Iaetsd innovative brick material

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR SKILL DEVELOPMENT

ISBN : 378 - 26 - 138420 - 6

Innovative Brick Material M.Scinduja1, S.Nathiya1, C.V.Shudesamithronn1, M. Harshavarthana Balaji1,

,

T.Sarathivelan1 S. Jaya pradeep2 2. Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Knowledge Institute of Technology, Kakkapalayam, Salem – 637 504, Tamil Nadu, India 1. U .G Student , Department of Civil Engineering, Knowledge Institute of Technology, Kakkapalayam, Salem – 637 504, Tamil Nadu, India

 Environmental friendly  Less weight INTRODUCTION  Inflammable Since the large demand has been

 Less water absorption

placed on building material industry especially  Easily available

in the last decade owing to the increasing population which causes a chronic shortage of

The main objective of this project is

building materials, the civil engineers have

optimize the papercrete mix with desirable

been challenged to convert the industrial

properties,

wastes to useful building and construction

mentioned needs.

materials.

MATERIALS USED

This

experimental

study

which

which

satisfies

the

above

In this project waste materials were utilized to

investigates the potential use of waste paper

produce building

for producing a low-cost and light weight

materials were used in this investigation

composite brick as a building material. These

bricks.

The

following

CEMENT

alternative bricks were made with papercrete.

Cement is one of the binding materials in this project. Cement is the important

OBJECTIVES

building material in today’s construction

The major Objective of the project is

world

replacing the costly and scarce conventional building

bricks

by

an

innovative

and

53 grade Ordinary Portland Cement

alternative building bricks, which satisfies the

(OPC) conforming to IS: 8112-cement used.

following characteristics, Properties of cement

 Required  Cost effective 1

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Description of test

ISBN : 378 - 26 - 138420 - 6

Test results

Requiremen

obtained

ts

of

IS:

8112 1989 Initial

65

Min.

setting time

minutes

30minutes

Final setting 270

Max.

time

minutes

600minutes

412.92

Min.

Fig GGBS QUARRY DUST Getting good Quarry dust free from

Fineness

2

m /kg

225

organic impurities and salts is very difficult in

2

m /kg

now a day. While adding the Quarry dust to the mix. And the Quarry dust should be in uniform size i.e., all the Quarry dust particles should be fine.

The Quarry Dust obtained from local resource was used in concrete to cast test bricks. The physical and chemical properties of Quarry Dust obtained by testing the samples as per Indian Standards are listed in

Fig . Cement

table GROUND

GRANULATED

BLAST Properties of Quarry dust

FURNACE SLAG (GGBS) Ground-granulated blast-furnace slag

Property

(GGBS) is a byproduct which is obtained

Quarry

Natural

dust

sand

during the manufacturing process of pig iron

Specific gravity 2.54-2.60

in blast furnace. This process produces a

Bulk

glassy, homogeneous, non-crystalline material

density (kg/m )

that has cementitious properties. GGBS

Absorption (%)

powder was collected from Quality polytech,

Moisture

Mangalore. It is off white in colour by

content (%)

appearance. The specific gravity is 3.09. The

Fine

particles

GGBS powder is shown in fig

less

than

2.60

relative 3

1720-1810

1460

1.20-1.50

Nil

Nil

1.50

12-15

06

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together with the power of hydrogen bond.

0.075mm (%) Sieve analysis

ISBN : 378 - 26 - 138420 - 6

Zone II

Coating this fiber with Portland cement

Zone II

creates a cement matrix, which encases the fibers for extra strength. Of course paper has more in it than cellulose. Raw cellulose has comparatively rough texture. Clay, rice husk ash is added to make the cellulose very smooth.

Fig Quarry Dust PAPER Paper is principally wood cellulose.

Cellulose is natural polymer. And Fig.3.4.1 shows the links of cellulose bonds. The cellulose chain bristles with polar-OH groups.

These groups form hydrogen bonds with -OH group on adjacent chains, bundling, and the

Fig. Microscopic view of cellulose

chain together. The chains also pack regularly in places to form hard, stable crystalline

While adding more sand or glass to the

region that give the bundled chains even more

mix results in a denser, stronger, more flame

stability and strength.

retardant material, but adds weight and reduces R- value.

Heavy mixes with added sand, glass etc., increases strength and resistance to abrasion,

but

also

reduces

flexibility

somewhat, adds weight and may reduce Rvalue. So the trick is finding the best mix for

Fig. Cellulose hydrogen bonds

the application.

Fig.shows the network of cellulose fibers and smaller offshoots from the fibers

This mould was collected from ACC

called fibrils. In this, fibers and fibrils network

brick suppliers in the size of 230mm length,

forms a matrix, which becomes coated with

110mm wide and 80mm deep.

Portland cement. When these networks of The papers, which were collected,

fibers and fibrils dry, they intertwine and cling

cannot be used directly. It should be made into 3 2nd INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CURRENT TRENDS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH 18

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paper

pulp

before

mixing

with

other

ISBN : 378 - 26 - 138420 - 6

used as an additive for cement concrete,

ingredients.

mortar & plasters. It makes concrete cohesive and prevents segregation.

WATER Water is an important ingredient of

Features & Benefits:

papercrete as it actively participates in the

 Corrosion resistant - Makes

chemical reaction with cement. It should be

concrete more cohesive, hence

free from organic matter and the pH value

protects steel better against

should be between 6 to 7.

corrosion.  Compatibility – Being a liquid, easily dispersible & compatible with concrete/mortar mixes.  Permeability – It reduces the permeability of

water

into

concrete.  Strength –. The setting time and compressive strength of the

Fig Materials Used

concrete remains within the specification limits WATER PROOFING COMPOUND FOR

 Shrinkage – Reduces shrinkage

CONCRETE AND PLASTER

crack development in plaster & concrete.  Workability

–

Improves

workability of freshly mixed cement concrete.  Durability

–

Increases

durability

by

improving

waterproofing of concrete.

Fig. Water Proofing Compound MODIFIER

Dr. Fixit Pidiproof LW+ is specially formulated

integral

compound

composed

liquid of

BONDING

COMPOUND

waterproofing surface

CUM

active

Dr. Fixit Super Latex is a highly potent

plasticizing agents, polymers & additives. It is

and versatile SBR based liquid for high 4

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ISBN : 378 - 26 - 138420 - 6

performance applications in waterproofing and

minor refinements. There has been hardly any

repairs.

effort in our country to improve the brick-

Features & Benefits:

making process for enhancing the quality of

 Excellent Coverage - 70-80

bricks.

sq.ft per kg/ in 2 coats

A brick is generally subjected to the

 Less material wastage- material

following tests to find out its suitability for the

does not fall baclV rebound

construction work.

 Highly cost effective due to better

coverage

&

ABSORPTION

lesser

A brick is taken and it is weighed dry.

wastage

It is then immersed in water for a period of 24

 High Bonding Strength

hours. It is weighed again and the difference in

 Prevents leakages & dampness

weight indicates the amount of water absorbed

 Enhances strength & provides

by the brick. It should not, in any case, exceed

durability

20% of weight of dry brick.

CRUSHING STRENGTH The crushing strength of a brick is found out by placing it in a compressiontesting machine. It is compressed till it breaks, as per BIS: 1077-1957, the minimum crushing

Fig. Modifier cum Bonding Compound

strength of brick is 3.50 N/mm2 .The brick

MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS

with crushing strength of 7-14 N/mm2 are

BRICKS

graded as ‘A’ and those having above 14 N/mm2 is graded as ‘AA’.

The bricks are obtained by moulding clay in a rectangular block of uniform size and

HARDNESS

then by drying and burning the blocks. As the

In this test, a scratch is made on the

bricks are of uniform size, they can be

brick surface with the help of finger nail. If no

properly arranged and further, as they are in

impression is left on the surface, the brick is

lightweight, no lifting appliance is required for

treated to be sufficiently hard.

them. The common brick is one of the oldest PRESENCE OF SOLUBLE SALTS

building materials and it is extensively used at

The soluble salts, if presents in brick

present as a leading material in construction.

will cause efflorescence on the surface of

In India, process of brick making has not

bricks. For finding out the presence of soluble

changed since many centuries except some 5

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salts in brick, it is immersed in water for 24

ISBN : 378 - 26 - 138420 - 6

STRUCTURE

hours. It is then taken out and allowed to dry

A brick is broken and its structure is

sunshade. The absence of grey or white

examined. It should be homogeneous, compact

deposits on its surface indicates absence of

and free from defects such as holes, lumps etc.

soluble salts.

PAPERCRETE

If the white deposit covers about 10%

Papercrete is a tricky term. The name

surface, the efflorescence is said to be slight

seems to imply a mix of paper and concrete,

and it is considered as moderate, when the

hence papercrete. But more accurately, only

white deposit cover about 50% surface. If grey

the Portland cement part of concrete is used in

or white deposits are found on more than 50%

the mix-if used at all. Arguably, it could have

of surface, the efflorescence becomes heavy

been called “paperment” papercrete may be

and it is treated as serious, when such deposits

mixed in many ways. Different types of

are converted into powdery mass.

paperecrete contain 50-80% of waste paper.

SHAPE AND SIZE

Up to now, there are no hard and fast rule, but

In this test, a brick is closely inspected.

recommended standard will undoubtedly be

It should be of standard size and its shape

established in fuature.

should be truly rectangular with sharp edges.

The basic constituents are waste nearly any

For this purpose, 20 bricks of standard size

kind of paper, board, glossy magazine stock,

(190mm X 90mm X 90mm) are selected at

advertising brochure, junk mail or just about

random and they are stacked length wise,

any other types of “mixed grade” paper is

along the width and along the height.

acceptable. some types of paper work better

For a good quality brick, the results

than other, but all types of works, newsprint

should be within the following permissible

are the best. Water proofed paper and card

limits:Length: 3680mm to 3920mm

board, such as butcher paper, beer cartons ect., are hard to break down in water. Catalogs,

Width : 1740mm to 1860mm

magazines and other publication are fine in Height: 1740mm to 1860 mm

and of themselves, but some have a stringy,

SOUNDNESS

rubbery, sticky spine, which is also water

In this test, two bricks are taken and

resistance. Breaking down this kind of

they are struck each other. The bricks should

material in the mixing process can’t be done

not break and a clear ringing sound should be

very well. Small fragments and strings of

produced.

these materials are almost always in the final mix.

6

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When

using

papercrete

containing

ISBN : 378 - 26 - 138420 - 6

the

volume. Once of the most advantageous

unwanted material in a finish, such as stucco

properties of papercrete is the way paper fibers

or plastering ,the unwanted fragment some

hold the Portland cement or perhaps the way

time shown up on the surface, but this is not

Portland cement adheres to paper fibers when

the serious problem.

the water added to the Portland cement drains from the mix, it come out almost clear.

In the optimization work the admixture like conplast WP90, Dr.Fixt 105 water proof and

There is no messy eco-unfriendly cement

polymer like nitrobond SBR are as the water

sediment left on the ground, running in to

repellent agents

waterways ect., papercrete can be produced using solar energy. The only power needed is

Papercrete’s additives can be,

for mixing and pumping water. Its R-value is  Cement

in 2.0-3.0 per inch. Since walls in a one or two

 GGBS

storey house will be12-16 inch thick, the long

 Quarry dust

energy saving of building with papercrete will be a bonanza for the home owner and the

 Paper

environmental.

Papercrete is having the following derivatives, PADOBE  Fibrous concrete Padobe has on Portland cement. it is  Padobe

admix paper, water, earth with clay. Here clay

 Fidobe

is binding material instead of using the cement, earth is used in this types of brick.

This earth should have clay content more than 30%. With regular brick, if clay content is too

FIBROUS CONCRETE

high the brick may crack while drying, but

Fibrous concrete is a mixture of paper,

adding paper fiber to the earth mix strengthens

Portland cement, water. There are on harmful

the drying block and give some flexibility

by-products or excessive energy use in the

helps to prevent cracking.

production of papercrete. While it can be

FIDOBE

argued that the Portland cement is not

Fidobe is like padobe,but it may

environmental friendly, it is not used in all

content other fibrous materials

types of papercrete, and when it represents a fairly small percentage of cured material by

7 2nd INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CURRENT TRENDS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH 22

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ECO – FRIENDLY Phenomenal growth in the construction industry

depends

upon

the

deflectable

resources of the country. Production of building

materials

lead

to

irreversible

environmental impacts. Using eco-friendly materials is the best way to build an ecofriendly building. Eco-friendly, describes a product that has been designed to do the least possible damage to the environment.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE MANUFACTURING OF BRICKS

Fig. Mould

There was no clear past details about

This mould was non-water absorbing

the project. And there is no hard procedure for

in the size of 230mm length, 110mm wide and

casting the bricks. So the procedure that is

80mm deep. The shorter sides of the mould

given below was followed by our own. And

are slightly projecting to serve as handle. And

the equipments which were used in this project

joints were made without any hole or gap to

are for our convenience only.

avoid leakage.

MOULD PREPARATION After collecting all the materials, a mould was prepared. A typical

5.3 PULP GENERATION

mould is

The papers, which were collected

shown in the below figure.

cannot be used directly. It should be made into paper

pulp

before

mixing

with

other

ingredients. The following are the steps involved in the generation of pulp.  First the pins, threads and other materials in the papers were removed.  Then the papers were teared into small pieces of papers.

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 Then, a 200 litre water tank was taken. And 2/3

rd

paste like form. Then the paper was taken out

of it was

from water and taken to the mixer machine to make it as a paper pulp.

filled with water.  Then the small pieces of paper

The pulp generating process was

were immersed in the water

tedious and time consumption. For lab purpose

tank. The paper pieces were

only these procedures were followed. While

immersed individually not in a

going for mass production, the Tow mixers

bulky manner in order to make

were recommended to reduce the cost. The

the pieces completely wet.

Tow mixers have sharp blades and it can

Before immersing it into the water,

the

papers

ISBN : 378 - 26 - 138420 - 6

operate mechanically or electrically.

were MIXING

weighed. The figure shows the papers were being immersed in

After all the ingredients were ready,

the water tank.

the mixing was done. In this project, mixing was done manually. The mixing process of fibrous concrete bricks and padobe bricks are different, and that processes are given below.

The exact mix proportion was not known. So, trial proportions were used in this project.

Fig.

Immersed

Paper

Fig. Mixing PAPERCRETE MIX RATIO Table : PAPERCRETE MIX RATIO

Fig. Paper Pulp

Trial Mix

The papers were kept in the tank for 2 to 3 days otherwise until the papers degrade into a

S

Identif

Ingredients (%)

ication

Dr

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.

Mark

N Dr

o

.

Ce

Pa

Qua

men

pe

rry

t

r

dust

GGBS

Fi

% of weight of cement

xit 10

ISBN : 378 - 26 - 138420 - 6

Fixit

was selected nearer to the

302

casting place.  First

Super

Quarry

Latex

the

ingredients

dust/

GGBS

like were

placed.

1

 Then cement was placed over that ingredient.

1 .

2 .

3 .

2 P1

1

2

4

20%

0

 These two were dry mixed with 50ml

shovel thoroughly still uniform

%

color was formed.

2 P2

P3

1

1

2

2

4

4

30%

50%

0

 Then the paper pulp, which was 50ml

in a wet condition, was placed

%

separately. Paper pulp should

2

contain less water. So the

0

50ml

excess water was squeezed out.

%

 The already mixed cement and GGBS/Quarry dust was placed

 Weigh batching was carried out

over the paper pulp and mixed

in this project .So the materials

thoroughly to get the uniform

were measured in Kilograms.

mix.

According to the particular

 There was no further water was

proportion the materials were

added separately unless it was

measured

kept

essential. The water in the pulp

separately .This was done just

was utilized for mixing the

before the mixing starts.

papercrete.

 Glows,

first

shoes,

and

masks

 After the mix, the required

were

wearied before the mixing.

amount of papercrete was taken

 Then, the non–water absorbing

to the site and the remaining

and smooth surface was made

amount was kept free from

for mixing.

evaporation.

CASTING OF BRICKS

 Water was sprinkled over that surface. And this mixing place

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ISBN : 378 - 26 - 138420 - 6

were carried out to check the properties of the bricks. And the results of the test were analyzed with the existing and standard results. The following tests were carried out to check the strength of the brick.

WEIGHT Table : Weight of Papercrete Bricks S.No. 0f

Dry

Identification

%

Mark

GGBS

1.

P1

20

1.773

After mixing, it should be placed in the

2.

P2

30

1.842

mould within 30 minutes. So, two moulds

3.

50

1.862

Weight (kg.)

Fig. Manufacturing of Brick

P3

were used at the time to make the process very fast. The bricks were moulded manually by hand and on the table. The following are the steps involved in molding,  The mould was over a table  The lump of mix was taken and it was placed in the mould.  The extra or surplus mix was removed either by wooden strike or the metal strike or frame with wire.  The casted papercrete bricks dried for 14 days.

RESULT & DISCUSSION After casting the bricks, they were analyzed for using as a brick. Various tests 11 2nd INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CURRENT TRENDS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH 26

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specimen to room temperature and obtain its weight (M1) specimen too warm to touch shall not be used for this purpose. Immerse completely dried specimen in clean water at a

Water Absorption result in

temperature of 27+2C for 24 hours. Remove

% (24 hours)

the specimen and swipe out any traces of

Trail Mix

20%

30%

water with damp cloth and weigh the

50%

specimen after it has been removed from water 40.11%

33.85%

(M2)

23.74%

TABLE

WATER ABSORPTION TEST

OF PAPECRETE BRICKS

WATER ABSORPTION TEST

% OF WATER ABSORPTION

50

40.11 %

40

Fig. Weight of bricks-(P1,P2,P3)

33.85 %

30

The

ordinary

conventional

bricks

weight varies from 3 to 3.5 Kg but the fibrous concrete and padobe bricks weight varies from 1 to 2 Kg. The maximum weight is less than

23.74 %

G-20%

20

G-30%

10

G-50%

0 P1

P224 HOURSP3

2Kg only. In this above proportion GGBS is having 1/3 rdof the conventional brick weight

Fig. Water absorption test for Trial Mix

only. Sand based bricks are having weight 2/3 rd

COMPRESSION TEST

of conventional brick weight only. So this

bricks are light weight and it will also reduce total cost of construction due to the reduction in dead load.

WATER ABSORBTION TEST Dry the specimen in ventilated oven at a temperature of 105C to 115C till it attains substantially

constant

mass.

Cool

the Fig. Compression test 12

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The test was carried out by a

was hold tightly without any

Compression Testing Machine. This test was

movement.  Then the load was applied

carried out on 14th day from the date of casting papercrete brick.

While testing the

axially at a uniform rate  This load was applied till the

papercrete brick great care must be taken, because

papercrete

catastrophically,

it

brick

never

failed

just compressed

ISBN : 378 - 26 - 138420 - 6

half of the brick.  Three

like

bricks

from

same

squeezing rubber. So load was applied up to

proportion were tested every

half compression.

time.  And the compressive strength

When papercrete brick failed at the

was calculated by this formula,

higher load, the structure was not fully

Compression strength= (load/surface area)

collapsed. Only the outer faces cracked and peeled out. The papercrete brick are having elastic behavior and less brittleness.

Best Compressive Strength in Trial Mix

N/mm2

( 14 Days)

20%

30%

Fig. Brick after testing TABLE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF

50%

PAPECRETE BRICKS 5.9

7.5

8.7

The following steps were followed for COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST COMPRESSIVE STRENTH IN N/mm2

compression testing.

10

 First the irregularities in the

8

surface were removed.

5.9N/ mm2

7.5N/ mm2

8.7N/ mm2

6

 The brick was placed centrally

G2…

4

on the bottom plate of the

2

universal testing machine.

0

 Then the upper plate of the

P1

P2 14 DAYS P3

universal testing machine was Fig. Compression test for Trial Mix

lowered down up to the brick 13

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HARDNESS TEST In this test, a scratch was made on brick surfaces. This test was carried out for all the three proportions of brick. While the scratch was made with the help of finger nail on the bricks, very light impression was left on the fibrous concrete brick surface. So this test results that fibrous concrete bricks are sufficiently hard.

Fig. Inner structure of fibrous concrete brick

PRESENCE OF SOLUBLE SALTS The soluble salts, if presents in bricks

In this test fibrous concrete brick were

will cause efflorescence on the surface of

cut into equal parts. The fibrous concrete brick

bricks. For finding out the presence of soluble

piece structure was homogenous, compact,

salts in a brick, this test was carried out. In this

and free from defects and this brick pieces

test fibrous concrete brick were immersed in

look like a cake piece.

water for 24 hours. Then the bricks were taken

NAILING

out and allowed to dry in shade. And there was no any grey or white deposit on the bricks surface. It results that the bricks are free from soluble salts.

SOUNDNESS TEST In this test two bricks from same proportion were taken and they were struck with each other. The bricks were not broken and a clear ringing sound was produced. So the bricks are good.

Fig. Nail in the brick

STRUCTURE TEST

Fibrous concrete bricks are less hard

In this test, the bricks were broken and

when compare to conventional bricks. So this

the structures of that bricks were examined,

test was carried out to find out whether bricks

whether they were free from any defects such

hold the nail or not. A nail was hammered in

as holes, lumps, etc.

the brick and a screw is also screwed in the 14

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ISBN : 378 - 26 - 138420 - 6

brick. In this two (Fig.6.8), fibrous concrete

Many cut bricks are wasted in now a

brick did not hold nails any better than dry

day. But the two fibrous concrete brick

wall, but screws worked well and hold a

pieces can be hold together by putting a

considerable weight. So, the screws are the

medium amount of glue on the bottom

anchors of choice for fibrous concrete bricks.

piece. This will not come apart (Fig.6.9.2).

This

CUTTING AND GLUE

would

seem

to

indicate

that

papercrete could be used in application calling for quick assembly by cutting the pieces to size in advance and letting the user simply glue them together.

Fig. Brick pieces

PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL

In site lot of bricks are wasted while cutting only. The labors could not able to cut the bricks exactly what they need. But, fibrous concrete bricks can be cut into exactly two pieces (Fig. 6.9.1) by using conventional saw blades. So, we can get any shape and size of fibrous concrete brick.

Fig. Hole in the brick

Fig.6.9.2 Joined brick pieces 15 2nd INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CURRENT TRENDS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH 30

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fibrous concrete bricks not for padobe brick.

Fig.Channel in the brick Installing plumbing

ISBN : 378 - 26 - 138420 - 6

lines

Because padobe brick was already heated in

requires

cutting holes and channels in papercrete. It

kiln at high temperature so, it won’t burn. The

was very easy in fibrous concrete bricks.

following are the steps involved in this test,

Electrical runs were cut with a circular saw

 First, the brick was wiped with

or chain saw. To make holes for outlets,

cloths and all the foreign

horizontals and vertical slits was cut with a

matters were removed.  Then the flammable sticks were

circular saw. Then unwanted pieces were removed with a screwdriver.

fired. After that, the bricks were held on the flame for five

Outlet boxes can be angle screwed

minutes.

directly into the papercrete. Home fires

 After five minutes fixing was

start, where the wiring enters the outlet

stopped and the bricks were

boxes.

observed.

So, nonflammable mortar should be put behind the outlet boxes for safety.

From the above test, it was observed

Once the electrical wiring and outlets are

that the fibrous concrete bricks did not

installed and then tested, the channels for

burn with an open flame. They smoldered

the electrical runs are for filled with

like charcoal. But these brick would be

papercrete.

reduced to ashes after burning several

FIRE

hours.

If the interior plaster and exterior stucco is provided on the fibrous concrete bricks, the bricks won’t burn. The only weak point is inside the block, near electrical outlets, switches and other places where wires gives through walls, into boxes etc.,. Properly wired places never

Fig. Fire test A

cause fire. If we apply the plaster without brick

which

is

used

any hole or leakage on the bricks, it won’t

for

burn or smolder inside. Because there will

construction should not flammable in open

be lack of oxygen for burning.

flame, so this test was carried out for the

CONCLUSIONS

bricks. This test was carried out only for 16

2nd INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CURRENT TRENDS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH 31

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INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR SKILL DEVELOPMENT

 Using the papercrete brick in a

From the above experimental studies we can conclude that,

building, total cost will be reduced from 20% to 50%.

 Papercrete bricks are suitable REFERENCE

for non-load bearing walls only.

1. B J Fuller, AFafitis and J L Santamaria.

 The weight of this brick is 1/3

rd

ISBN : 378 - 26 - 138420 - 6

to

2/5

th

lesser

(May 2006) “The Paper Alternative”,

than

ASCE Civil Engineering Vol. 75 No.5 pp.

conventional clay brick.

72-77.

 These bricks are not suitable

2. J Pera and J Ambroise (2005) “Properties

for water logging and external

of Calcined Paper Sludge”, Construction

walls. It can be used in inner

and Building MaterialsV0l.21, No.5 pp

partition walls.

405-413.

 Due to less weight of these

3. Lex

Terry,

(2006)“Papercrete

bricks, the total dead load of

Construction”- Building Environment and

the building will be reduced.

Thermal

 Since,

these

bricks

Envelope

Council

(BETEC)

are

Symposium was held on 13th to 16th

relatively light weight and

October 2006 at the Northen New mexico

more flexible, these bricks are

Community College in EIRito.

potentially ideal material for

4. M O’Farrell and S Wild. (2006) “A New

earthquake prone areas.  Papercrete

brick

does

Concrete incorporating Watepaper Sludge not

Ash

(WSA)”

Cement

&

Concrete

expand or contract, so sheets

CompositesVol.17, No.3 pp 149-158. ,

of glass or glass block can be

5. ParvizSoroushian et al (February 1994)

embedded in and trimmed

“Durability and Moisture Sensitivity of

with papercrete.

Recycled Wastepaper – Fiber – Cement

 The papercrete bricks are good

Composites”,

sound absorbent, hence paper

6. R.Garcia

et

these bricks can be used in

Properties

auditoriums.

Construction

 Since, the waste materials are it

will

reduce

&

Concrete

Composites Vol. 16 No.2 pp 115-128.

is used in these bricks. So,

used,

Cement

of

al

(2008)

Paper and

“Pozzolanic

Sludge

Building

Waste”, Materials,

Vol.22 No.7, July 2008, pp 1484 – 1490.

the

7. Tarun R Naik et al (January 2004)

landfills and pollution.

“Concrete Containing Pulp and Paper Mill 17

2nd INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CURRENT TRENDS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH 32

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INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR SKILL DEVELOPMENT

ISBN : 378 - 26 - 138420 - 6

Residuals”, Proceedings of International Conference on Fibre Composites, High Performance

Concretes

and

Smart

Materials, Chennai, pp 515-525.

8. IS: 3495-1992 (Part 1 to 4), “Methods of Tests for Burnt Clay Bricks”, Bureau of Indian Standards, Third Revision, New Delhi.

9. IS: 383-1970, “Specification for coarse and fine aggregates from natural sources for concrete”, Bureau of Indian Standards.

New Delhi.

18 2nd INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CURRENT TRENDS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH 33

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