ణ!! ĖࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓཚԒėڼ55ਝڼ2 | 20146ሆ ࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓํᄓߴټ๘হڦᅃൎ
ڼ2ᄻ
ཀᄸኮ
ࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓնຯํސܠᄓǖፐཀࢅৃཀ
ڼ4ᄻ
ࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓࢃბࢅᆌᆩິ
ࢃᆌᆩํᄓ߀ڦሰ
ڼ6ᄻ
Ruzanna Harman
ሞഘࢪՎࣅԝৠူٝଂ๋Ҿඇ
ڼ7ᄻ
ࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓࢃბࢅᆌᆩິ
ࢇࠀׯፕ50ǖଂ౫ፇኯ/ᇱጱీऐࠓࢇت
ڼ9ᄻ
Aabha Dixit
ཚࡗጚ֪ଉᇑඇ൰ҵኢୁႜթፕ۷ኛ
ڼ10ᄻ
ࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓࢃბࢅᆌᆩິ
ॺยժᅮᇀׯᇵࡔํᄓీ૰
ڼ12ᄻ
ࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓࢃბࢅᆌᆩິ
ࢃᆌᆩํᄓසࢆӻዺेഽᆌथၚᆌ
ڼ14ᄻ
ࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓࢃბࢅᆌᆩິ
ेഗᆌᆩኧࢃბरຍ
ڼ15ᄻ
Ralf Bernd Kaiser
ਸ݀ĐEldo Ngano 1ࡽđ ๘হڼᅃ߲ੇUg99Վ༹ၭዖ
ڼ18ᄻ
Brian P. Forster
ݡ࿚ბॆᄅڦնຯํސܠᄓ
ڼ20ᄻ
Norbertin M. RalambomananaLjMotlatsi James NthoLj Tahani Bashir Abd Elkareimࢅ Fatimata Ndiaye
֑֑ᆒएᅺፇ೦ǖଂ౫ፇኯࢅᇱጱీऐࠓ೦ஓ
ڼ23ᄻ
Aabha Dixit
ĖࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓཚԒė55-2 | 20146ሆ | 1
ڍᬄԓߔᑞౝࠃᰍࠈࣛፋˆႌᄉʶѬ
ߛ܈ዘࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓྺࢅೝ
Ⴀࢅක࠶ࢅ֪॔ڦڪएԨ݀ቛ࿚༶ă
ణڦၠ݀ቛዐࡔॆ༵ࠃࢃरຍڦ
նຯސܠӗ߲ࢃᆌᆩํᄓዐᆶ
߾ፕă்ཚࡗरຍࢇፕऺࣄӻዺ߳ࡔ߀
߲ዂ૰ᇀ౫ᄽࢅิरຍLjᇑࢇࡔଂ
ට௷ॳڦĂޟᬁࢅݏඵᅜतᆌܔഘࢪ
๋त౫ᄽፇኯDŽଂ౫ፇኯDžࠌཞঢ়ᆐڦă
Վࣅڪᆖၚ்ڦॆٷႎ݀ቛă
ኄၵํᄓጆோჺ৯،࡞ݞዎĂཱི࠶ ࢅፕᆐᄢĂۯॳࢅิׂĂኲᇣዖ ࢅᅍدბLjᅜत๋Ҿඇăኄዖ༬ᆶڦၹ ፕᆶዺᇀׯᇵࡔ૧ᆩࢃरຍेഽଂ๋ิׂ ࢅଂ๋Ҿඇᅜत༵ߛ౫௷ڦă்ᅙ ঢ়ᇑଂ౫ፇኯԍକ50ڦअӵ࠲ဣLj ኄዖ࠲ဣᅙྺׯፌॅํ७ࢅĐᅃ߲ࢇ ࡔđݛӄݔۆڦă ُྔLjवଉბํᄓ࣏ᇑ๘হ࿐ิ ፇኯൎࢇፕLjӻዺׯᇵࡔሞᅅბዐҾඇ ࢅᆶၳں૧ᆩޖพLjܸࢃბࢅᅏഗᅏ ํᄓӻዺ߳ࡔሞࢃბरຍ߳ڦዖᆌᆩ ዐਸ݀ࢅ૧ᆩߛ܈ጆᄽࣅڦᅏഗࢅኑ߾
ࢇࡔဣཥྸࡔाᇱጱ ీऐࠓᆶኧഄࢅೝ૧ᆩࢃ रຍऄڦۯጆோํᄓă
ਏă ፌࢫLjํৣ࣍ںᄓӻዺ߳ࡔ֪॔ ࣍ৣޖพLj۩ᆌथၚᆌٯแࢅ༵ߛࡔॆ ํᄓბॆݴڦဆࢅ֪ଉీ૰ă ሞݡ࿚Ⴙܠᇱጱీऐࠓׯᇵࡔ้
ࢇࡔဣཥྸࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓᆶኧ
ൕᄅణ܃କ்ํڦᄓ߾ፕߴ๘হ߳ں
ഄࢅೝ૧ᆩࢃरຍऄڦۯጆோํᄓăᆯ
ຕට௷ิڦऄټઠڦኈኟՎࣅă૩සLj
ԍቱິतࢃბࢅᆌᆩິ࠶ڦኄၵํᄓ
ሞᇱጱీऐࠓࢅଂ౫ፇኯڦኧူLjሞݥ
ਸ݀ظႎ႙रຍLjྺᇱጱీऐࠓ162߲ׯ
ዞ֑ᆩ࣍ৣᆷࡻڦઑ،փᇣरຍݞዎ֑֑
ᇵࡔڦბॆ༵ࠃಢჟă
ᆒă֑֑ᆒدխᅃዖसิ،թLjኄዖթ
ԍቱํᄓሞࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓӻዺݞ
ڞዂึႿຶྨժሞටૌዐدකລթă૧
ኹࢃഗકො߾ڦፕዐഐጣ࠲॰ፕᆩăย
ᆩઑ،փᇣरຍᅙሞෝߴәܻأߵࠀׯڜ
ሞྼᄺభĂྼᄺభৎնຯࢅސܠఊభ
କ֑֑ᆒLjణമኟሞᅞүܭԲჱళև
ߣࢃڦᆌᆩํᄓӻዺׯᇵࡔਦଂ๋Ҿ
ں൶֑֑ڦᆒăፌৎLj்ڦბॆ֖े
ඇĂጨᇸ࠶Ăට༹ॳᅜत࣍ৣݣพ
କ֑֑ܔᆒᅍدஓڦ೦Ljኄၜସටࠞ
2 | ĖࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓཚԒė55-2 | 20146ሆ
ࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓጺ߅๚ ᇑሞᇱጱీऐࠓնຯސܠ ํᄓথಢჟڦᅃፇႪ ටᇵሞᅃഐăDŽቷೌᆯࡔा ᇱጱీऐࠓKirstie
Hansen༵
ࠃDž
նຯࢃސܠᆌᆩํ ᄓࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓतഄ ׯᇵࡔڦዘᄲጨׂăDŽቷೌ ᆯࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓDean Calman༵ࠃDž
ڦ೦ॽᆶዺᇀ࿄ઠݞዎිࡘઙᅜళݥ
ሞնຯॺސܠ૬Đࢇᆩđڦยแ
ዞᅃዖፌ಄ึႿदթڦ౮૰ă
ࢅยԢăణമኟൽڥଆࡻቛLjထྭ
ࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓኲᇣዖࢅᅍدბጆ ॆ૧ᆩޖพᆻ݀Վरຍਸ݀ీࠕሞ߅
2014ڹኮമᄥ൩ׯᇵࡔ֖ेሞնຯܠ ސਉႜڦ೦ཱི߾ۯᅏ๕ă
ࢅߛ࡛Ӛڪփ૧ཉॲူவฺิڦႎፕ
նຯࢃސܠᆌᆩํᄓࡔाᇱጱ
ዖăᅙॽੇၭߍႮթڦႎၭዖݴ
ీऐࠓतഄׯᇵࡔڦዘᄲጨׂăԨĖࡔ
݀ߴჱ౫௷ă
ाᇱጱీऐࠓཚԒė߁ຎኄၵํᄓྺლ
ሞ2012նຯࢃސܠᆌᆩํᄓ
൱ሰޟටૌڦბरຍਦݛӄਸቛڦ
ᆓઠഄׯ૬50ዜ้Ljਦۨܔኄၵํᄓ
߾ፕă்ထྭኄཚԒॽ๑܁ኁ߸࠽ݘ
ႜ၄ืࢅࣅپप้ڦऐᅙׯຄăኄᅃ
ںକኄၵዘᄲํᄓਸቛ߳ڦዖ࠽ݘ
Ljࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓܔࣷٷኄᅃਦۨߴᇎ
ऄۯă
କኧLj்ഔۯକᅃ߲ፕĐࢃᆌᆩํ ᄓ߀ڦሰđ(ReNuALDžڦၜణLjഄణڦ
ࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓጺ߅๚ཀᄸኮ
ĖࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓཚԒė55-2 | 20146ሆ | 3
ڍᬄԓߔᑞౝͣ܊லܲܺ
1
19599ሆ28නLjࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓڼᅃඪጺ߅๚ ྰeຯ༬ଠeܻᅜၠํᄓںएএጀڼᅃ࠸ ंౡཱིഔࡔۯाᇱጱీऐࠓยሞնຯڼڦސܠ ᅃፗํᄓॺยၜణăํᄓᇀ19621ሆኟ ๕ཨ๑ᆩă
2
2012Ljࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓ൪ጁཚࡗࢃბࢅᆌᆩ ິڦնຯํސܠᄓDŽࢃᆌᆩํᄓDžၠׯᇵ ࡔ༵ࠃጆோኧ50ዜăࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓጺ߅๚ ཀᄸኮྺ৽ُਉႜڦᅃْํᄓቛ๖ቛબႜ କ२֒Ljीܸতਸኄْ൪ጁࣷႾటă
3
ሞࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓնຯํސܠᄓፌ؛ᇀ 1962ਸ้ݣLj߾ፕටᇵ࣏փڟ40ටăᅃࢫLj न196311ሆLjํᄓሞഄਉӸڦᅜݣพႠࢃ໎ ิॠ֪ྺዷ༶ڦ߲ಢჟӬዐᆓઠ10ఁࡔाბ ᇵă
4
ణമLjࢃᆌᆩํᄓీࠕথځઠጲ๘হ߳ںৎ 100ఁბॆĂरຍටᇵĂႪටᇵĂბݡ࿚ ኁĂํသิࢅბิăُྔLjሞնຯސܠ ۼਉӸᇑํᄓᆶ߾ፕଶᇘᆶ࠲ڦಢჟӬLj 2013ᆶ440ఁბᇵ֖ेକಢჟӬă
4 | ĖࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓཚԒė55-2 | 20146ሆ
ڙචϊԪӐᐿʽΧᤈይᮻ߶К
ጲ
1962ࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓࢃბࢅ
ࢅॠ֪ፕኲዐڦՎ༹ăࢫॽኄၵ
ᆌᆩິํᄓሞնຯॺސܠ૬
Վ༹ಢᇣࠕీׯሞ߅Ăߛ࿒ࢅߛཱིග
ᅜઠLjӵໜනᅮׂڦᄽࣅࢅঢ়ष݀ቛLj๘
ჸڪ܈ਗ਼ཉॲူዖኲڦႎڦኲዖૌă
হට੨ᅙٗ31.4ᅢሺڟ71.5ᅢLjڞዂܔඇ
ኄዖփ૧ཉॲᆯᇀഘࢪՎࣅሁ݀Փăሞ
൰ଂ๋ܠ߸ڦႴ൱ăኄߴጲጨᇸᅜत౫
ႹׯܠᇵࡔLjႎڦኲዖૌኟӻዺ౫௷༵
ᄽิׂ૾ཉټઠକ၎ڦٷړუ૰ăܔଂ๋
ߛፕׂଉăኄीܸᆶዺᇀ༵ߛࢅሺ
ҾඇࢅԍቱڦᅺഘࢪՎࣅڦᆖၚܸક
ेଂ๋ԍቱLjփ࠶ഘࢪՎࣅනᅮټઠሹᄣ
ٷLjኟසࢇࡔአުक़ഘࢪՎࣅጆॆၭፇ
ڦઓవă
20143ሆԒߢዐኸڦLjഘࢪՎࣅڦᆖ ၚਏᆶඇ൰Ⴀࢫࡕă
ᆶ࿒ഘ༹ಇݣዐLjሀ22%౫ᄽ ิׂڦࡕLjഄዐৎ80%Ⴟథิׂሰׯ
ഘࢪՎࣅᆖၚԈઔ࿒ߛื܈Ă߅Ă
ڦăໜጣܔႿׂႴ൱ڦ࿘ۨሺेLjึႿ
ट܋ཀഘ๚ॲ߸ेೕݏĂཱིගჸ܈ሺेLj
ᆩፕ࣐ೖ൬ࢅଂ๋ԍቱ߾ڦਏLjᅺྺ
ܔ౫ᄽิׂਏᆶჹዘᆖၚăӻዺׯᇵࡔ
்ྺٷሀ10ᅢට༵ࠃิऺăܸLjස
ᆌࢅ࣐ኄၵᆖၚଂ౫ፇኯ/ᇱጱీऐࠓ
ࡕփ֑ൽ࣐ٯแLjሺेႿథิׂॽڞዂ
ଂ౫ࢃरຍࢇتնຯސܠ߲ํᄓ
࿒ഘ༹ಇڦݣሺेăႿథิׂࢅॳํ
ڦᅃၜዘ߾ۅፕăኄၵํᄓዂ૰ᇀ૧ᆩ
ᄓྺ༵ߛݛںዖڦᅍدയీਸቛᇑࢃ
ࢃბरຍ༵ߛଂ๋ԍቱࢅҾඇă
तࢃ၎࠲रຍᆶ࠲ڦჺ৯ࢅਸ݀LjᅜՍፌ
౫ᄽሀඇ൰ᆩଉڦ70%ăᆯᇀഘ
ٷ၌ۯߛ༵ں܈ิׂ૰ࢅॳăኄၵर
ࢪՎࣅᆅഐ߅ईሰׯट܋ཀഘ๚ॲ๑
ຍ࣏ᆩᇀݏኳׂิณଉ࿒ഘ༹ժ߸
ዊ݀ิՎࣅLjߛၳں૧ᆩጨᇸ࠲ዘ
ेఱీᆯഘࢪՎࣅሰߛڦׯ࿒ࢅ߅
ᄲăཱི࠶ࢅፕᆐᄢํᄓၹዺׯᇵ
ཉॲึڦႿă
ࡔ૧ᆩࢃरຍᆫࣅ౫གྷ૧࠶ࢅ߀࠺
ߛ࿒࣏ሺेీࠕᆖၚึႿࢅටૌੵڦ
߄݆ݛLjᅜಢኲ߸ڦܠፕࢅ༵ߛᆩၳ
হۯदթںࢅิ݀ڦݴքăཚࡗਸ݀
୲ăُྔLjཱི࠶ࢅፕᆐᄢํᄓ࣏
ၚᆌኑ߾ਏࢅۯᅧ௭ઠੇऍदթ
ӻዺׯᇵࡔॺย֪॔ࢅೠࠚഘࢪՎࣅཱིܔ
ԓ݀Ljۯิׂࢅॳํᄓኟሞ༵ߛׯ
ගൔ์ĂཱིࣅཽںĂჸॢࣅࢅᄢࡼݴڦ
ᇵࡔᆌܔᆯᇀഘࢪՎࣅీ၄ڦႎڦद
ᆖၚీڦ૰ăኄԈઔਸ݀ీࠕेഽཱིගᆌ
թీ૰ăኟසߛ࿒ሺेۯदթںڦݴ
ܔഘࢪᆖၚڦඩႠཞ้༵ߛཱིගิׂ૰Ă
քᅃᄣLj்ᄺሞሺेႹ࡞ܠ،ሞᅜമܱ
ཱིٝග༐ئ٪ࢅ३ณ౫གྷڦ࿒ഘ༹ಇ
ଝഘࢪዐิڦ٪ăኄၵ࡞،١࣯ፕࢅ
ڦݣഘࢪీ႙ፕ݆ă
دխदթLjླ࡞ึႿࢅටૌă
ኄၜ߾ፕڟڥኲᇣዖࢅᅍدბํᄓ
ྺӻዺݞዎኄၵ࡞،Ljթ،࡞ݞዎํ
ऄڦۯց؊Ljํᄓ૧ᆩࢃरຍᆻ݀
ᄓၹዺׯᇵࡔ݀ቛࢅገඟઑ،փᇣरຍă
ĖࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓཚԒė55-2 | 20146ሆ | 7
ሞଂ๋ࢅ࣍ৣԍࢺํᄓ ಢჟׯᇵࡔბॆ૧ᆩݣ พႠ๖ጷरຍ࠶ᇑଂ๋౫ ᄱ֘ାᆶ࠲ޅڦ၃ă(ቷ ೌᆯࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓDean Calma༵ࠃDž
ഘࢪՎࣅࢅᅟՎႠᄺܔසࢆ࠶ଂ๋ ԍቱᅜतଂ๋Ҿඇࢅዊଉׂิᆖၚăໜጣ թ،࡞ࢅۯदթںݴքڦકٷLj߸ܠ ෫،वԥᆩᇀ،੨ݞዎLjੇྲิवࢅ၎ ࠲ᄱԥᆩᇀྼึႿॳă࿒ࢅ܈โ܈ ڦՎࣅ࣏ሰ۾ׂׯኈਪ߸ՓิڦLjڞ ዂଂ๋۾໎٪ሞڦሺेăඍ݄֪॔ڦړ
ࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓႪට ᇵሞնຯސܠཱི࠶ࢅ
ࢅ֪ଉरຍLjᆶኄၵയሞᆶ࡞ዊ֘ڦ
ፕᆐᄢํᄓথᇱጱీ
ା৽๋ࣷ૾Ljླ࡞ට༹ॳăଂ
ऐࠓཱིගბॆ༵ࠃںํڦ ಢჟăDŽቷೌᆯࡔाᇱጱీ
๋ࢅ࣍ৣԍࢺํᄓၹዺׯᇵࡔ૧ᆩࢃࢅ
ऐࠓDean Calman༵ࠃDž
ཞ࿋໎रຍ֪॔ࢅ֪ଉඪࢆയሞකڦ ኄၜरຍႴᄲࡀٷఇຽᄢႧႠ࡞،Lj๑ኮփ
٪ሞժጕጷഄઠᇸăኄཚࡗඓԍፏ੨
ᇣLjࢫٷଉڟݣᄸิዖඖዐLjᇑᄸิي
ࡔڦଂ๋ҾඇࡀቤLjփܔڍၩݯኁ༵ࠃԍ
Ⴀ࡞،ದLjփׂิࢫپăኄ๑ణՔ࡞،ጺ
ࢺLjᄺӻዺิׂኁሺे੨ă
ຕ३ณăઑ،փᇣरຍሞᇑഄթ،࡞ݞዎ
߲ํᄓኟሞཚࡗܔഘࢪՎࣅٷڦ
ٯแ૩සิݞዎ݆Ă෫،व݆तഄ
ࡀఇᆖၚࢅ۩ᆶၳڦၚᆌٯแLjຩ
ᅞ݆ݛࢇ๑ᆩ้Ljࣷጝᆶׯၳăઑ،փ
૧ၚᆌׯᇵࡔܔሺेଂ๋ԍቱࢅҾඇڦႴ
ᇣरຍܔᇀ࿓،ݞዎՎڥනᅮዘᄲăႹܠ࿓
൱ăኄၵํᄓᅜኄၵݛ๕փںኤࢃ
،दթߌක൶࿋ᇀට੨ؓڦ൶Lj࿓،ኟ
ბरຍྺሺഽׯᇵࡔڦมࣷঢ়ष݀ቛ༵
ሞၠႎ൶કቛࢅ٪ऄăᅜઑ،փᇣरຍᆌܔ
ࠃڦയీࢅీ૰ă
ኄᅃ༬ۨթ،࡞ݞዎํᄓణമᆫံ ୯๚ၜኮᅃă
8 | ĖࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓཚԒė55-2 | 20146ሆ
ࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓࢃბࢅᆌᆩິ
ҩՋͺ ࣱḬ ይйጷጺ ԓߔᑞౝᐎՋܪ
2
৯Ăਸ݀ࢅገඟă
ኯDŽଂ౫ፇኯDžᇑഄࢇࡔဣཥअӵ
ሞ்߳ڦዖ߾ፕዐLjኄၵํᄓ
ࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓDŽᇱጱీऐࠓDžኮक़
࣏ཚࡗ܀ڇႪᅜतੵں൶ಢჟӬࢅण༹
ࢇፕ50ăଂ౫ፇኯ/ᇱጱీऐࠓଂ౫ࢃर
ಢჟӬၠბॆ༵ࠃփཞბڦಢჟă
ຍࢇتᇀ1964ॺ૬Ljഄణڦ૧ᆩଇ
ბॆڟಢჟLjժ֖ᇑኼሞਸ݀Ă߀ሰࢅ
߲ፇኯڦට֍ࢅጨᇸྊഄׯᇵࡔኮक़ሞ
ገඟࢇԨںႴ൱ࢅ༬ۨ࣍ৣڦरຍڦᆌ
ᆌᆩࢃरຍࢅ၎࠲ิरຍݛ௬ࢇڦፕLj
ᆩჺ݀ऄۯăኄၵํᄓ࣏ྺඍ݄܀ጲਸ
ᅜٝჄ౫ᄽ݀ቛࢅଂ๋ԍቱڦ
ቛᄣݴဆీ૰ׯڦᇵࡔ༵ࠃᄣݴဆޜ
ă
ခLjཚݴဆຕᅜӥऺݻᄣă
01410ሆॽᆓઠࢇࡔଂ๋त౫ᄽፇ
ٗჺ৯ํᄓڟඇ൰߷ፕ܈Ljࢃर
ዮසၹۙჺ৯ၜణ߳ڪዖऐཚࡗ༵
ຍሞ౫ᄽჺ৯ࢅ݀ቛዐഐጣᇑዚփཞڦዘ
ࠃरຍࢅጧკޜခᅜतยԢĂጆॆጧკᅪ
ኮࢅଂ౫ፇኯጺ߅๚߭ઙഋჱ
ᄲፕᆩă்ԥᆩᇀ๋ٗԍ٪ڟፕิ
९ࢅಢჟLjᅃօٝࢇتኧ݀ቛዐ
౷•ٳဝܻྑ20136ሆ19නሞᅪ
ׂᅜतཱིٗග࠶ڟᅧݞዎ߳ڦዖ࠽ݘ
ࡔॆਦਏᆶঢ়षዘᄲႠํڦा࿚༶߾ڦ
ᆌᆩă
ፕăၹۙჺ৯ၜణ๑ࡔॆ౫ᄽჺ৯ऐࠓ
ᆶ࠲ଂ౫ፇኯ/ᇱጱీऐࠓࢇت
ኄၵઠLjࢇڦتၹፕ߾ፕӻዺ߳
ీࠕӀቷଂ౫ፇኯࢅᇱጱీऐࠓ߾ڦፕऺ
߾ፕڦĐႪ۩Ҿಇđă(ቷೌᆯࡔ
ࡔਦ߳ዖଶᇘํڦा࿚༶ࢅݯᆩ࿚༶ă
ࣄํ၄ਏ༹ჺ৯ణՔڦᅃ߲ዘᄲํแऐă
ኄၵ߾ፕภतॽཞ࿋໎ࢅޖพरຍᆌᆩᇀ
ཚࡗኄዖअӵ࠲ဣLjሞփཞڦ࿚༶
߳ዖଶᇘLj૩සཱིගݨ૰Ă࠺߄ࢅፕิ
ଶᇘൽڥକٷଉ৽ׯLjܸுᆶኄၵ৽ׯLj
ׂLjኲᇣዖࢅᅍدბLjႿథิׂࢅॳ
ሶࣷܔ๘হׂิሚవႠᆖၚăኄၵ৽ׯԈ
Ljթ،࡞ݞዎLj๋කतഄ๋
ઔǖ
Ҿඇ࿚༶੦Ljᅜत๋ԍ٪ăኄၵऄۯ
ඇ൰Ӧྃᅧኮ࡞
ኻᆶঢ়ᇱጱీऐࠓࢅଂ౫ፇኯ๚ऐࠓอ
૧ᆩᆻ݀Վਸ݀କੇĐႮթ
ֱࢅࢃࢫ֍ీํแă
Ug99đڦፕዖ
ٗᅃਸ๔Ljଂ౫ፇኯ/ᇱጱీऐࠓย
ሞ།ෝჱෝߴәܻأߵڜକ֑֑ᆒ
ሞྼᄺభৎնຯڦސܠ౫ᄽࢅิर
ॺ૬କ๋Ҿඇں൶ݴဆํᄓྪஏ
ຍํᄓ৽ᅃሞࢇ߾ڦتፕࢅᆖၚ૰
ሞ߲ݥዞࡔॆํ၄ব႙౫ᄽ
ዐࣩ݀ࢃ႐ፕᆩăڦᅃၵፌڦࠀׯऄۯ
ॽৎ50ઠLjଂ౫ፇኯ/ᇱጱీऐࠓ
ۼփਸኄၵํᄓፔظڦႎࢅ܀༬߾
ࢇتሞ๘হྷݔኧڦऄۯཚࡗӻዺׯᇵ
ፕă்ڦፕᆩᅃኧჺ৯Ăਸ݀Ă
ࡔჄߛ༵ں౫ᄽิׂĂଂ๋ԍቱࢅଂ
ᄓժၠׯᇵࡔገඟ߳ዖरຍࢅᆌᆩLjླྀ
๋ҾඇLjׯܔᇵࡔፔକ၂ዸࠋ၅ăࢇ
ႜႎ݆ݛڦୟ၍Ljྺׯᇵࡔీ૰ॺย༵ࠃ
ࡔဣཥాڦኄዖࢇፕݔۆᅑॽሞ࿄ઠڦ
ኧLj༵ࠃݴဆޜခLjᅜतྺၹۙჺ৯ऄ
ሆीჄظሰ৽ׯă
ۯਸቛՂᄲኧ߾ፕă்ዂ૰ᇀཱིග
āāā
ბĂኲᇣዖĂႿథิׂࢅॳĂթ࡞،
ࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓႎ࿕ࢅჇدӸࠅ
ݞዎࢅ๋Ҿඇݛ௬ࢅࢃڦ၎࠲ڦ݆ݛჺ
ࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓጺ߅๚ཀᄸ
ٷ૧ஆகଂ౫ፇኯጺևਉႜڦଂ ౫ፇኯڼࣷٷ38াࣷक़ധຈ
ाᇱጱీऐࠓConleth Brady༵ࠃ)
Aabha Dixit
ĖࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓཚԒė55-2 | 20146ሆ | 9
ዴэ᧙ˀКီ჻ჁึᛠჀͺ́
ሞࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓव ଉბํᄓጎದवଉბၯጚ ยԢ (ቷೌᆯࡔाᇱጱీऐ ࠓRodolfo Quevenco༵ࠃDž
ҵ
ኢᅙגሁ႐ሤթLjྺׯඇ൰ڇᅃ
ጚĂवଉ֪ۨरຍਸ݀ࢅدխᅜतዊଉԍ
ڦዷᄲຶྨᇱᅺă2000Ljඇ൰
ኤऺࣄํแڪऄۯă
ᆶ1010ྤႎሺҵኢթ૩Ljᆶ620ྤටຶᇀ
ࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓवଉბํᄓӻዺ
ҵኢăڟ2012Ljኄၵຕጴᅙݴ՚ฉื
๘হ߳ׯںᇵࡔ߀ݣพᅅბڦҾඇࢅዊ
1410ྤ૩ࢅ820ྤ૩ăᆯᇀඇ൰ҵኢୁႜթ
ଉăኄገܸᆶዺᇀኑଐၳࡕڦፌࣅٷLj߀
ीჄકොLjܔᆶၳኑଐڦႴ൱නᅮሺेă
࣒ኁॳڦă૩සLjवଉბํᄓၚᆌ
ዮසኑ၂ၡरຍࢅݣพዎଐ݆ࢃڪतഄ
ׯᇵࡔڦᄲ൱ਸቛอऺऄۯăܔுᆶ
၎࠲रຍܔᇀҵኢኑࢅዎଐਏᆶዘٷ
ഄӸ݆ࢃํଣضवଉბዊଉڦॆࡔڦ
ᅪᅭăኑ၂ၡࢅݣพዎଐภतޖพቷ
2000ޖ߲ܠพዎଐዐ႐༵ࠃवଉอऺăอ
พăޖพቷพ࣒ܔኁዎଐጝᆶׯၳLjڍස
ऺࡗڦײᅃ߲փڦߪݴևݴਦ݀၄
ࡕփీඓࢅҾඇں๑ᆩLjᄺࣷܔᅅခට
ڦೋֶă
ᇵࢅ࣒ኁׂิླ၃ăᅅბवଉბڪरຍᆶ ዺᇀඓԍޖพڦҾඇ๑ᆩă
Ⴙׯܠᇵࡔኻᆶཚࡗࡔाᇱጱీऐ ࠓ֍ీࢃํഄՔۨࢅ֪ଉీ૰ڦዊଉăᅺ
ᅅბवଉბҾඇࢅᆶၳኑଐҵኢ
ُLjवଉბํᄓᄺፕྺᇱጱీऐࠓ/๘
ڦए็ăภत֪ଉဌवଉࢅᆫࣅݣพ
࿐ፇኯܾपՔጚवଉბํᄓྪஏڦၹۙ
ᅅბዐڦवଉཨڿăኄԈઔอऺࢅยԢၯ
ํᄓăඇ൰ܾपՔጚवଉბํᄓྪஏ
10 | ĖࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓཚԒė55-2 | 20146ሆ
Ԉઔ67߲ׯᇵࡔڦ86߲ํᄓLj்༵ࠃ
ࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓवଉბํ
ၹፕࢅჺ৯ᇑਸ݀ă
ᄓڦवଉბอऺऄۯӻዺඓ
ዊଉԍኤޜခLjਸ݀ࢅدխवଉბ݆ݛă
वଉბํᄓीჄණ๎ڞࠕీڟዂव
ԍҵኢ࣒ኁཚࡗ૩සዐ๖
वଉბํᄓጲ1976ᅜઠᅃᇑ๘হ࿐
ଉბႴ൱Վࣅڦᅅბरຍ߀Վཞᄣዘᄲă
ݣพዎଐऐׂิޖڦพຐڟڥ
ิፇኯൎࢇፕLjၹܾۙपՔጚवଉბํ
૩සLjݣพዎଐܠઠᅃᅈ੍૧ᆩᮬ-
ाᇱጱీऐࠓNancy Falcon Cas-
ᄓྪஏऄۯăܾपՔጚवଉბํᄓྪ
60ईᯒ-137ፕྺޖพᇸăڍᆯᇀࢃҾԍ
tro༵ࠃ)
ஏޜڦခࢅऄۯᆶዺᇀඓԍҾඇํ७ڦዊ
࠲ൎڦሺेLj֑ࠔኄၵޖพᇸՎڥሁઠሁ
ଉLjፌዕ๑থኑॠ֪ईݣพዎଐ࣒ڦ
ઓవăᅺُLjႹॆࡔܠኟገၠփᆩݣพᇸ
ኁᅜत֡ፕޖพยԢڦᅅခටᇵᅮă
Սీׂิޖพڦ၍ेഗăኄ৽ᄲ൱व
Ҿඇࢅᆶၳڦዎଐă(ቷೌᆯࡔ
ྺ๑वଉბํᄓڦՔۨࢅอऺᄽခ
ଉბํᄓਸ݀ࢅدխࢅ݆ݛरຍLjժ༵
ԍሞړೝժ๑वଉბՔጚཚࡗܾप
ࠃዊଉԍኤኧLjᅜඓԍׯᇵࡔీࠕᆌ
ՔጚवଉბํᄓྪஏڟڥدړխLjव
ኄᅃዘٷरຍ݀ቛ൵ă
ଉბํᄓਸቛᆶ࠲ޖพवଉბरຍڦჺ
वଉბํᄓڦႹܠऄޜࢅۯခྺඇ
৯ࢅਸ݀Ljժᇑᅜवଉბࢅᅅბბྺ
൰ੇऍҵኢࢅӻዺҵኢ࣒ኁ߸৳Ăॳ
߾ፕዘࡔڦۅाፇኯၹፕăवଉბํᄓ
ิںऄፔዘᄲࠋڦ၅ă
ٝኄၵፇኯ߾ڦፕLjժٗतራ૧ᆩၜణ
āāā
ዐइᅮăܾपՔጚवଉბํᄓྪஏࢅݣ พዎଐዐ႐तഄޜခڦมࣷڥᅮᇀኄዖ
ࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓࢃბࢅᆌᆩິ
ĖࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓཚԒė55-2 | 20146ሆ | 11
तࣲԩᄝ̅տࠃڍᰍࠈᑞҦ
࣍ৣݣพႠ֪ଉݴဆ ํᄓྪஏڦ140ॆํᄓ Փքඇ൰DŽೌᆯࡔाᇱጱ ీऐࠓํৣ࣍ںᄓ߾ፕ
ࢃ
ბࢅᆌᆩິํแٷଉኼሞेഽ
ଉLjࢫ৽֪ଉࡕၠํৣ࣍ںᄓ༵
ࢅ૧ᆩ๘হ߳ׯںᇵࡔํᄓీ
Ԓߢăසࡕ்ൽڥࡕׯڦړLjՍ
૰ڦऄۯăࢃბࢅᆌᆩํᄓཚࡗຄଁ
ඓණഄݴဆీ૰ڦ੍ႠࢅጚඓႠăසࡕ
֪܈ײࢅํᄓक़Բڪܔऄेۯഽׯᇵ
փీLjሶํৣ࣍ںᄓ߾ፕටᇵॽอֱ
ࡔݴڦဆీ૰Ljཚࡗ၎࠲ྪஏၹፕࢅ֖े
ኄၵࡕLjඓۨݴဆֶڦٱీᇱᅺLjժ
ᇱጱీऐࠓၹፕዐ႐ݛӄᇑഄׯᇵࡔࠌ
ॺᅱৰኟٯแă
ටᇵ༵ࠃDž
ཞᄣLjཱི࠶ࢅፕᆐᄢํᄓ
ၛׯᇵࡔํᄓీڦ૰ă ኄၵऄۯ૩සԈઔᆯํৣ࣍ںᄓ
ᇑࢁનྑ߭ౢߵٷბݴဆํᄓྑ߭ౢߵ
ํแڦၹፕ߾ፕăํৣ࣍ںᄓᇑᇱጱ
ೠॏऺࣄࢇፕLjᇑഄํᄓᅃഐሞ૧ᆩ
ీऐࠓఊభߣ࣍ৣํᄓࢇፕLj݀ݴ92ዖ
࿘ۨཞ࿋ࢅޖพ֪݆ݛଉࢅ֪॔ኲĂ
ᆩᇀኙݣพႠࢃ໎Ă࿘ۨཞ࿋໎Ăଉ
ࢅཱིගᄣዐڦᆐᄢݛ௬ਸቛᄓऄ
ᇮ໎ईᆶऐක֖ڦଙăኄၵଙ
ۯă
ᆩፕॺ૬ࢅೠॏݴဆ֪ଉࡕڦ੍Ⴀ ࢅጚඓႠࡔڦाՔጚă
ُྔLjࢃᆌᆩํᄓᇑඇ൰ํᄓྪ ஏၹۙࢅࢇፕLjࣹणጨᇸࢅጆோरຍᅜํ
ํৣ࣍ںᄓ࣏ิׂࢅኙැ
၄ࢻ૧ăᇱጱీऐࠓवଉბํᄓᇑ๘হ
߅ᄓଙLjसߴٷሀ400ॆׯᇵࡔํᄓ
࿐ิፇኯᅃഐၹۙᇱጱీऐࠓ/๘࿐ፇኯ
ᆩᇀຄଁ֪܈ײࢅԲܔऄۯăׯᇵࡔ
ܾपՔጚवଉბํᄓྪஏLjᅜ߀ޖพ
ํڦᄓ૧ᆩኄၵଙํแጲमݴڦဆ֪
ᅅბڦҾඇࢅዊଉăܾपՔጚवଉბํᄓ
12 | ĖࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓཚԒė55-2 | 20146ሆ
ࢃბࢅᆌᆩํᄓཚ ࡗຄଁ֪܈ײࢅํᄓक़Բ ڪܔऄेۯഽׯᇵࡔݴڦဆీ ૰Ljཚࡗ၎࠲ྪஏၹፕࢅ֖े ᇱጱీऐࠓၹፕዐ႐ݛӄᇑഄ
ྪஏڦᄲణՔኮᅃඓԍሞׯᇵࡔߴ
ׯᇵࡔࠌၛׯᇵࡔํᄓڦ ీ૰ăDŽቷೌᆯࡔाᇱጱీऐ
থݣพዎଐ࣒ڦኁཨڦڿवଉࡔࢇޙा
ࠓ༵ࠃDž
ࠅණՔጚLjᅜํ၄ዎଐၳࡕࢅҾඇڦፌٷ ࣅă ࣍ৣݣพႠ֪ଉݴဆํᄓྪஏ ᆯᇱጱీऐࠓॺ૬ڦᅃ߲ඇ൰ྪஏLjᆯ ํৣ࣍ںᄓፕྺඇ൰֪॔ࢅ֪ଉ࣍ں ৣݣพႠဣཥႜၹۙăྪஏణമԈઔ 81߲ׯᇵࡔڦ140ॆํᄓăڦዷᄲణڦ ༵ߛׯᇵܔනࢅथ൧ዐ࣍ৣݣพ Ⴀ֪॔ݴڦဆࡕڦ੍Ⴀࢅत้Ⴀă ࢃᆌᆩํᄓ࣏ᇑᇱጱీऐࠓၹፕዐ ႐ࢇፕLjӻዺׯᇵࡔٗԵُీ૰ዐइᅮă
ኄᅃऐLjᆶׯᇵࡔۼᆶీᅮᇀԵ
ၹፕዐ႐ׯᇵࡔํڦᄓࢅჺ৯ऐࠓLj
ُํᄓံڦీ૰ă
ፕྺኟ๕अӵӻዺᇱጱీऐࠓํแۨڦ
ࢃᆌᆩํᄓĂׯᇵࡔࢅ๘হ߳ํں
ऺࣄऄۯăኄၵዐ႐ঢ়ᇑࢃᆌᆩํᄓ
ᄓኮक़ڦၹፕ౮૰Ljࡔܔाᇱጱీऐࠓ
ᅃഐࠌཞፇኯࢅዷӸࢃᆌᆩݛ௬ಢჟӬLj
ྺࢅೝ૧ᆩࢃბरຍܸٝඇ൰ბर
ٝࢃᆌᆩํᄓኼሞ݀ቛႎڦईံࢃ
ຍୁڦ๑ంፔࠋ၅ă
रຍڦ౮૰Ljᅜत༵ࠃईኧݴࠃ༵ဆޜ
āāā
ခLj૩සणࢅԢԢ֖ଙăཚࡗ
ࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓࢃბࢅᆌᆩິ
ĖࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓཚԒė55-2 | 20146ሆ | 13
ನःၸࠃᰍࠈ ࣞʹݟүҪुःপֽः ీޖߛืڟพೝᆖၚڦ൶ᇘև ຈă ට ॑ ๓ ݧႜ ഗ ํ แ ᇺ ਐ ݣ พႠ֪ଉࢅ༵ࠃݣพႠݴքၟă ీࠕტ༵ࠃጚඓࢅዘᄲޖڦพೝ ຕLjཞ้၌ට༹ڟയሞᆶ࡞ݣพ Ⴀቷพă ׯᇵࡔ࣏Ⴔᄲీࠕ૧ᆩࢃݴဆरຍ॔ ֪ࢅ֪ଉ࣍ৣतᆖၚට༹ॳڦയሞᆖ ၚᆶऐࢅऐዐݣڦพႠํڦᄓă ଷᅃ߲ࢃᆌᆩํᄓĊĊํৣ࣍ںᄓ Ljၠׯᇵࡔ༵ࠃߛ֪܈ଉᅜत֖ ᆯࢃბࢅᅏഗᅏ ํᄓྺᇺਐ࣍ৣޖพ॔ ֪ยऺڦට॑๓ݧႜഗă DŽቷೌᆯࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓ
ඇٗ๚ߛံ܈ბरຍऄۯ
Ҿ
ଙĂຄଁ֪܈ײᅜतܔഄํᄓ߾ፕට
้ᄲ୯ڦፌዘᄲڦ࿚༶ኮᅃă
ᇵۨڦသӬࢅಢჟӬăኄᆶዺᇀඓԍ
ሞኄݛ௬Ljྺࢅೝణڦ૧ᆩࢃरຍڦയీ
ׯᇵࡔᆛᆶՂᄲݴڦဆీ૰Ljᅜጚඓࢅ
ཞᄣࣷᆶޅ၃LjܸࢃरຍԨวీࠕᆶዺᇀ
੍ںೠࠚथ൧ዐݣৣ࣍ڦพႠă
Steve Thachet༵ࠃDž
ेഽᇑࢃरຍ૧ᆩᆶ࠲ڦᆌथၚᆌٯแă
ࠤݥᅪޖพቷพڦፌዘᄲڦᆖၚኮᅃ
৽ࢃ๚ॲܸჾLj֪ଉࢅໜࢫ֪॔
๋ںړࠃᆌකă৽ࢃ๚ॲܸჾLjႴ
ޖพೝཀྵٷڪ๚Ljᅺྺ்ᆶዺᇀඓ
ᄲࢃरຍႜ๋ᄣݴဆLjᅜඓԍഄܔ
ۨᆌथၚᆌටᇵࢅࠅዚ௬ଣޅڦ၃܈ײă
ၩݯኁڦҾඇႠLjժ๑ၩݯኁݣ႐ுᆶԥ
ሞޖพೝืߛ൶ᇘ٪ሞీॳڦ
කࠃᆌڦҾඇႠăํৣ࣍ںᄓĂ
ޅ၃้Ljᇺਐ֪ଉݣพႠڦᅏഗ߭ྔዘ
ଂ๋ࢅ࣍ৣํࢺݞᄓࢅཱི࠶ࢅፕ
ᄲă
ᆐᄢํᄓࢇ்ڦጆோኪ๎ਸ݀ࢅၠ ࢃბࢅᅏഗᅏํᄓࢃბࢅ
ᆌᆩິยሞӎں૧նຯڦސܠӗ߲ํᄓ
ׯᇵࡔገඟᆩᇀೠࠚࠤݥᅪޖพቷพ๋ܔ ᇸڦᆖၚࢃڦरຍă
ኮᅃLjڦዘ߾ۅፕਸ݀߳ዖጆோݴ
ᆯࢃᆌᆩํᄓํแڦᆌथၚᆌ߾ፕ
ဆࢅኑᅏഗࢅ݆ݛLjժၠᇱጱీऐࠓׯ
փৈྺׯᇵࡔࢅॳڦҾඇ༵ࠃኧLjᄺ
ᇵࡔገඟኪ๎ăኄၵԈઔీࠕਸቛᇺਐ
ྺᇱጱీऐࠓኼሞٝҾඇᇑࢅೝ૧ᆩࢃ
֪ଉڦᅏഗă
ీڦ๑ం༵ࠃኧă
ࢃბࢅᅏഗᅏํᄓਸ݀ڦᅃ ߲ኄᄣڦᅏഗට॑๓ݧႜഗLjీࠕሞ
14 | ĖࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓཚԒė55-2 | 20146ሆ
āāā ࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓࢃბࢅᆌᆩິ
Ҫᤳ٧ःၸஂನመߥశ ेഗ૧ᆩߛۉუׂิߛీ૭ጱ
৯ă߾ᄽेഗྺׯׂิڦᅃၜඇ൰Ⴀᄽ
ຐႚ๕ڦට߾ޖพڦऐഗă்Բݣพᇸ
ခLjࡗג20ᅢெᇮLjᆯኄၵेഗ
ᆩ߸߸ࢅܠҾඇLjᅺྺీࠕܔኄዖీଉ
े߾ׂڦၨܮॏኵሀ5000ᅢெᇮă
ႜ߀ՎLjժ࠲ۖेഗՍփምׂิޖ
ፕྺࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓࢅࣅბڦت
พăेഗԥᆩᇀ߳ዖᆌᆩLj૩සዎଐҵ
ᅃևݴLjࢃბࢅᅏഗᅏํᄓኧׯ
ኢĂݴဆᅝຍፕࢅ৹ڦට߾Ă৫ࣅ
ᇵࡔ݀ቛ߳ዖࢃᆌᆩࢅᆶၳ૧ᆩ၎࠲ᅏഗ
ݭഘĂิׂۉసႊೌࢅࣼڒӣዊࠓă
ᅏăࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓᇑࢃბࢅ
ेഗरຍॆࡔܔरຍօፔዘᄲࠋ
ᅏഗᅏํᄓణമྺ56߲ׯᇵࡔڦ17߲
၅Ljܸٝࡔॆঢ়ष݀ቛă
ࡔॆࢅں൶ेഗᆌᆩरຍࢇፕၜణ༵ࠃ
ेഗ݀ڦቛᅙࡗג80ă1929Lj
ኧLjժᇑ40߲ׯᇵࡔڦჺ৯ᇾᅃഐܔ
ெࡔბॆஆԞܻeম෧e߭ڤݔઙ
߲ၹۙჺ৯ၜణ༵ࠃၹۙăྺኧኄၵ
ސձ๗ࠀׯኤକᅃߛۉუऐഗසࢆీ
ऺࣄLjࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓཚࡗມݛၹ
े૭ጱăణമඇ൰ٷሀᆶ3ྤेഗ
ᅱᇑྔևऐࠓࢇፕăᅪٷ૧ڦჯຯ༬ڦ
ሞሏႜLjഄዐٷሀ99%ԥᆩᇀ߾ᄽࢅᅅଐ
Elettraࢅਖ਼ஆںჱු߭ુքڦম·ձຯ
ᆌᆩLjኻᆶٷሀ1%ԥᆩᇀბरຍएإჺ
ྼആჺ৯Սଇ߲ኄᄣࢇڦፕअӵă
1
ยሞᅪٷ૧ڦჯຯ༬Elettraཞօ࣮ेഗڦᇱጱీऐࠓႎڦຐ၍ߛגኈዕ܋ በăኄዖፌႎxพ၍ᆑ࠼ຐ၍ᆩᇀݴဆଙዐࣅڦბᇮ໎ăံरຍࡕׯڦኮᅃ ీࠕፕኟሞ֪ଙࣅڦბݴဆࢅྼܾڦෙྼăऐഗᅙٗӤଠሏڦڟჯຯ ༬LjణമኟሞۙዐLj20147ሆമࠃׯᇵࡔ๑ᆩă DŽቷೌᆯࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓ༵ࠃDž
ĖࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓཚԒė55-2 | 20146ሆ | 15
2
20138ሆLjઠጲᇱጱీऐࠓࢃბࢅᅏഗᅏํᄓ ĂࡔڤӤଠՔጚࣅჺ৯ᅜतڦჯຯ༬Elettraڦ ߾ፕටᇵྺሞӤଠ BESSY II ཞօेޖพᇸਸቛג ߛኈࢇຐᄓࣹᅃഐăኄْxพ၍ᆑ࠼ຐ၍ ᄓݴںࠀׯဆକଙዐࣅڦბᇮ໎ժඓණߛגኈ ీࠕӀᇨਸቛरຍ߾ፕăኄْᄓሞे ഗሏڟᅪٷ૧ڦჯຯ༬ኮമႜڦă
3
ҾጎࢁનၠेభҮਖ਼ઙႎेڦഗዐ႐ਘዺڦ ጱຐेഗăेഗॽၠٗ๚ࢃჺ৯ࢅᆌᆩ ڦბิ༵ࠃଙბĂ࣍ৣጆ༶ᅜत࿔ࣅᅍׂݴ ဆDŽ૩ස֪ۨᅝຍፕࢅට߾ڦମࢅኈํ ႠDžݛ௬ڦಢჟऐࣷăኄᆯᇱጱీऐࠓ ኧڦᅃ߲ेభरࢇၜణڦዷ༶ă DŽቷೌᆯࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓ༵ࠃDž
DŽቷೌᆯࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓ༵ࠃDž
4
ጱຐޖቷᆩᇀघ݀ՎLjׂิਏᆶ߸ࡻ༬Ⴀ ڦኲዖૌăኄሞࡔൣٷბথጱຐޖ ቷڦڦڠᅃ߲૩ጱăኄૌ߾ፕፕྺᇱጱీऐ ࠓኧڦरࢇၜణڦᅃևํݴแڦă DŽቷೌᆯࡔൣٷბ༵ࠃDž
5
ܔᅃ௬ኵ250әిઙᆘԼڦጱຐݴဆLj ᅜ֪ۨࠓْ֫ڦሰࢅࢩ܈ă૧ᆩࢃरຍਸቛڦ ኄዖݴဆᆩᇀᆘԼईഄࠟپට߾ڦೠۨ ࢅᄓኤăኄዖݴဆᆯᇱጱీऐࠓኧڦ ᅃ߲әిरࢇၜణڦᅃևݴă DŽቷೌᆯәిᇱጱీ྿ᇵ༵ࣷࠃDž
16 | ĖࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓཚԒė55-2 | 20146ሆ
6
ሞࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓ࿋ᇀᅪٷ૧ڦჯຯ༬Elettraཞօेഗڦຐ၍ඇৠăཞօेޖพຐ၍ٗڦᆸ֨ LjፌዕߛגٳڟኈLjनሞዐ႐ፑՉੂڦڟዕ܋በăཞօ࣮ेഗຐ࠼ยแׂิxพ၍Ljഄଋ܈ ᅅᆩxพ၍ڦຕӥྤԠăბॆ૧ᆩኄၵߛ܈ঋڦഽxพ၍ຐত๖ূຌĂӷ༹ڞĂ༩ٍĂࢇĂ٣ࣅवĂ ໒ଙࢅิݴጱ߳ڪዖଙዐڦᇱጱ༬ႠࢅҾಇăࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓຐ၍ጲ20144ሆᅜઠᅃሞ߾ፕăຐ ၍ᆮഄࢇᇀଙბᆌᆩă DŽቷೌᆯࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓ༵ࠃDž
7
ࡔ࿋ᇀਖ਼ஆںჱු߭ુքম·ձຯྼആჺ৯ڦ ጱຐेഗăᇱጱీऐࠓࢃბࢅᅏഗᅏํᄓጲ 1996ᅜઠᅃሞኄ߲ेഗሏႜᅃ߲ຐ၍ăे ഗ૧ᆩ600ྤۉޚუܔᆩᇀ߳ዖᆌᆩDŽ૩සଙݴဆDž ڦዊጱႜेă
8
ሞႎेೢࡔ૬ٷბဣጱຐᆌᆩዐ႐ཚࡗܔ ࡂႜঋዊጱຐޖቷׂิڦෙྼభࠓĐࡂ ᇶ็ንđăኄຫසࢆᅜ૧ᆩጱຐׂิްሗ ڦభࠓĊĊܔభरຍڦᅃ߲࠲॰ᄲ൱ă DŽቷೌᆯጱຐᆌᆩዐ႐Martin Breeseঞ༵ࠃDž
DŽቷೌᆯු߭ુքম·ձຯྼആჺ৯༵ࠃDž
࿔ጴᆯࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓࢅࣅბتRalf Bernd Kaiser༵ࠃ
ĖࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓཚԒė55-2 | 20146ሆ | 17
धԦþ&MEP /HBOP ՁÿḬˆႌ
1
ၭ߇ႮթᆖၚၭኲڦਪߍႮթਪڦ ᅃ߲۾ႠၭዖLjᆯᆶఁڦUg99ிਪਪዪሰׯ ڦă āāᅜഄ݀ิپิ݀ࢅںంఁڦUg99ፌ؛ᇀ 1999ሞ߅ٳၭฉ݀၄ăኄዖኲթᢿጱঢ় ഘدխLjඹᅟໜޅકොăසփᇨݞLjኄዖթࣷ ١࣯70%ċ100%ڦၭፕׂଉLjೝሰ ׯ830ྤܖၭ૭฿DŽॏኵ12.3ᅢெᇮDžă үܭԲჱĂჱࢅ߅ٳኄዖթڦणዐ ۅă
2 ā
2009Ljࡔाมࣷ࠲ᇀUg99ܔၭڦ಄ᆖၚ ڦනᅮ࠲ൎڞዂᇱጱీऐࠓॺ૬କINT/5/150ࡽၜ ణĐܔၭ߇ႮթUg99ੵڦহྰၾڦၚᆌđă ၜణภतࡗג18߲ࡔॆत5߲ࡔॆࢅࡔाऐࠓLj ჺ৯କ૧ᆩՎᆻ݀تᆌܔUg99ሰڦׯڦ ీႠăሞჱࢅཱིܺഄਉӸକኼሞٝၜ ణ౮૰ࣷڦᅱࢅသӬă DŽቷೌᆯࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓ༵ࠃDž
DŽቷೌᆯჱүܻૃܠ༬ٷბ౫ᄽࢅิरຍბᇾ Miriam Kinyua༵ࠃDž
3
2009ሞࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓնຯސܠኲᇣዖࢅᅍ دბํᄓํแକՎᆻ݀تăኄԈઔ૧ᆩ˹พ ၍֖ٗܔᇑࡔۨڦၭዖዖጱႜޖቷăܔᆽ ௭ႜݣพ௺ߌႠᄓLjᅜඓۨፌॅޖቷवଉă āā ཚࡗԍቱׯᇵࡔ๑ᆩࢅ૧ᅮࠌၛڦĖࡔाᇱጱ ీऐࠓՔጚଙገඟၹᅱėLjॽኄၵዖጱሞᇱጱీ ऐࠓኲᇣዖࢅᅍدბํᄓᇑׯᇵࡔኮक़ႜገ ඟă DŽቷೌᆯࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓ༵ࠃDž
4 ā
2009Ljޖቷዖጱԥሏྫၭ߇Ⴎթୁႜڦ ჱүܻૃܠ༬ăࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓܔჱڦኧ ࣏Ԉઔॺ૬࠺߄ဣཥLj๑ڥጲ2009ഐ ႜଇپၭڦዖኲࢅᄓă ٗҮܻत૧ჱĂᅉઙਖ਼ĂჱĂҮઙնႼ૧ჱ ࠌࢅࡔĂ߅ࢅٳᄺோୃ߲ࡔॆڦၭዖૌዐ ۨକ13߲ੇՎ༹ዖă DŽቷೌᆯࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓ༵ࠃDž
18 | ĖࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓཚԒė55-2 | 20146ሆ
ኃʶ˓ઇ6( Ԫͳ࠴ֵ᳠ሗ
ᆯჱࠌࢅࡔړਆᆇ݀ڦ ĐEldo Ngano1ࡽđኤກ
6 5
2012LjሞჱႜUg99ੇႠགྷक़ᄓڦཞ้Ljሞᇱ ጱీऐࠓኲᇣዖࢅᅍدბํᄓྺઠጲჱڦAmos Egoံิ۩କႪಢჟऺࣄLjᅜბသՎᆻ݀ĂՎ ॠ֪Ăླྀ࠽त૧ᆩDNAݴဆᄓኤՎဣڦरీă DŽቷೌᆯࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓ༵ࠃDž
20142ሆ݀քକڼᅃ߲ఁྺĐEldoNgano1ࡽđڦ ੇࠀׯUg99ၭՎ༹ዖăิׂକ6ܖዖጱ ᆩᇀߴ݀ݴჱ౫௷LjժፇኯକᅃْĐ౫௷ නđऄۯLj๖ݔኄዖੇUg99Վ༹ၭዖࢅ ถၜణă ፌৎLj߀߲ܾڼܔՎဣႜକዖጒ ᄓăُྔLjኟጚԢॽ߅ڦٳᅃ߲ᆶമৠڦՎ ဣሞ2015ႜኟ๕ᄓࢅ݀քă
8 7
૧ᆩᇨ໙ྔጨূܔ201312ሆሞྼᄺభࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓࢅ նຯํސܠᄓྺ༪ஃৃࢫڦօየࢅܸਉӸڦᅃْ ጆோಢჟသӬ༵ࠃକኧăኄԈઔୁᆩᇀᇣዖੇڦႠ Վ༹ဣዖጱLjेੇՎएᅺาഄׯᇵࡔᆶထྭ ዖิڦरຍLjᅜतႜੇթႠෲֱڦDNA݆ݛă
Ug99թਪीჄሞඇ൰ணჽLjణമᅙકොڟᅉશ ᅉຯનࠌࢅࡔăԒڢ౹ዞᄺ၄ᅑຼթ૩ă āā ྺᅃօԍࢺኲीჄਸ݀Վ༹ဣ߾ڦፕ ๆݴዘᄲڦLjᅜՍሞ๘হྷݔ૧ᆩՎ༹ဣԍ ቱၭፕփኄዖ೦࣋Ⴀदթڦᆖၚă DŽቷೌǖࢇࡔଂ๋त౫ᄽፇኯ, ĖUg99ဣ߁ຎė ĊĊ20114ሆDž
DŽቷೌᆯࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓ༵ࠃDž
࿔ጴᆯࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓኲᇣዖࢅᅍدბํᄓዷඪBrian P. Forster༵ࠃ
ĖࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓཚԒė55-2 | 20146ሆ | 19
᫇መߥࠑᅊ᧖ᄉͣ܊லܲܺ ࠃᰍࠈ ᇱጱీऐࠓኟሞྺ்༵ࠃยԢࢅಢჟኧ ăԥໃڟӎں૧նຯํސܠᄓLj ᅺྺݥዞళևுᆶঞኄၵरీDŽཚࡗޖ ቷํ၄ᆻ݀ՎDžڦჺ৯ऐࠓă ړྜׯಢჟࢫLjߎۨࣷׯ ྺሞॆࡔڦႎํᄓڅፇኯಢᄢჺ৯ ڦᆶ৪ኛ૰ࢪڦටăኄْႪॽᆶዺᇀ ؊֖ݴᇑટྂኄၵरీڦਸ݀ă 䭱ፓສั
أბသਸቛጲमڦჺ৯ॽႴᄲڦጆ DŽቷೌᆯࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓMohammad Hasanuzzaman༵ࠃDž
ோरຍྔLj࣏इڥକגထྭْڟ նຯސܠइ۫ڦဇă
㣞㉏ច Motlatsi James NthoLjટྂக ౫ᄽࢅଂ๋Ҿඇև౫ᄽჺ৯ິํᄓरຍ ᇵljჺ࠶ටᇵ ĐሞટྂLj்ኟڟഘࢪՎࣅ ڦᆖၚLjኄᅪ࿆ጣ்ڦሚْຕ߸ܠĂ ้क़߸Lj౫௷ԍፕิݏࢅவႴ
ბࣷକසࢆਸቛઝউࢅ݊൏ڪഄ ኲڦჺ৯߾ፕLjժڟڥକઠጲݥዞں ൶ഄႪටᇵࢅᇱጱీऐࠓኲᇣዖ ࢅᅍدბํᄓ߾ፕටᇵڦघăණྺ ኄၵ࠲ဣሞ்࣮ࡔࢫॽ๑ጆᄽၹፕՎڥ ߸ेඹᅟLjڦڟፌتࡻྔܮٷኮ ᅃăđ
ᄲڦᇐውࢫă்࣏ᄅ९߸ڦܠ౫ ፕሦदթ࣯௶ăᅺُLjሞ౮૰߀߆ ࢅၭLjᅺྺၭሞන๋ዐๆݴዘ ᄲLjܸ߆Ljසࡕ்ፔٷ߸౮૰ٝ ഄၩݯLjᆶీሞৃࢫ10ዐཞᄣྺׯ ᅃዖዘᄲዷ๋ă ሞટྂ౫ᄽჺ৯ິLj்ኟ؛օ णዐ૰ᇀኄଇዖዷ๋Ljᅺྺ்ထྭ߀ ࡔॆڦଂ๋ҾඇĊĊዖኲ߸ܠĂ߸ࡻڦ ፕઠྺට੨༵ࠃ؊ፁ๋ڦă ሞնຯྺސܠଇ߲ሆڦႪᅃ ঢ়ຐLj৽࣮ࡔ૧ᆩࢃतഄरຍ༵ߛ ངࢅၭڦఱႠĂׂଉĂᆐᄢॏኵࢅ ੇթీ૰ă
DŽቷೌᆯࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓPichler Rudi༵ࠃDž
侙䓫ߍߍ Norbertin M. RalambomananaLjகेٳ
౫ᄽჺ৯ິထྭॺ૬ᅃ߲ፇኯಢᄢ
ຯे౫ᄽևࡔॆ౫٩݀ቛᆌᆩჺ৯ዐ႐Ⴟ
ํᄓࠃ்ਸቛኄዖኲᇣዖLjܸࡔा
థბࢅᅅჺ৯ᅍدბࢅݏኳํᄓ
20 | ĖࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓཚԒė55-2 | 20146ሆ
ሴටĂ౫ბ߾ײ Đகेٳຯेڜᇒᆶ2300ྤܠට੨ă
ิׂॽ݆ݛԲഄᅃ๑ᆩׯڦࡻ߸݆ݛڦ ࡕLjॽవڦă
ࡗגᅃӷ౫٩ਃ௷౫ᄽ߾ፕኁLj༬՚
ૌຼٗዐᅮڦႪܔᇀ݀ቛዐׯ
ሞᄢᄽăڍࡔᅺྺԨںகेٳຯे
ᇵࡔݥዘᄲLjᅺྺࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓཚࡗ
ୀࠃᆌනᅮ३ณLjྺକྼܔତৎڜᇒ
ܔ்ڦბॆႜಢჟLjኟሞྺ்༵
ڦ੨Ljփڥփ੨రă
ࠃፁ்ጲวణമࢅৃࢫႴ൱Ⴔᄲڦ
ᅺُLjகेٳຯेአުኟሞᇑࡔाᇱ
߾ਏăđ
ጱీऐࠓࢇፕLjएᇀܔԨںୀĂReniteloࢅManjani BoinaڦDNAၘڦକ ႜስᇣዖLj༵ߛኄၵึႿዖૌڦర ࢅׂଉă ሞ౫ᄽևዐڦ்փߎ்ۨ ڦ౮૰ॽڹןӦྃర੨Ljڍ்ڦ ణՔޗٷ३ณࡔႴᄲሞഄࠔڦݛں சଉă்ܸኟٶ໙ޗٷሺेࡔิׂ ॆڦຕଉă ၜణڦᅃ߲࠲॰ᅺ໎๑கेٳຯ ेڦბॆሞӎں૧նຯސܠႿథิׂ ࢅॳํᄓڟڥಢჟăణമኟሞն ຯे֖ސܠᅃ߲ྺෙ߲ሆڦႪLjሞఫ ்૧ᆩٗகेٳຯेෙ߲Ԩཱིॆዖ ૌ༵ൽڦ172߲DNAᄣLjԲডᅍد႙ᇑ ၄႙ኮक़࠲ڦဣᅜतࡔॆዖૌᇑഄ ࡔॆॆዖૌኮक़࠲ڦဣLjᅜ༵ߛԨں ຽᄢۯڦዊଉă 㕹͇⃢
DŽቷೌᆯࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓKlaus Gaggl༵ࠃDž
උߍڲᅁ Fatimata NdiayeLjٳܻႇࢍ·Ҿ·ڱ ӎٷბბरຍბᇾኈਪิरຍํᄓ ჺ৯ටᇵࢅࠥ࿚
கेٳຯेுᆶਸቛՂᄲڦDNAݴဆ
ĐሞాेܻLj்ኟሞంྺں
ႴڦړยԢăᅺُLjࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓ
்ڦට੨༵ࠃፁࠕ๋ڦLjᅺྺ৳߅ڦ
ӻዺ்ڦአު֑ࠔጲमڦยԢڦཞ้Lj
ࢅೖཱིڦගࢇഐઠްᅃںሰׯଂ
ܔၟኄᄣڦბॆሞնຯํސܠᄓ
๋ശăڦዘۅଶᇘ༵ߛཱིගݨڦ૰
ႜยԢ૧ᆩಢჟă
ࢅዊଉăᄺ৽Ljཚࡗၠೖཱིගᆅ߸
࣮ࡔࢫLjॽཞڦ౫ᄽևཞ๚ᅃഐ
ڦܠ༐ࢅඓԍཱིගାዿኄၵ༐Ljሺेཱིග
૧ᆩሞኄणڦ႑တඓۨ߀்Ԩ
ᆐᄢࡤଉăਸቛኄૌํᄓժइڥׯړ
ॆںዖૌڦፌॅݛ๕ăܸLjኄփࣷ
ࡕႴᄲڦरຍLjሞࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓ
ඹᅟڦă்௬ଣැ߅ዘٷă
նຯࢃސܠᆌᆩํᄓڦኄ຺߲ሆႪ
ံLjݴොሞ౫٩ਃ௷ۅLjփඹᅟ
ዐᄲბသڦă
णეᄣăഄْLjںړᄢႿኁܔፔ๚ڦፌ
ॽࢅڦాेܻཞ๚૧ᆩኄၵຕ
ॅݛ๕ᆶጲम݆ၙڦăᄲ߀Վຽᄢኁڦኄ
༵ᅃ༫౫ᄽरຍݛӄLjᅜړਦ
ၵၙ݆ժ๑்၎႑ᆩDNAኄዖ߸ბڦ
ాेܻڦ౫ᄽ࿚༶DŽณᇑཱིගᆶ࠲ڦ
ĖࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓཚԒė55-2 | 20146ሆ | 21
࿚༶Džă்ܔአުࢅ౫௷ॺڦᅱॽภत ߸ࡻཱིڦග࠶ᅜत߸ᆶၳࢅߛၳڦሺे ཱིගᆶऐዊDŽ༐Dž݆ݛڦă
ဢᄲ൱ă ሞኄੂڟසࢆॽࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓ ࡀٷఇຽᄢဣཥᇑ்ጲमڦ၎ԲডLjሞ
ኄၵႚ๕ڦႪၟኄᄣڦൟ
ยԢࢅጆோኪ๎ݛ௬்࣏Ⴔᄲ๊Ljժ
ბॆ༵ߛጆோኪ๎Ăٝኰᄽ݀ቛᅜत૧
ੂڟᆩᇀ༵ߛઑ،փᇣरຍࡗڦײၳ୲ࢅ
ᆩնຯސܠ၄ᆶरຍڦଆࡻऐࣷă
ᆶၳႠ݆ݛڦă
ኄዖऐࣷՂᄲڦLjᆶዺᇀ்ሞ்ڦ ౫ᄽׂᄽዐइڥओटࡕׯăđ
ණྺܔઠጲ݀ቛዐׯᇵࡔბॆ ༵ࠃڦኄၵႪፌኆࡍڦLjߴൟ ጆᄽටᇵ༵ࠃକഄཚڥփڦڟಢჟऐ ࣷăଷྔLjൕวঢ়ᄓࢅᇑᇱጱీऐࠓᆶఱ ႐Ăᆶኪ๎߾ڦፕටᇵڦ၎ࢻୁݥԐ ࡍăđ
DŽቷೌᆯࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓKlaus Gaggl༵ࠃDž
㟼ͦ Tahani Bashir Abd ElkareimLj໋چඤ ټᅅბჺ৯ᇾჺ৯ටᇵ ĐदᅃዖԥజӀ࿓ᄯࢫدխڦ ዎଐڍዂంڦदթăெࡔदթ੦ᇨݞ ዐ႐ԒڢLjदᅃ߲ዘࡔٷाࠅዚॳ ࿚༶Ljࠚऺሞ๘হྷݔሰׯ2.15ྤට ߌකࢅ65.5ྤටຶྨă ໋چदୁႜࡔॆኮᅃLj்ཨ ٷଉ౮૰၌Ӏ࿓دխदթժߵأӀ࿓ă ഄዐᅃ߲౮૰૧ᆩઑ،փᇣरຍLjࠅܔ ࿓ᆽ،ႜޖቷLj๑ኮփీݏᇣࢫپLjሞ ்ׯׯ࿓ࢫڟݣᄸྔᇑيႠӀ࿓ ದă ઑ،փᇣरຍසࡕࠀׯLjॽᆶዺᇀደ ॷ३ณᆖၚටૌڦ၄ᆶ࿓،ຕଉăሞࡔा ᇱጱీऐࠓնຯํސܠᄓᅃბသ සࢆຽᄢٷଉփᇣ࿓،ăኄԈઔକܔ࿓ ጱٗᆽ،ׯڟ࿓ڦຽᄢĂቸ߃ĂยԢࢅൣ
22 | ĖࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓཚԒė55-2 | 20146ሆ
᧓᧓۲ځጷᆠḬይйጷጺ֖ ԓߔᑞౝᆠᝌࠚᆉ
ᅃኻࣉሔيڦႠĐGlossina morsitansđዖ֑֑ᆒDŽቷ ೌᆯெࡔᄶٷბᄶࠅࠌ ࿐ิბᇾჺ৯ბॆGeoffrey M. Attardo༵ࠃDž
ጣ20144ሆሞ֑֑ᆒዖĐGlossi-
ໜ
လLjन֑֑ᆒۣᄯۯഄეᅂ้دխڦ
na morsitansđएᅺፇႾଚํ၄ڦ
ᅃዖၩࡼႠदթăఫेఫթึႿว༹ጒ
೦Ljሞӻዺਦݥܔዞਏᆶ಄ᆖၚڦᅃ
Ⴀ३ෑߵڦԨᇱᅺLjኄዖጒইึگ
߲࿚༶ฉํ၄କଷᅃ߲ዘᄲײԘă
Ⴟݏڦኳీ૰Ă༹ዘĂరׂଉLj๑ึႿ
ٷᵍᆒ֑֑ᆒတᇀිࡘઙ෭ఒᇑ
ࡗᇀႵෑᅜዂփీᆩᇀ߷ፕईሏLjܸٗ
ઙࡘ෭ఒኮक़ݥڦዞٷዐևႹںܠ
ᆖၚፕิׂăሰٷׯሀ300ྤཀྵ
൶LjፕĐጔ༹،đڇڦᅃဦԇसิ،
ۯຶྨLjࡗג5000ྤཀྵۯ௬ଣدකޅ
ڦሜ༹ăኄዖۨዷसิ،ߴටૌሰׯጔ،
၃ăܔᇀݥዞ౫௷Lj֑֑ᆒ፨Ǘ்
թईລթăሞଂ౫ፇኯ/ᇱጱీऐࠓଂ
࣏ᆖၚිࡘઙᅜళݥዞڦଂ๋Ҿඇࢅมࣷ
౫ࢃरຍࢇ߾تፕݴڦጱิბॆKon-
ঢ়ष݀ቛă
stantinos Bourtzisକ֑֑ᆒۣᄯܔට༹
ლቴ֑֑ᆒߴึႿሰڦׯኄࡾׇফڦ
ॳڦയሞჹዘႠLjኍܔኄዖۣᄯణമช
ਦӸ݆ᅃࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓࢅࢇࡔ
ᅧ௭ᆩLjዎଐݯᆩߛӆăኸLj
ଂ๋त౫ᄽፇኯDŽଂ౫ፇኯDžᅜतዘ࠲ۅ
ణമٷሀ7000ྤට௬ଣລթޅ၃Ljࠚऺ
ጀᇑටૌລթፕ۷ኛڦ๘হ࿐ิፇኯ
ࡗג5ྤටॽߌڟකăລթൔလዐห
ࢇბ౮૰ڦᅃၜዘٷă
ঢ়ဣཥLj߀ՎิĐ้ዓđᅜतሰ߲ׯႠ
ଂ౫ፇኯࢅᇱጱీऐࠓሞࡗඁ10
ՎࣅLjԈઔหंĂᇕჾփൣĂᲜᱻ݀
ྺፆኹ֑֑ᆒჹዘدකકොਸቛକࠌཞ
ፕᅜतጽୟࢅຫࣆઓవă
ჺ৯Ljፌዕᆅକ࣍ৣᆷࡻڦઑ،փᇣ
ଷᅃݛ௬LjึႿࣷڟఫेఫթൔ
रຍăኄᅃዖएᇀิბܔਏᆶ౫
ĖࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓཚԒė55-2 | 20146ሆ | 23
ᄽĂᅅბࢅᅅბዘᄲᆖၚ࠲ڦ॰،࡞
ࡔڦाၹፕڦᅃևݴăBourtzisຫLjኄ
ႜ࠶݆ݛڦăઑ،փᇣरຍᅃዖ
ၜბ೦ॽ๑ට்߸ࡻںକ֑֑ᆒڦ
ઑ،ิᇣ੦ႚ๕LjሞኄዖरຍዐLjܔ
ิბࢅएᅺയీLjԈઔഄᆐᄢĂݏኳĂ
ࡀٷఇຽᄢڦႧᆒႜگवଉޖพLj๑
௨ᅧႠࢅدխీ૰ă
ኮ฿ඁิᇣీ૰Ljࢫߌڟݣකں
Bourtzis࣏ຫLjኄْ݀၄ॽ๑ბ
൶LjᇑᄸิيᆒದăᇑኄၵփᇣႧᆒ
ॆీࠕሞݞྷݔٷዎ֑֑ᆒۯܔࢅටૌ
ದࢫڦᄸิيᆒփׂิࢫپLjᅺُLj
ڦ೦࣋Ⴀᆖၚ݆ݛڦዐॽઑ،փᇣरຍᇑ
ኄዖࠕీ݆ݛᅞᆒ੨Ljසࡕሞྷݔٷ
ႎޤࢅڦዺႠ݆ݛࢇഐઠLjܸٗेഽઑ
ں൶ဣཥںᆌᆩLjፌዕీࠕߵأᄸิᆒ
،փᇣरຍLjܸ݀ቛਦڦ݆ݛణڦփ
੨ă
ྺၩ֑֑أᆒዖLjኻྺߵ֑֑أᆒ ֑֑ܔᆒएᅺፇႎৎइڦڥණ๎Lj
ںړڦᆒ੨ă
ྺ߀ኝ߲ઑ،փᇣरຍԈ༵ࠃକٷଉ႑
1997Lj૧ᆩઑ،փᇣरຍॽںࠀׯ
တLjీࠕᆶዺᇀতਸ֑֑ᆒĂࠌิิࢅ
֑֑ᆒٗ།ෝჱෝߴәܻأߵڜăү
ጔ༹،ኮक़ڦ၎ࢻፕᆩăࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓ
ܭԲჱࢅాेܻ૧ᆩཞᄣ݆ݛኟሞߌක
ሞ20144ሆ24න݀քڦ༶ྺĐ֑֑ᆒएᅺ
ں൶ൽڥዘᄲቛăଂ౫ፇኯࢅᇱጱీऐ
ፇ೦ߴݥዞ౫௷ټઠထྭđڦႎ࿕ߡዐ
ࠓኟሞཚࡗᆌᆩྷݔٷ،࡞ጹࢇዎ݆ݛ
ၘဦถକܔएᅺፇڦஓă
ӻዺ14߲ࡔॆ੦֑֑ᆒຕଉă
ںࠀׯত๖֑֑ᆒएᅺஓᅃᅃ ၜᆶଂ౫ፇኯ/ᇱጱీऐࠓթ،࡞ݞዎํᄓ ֖ᇑĂ๘হ߳ں140ܠ࿋ბॆ༵ࠃኧ
ࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓႎ࿕ࢅჇدӸࠅ Aabha Dixit
θᵳÿÿ䛴䛴㱴 ኪ֑֑ᆒᅙঢ়ᇑෙዖփཞࠌڦ
ࠌิ༹Ljࡗג40%ڦઑ،ዖߌۼකኄ
ิဦਪॺ૬କްሗ࠲ิࠌڦဣăങৃ
ዖဦਪăኪܻәਖ਼༹֡੦ഄ໔ዷ
ჺ৯ڦᆶ֑֑ᆒۼတᇀᅃዖĐWig-
ݏڦኳ༬ႠLjፌ९ڦሰׯԇዊփൕ
glesworthiađຌጆႠࠌิ༹ዐLjኄዖࠌ
ࢅႠĊĊᅃዖႧႠփᇣႠăፌৎሞ࿓ጱ
ิ༹ᇑ֑֑ᆒ৳ࠌิࢇLjߴ்༵
วฉ၂๖Ljኄዖࠌิ༹ݞኹሰ߫کׯ
ࠃሞටૌࢅۯეᅂዐ݆इڦڥዘᄲ
ඤĂൎઑࠋჱඤࢅदڪदթڦዘٷට
ᆐᄢLj૩සྼิ໎ă
ૌթᇱ༹ڦတࢅدխă
֑֑ᆒ࣏ᇑଷᅃዖဦਪनĐSoda-
ణമኟሞჺ৯ܻәਖ਼༹࣏ޏ
lisđॺ૬କࠌิ࠲ဣăፌৎํڦᄓ߾ፕ
ీࠕݞኹݥዞጔ༹،วᇀ֑֑ᆒժد
Ljᇑ֑֑ᆒዐڦิࠌଇዖࠌิิ
խܸٗፆኹລթࢅఫेఫթڦકොă
DŽSodalisࢅWigglesworthiaDžీࠕᆖၚ
ସටߌ႗ڦLjܔGlossina morsitansए
ጔ༹،݀ᇣLjᅺܸᅜ૧ᆩᅜᇨݞኄၵ
ᅺፇڦ࣏ত๖କ֑֑ᆒएᅺፇዐ٪
सิ،ڦတࢅدխă
ሞຕᅜӥऺڦܻәਖ਼༹ຌएᅺăኄ
֑֑ᆒڼڦෙ߲ࠌิ༹ܻә ਖ਼༹ຌ˷-ՎႚਪDŽalphaproteobacteriumDžăኄዖဦਪں൰ฉፌ࣌ᆓڦ
24 | ĖࡔाᇱጱీऐࠓཚԒė55-2 | 20146ሆ
ၵएᅺڦയሞࠀీन๑ᆶLjങৃධ࿄ ኪڦă
˞᜵୨ሼ̠ ཀᄸኮ Konstantinos Bourtzis Andrew Cannavan Gerd Dercon Adama Diallo Yacouba Diawara Aabha Dixit Tahani Bashir Abd Elkareim Brian P. Forster Andy Garner Brandon Thomas Gebka Ruzanna Harman Sasha Henriques Joanna Izewska Nicole Jawerth Ralf Bernd Kaiser Pierre Jean Laurent Lagoda Qu Liang Katherine Long Julian Gregory Ludmer Fatimata Ndiaye Motlatsi James Ntho David Osborn Norbertin M. Ralambomanana Meera Venkatesh Marc Vreysen Rodolfo Quevenco
141975
ISSN 1011-257X