certain parameters that may be changed to control the processes and efficiency of the output – the type of plant that grows, whether its edible or decorative, the soil characteristics that enable microbial growth, the type of soil that makes the electron transfer, and the battery’s materials and composition all help to determine the efficiency for the way the electrons are gathered and transferred.

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The maximum voltage had to be conserved, while at the same time allowing enough space for the plant’s roots to grow. To achieve both results, a Voronoi tessellation was applied, which allowed for the cells to contain the batteries and keep the triangular proportion, while giving the plant more volume to spread it’s roots.

The final panel incorporates an automation system that controls the irrigation and a data logger to monitor the variables that affect the plant’s growth. A customized design was also developed where the user can create his/her own panel design and send it to be fabricated. The fabrication procedure consists of milling the panel in polystyrene and applying coats of rubber and epoxy resin to stiffen and waterproof it. Afterwards, the wiring and electronics are assembled and the soil and moss placed. Finally, the finishing is laser cut and glued to the exposed surfaces. An Arduino is powered by the batteries and controls the sensors for the data and water pump of the irrigation.

Authors:

Areti Markopoulou Iker Luna Apostolos Marios Mouzakopoulos, Pablo Marcet, Aswini Mani, Akanksha Kargwal Editing and Revision: Mathilde Marengo

Project credits:

1 [BCS] Bio Ceramic System Project: IAAC (Institute for Advanced Architecture of Catalonia) Program: Open Thesis Fabrication 2014 - Smart Urban Elements Researcher: Iker Luna Faculty: Luis Fraguada 2 Bio-Photovoltaic Paneling System Project: IAAC (Institute for Advanced Architecture of Catalonia) Program: Masters in Advanced Architecture 2014 Students: Apostolos Marios Mouzakopoulos, Pablo Marcet, Aswini Mani, Akanksha Kargwal Faculty: Claudia Pasquero, Carmelo Zapulla Production: Fab Lab Bcn

Figure 5 - Bio Photovoltaic Panel students Figure 6 - Bio Photovoltaic Panel Sensors 10

Copyright Š 2014 Institute for Advanced Architecture of Catalonia All rights Reserved.

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IAAC SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE:

Manuel Gausa, IaaC Dean

EDITORIAL COORDINATOR Jordi Vivaldi, IaaC bits Editorial Coordinator

EDITORIAL TEAM Manuel Gausa, IaaC Dean Mathilde Marengo, Communication & Publication Jordi Vivaldi, IaaC bits Editorial Coordinator

ADVISORY BOARD: Areti Markopoulou, IaaC Academic Director Tomas Diez, Fab Lab Bcn Director Silvia Brandi, Academic Coordinator Ricardo Devesa, Advanced Theory Concepts Maite Bravo, Advanced Theory Concepts

DESIGN: Ramon Prat, ACTAR Editions

IAAC BIT FIELDS: 1. Theory for Advanced Knowledge 2. Advanced Cities and Territories 3. Advanced Architecture 4. Digital Design and Fabrication 5. Interactive Societies and Technologies 6. Self-Sufficient Lands

Nader Tehrani, Architect, Director MIT School Architecture, Boston Juan Herreros, Architect, Professor ETSAM, Madrid Neil Gershenfeld, Physic, Director CBA MIT, Boston Hanif Kara, Engineer, Director AKT, London Vicente Guallart, Architect, Chief City Arquitect of Barcelona Willy Muller, Director of Barcelona Regional Aaron Betsky, Architect & Art Critic, Director Cincinnati Art Museum, Cincinnati Hugh Whitehead, Engineer, Director Foster+ Partners technology, London Nikos A. Salingaros, Professor at the University of Texas, San Antonio Salvador Rueda, Ecologist, Director Agencia Ecologia Urbana, Barcelona Artur Serra, Anthropologist, Director I2CAT, Barcelona

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