Ecology and Silviculture of Tropical Peat Swamp Forest Tree Species Found Naturally Occurring

T

A Literature Review of the Ecology and Silviculture of Tropical Peat Swamp Forest Tree Species Found Naturally Occurring in Central Kalimantan

This report was prepared for The Kalimantan Forests and Climate Partnership

Literature Review: Silviculture of TPSF tree species, Central Kalimantan

2009

This report was prepared in accordance with the guidelines at the time of writing, including the overview of the KFCP project below. This research was carried out in collaboration with the Governments of Australia and Indonesia, but the analysis and findings in this paper represent the views of the author/s and do not necessarily represent the views of those Governments Australia’s International Forest Carbon Initiative is a key part of Australia’s international leadership on reducing emissions from deforestation. The Initiative will support international efforts to reduce deforestation through the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It aims to demonstrate that reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation can be part of an equitable and effective international agreement on climate change. A central element of this is the Initiative’s focus on developing practical demonstration activities in our region, particularly in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea.

Indonesia and Australia are working together under the Indonesia- Australia Forest carbon Partnership (The Partnership) to support international efforts on REDD through the UNFCCC. A key focus is on practical demonstration activities to show how REDD can be included in a future global outcome on climate change. Activities under the partnership are funded through Australia’s $200 million International Forest carbon Initiative (IFCI) administered by the Australian Department of Climate Change (DCC) and AusAID. Australia has committed $30 million over four years to the Kalimantan Forests and Climate partnership (KFCP). Under the KFCP, Australia and Indonesia are working together to develop and implement a large scale REDD demonstration activity in Central Kalimantan. The KFCP is the first REDD demonstration activity of its kind in Indonesia. It aims to demonstrate a credible, equitable and effective approach to reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, including from the degradation of peatlands, than can inform a future global outcome on climate change. With an overall funding target of $100 million, the KFCP aims to raise remaining funding through contributions from or coordinated actions with the private sector or other donor countries.

This report was prepared by Laura L. B. Graham under the management of Graham Applegate and is comprised of a comprehensive literature review of the distribution, ecology and silviculture of peat swamp forest tree species in Indonesia and Malaysia that also occur in Central Kalimantan, and their secondary successional traits following selective and intensive logging, deforestation and fire. The study was developed and managed by Grahame Applegate, with support from Tim Jessop, both of KFCP. Administrative Assistance was provided by Pak Eko Pranandhita of the KFCP in Palangkaraya. The work was financed by the Indonesia- Australia Forest Carbon Partnership, managed by Neil Scotland from the IAFCP Partnership Office.

Australian Agency for International Development, Jakarta Australian Embassy, Jl Rasuna Said Kav. C15 -16, Jakarta 12940, Indonesia Ph (62 21) 392 4322, Fax (62-21) 392 4373

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Literature Review: Silviculture of TPSF tree species, Central Kalimantan

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A Literature Review of the Ecology and Silviculture of Tropical Peat Swamp Forest Tree Species Found Naturally Occurring in Central Kalimantan December 2009

This report was prepared for The Kalimantan Forests and Climate Partnership

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Literature Review: Silviculture of TPSF tree species, Central Kalimantan

2009

Contents Background .................................................................................................................... 5 Introduction to KFCP forest restoration ........................................................................ 5 The literature review ...................................................................................................... 6 Using the literature review ............................................................................................. 6 Comments on the data.................................................................................................... 7 Sources of literature ....................................................................................................... 8 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................ 8 Selecting the Focal Species ............................................................................................ 9 Complete literature review species list: ....................................................................... 14 Literature review ‘Selected Focus Specis’ list: ............................................................ 18 References .................................................................................................................. 221

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Literature Review: Silviculture of TPSF tree species, Central Kalimantan

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Background Indonesia has taken a leading role among developing countries in exploring how to integrate Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries (REDD) into the emerging international carbon market.

Australia and Indonesia have established the Kalimantan Forest and Climate Partnership (KFCP), to undertake a REDD demonstration on Tropical Peat Swamp Forests (TPSF) in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. The goal which the Indonesia Australia Forest Carbon Partnership is seeking as input to negotiations for a post-2012 global climate change agreement is to demonstrate a credible, equitable, and effective approach to reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, including from the degradation of peatlands. This demonstration project is intended to strengthen Indonesia in its participation in future international carbon markets.

The location of the KFCP site is shown in Figure 1.

In order to achieve this goal, four bio-physical interventions are to be implemented: - re-wetting of the degraded peat ecosystems by raising the water table through canal closure - reduction in the incidence of fire - establishment of a baseline total carbon-content and GHG emissions from the peat - promotion of forest restoration by facilitating natural regeneration complemented by directed enrichment planting.

Introduction to KFCP forest restoration In order to reduce GHG emissions from degraded peatlands, the peat surface must be protected from oxidation, resulting from drying, and from fire. Re-wetting of the peat will achieve a degree of protection, however, to ensure re-initiation of peat production, maintenance of peat structure, short-term and long-term raised water levels and amelioration of surface drying, it will be necessary to establish a closed canopy of woody vegetation.

Within a workshop held by the Master Plan for the Rehabilitation of the Ex-Mega Rice Project, an expert review of existing knowledge was convened by KFCP in December 2008. This group identified a set of questions for which further knowledge 5|Page

Literature Review: Silviculture of TPSF tree species, Central Kalimantan

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was required. Four inter-linked areas from this set have been selected by KFCP to be of particular interest as they underpin the projected work in ecosystem restoration.

Specifically there is a need to know: 1. The location and extent of natural regeneration of woody species and the factors influencing establishment and growth.

2. The phenology of swamp forest species 3. Germination and growth requirements, including tolerances, of common tree species in the peat swamp flora 4. Optimal planting techniques to maximise survival and growth.

The literature review There are over 150 tree species found naturally occurring on the tropical peatlands of Central Kalimantan. Given that tropical peatland environmental conditions are extremely different in their natural and degraded form, the result is that few of these 150 species have the appropriate adaptations or tolerances to be used in peatland forest restoration. However, it was necessary that KFCP’s forest restoration activities only uses native tree species.

Given that the study of forestry and ecology of tropical peatalnds is a relatively new field, and the study of tropical peatland forest restoration even newer, there is little published literature on tree species characteristics, or appropriate silvicultural techniques. Furthermore, in previous tropical peatland rehabilitation activities, only a very small of selection of these 150 species has been trialled, with the number of species planted often below five per study.

In order to successfully rehabilitate the tropical peatland forests found in the KFCP study area, the above four technical research questions are to be addressed.

However, which species these questions focus upon must be considered; to try to consider all 150 species would spread resources too thin, therefore the most appropriate species must first be selected.

To generate a ‘Focal Species List’ it was determined a comprehensive literature review be undertaken covering all tree species found to naturally occur on the tropical peatlands of Central Kalimantan. This report is the output of that literature review.

Using the literature review The literature review is organised by tree species, first by family then by genus. Each species name is given at the top of the page, with any encountered synonyms listed directly below. In the right-hand top of the page, common local names associated with the species are listed. Each species begins on a new page.

The topics that were included in the literature review are: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique 6|Page

Literature Review: Silviculture of TPSF tree species, Central Kalimantan

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Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Successional stage Ecological characteristics Additional comments If data was found on a given topic for a given species, it is listed on that species’ page.

The topics on which no data was found are then listed below.

Following this introduction there is a spreadsheet of all the species included in this review, with the relevant page numbers on which they can be found. There is also a more detailed spreadsheet of the selected ‘Focal Species’, mentioning their page number and also which of the sub-headings are covered, i.e. whether literature was found on distribution, phenology and so on. It should be noted that some of the species already has extensive literature covering all the topics, and for these species little research will need to be undertaken, but instead these species can be quickly upscaled to the large-scale cultivation and transplanting. However, for other species, whilst they display some of the appropriate characteristics, there is little silvicultural knowledge, and thus these will become the main focus of the research activities.

Comments on the data There continues to be a debate between the use of Syzygium and Eugenia. The review, based on the Leiden Herbarium collection, has used Eugenia where no Syzygium synonym is available, however where a Syzygium synonym is listed, this has been given preference (Giesen, pes. comm.).

There seemed to be little clarity on the species Stemonurus scorpiodes and Stemonurus secundiflorus. Both species were listed in numerous literature, but never in the same place, despite activities being conducted in the locations, suggesting one actual species, with some confusion as to its actual identity. As such, these species have been listed as one: Stemonurus secundiflorus/scorpiodes.

There is no single comprehensive species list for Central Kalimantan. Thus several lists were used, published and private, to try to determine presence of species in the region. Furthermore, although species were listed, there may have been no further literature on them, and as such, they do not appear in this review. This does not mean they do not occur in Central Kalimantan, only that no relevant literature was found.

This literature review focuses only on tree species found to naturally occur on the tropical peatlands of Central Kalimantan. However, if species are also found to occur outside the region, and research was undertaken elsewhere, but on the relevant species, then this literature was also be included.

It should be noted that whilst this literature review aims to be comprehensive, there is such a wide array of grey literature that given the time available it was inevitable 7|Page

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some literature was overlooked. All key literature has been included as best could be achieved.

Sources of literature To locate the various sources of grey and published literature, internet searches and scientific journal databases were used, relevant government research and NGO research offices were visted and requests made, and seminar, conference and workshop proceedings or presentations were located.

Acknowledgements This piece of work would not have been possible without the support of so many individuals and organisations who shared their time and resources in locating the relevant literature. Thanks go to: Wim Giessen, Mary Rose Posa, Ibu. Tri Wira Yuwati, Pk. Dony Rachmanadi, Pk. Marinus Harun and all the team at LITBANGBanjar Baru, Pk. Iwan Tri Wibisono and Wetlands International-Indonesia, Pk. Maman Turjaman and Pk. Istomo at Institute Pertanian Bogor, FORDA-Bogor, Pk. Edi Mirmanto and LIPI-Bogor, Kristell Hergoualc'h and CIFOR-Bogor, Pk. Aswin Usup and CKPP, Ibu Rosenda Chandra Kasih and WWF-Palangka Raya, BOS Foundation-Palangka Raya, Mark Harrison and Simon Husson in OuTrop, Pk. Suwido Limin and CIMTROP, and Department of Forestry-Palangka Raya, and also to all those who replied to email requests. Further thanks go to Andri Thomas, Eben Eser and Salahuddin for assisting with much of the Indonesian literature.

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Literature Review: Silviculture of TPSF tree species, Central Kalimantan

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Selecting the Focal Species Based on the literature, and the compiled review, it was possible to select a list of species that display the best characteristics to be appropriate transplant species. This list was selected based on a range of criteria that are explained through the framework species method for forest restoration (Elliot et al. 2003). The FrameWork Species Method (FWSM) has since successfully applied to a wide diversity of ecosystems. It involves selecting and planting the correct mixture (between 20-30 key species) of tree species to reinstate the natural processes of forest regeneration and recover biodiversity. The species should be indigenous, non-domesticated, forest tree species, which, when planted on deforested sites, rapidly re-establish forest structure and ecological function, and attract seed-dispersers to the area. Thus, key characteristics of these species are: high survival after transplanting to degraded areas, rapid growth, dense spreading crown to shade out weeds, reaches fruiting maturity early and has fruits and flowers that attract seed-dispersers and pollinators, easy to propagate, germinates rapidly and in synchrony, fire-tolerance and nitrogen-fixing preferable.

The mixture should include both climax and pioneer species, and thus forest succession can be ‘short-circuited’.

Below is the list of the selected species, and explanations for their selection based on the above criteria. N.B. For the relevant literature see within the review.

It should be noted that whilst the generated Focal Species List is a necessary step in selecting and cultivating a range of suitable TPSF tree species for Central Kalimantan, it is only a first step. The list was generated based on the data of available literature. In some cases a species may have the appropriate characteristics, but be yet to be recorded as such. Therefore, it is anticipated that future research and traditional ecological knowledge will allow this list to grow and develop.

Anacardiaceae Campnosperma coriacea This species has large seeds which will attract animal dispersers back to the area, and has a quickly-forming canopy, with large leaves. It is described as tolerant to high light and areas of high disturbance, and found to occur in early successional seres, or in forest types with a more open canopy.

Anacardiaceae Gluta renghas This species is recommended twice as successful transplant species, and is also described as a pioneer species.

Anacardiaceae Gluta wallichii The species fruits predictably every year, has large seeds to attract animals, it is described as occurring in secondary succession and also as a pioneer, and it has been trialled as a transplant species with some success, and is recommended as such.

Anacardiaceae Mangifera altissima This genus is shown both to have had success in planting trials and found to occur and regenerate well under disturbed open conditions. This species was found to dominate in secondary succession.

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Literature Review: Silviculture of TPSF tree species, Central Kalimantan

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Anisophyllaceae Combretocarpus rotundatus This species has been successful in planting trials, is able to access nitrogen under low nutrient conditions, is able to tolerate fire, high light and disturbance, is found to be dominant in secondary succession, described as a pioneer, and is fast growing.

Apocynaceae Alstonia pneumatophora This species has predictable yearly fruiting, found to occur in secondary succession, described as a pioneer, is tolerant to degraded, open, burned, high light areas, and there has been some success in transplant trials.

Apocynaceae Alstonia spatulata This species has had some transplanting success, is found in secondary succession and is described as a pioneer.

Apocynaceae Dyera polyphylla This species has regular annual fruiting, the silvicultural techniques are wellunderstood, the species had economic value, is tolerant to high light, deep peat and open areas, is described as a pioneer and there has been some transplant success.

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea balangeran This species’ silvicultural techniques are well understood, including mycorrhizal associations. It is described as tolerant to high light, flooding and open areas, found in secondary succession and described as a pioneer. It has been successful in transplant trials.

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea leprosula This species’ silvicultural techniques are well understood, including storage techniques and mycorrhizal associations. It is tolerant to high light and drought, has had some transplant success and is described as ‘adaptable’.

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea pauciflora This species’ silvicultural techniques are well understood, including development from cuttings. It is described as a mid-successional, semi-tolerant species with some transplanting success.

Dipterocarpaceae Vatica rassak There is some understanding of this species’ silvicultural techniques, and it is recommended as a successful transplant species.

Ebenaceae Diospyros siamang This species has fruit that is attractive to animals, is described as flood-tolerant and a pioneer, and also adapted to disturbance.

Eleocarpaceae Elaeocarpus petiolatus This species is described as flood-tolerant and a pioneer, and semi-tolerant to light.

Euphorbiaceae Macaranga hypoleuca This species has regular fruiting, has had some transplanting success and is described as a pioneer.

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Literature Review: Silviculture of TPSF tree species, Central Kalimantan

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Euphorbiaceae Macaranga pruinosa This species is able to recover well after fire, is described as flood-tolerant and a pioneer, and often seen to dominate degraded areas.

Euphorbiaceae Mallotus muticus This species is described as tolerant to light, flooding and with fire-adaptation, and called a pioneer.

Guttiferae Calophyllum hosei This species is found in the open, low-pole sections of the peat dome.

Guttiferae Calophyllum sclerophyllum This species has large fruit to attract animals, and is found in the open and low-pole sections of the peat dome.

Hyperiaceae Cratoxylon arborescens This species has had some success in transplant trials and is described as a pioneer, tolerant of open, disturbed, dry areas.

Hyperiaceae Cratoxylon glaucum This species is recommended as a transplant species, and is described as a pioneer, often found in the open, low pole sections of the peat dome.

Lauraceae Alseodaphne coriacea This species has economic value, has had some success in transplant trials, and is described as shade-tolerant and a climax species.

Lauraceae Litsea spp.

This genus is recommended for transplanting, and as described as fast-growing, often found in the open, low pole sections of the peat dome, and tolerant of deep peat.

Leguminosae Koompassia malaccensis This species is able to fix nitrogen into the soil, fruits plentifully every year, is recommended as a transplant species, can tolerate drought, shade and flooding, and described as a pioneer.

Melastomaceae Pternandra galeata This species is described as flood-tolerant and a pioneer.

Meliaceae Aglaia rubiginosa This species has a large fruit that will attract animals, appears in mid-successional seres, with some occurrence as a pioneer, and has a large extensive crown.

Myristicaceae Horsfieldia crassifolia This species has a large fruit to attract animals and is found to dominate after fires.

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Literature Review: Silviculture of TPSF tree species, Central Kalimantan

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Myrtaceae Eugenia cerina This species is described as a pioneer, tolerant to high-light, flooding and disturbance.

Myrtaceae Eugenia spicata This species is described as a pioneer, tolerant to flooding, fire and disturbance.

Myrtaceae Melaleuca cajuputi This species adapted to fires, has been successful in transplanting trials, is tolerant to flooding, is fast-growing, and described as a pioneer often dominating degraded areas.

Myrtaceae Syzygium oblatum This species bears fruit from an early age, has seeds that are attractive to animals, and was successful in restoration trials.

Myrtaceae Syzygium zippeliana This species is described as a pioneer with flood-tolerance.

Myrtaceae Tristaniopsis obovata This species is described a light-demanding, found in the low-pole, open sections of the peat dome and is fast-growing.

Podocarpaceae Dacrydium pectinatum This species is has flexible cultivation and seeds can be stored, and is described a light-demanding.

Sapotaceae Madhuca motleyana This species has had some success in planting trials, and is described as a shadetolerant climax species.

Sapotaceae Palaquium spp.

This genus has regular, annual fruiting and has had success in transplanting trials.

Theaceae Ploiarium alternifolium This species is described as a pioneer species, tolerant of flooding, and found in the open, low-pole sections of the peat dome.

Theaceae Tetramerista glabra This species has fruit attractive to animals, can be cultivated from cuttings, is recommended as a transplant species, has had success in trial transplants, and is described as a shade-tolerant climax species.

Thymelaeaceae Gonystylus bancanus This species is well studied due to its high economic value. It is a climax species which prefers shade, but has done well in transplanting trials. All its silvicultural techniques are well understood.

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Literature Review: Silviculture of TPSF tree species, Central Kalimantan

Figure 1: Map of KFCP Study area

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Literature Review: Silviculture of TPSF tree species, Central Kalimantan

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Complete literature review species list: Family Anacardiaceae Anacardiaceae Anacardiaceae Anacardiaceae Anacardiaceae Anacardiaceae Anacardiaceae Anacardiaceae Anacardiaceae Anacardiaceae Anisophyllaceae

Genus Buchanania Campnosperma Campnosperma Campnosperma Gluta Gluta Gluta (Melanorrhoea) Mangifera Mangifera Semecarpus Combretocarpus

Species sessifolia spp. coriacea macrophylla spp. renghas wallichii spp. altissima glaucus rotundatus

Local Names

Annonaceae Annonaceae Annonaceae Annonaceae Annonaceae Annonaceae Annonaceae Apocynaceae Apocynaceae Apocynaceae Apocynaceae Aquifoliaceae Aquifoliaceae Araucariaceae Araucariaceae Araucariaceae Arecaceae Arecaceae Arecaceae Bombaceae Burseraceae Burserceae

Mezzettia Polyalthia Polyalthia Polyalthia Xylopia Xylopia Xylopia Alstonia Alstonia Alstonia Dyera Ilex Ilex Agathis Agathis Agathis Licuala Nenga Pholidocarpus Durio Dacryodes Santiria

parviflora (leptopoda) spp. glauca lateriflora caudata coriifolia fusca spp. pneumatophora spatulata polyphylla (lowii) hypoglauca macrophylla spp. borneensis dammara paludosa pumila sumatranus carinatus spp. griffithii

Pisang pisang besar

Burserceae Casuarinaceae Celastraceae Clusiaceae Clusiaceae Clusiaceae Clusiaceae Crypteroniaceae Crypteroniaceae Dilleniaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae

Santiria Gymnostoma Lophopetalum Garcinia Garcinia Garcinia Garcinia Dactylocladus Dactylocladus Dillenia Anisoptera Dipterocarpus Dryobalanops

laevigata sumatrana spp. spp. bancana celebica rostrata bancanus stenostachys spp. marginata coriaceus spp.

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Terontang Terontang Rengas Rengas / Jingah

Tumih / Parapat

Kayu bulan

Nonang Jangkang kuning Pulai rawa Pulai rawa Jelutong

Teras bamban Irat / Kayu Sapat / Kambajau burung Perupuk Manggis Gandis Mertibu Mertibu Simpur Mersawa paya Simpur

Page number 19 20 21 23 24 25 26 28 29 30 31 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 42 45 47 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74

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Complete literature review species list continued:

Family Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Ebenaceae Ebenaceae Ebenaceae Ebenaceae Ebenaceae Ebenaceae Ebenaceae Eleocarpaceae Eleocarpaceae Euphorbeaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae

Genus Dryobalanops Hopea Shorea Shorea Shorea Shorea Shorea Shorea Shorea Shorea Shorea Shorea Shorea Vatica Vatica Vatica Vatica Diospyros Diospyros Diospyros Diospyros Diospyros Diospyros Diospyros Eleocarpus Eleocarpus Blumeodendron Baccaurea Baccaurea Baccaurea Chaetocarpus Glochidion Macaranga Macaranga Macaranga Macaranga Macaranga Macaranga

Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Fagaceae Guttiferae Guttiferae Guttiferae

Mallotus (Coccoceros) Mallotus Neoscortechinia Neoscortechinia Lithocarpus Calophyllum Calophyllum Calophyllum

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Species rappa rudiformis spp. balangeran inaequilateralis leprosula ovalis parvifolia pauciflora platycarpa seminis teysmanniana uliginosa spp. mangachopai oblongifolia rassak spp. bantamensis buxifolia evena hermaphroditica maingayi siamang mastersii petiolatus tokbrai spp. bracteata racemosa castanocarpus rubrum spp. caladifolia hypoleuca pruinosa puncticulata triloba muticus (borneensis) sumatranus kingii philippinensis spp. spp. ferrugenium hosei

Local Names Bangkerai Rawa

Balangeran Meranti tembaga

Meranti paya Meranti semut/bunga/bitik Meranti batu Rasak napu Resak

Ehang

Kenari Rambai hutan

Mahang

Prupuk Pupuh pelanduk

Kapurnaga Bintangor

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Complete literature review species list continued:

Family Guttiferae Guttiferae Guttiferae Guttiferae Hyperiaceae Hyperiaceae Hyperiaceae Icacinaceae Icacinaceae

Genus Calophyllum Calophyllum Calophyllum Mesua Cratoxylon Cratoxylon Cratoxylon Platea Stemonurus

Icacinaceae Lauraceae Lauraceae Lauraceae Lauraceae Lauraceae Lauraceae Lauraceae Lauraceae Lecythidaceae Lecythidaceae Leguminosae Leguminosae Leguminosae Leguminosae Magnoliaceae Malvaceae Melastomaceae

Stemonurus (Urandra) Alseodaphne (Nothaphoebe) Cinnamomum Cinnamomum Litsea Litsea Litsea Litsea Litsea Barringtonia Barringtonia Archidendron Dialium Dialium Koompassia Magnolia Hibiscus Memecylon

Melastomaceae Meliaceae Meliaceae Meliaceae Meliaceae Moraceae Moraceae Moraceae Myristaceae Myristaceae Myristicaceae Myristicaceae Myristicaceae Myrsinaceae Myrtaceae Myrtaceae

Pternandra Aglaia Aglaia Sandoricum Sandoricum Artocarpus Ficus Ficus Knema Knema Horsfieldia Horsfieldia Myristica Ardisia Eugenia Eugenia

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Species lowii pisiferum (retusum) sclerophyllum spp. spp. arborescens glaucum spp. spp. scorpiodes / secundiflorus

Local Names

coriacea spp. rhychophyllum spp. calophyllantha crassifolia johorensis resinosa macrostachya racemosa clypearia spp. patens malaccensis spp. spp. spp.

Gemur

galeata spp. rubiginosa spp. borneensis gomeziana deltoidea virens cinera laytericia spp. crassifolia lowiana laevigata spp. cerina

Kapurnaga Jangkar Geronggang Geronggang Geronggang merah

Pasir pasir / Tabaras tidak ada akar / Enyok buruk

Kempas

Keremunting yang garis tiga Kajalaki Papong Ara Darah-darah Pirawas Mendarahan (daun besar) Mandarahan

Page number 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 1160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169

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Complete literature review species list continued:

Family Myrtaceae Myrtaceae Myrtaceae Myrtaceae Myrtaceae Myrtaceae Myrtaceae Myrtaceae Myrtaceae Myrtaceae Myrtaceae Myrtaceae Podocarpaceae Polygalaceae Polygalaceae Rhizophoraceae Rosaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rutaceae Rutaceae Sapindaceae Sapindaceae Sapotaceae Sapotaceae Sapotaceae Sapotaceae Sapotaceae Sapotaceae Sapotaceae Sterculiaceae Sterculiaceae Theaceae Theaceae Theaceae Thymelaeaceae Ulmaceae Ulmaceae Verbenaceae

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Genus Eugenia Eugenia Eugenia Melaleuca Melaleuca Syzygium Syzygium Syzygium Syzygium Tristania Tristania Tristania Dacrydium Xanthophyllum Xanthophyllum Carallia Parastemon Gardenia Ixora Neolamarckia Psychotria Timonius Melicope Tetractomia Nephelium Nephelium Ganua Madhuca (Ganua) Palaquium Palaquium Palaquium Palaquium Palaquium Scaphium Sterculia Ploiarium Ternstroemia Tetramerista Gonystylus Trema Trema Peronema

Species havelandii kunsterli spicata cajuputi leucadendron spp. oblatum pyrifolium zippeliana grandifolia obovata whiteana pectinatum spp. lanceatum bractiata spicatum spp. spp. cadamba montensis flavenscens accedens tetrandrum lanceatum mutiable spp. motleyana spp. cochlearifolium leiocarpum ridleyi rostratum macropodum spp. alternifolium elongate glabra bancanus cannabina orientalis canescens

Local Names

Kayu lalas Kayu putih Galam

Blawan Alau

Gandis

Rambutan Nyatoh / Ketiau Nyatoh Hangkang Nyatoh burung Nyatoh

Asam-asam Ponak Ramin Lenduhung Sungkai

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Literature review ‘Selected Focus Specis’ list:

Family

Genus

Species

Local Names

Dist.

Pheno.

Fruit & seed descrip.

Anacardiaceae

Campnosperma

coriacea

Y

Y

Y

Anacardiaceae

Gluta

renghas

Terontang Rengas / Jingah

Anacardiaceae

Gluta (Melanorrhoea)

wallichii

Anacardiaceae

Mangifera

altissima

Y

Anisophyllaceae

Combretocarpus

rotundatus

Tumih / Parapat

Apocynaceae

Alstonia

pneumatophora

Pulai rawa

Apocynaceae

Alstonia

spatulata

Apocynaceae

Dyera

polyphylla (lowii)

Dipterocarpaceae

Shorea

balangeran

Dipterocarpaceae

Shorea

leprosula

Dipterocarpaceae

Shorea

pauciflora

Dipterocarpaceae

Vatica

rassak

Resak

Ebenaceae

Diospyros

siamang

Ehang

Eleocarpaceae

Eleocarpus

petiolatus

Euphorbiaceae

Macaranga

hypoleuca

Euphorbiaceae

Macaranga

pruinosa

Euphorbiaceae

Mallotus (Coccoceros)

muticus (borneensis)

Prupuk

Guttiferae

Calophyllum

hosei

Bintangor

Guttiferae

Calophyllum

sclerophyllum

Kapurnaga Jangkar

Y

Hyperiaceae

Cratoxylon

arborescens

Geronggang

Y

Y

Y

Disp. mech.

Y

Seed coll'n & stor.

Germ. tech.

Seedl. cult'n tech.

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Transp. tech., succ. & fail.

Nut. manag. & req.

Tol.

Succ'l stage

Ecol. char.

Add. comm.

Page No.

Y

Y

Y

Y

21

Y

Y

Y

Y

25

Y

Y

Y

Y

26

Y

29

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

31

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

42

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

45

Jelutong

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

47

Balangeran Meranti tembaga

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

78

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

83

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y Y

Y

Y Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

87 86 Y

103 105

Y

114

Y

Y

Y

115

Y

Y

Y

118

Y

Y

125

Y

Y

128

Y

Y

131

Literature Review: Silviculture of TPSF tree species, Central Kalimantan

2009

Literature review ‘Selected Focus Specis’ list continued:

Family

Genus

Species

Hyperiaceae

Cratoxylon

Lauraceae

Alseodaphne (Nothaphoebe)

Lauraceae Leguminosae

Litsea Koompassia

spp. malaccensis

Melastomaceae Meliaceae

Pternandra Aglaia

galeata rubiginosa

Myristicaceae Myrtaceae Myrtaceae Myrtaceae Myrtaceae Myrtaceae Myrtaceae Podocarpaceae

Horsfieldia Eugenia Eugenia Melaleuca Syzygium Syzygium Tristania Dacrydium

crassifolia cerina spicata cajuputi oblatum zippeliana obovata pectinatum

Sapotaceae Sapotaceae Theaceae Theaceae Thymelaeaceae

Madhuca (Ganua) Palaquium Ploiarium Tetramerista Gonystylus

motleyana spp. alternifolium glabra bancanus

19 | P a g e

Dist.

glaucum

Local Names Geronggang merah

coriacea

Gemur

Y

Medang and Tampang Kempas Keremunting yang garis tiga Kajalaki Mendarahan (daun besar) Kayu lalas Galam

Blawan Alau Nyatoh / Ketiau Nyatoh Asam-asam Ponak Ramin

Pheno.

Fruit & seed descrip.

Disp. mech.

Seed coll'n & stor.

Y

Germ. tech.

Seedl. cult'n tech.

Y

Y

Y

Y Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y Y

Y Y Y Y

Y

Y Y

Y

Y

Y Y

Y

Y

Y Y

Y

Y

Y

Transp. tech., succ. & fail.

Y Y

Y Y

Y Y

Y

Y Y

Y Y

Y

Y Y

Y

Y

Y

Nut. manag. & req.

Y

Tol.

Succ'l stage

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

137

Y Y

Y Y

Y

140 150

Y

Y Y

Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Ecol. char.

Page No. 132

Y Y

Y Y Y Y

Y Y Y Y

Add. comm.

Y

154 156 165 169 172 173 178 180 182 184 200 201 209 211 213

Anacardiaceae

Buchanania sessifolia

Tolerances Found along the banks of the river at Lahei, suggested to be flood tolerant (Simbolon and Mirmanto 1999).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Successional stage Ecological characteristics Additional comments

Literature Review: Silviculture of TPSF tree species, Central Kalimantan

Anacardiaceae

2009

Campnosperma spp.

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures In a trial transplant experiment that took place in Toe-Deang Peat Swamp, Royal Pikulthong Project, Narathiwat, Thailand, after 4yrs growth in a degraded peat area, Campnosperma had 88% survival, diameter (at 10cm above ground level) was 7.5cm, and height was 1.7m (Satohoko et al.

Undated).

There is no further available information on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Successional stage Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Literature Review: Silviculture of TPSF tree species, Central Kalimantan

Anacardiaceae

2009

Campnosperma coriacea

Terontang Distribution Found growing in peat swamp forest and mixed forest, up to 1000m asl (Istomo 2002).

Phenology In Thailand, flowers all year round, fruit ripens; August-October (Nuyim 2005).

Fruit and seed description Oval-shaped fruit, when mature the skin is black and smooth. Each fruit contains one seed (Nuyim 2005, Istomo 2002).

Seed collection and storage technique There are approximately 9280 seed per kg (Nuyim 2005).

It is difficult to collect seeds in large quantity (Nuyim 2005).

Germination technique Germinates 20-35 days after sowing (Nuyim 2005).

Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Reaches 80cm in height after 18 months (Nuyim 2005).

Tolerances Described as a ‘light-demanding species’ (Wibisono et al. 2005).

Can tolerate areas which have had light to medium burn, land cleared, or with little remaining vegetation (Wibisono et al. 2005).

This species is suitable for conditions of 10-50% vegetation cover, greater than 3 months per year water logged and greater than 3m peat depth (Giesen 2009).

Successional stage Under the seven different TPSF forest types, as defined by Page et al. (1999) Campnosperma coriacea is classically found in i) Riverine Forest, and v) Low pole forest.

Described as a ‘pioneer’ species (Giesen 2008).

This species is classified as late successional (Giesen 2009).

Ecological characteristics Described as moderate growing tree i.e. growth rates between 30-60cm per year (Nuyim 2005).

Reaches the size of a large tree (Nuyim 2005).

Leaves are large and crown extensive, creating good shade beneath (Nuyim 2005).

Additional comments Fruits are popular food for monkeys (Nuyim 2005).

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Literature Review: Silviculture of TPSF tree species, Central Kalimantan

There is no further information available on: Dispersal mechanism Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements

23 | P a g e

2009

Literature Review: Silviculture of TPSF tree species, Central Kalimantan

Anacardiaceae

2009

Campnosperma macrophylla Terontang

Successional stage Described as a ‘pioneer’ species (van der Laan 1925, Giesen 1990).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Literature Review: Silviculture of TPSF tree species, Central Kalimantan

Anacardiaceae

2009

Gluta spp.

Rengas Distribution Found growing in tropical rainforest, periodically flooded forest, near river banks, and on sandy soils up to 300m asl (Martawijawa et al. 2005a).

Phenology Fruits every year from October-December (Martawijawa et al. 2005a).

Fruit and seed description There are approximately 34 seeds per kg (Martawijawa et al. 2005a).

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Can be planted to the field straight from seed, nursery seedling, wildling or wildling from stump. Should be planted at spacing of 3x2m (Martawijawa et al. 2005a).

Successional stage Can decrease up to 30% after logging (Lee 1979).

Ecological characteristics Slow-growing (Lee 1979) There is no further information available on: Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Additional comments

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Literature Review: Silviculture of TPSF tree species, Central Kalimantan

Anacardiaceae

2009

Gluta renghas

Rengas / Jingah Seedling nursery cultivation techniques 60-70% survived to fully grown seedlings in a nursery after collection from the forest as wildlings (Panjaitan et al. 2006).

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Had high success in planting trials on peatlands in Central Kalimantan (Lazuardi 2004).

Tolerances Recommended to be used in peatland rehabilitation, and planted into loggedover or heavily degraded open areas (Rachmanadi and Luzuardi 2007).

Successional stage Described as a ‘pioneer’ species (Kessler 2000) There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Nutrient management and requirements Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Literature Review: Silviculture of TPSF tree species, Central Kalimantan

2009

Anacardiaceae Gluta wallichii Synonym Melanorrhoea wallichii Distribution Found growing in tropical rain forests, on peat soils and sandy soils that are periodically flooded, on river banks, and up to 300 asl (Wibisono et al. 2005).

Phenology Fruits every year, October-December (Wibisono et al. 2005).

Fruit and seed description There are approximately 34 seeds per kg (Wibisono et al. 2005).

The fruit has a hard skin (Wibisono et al. 2005).

Dispersal mechanism Wind-borne dispersal (Giesen 2009).

Seed collection and storage technique Seeds should only be taken from ripe fruit which have fallen from the parent tree. Extracted seed can be put in water, and those that sink are of good quality (Wibisono et al. 2005).

Germination technique Seeds can be planted directly in grow bags, 14x22cm large, filled with peat.

Seeds should be placed flat. The grow bags should be kept in a nursery, shaded, and watered twice a day (morning and afternoon) (Wibisono et al.

2005).

Seedling nursery cultivation techniques The seedlings should be intensively cared for in the first month. The hardening process can begin after 4-6 months old, when the seedlings have 4-7 leaves (Wibisono et al. 2005).

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures In Jambi this species was used in restoration trial, with good success (Giesen 2004).

The seedlings are ready to transplant after 8-12 months old. To plant out, transects should be cleared, running North-South, 1-2 m wide. Each transect should be spaced at 5-10m. Each planting location should be marked. Holes should be prepared for the seedlings, 15-30cm deep and 15-25cm diameter, to fit the seedling and grow bag media. After planting, the area surrounding each seedling should be cleared 2-3 times per year, for two years (Wibisono et al.

2005).

Tolerances Tolerant to non-flooded degraded peatlands (Giesen 2009).

Burnt areas along the Air Hitam Laut River in the central part of Berbak National Park were replanting in with Gluta wallichii, planted onto artificial 27 | P a g e

Literature Review: Silviculture of TPSF tree species, Central Kalimantan

-

2009

mounds (0.3-0.5m tall). The first wet season (flooding 50cm deep) 65-85% of the seedlings survived, however the following wet season, the flooding was extremely deep (100-150cm deep). This floodiing level went above the height of the seedlings’ leaves, resulting in lower than 5% survival (averaged across several species). This shows this species can tolerate degraded conditions, but its leaves must remain above the flood level (Giesen 2009).

Described as a light-demanding species (Wibisono et al 2005) Can tolerate areas which have had light to medium burn, land cleared, or with little remaining vegetation (Wibisono et al. 2005).

Successional stage Appears in the secondary succession of lightly-burnt areas (Giessen 2009).

Described as a ‘pioneer’ species (Kessler 2000).

Suggested to be planted for ‘enrichment planting’ only, under secondary forest (Wibisono et al. 2005).

There is no further information available on: Nutrient management and requirements Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Literature Review: Silviculture of TPSF tree species, Central Kalimantan

Anacardiaceae

2009

Mangifera spp.

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures In a trial transplant study in Toe-Deang Peat Swamp, Royal Pikulthong Project, Narathiwat, Thailand, after 4yrs growth in a degraded peat area, Mangifera had 90% survival, diameter (at 10cm above ground level) was 1.1cm, and height was 0.5m (Satohoko et al. Undated).

Successional stage This species was abundant, regenerating with fast growth rates, with low mortality, along a canal bank of degraded peatlands in Central Kalimantan.

The conditions were open, low soil moisture and high soil temperature (Saito et al. 2003).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Literature Review: Silviculture of TPSF tree species, Central Kalimantan

Anacardiaceae

2009

Mangifera altissima

Successional stage Found to be a dominant sapling, pole and tree post-logging (Rieley and Page 2005).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Literature Review: Silviculture of TPSF tree species, Central Kalimantan

Anacardiaceae

2009

Semecarpus glaucus

Tolerances Found along the banks of the river at Lahei, suggested to be flood tolerant (Simbolon and Mirmanto 1999) There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Successional stage Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Literature Review: Silviculture of TPSF tree species, Central Kalimantan

2009

Anisophyllaceae Combretocarpus rotundatus Tumih / Parapat Distribution Found in peat swamp forest and Karangas forest, up to 300 m asl, often found in secondary or degraded forest (Istomo 2002, Sunaryo 2004).

Fruit and seed description Fruit are three semi-circle membranous ‘wings’ (Rachmadi et al. 2000).

Dispersal mechanism Wind-bourne dispersal (Giesen 2009).

Germination technique 30-40% survived to fully grown seedling in the nursery after collected from the forest as wildlings (Panjaitan et al. 2006).

Seedling nursery cultivation techniques After inoculation with three species of VAM (Glomus sp.1, Glomus sp.2, and Gigasporus sp.) Combretocarpus rotundatus seedlings achieved greater heights in 5 months under nursery conditions as compared to the control seedlings. Glomus sp.1 was recommended as the most successful for use in rehabilitation activities (Burhanuddin et al. 2008) Transplanting techniques, successes and failures In Jambi this species was used in restoration trial, with good success (Giesen 2004).

Burnt areas along the Air Hitam Laut River in the central part of Berbak National Park were replanted with Combretocarpus rotundatus onto artificial mounds (0.3-0.5m tall) in Nov-Dec 2003. The first wet season (flooding 50cm deep) the seedlings survived (65-85%), however the following wet season, the flooding was extremely deep (100-150cm deep). This floodiing level went above the height of the seedlings’ leaves, resulting in lower than 5% survival.

This shows this species can tolerate degraded conditions, but its leaves must remain above the flood level (Giessen 2009).

Nutrient management and requirements Root samples were taken of this species in TPSF of Central Kalimantan, and ectomycorrhizal colonization was seldom observed (Tamai 2003).

In a study analyzing the 15N uptake, it was shown this species could access atmospheric nitrogen and also nitrogen from a symbiotic relationship with denitrification bacteria (Matsubara et al. 2003).

Tolerances Can decrease up to 30% after logging (Lee 1979, Whitmore 1984) In plot studies at Central Kalimantan, it was the main species able to tolerate fire (D’Arcy and Page 2002, Giesen 2004).

Suggested as tolerant of non-flooded degraded peatlands (Giesen 2009).

Can grow under low nutrient conditions (Rachmadi et al. 2000).

Described as a ‘light-demanding species’ (Wibisono et al 2005).

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-

-

2009

Can tolerate areas which have had light to medium burn, land cleared, or with little remaining vegetation, or areas that have already had some natural regeneration after fire, have only been selectively logged, and still have closed ground cover from vegetation (Wibisono et al. 2005).

Under flood conditions the water potential of this species was measured. It was anticipated that the water pressure would drop and wilting would occur, as the roots became resistant to water uptake due to saturation. However, water pressure and turgor remained the same, showing this species has good tolerance to flood conditions (Naiola and Osaki 1999).

Observed as deep/prolonged flood tolerant (Van Eijk and Leenman 2004).

Suitable for planting on sloping side of canals/frequently flooded areas (Giesen 2008).

Tolerant of degraded areas (Sunyarso 2004).

Successional stage Can become the dominant species in secondary peat swamp forest after fire, as seen in South Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan (Giesen 1990, Giesen 2004).

Found in mixed peat swamp forest, at the edge of the peat dome and in the low pole forest nearer to the centre of the peat dome (Page and Waldes 2005).

Under the seven different TPSF forest types, as defined by Page et al. (1999) classically found in i) Riverine Forest, v) Low pole forest and vii) Very low pole canopy forest.

Occurs in secondary succession after light-burn (Giessen 2009).

Described as a ‘pioneer’ species (van der Laan 1925, Giesen 1990, Giesen 2004, van Eijk and Leenman 2004, Giesen 2008).

This species was abundant, regenerating with fast growth rates, with low mortality along a canal bank on degraded peatlands in Central Kalimantan.

The conditions were open, low soil moisture and high soil temperature (Saito et al. 2003).

One of the most dominant species found in a burnt plot (Simbolon 2002) Ecological characteristics A slow growing species (Lee 1979, Whitmore 1984).

Natural regeneration is mainly vegetative, by suckers or coppice shoots (Whitmore 1984).

Growth can be stimulated by fire (Kostermans 1958).

Populations can be gregarious (Kostermans 1958).

Able to re-sprout from the base of the trunk after fire (Wibisono et al. 2005, Giesen 2004).

There is no further information available on: Phenology Seed collection and storage technique Additional comments

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Literature Review: Silviculture of TPSF tree species, Central Kalimantan

Annonaceae

2009

Mezzettia parviflora

Synonym Mezzetia leptopoda Pisang pisang besar Distribution Found growing in rainforest, up to 1100m asl, commonly found in Dipterocarp forest or acidic, podozolic, peat swamp forest (Istomo 2002).

Successional stage Found in mixed peat swamp forest, at the edge of the peat dome and in the tall interior forest at the centre of the peat dome (Page and Waldes 2005).

Under the seven different TPSF forest types, as defined by Page et al. (1999) classically found in iii) Mixed peat swamp forest, iv) Transitional forest, (iii-v) – but at lower densities and vi) Tall interior forest After much disturbance in a narrow forested fire-break in a peatland area, Riau, Sumatra, this species was seen to have very high sapling dominance, suggesting disturbance tolerance (Gunawan et al. 2007).

Found to be a dominant tree post-logging (Rieley and Page 2005).

There is no further information available on: Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Literature Review: Silviculture of TPSF tree species, Central Kalimantan

Annonaceae

2009

Polyalthia spp.

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures In planting trials conducted by Royal Pikulthong project, Narathiwat, Thailand, Polyalthia had survival rates of 23% after 5.5 years planted out, and 22% at 9yrs planted out. The average stem diameter (at 10cm above ground level) was 2.2cm after 5.5yrs and 3.8cm after 9yrs, and the height was 1m after 5.5yrs and 1.6m after 9yrs (Nuyim 2000).

In a trial transplant study that took place in Toe-Deang Peat Swamp, Royal Pikulthong Project, Narathiwat, Thailand, after 4yrs growth in the degraded peat area, Polyalthia had 90% survival, diameter (at 10cm above ground level) was 1.1cm, and height was 0.6m (Satohoko et al. Undated).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Successional stage Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Literature Review: Silviculture of TPSF tree species, Central Kalimantan

Annonaceae

2009

Polyalthia glauca

Kayu bulan Distribution Found in primary or secondary rainforest, swamp forest or forest that floods, up to 1800m asl (Krisdianto et al. 2004, Istomo 2002).

Phenology In Thailand, flowers; March-May, fruit ripens; July-October (Nuyim 2005).

Flowering occurs twice a year, at the same time as leaf production (Krisdianto et al. 2004).

Fruit and seed description Fruit is dark red or black when mature, each fruit contains one seed (Nuyim 2005).

Dispersal mechanism Bird-dispersed (Krisdianto et al. 2004).

Seed collection and storage technique There are approximately 800 seeds per kg (Nuyim 2005).

Germination technique Seeds germinate 45-80 days after sowing (Nuyim 2005).

Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Reaches 60cm in height after 10 months (Nuyim 2005).

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures In Thailand this species was used in restoration trials, with good success (Urapeepatanapong and Pitayakajornwute 1996).

Ecological characteristics Described as slow growing tree i.e. growth rates less than 30cm per year (Nuyim 2005).

Reaches medium to large-sized tree (Nuyim 2005).

If in wet conditions produces roots for respiration (Krisdianto et al. 2004).

There is no further information available on: Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Successional stage Additional comments

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Literature Review: Silviculture of TPSF tree species, Central Kalimantan

Annonaceae

2009

Polyalthia lateriflora

Ecological characteristics Continuous low growth rate from initial stage i.e. growth rates less than 30cm per year (Nuyim 2005).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Successional stage Additional comments

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Annonaceae

2009

Xylopia caudata

Successional stage Found to be a dominant pole and tree post-logging (Rieley and Page 2005).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Literature Review: Silviculture of TPSF tree species, Central Kalimantan

Annonaceae

2009

Xylopia coriifolia Nonang

Successional stage Increases significantly after logging (Lee 1979, Whitmore 1984).

Ecological characteristics Fast-growing (Lee 1979, Whitmore 1984).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Additional comments

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Literature Review: Silviculture of TPSF tree species, Central Kalimantan

Annonaceae

2009

Xylopia fusca Jangkang kuning

Distribution Found occurring in peat swamp forests (Istomo 2002).

Fruit and seed description The fruit is elongated, and red-brown in colour (Istomo 2002).

Successional stage Under the seven different TPSF forest types, as defined by Page et al. (1999) classically found iii) Mixed swamp forest and iv) Transition forest (iii-v) – but at lower density and vi) Tall interior forest.

There is no further information available on: Phenology Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Literature Review: Silviculture of TPSF tree species, Central Kalimantan

Apocynaceae

2009

Alstonia spp.

Pulai rawa

Phenology Flowers in May, and fruits in August (Martawijawa et al. 2005a).

Fruit and seed description There are approximately 620,000 seeds per kg (Martawijawa et al. 2005a).

Seed collection and storage technique Seeds should be dried for 2days, then can stored in a sealed can container for two months. This method provides 90% germination success (Martawijawa et al. 2005a).

The seeds cannot be stored for long, as there are recalcitrant (Mindawati et al.

2004).

Germination technique Seeds germinated with 96% success, starting after 5 days, and finishing after 14 days (Rusmana et al. 2004).

Store the seeds in a box, with smooth sand as the media. The seeds will start to germinate after 1-2 weeks (Lukman and Muslimin 2006).

The media found to be most successful, as the germination media for Pulai, is sand and compost at a ratio 3:1. This will normally result in 82-84% germination success. Using only sand will result in a 66-81% germination success (Mushadi 2005).

Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Cuttings can be successfully used, by placing the cuttings in a media of sand and compost at a ratio 1:1, with the cutting tip dipped in growth hormone Rootone-F 40%. This results in 87% success rate (Lukman and Muslimin 2006). Danu et al. (2000) found cuttings placed in Rootone-F, 50mg/cutting, resulted in long roots and a success of 95%.

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures In a trial transplant study that took place in Toe-Deang Peat Swamp, Royal Pikulthong Project, Narathiwat, Thailand, after 4yrs growth in the degraded peat area, Alstonia had 97% survival, diameter (at 10cm above ground level) was 13.1cm, and height was 2.5m (Satohoko et al. Undated).

Had high success in planting trials on peatlands in Central Kalimantan (Lazuardi 2004).

Various planting trials took place with the following survival rates after 12 months: control (96%), planted in bamboo tubes (89%), planted on artificial hummocks (64%), planted on artificial hummocks in bamboo tubes (89%) (Rusmana et al. 2004).

Tolerances Can be planted into degraded areas that are dominated by alang-alang, understorey species, and secondary vegetation (Lukman and Muslimin 2006).

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There is no further information available on: Distribution Dispersal mechanism Nutrient management and requirements Successional stage Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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2009

Literature Review: Silviculture of TPSF tree species, Central Kalimantan

Apocynaceae

2009

Alstonia pneumatophora

Pulai / Pulai rawa Distribution Found all across Indonesia. Found in tropical conditions on sandy or wet soils up to 100m asl (Rachmadi et al. 2000).

Found in peat swamp forests, on sandy soils, near beaches, and on the edge of large rivers (Istomo 2002).

Grows well on peat swamps, up to 1000m asl (Wibisono et al. 2005).

Phenology Fruits from May – August (Rachmadi et al. 2000, Wibisono et al. 2005).

Fruit and seed description The fruit is a capsule, 25-30cm, glabrous until pubescens (Istomo 2002) The seed is 2x5mm, brown-black, with smooth hairs (Wibisono et al. 2005).

Dispersal mechanism Wind-bourne species (Giesen 2009).

Seed collection and storage technique There are approximately 620,000 seeds per kg (Wibisono et al. 2005, Rachmadi et al. 2000).

Ripe fruit can be distinguished by their brown-black colour, and only the closed pods should be collected as open pods have already dispersed their seeds by wind (Wibisono et al. 2005).

To take the seeds from the fruit, dry the fruit under the sun until the pod opens, and the seeds can be extracted. This is best done inside a material box, so the small seeds are not lost or blown away (Wibisono et al. 2005).

If wildlings are collected, then only healthy seedlings should be chosen, which do not yet have woody stems, and a maximum of 6 leaves. The seedlings should be collected in the late afternoon. Upon collection the leaves should be cut to 1/2 – 1/3 their size, to avoid over over-respiration (Wibisono et al.

2005).

Germination technique Lay the seeds out on a germination tray, buried to 0.2-0.3 cm, and at 1-1.5cm spacing. The seeds should be watered every day, using a sprayer or watering can. Once the seeds germinate, wait until they have 2-4 leaves before moving them to separate grow bags, being careful not to damage the roots (Wibisono et al. 2005).

Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Plant the seedlings in grows bags 10x15cm or14x22cm large, filled with peat.

The seedlings must be regularly watered. The hardening process can begin once the seedling has 5-8 leaves and is 7-8 months old. (Wibisono et al. 2005).

Wildlings should be planted in grow bags, 14x22cm in size, filled with peat, with a plastic concave cover over them for the first 1-2 months, and high shade. The hardening process can begin for wildlings once 2-4 new leaves have emerged (Wibisono et al. 2005).

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Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Berbak National Park staff planted 1 ha trial plots along the Air Hitam Laut River in 2001-2002. Trees were planted on the burnt peat, and not on mounds.

Two species were planted: jelutung Dyera polyphylla and pulai Alstonia pneumatophora. Seedlings were obtained locally, and from local government, and the local community assisted with the planting. In addition, trial planting (1 ha & 5 ha) was carried out in 2002 by the Forestry Department at the burnt area along the Simpang Melaka river in Berbak NP. At both sites a combination of pulai, jelutung and medang were planted at a density of one seedling per 10 m². Seedlings were planted directly in the soil, without mound construction. Seedlings were small (in the case of jelutung and medang), and about 1m tall in the case of pulai. Seedlings were not of a high quality as most were from cuttings rather than seeds. The seedlings were taken from the polybag before planting, which occurred in August (1 ha site) and December (5 ha site) 2002. A quick survey of both areas revealed that seedling mortality is close to or at 100%, probably due to long, deep flooding (about 1.2-1.3 m, as observed on marks left on trees) (Giesen, 2004).

The seedlings will be ready for transplanting once they are 8-12 months old.

The seedlings should be planted out in the morning or the late afternoon, at the start of the wet season (November-December). They should be planted at spacing of 5x5m. The area surrounding the seedling, up to 0.5m should be cleared. A hole should be prepared, 15-30cm deep, and 15-25cm wide, to fit the grow media and seedling size. If the transplant area regularly floods, seedlings can be planted onto prepared artificial mounds. After planting the area surrounding the seedlings should be cleared 3-4 times a year, for two years (Wibisono et al. 2005).

Burnt areas along the Air Hitam Laut River in the central part of Berbak NP were replanting with this species in August-November 2003 onto artificial mounds (0.3-0.5m tall) in Nov-Dec 2003. The first wet season (flooding 50cm deep) the seedlings survived (65-85%), however the following wet season, the flooding was extremely deep (100-150cm deep). This floodiing level went above the height of the seedlings’ leaves, resulting in lower than 5% survival.

This shows this species can tolerate degraded conditions, but its leaves must remain above the flood level (Giesen 2009).

Tolerances Tolerant of non-flooded degraded peatlands (Giesen 2009).

Based on planting trials conducted in the Block C area of the EMRP by CIMTROP, this species is suitable for planting on peatland (Limin 2007).

Described as a light demanding species (Wibisono et al. 2005).

Can tolerate areas which have had light to medium burn, land cleared, or with little remaining vegetation (Wibisono et al. 2005).

Grows well on degraded peatland dominated by fern and/or shrubs (Rachmanadi and Lazuardi 2007).

Observed as shallow to moderate flood-tolerant (Van Eijk and Leenman 2004).

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Recommended to be used in peatland rehabilitation, and planted into loggedover or heavily degraded open areas (Rachmanadi and Luzuardi 2007, Wibisono et al. 2005).

Appropriate for planting on shallow peat (Lazuardi et al. 2005).

Successional stage Good candidate for secondary succession in lightly-burnt areas (Giessen 2009).

Described as a pioneer species (Giesen 2004, van Eijk and Leenman 2004, Wรถsten et al. 2006).

Ecological characteristics This species morphology and physiology is adapted to growing well on open, degraded areas (Panjaitan et al. 2003a).

There is no further information available on: Nutrient management and requirements Additional comments

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Apocynaceae

2009

Alstonia spatulata

Distribution Found growing in swamps, on the edge of flowing rivers, on alluvial or humus soils that are high in sand, and up to 300m asl. Often found in secondary forest or on degraded lands (Istomo 2002).

Phenology In Thailand, flowers and bears pods all year round, particularly April-July (Nuyim 2005).

Fruit and seed description Pods have smooth skin and develop in pairs (Nuyim 2005).

Dispersal mechanism Wind-bourne seed dispersal (Giesen 2009).

Seed collection and storage technique There are approximately 680 seeds per kg (Nuyim 2005).

Germination technique Seeds germinate after 10-15 days (Nuyim 2005).

Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Reaches 65cm tall after 7 months in the nursery (Nuyim 2005).

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Transfers without difficulty during replanting (Nuyim 2005).

In Jambi this species was used in restoration trial, with good success (Giesen 2004).

In planting trials in Thailand, this species did not increase growth when planted onto mounds (Nuyim 2005).

Trial planting was undertaken in Klias peat swamp forest, Beaufort, Sabah. 45 seedlings of this species were planted using a randomized complete block design, with spacing at 3x3m. Height, diameter and survival were monitored every two weeks for ten weeks. During this time Alstonia spathulata had mean height increment of 9.36cm, mean diameter increment of 1.86cm and 87% survival (Mojiol et al. undated).

Tolerances Can tolerate degraded peatland areas provided there is low flooding (Giesen 2009).

Thrives well in water-logged areas with high and sustained water levels (Nuyim 2005).

This species is suitable for conditions of 10-50% vegetation cover, greater than 3 months per year water logged and greater than 3m peat depth (Giesen 2009).

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Successional stage Appears in secondary succession after light-burn (Giesen 2009).

Pioneer species often found in water-logged, open areas at the edge of peat swamp forests (Nuyim 2005).

Suitable for planting on in-filled canals where flooding is rare (Giesen 2008).

This species is classified as a late successional species (Giesen 2009).

Ecological characteristics Described as fast growing tree i.e. growth rates greater than 60cm per year (Nuyim 2005).

Small to medium in size (Nuyim 2005).

There is no further information available on: Nutrient management and requirements Additional comments

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Apocynaceae

2009

Dyera polyphylla

Synonym Dyera lowii Jelutong Distribution Found growing in tropical peat swamp forests and Karangas forests (Istomo 2002).

Found growing in tropical forests, on sandy or peat soils, from 20-800m asl (Martawijawa et al. 2005a, Wibisono et al. 2005).

Phenology Flowers from July-December, and fruits in January. There is normally an 8-9 month period between flowering and fruiting. The tree fruits every year.

(Rotinsulu et al. 2007a) Fruits every year (Martawijawa et al. 2005a, Wibisono et al. 2005).).

Fruit and seed description The pod is elongated and opens when ripe. The seed is oval and brown in color, with thin skin. There are normally 12-36 seeds in every pod (Rotinsulu et al. 2007a) The fruit is a woody elongated pod, which will gradually open as it becomes old. Ripe fruit can be distinguished by its colour turning dark brown-black and the splitting of the pod. The seeds are oval, flat and brown. The skin of the seed is thin. There are normally 12-36 seeds per fruit, organized in two rows within the pod (Wibisono et al. 2005).

Dispersal mechanism The seed is small and flat, and can be wind-dispersed up to 1.2Ha (Watson 1934).

Seed collection and storage technique Do not store the seed for too long, and store in a light place were there is air movement, between 20-40ËšC, and 60% humidity. Do not collect from trees in which the rubber is tapped, as the seed quality will be poor (Rotinsulu et al.

2007a).

Save the collected fruits in a container, in a room with fan circulation, to keep the air moving round the fruit, and control the temperature and humidity.

Extract the seeds by drying the cracked pods under the sun, and selecting open pods and stripping back the two pod halves, so the seeds fall out by themselves. Select the healthy looking seeds (full and ripe) and discard those that are empty, unripe, blemished, or infected. Do not store the seeds for longer than 6 weeks. To store them, prepare a wire box which will keep the seeds secured but aerated, maintain at 20-40ËšC, and 60% humidity. The quality of the seed drops heavily after 3 months (Wibisono et al. 2005).

If wildlings are collected, those with 4-8 leaves should be chosen. Collection should take place in the late afternoon, and planted straight into grow bags, 14x22cm (Wibisono et al. 2005).

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Germination technique Soak the seeds in water for two hours, then store in a box made from wood and wire, with a wet cloth over the top. Humidity should be kept high throughout, using a water spray. Germination will start after 7 days and be complete after 15 days. Normally there is a 40-50% germination success (Rotinsulu et al. 2007a, Martawijawa et al. 2005a).

40-50% survived to fully grown seedling in the nursery after collected from the forest as wildlings (Panjaitan et al. 2006) The best germination media is peat that has been processed. It should be prepared in a germination tray at 4-8cm deep, with 1cm sawdust at the top.

Jelutong seedlings are prone to ant infestation, so use pesticide, such a Puradan, around the germination tray. Place out all the seeds on the germination tray, so they are separate, under heavy shade. The germination will start to occur within 1-2 weeks, and continue for up to 8 weeks. Water the seeds twice a day. Keep the seedlings on the germination tray until they have 4 leaves. Once they have four leaves, move the seedlings into separate grow bags, with care so as not to break the roots (Wibisono et al. 2005).

Seedling nursery cultivation techniques The germinated seed should be placed in a 1cm deep hole, and the soil closed around the hole. It will begin to grow fully after 2-3 weeks. It is ready for planting in the field after 15-18 months in the nursery, or after reaching 3040cm, and a hardening technique should be carried out (Rotinsulu et al. 2007a) It is easier to cultivate seedlings from cuttings then seeds (Rusmana et al.

2004).

The grow bags should be 14x22cm, and filled with peat (Wibisono et al.

2005).

The hardening process can begin quickly, once the seedlings have 6-8 leaves, approximately 7-8 weeks old (Wibisono et al. 2005).

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Berbak NP staff replanted small trial plots of 1 ha along the Air Hitam Laut River in 2001-2002 (Giesen, 2004). Trees were planted on the burnt peat, and not on mounds. Seedlings were obtained locally, and from Pemerinta Daerah (Local Government), while locals assisted with the planting. In addition, trial planting (1 ha & 5 ha) was carried out in 2002 by the Forestry Department at the burnt area along the Simpang Melaka river in Berbak NP. At both sites a combination of pulai, jelutung and medang were planted at a density of one seedling per 10 m². Seedlings were planted directly in the soil, straight into the soil, without mound construction. Seedlings were small (in the case of jelutung and medang), and about 1m tall in the case of pulai. Seedlings were not of a high quality as most were from cuttings rather than seeds. The seedlings were taken from the polybag before planting, which occurred in August (1 ha site) and December (5 ha site) 2002. A quick survey of both areas (Giesen 2004) revealed that seedling mortality is close to or at 100%, probably due to long, deep flooding (about 1.2-1.3 m, as observed on marks left on trees).

Under the Climate Change and Fire Prevention in Indonesia project, burnt areas along the Air Hitam Laut River in the central part of Berbak NP were prepared for replanting in August-November 2003 (Giessen 2009). This 49 | P a g e

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species was planted onto artificial mounds (0.3-0.5m tall) in Nov-Dec 2003.

The first wet season (flooding 50cm deep) the seedlings survived (65-85%), however the following wet season, the flooding was extremely deep (100150cm deep). This floodiing level went above the height of the seedlings’ leaves, resulting in lower than 5% survival. This shows this species can tolerate degraded conditions, but its leaves must remain above the flood level.

Transplant trials in the Block C area of the EMRP, seedlings were planted, but given no additional help. Survival rates were 21%. (Limin 2007).

Recommended as to be used in peatland restoration (Rachmadi and Yuwati 2008, Wibisono et al. 2005).

Planted in trials by Wetlands International as part of CKPP. Two trials conducted, planted in May 2007 and June 2007, into the degraded TPSF area of the Ex-Mega Rice Project, adjacent to the SP1 canal. 350 seedlings were planted, into rows at 5x5m spacing. When planted the area around them was cleared (a 2m strip) of numerous fern spp (Blechnum indicum, Gleichenia linearis, Lygodium and Stenochlaena palustris) and the seedlings were approximately 40-50cm tall. The May trials were monitored monthly until Dec 2008. In Dec 2008 40-75% of the seedlings had survived (Wibisono & Gandrung, 2008).

Planting trials in swamp areas showed ‘satisfactory survival and growth’ by planting 2-3yr old wildlings in narrow furrows cut out of the peat at intervals of 11-13.5m. After two years the canopy was thinned, and the furrows widened. Average height after 3yrs was 2m. It was thought better results might be obtained is the seedlings were planted in ridges (Wijk 1950).

Should be planted at spacing of 4x5m or 5x5m. Each position should receive a marker. Clear a 1x1m area around the marker. The hole for planting into should be 40x40x30cm. Planting is best at the start of the wet season, to avoid drying out. Take the grow bag off the seedling, and plant holding the seedling straight whilst the soil is filled in. The seedlings should be monitored and the markers could be used to locate the seedlings. If flooding occurs at the site, artificial mounds can be considered (Rotinsulu et al. 2007a).

Can be planted out once 30-40cm tall, onto degraded or logged areas, at spacing of 3x2m (Martawijawa et al. 2005a).

Had high success in planting trials on peatlands in Central Kalimantan (Lazuardi 2004).

Considered to have potential for peatland restoration (Rachmanadi et al.

2004).

The seedlings can normally be planted after 8-14 months growth, reaching 3050cm in height. The best planting time is at the start of the wet season, when the rains are consistent (November – December). Should be planted early or late in the day, to avoid stress from the midday sun. If the transplant area has understorey vegetation, then planting in cleared rows is recommended. The rows should be positioned North-South. Seedlings should be planted every 5m, and rows should be positioned every 5-10m. Mark the position of every planted seedling. The area (up to 1m) surrounding each seedling should be well-cleared. Holes should be prepared at 15-30cm deep and 15-25cm diameter – to fit the seedling. The grow bag should be cut with a sharp knife, and the growth media held in place. The seedling should be placed in the hole, and the hole filled to steady the seedling. If the area regularly floods the

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seedlings could be planted onto artificial mounds. The surrounding vegetation should be cleared 3-4 times a year, for 2 years, especially at the start of the wet season, as this is when the vegetation will grow strongest. Seedlings which die in the first three months should be replaced (Wibisono et al. 2005).

Nutrient management and requirements Because of the low nutrient availability in peat, nutrient additions should take place. There is little yet known about the effective dosage, but fertilizers such as inorganic chemical fertilizers might be considered (Rotinsulu et al. 2007a).

Tolerances Described as a light-demanding species (Wibisono et al. 2005).

Can tolerate being planted into areas which have had light to medium burn, land cleared, or with little remaining vegetation (Wibisono et al. 2005).

Described as high-light tolerant (Rotinsulu et al. 2007a) Recommended to be used in peatland rehabilitation, and planted into loggedover or heavily degraded open areas (Rachmanadi and Luzuardi 2007).

Returned quickly after fire (Giesen 2004).

Appropriate for planting on deep peat (Lazuardi et al. 2005).

Successional stage Under the seven different TPSF forest types, as defined by Page et al. (1999) classically found in iii) Mixed peat swamp forest, iv) Transitional forest (iii-v) – but at lower densities and vi) Tall pole forest Described as a ‘pioneer species’ (Giesen 1990, Giesen 2004) Found to be a dominant tree post-logging (Rieley and Page 2005).

Suitable for planting on in-filled canals where flooding is rare (Giesen 2008).

Ecological characteristics Based on planting trials conducted in the Block C area of the EMRP by CIMTROP, this species is suitable for planting both on peatland and by canal banks (Limin 2007).

Grows well on degraded peatland dominated by fern and/or shrubs (Rachmanadi and Lazuardi 2007) Grows best on organic (peat) soils (Rotinsulu et al. 2007a) Described as a fast growing species (Rotinsulu et al. 2007a)

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Aquifoliaceae

2009

Ilex hypoglauca

Successional stage After burning of a peat swamp forest site (Shorea albida forest) in Brunei, succession was recording, and this species occurred in the early succession stage, tolerating the high light and disturbance (Kobayashi 1999).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Aquifoliaceae

2009

Ilex macrophylla

Distribution Grows in primary peat swamp forest, lowland secondary forest and mangrove forests. Reaches up to 2400m asl (Istomo 2002).

Fruit and seed description The fruit is round and the skin is soft, 3-5 mm in size, dark red in colour when ripe (Istomo 2002).

Successional stage After much disturbance in a narrow forested fire-break in a peatland area, Riau, Sumatra, this species was seen to have very high sapling dominance, suggesting disturbance tolerance (Gunawan et al. 2007).

There is no further information available on: Phenology Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Araucariaceae

2009

Agathis spp.

Germination technique To germinate Agathis seeds, submerge in cold water for 24 hours (Standar Nasional Indonesia 2003).

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures In an Agathis complex in Sampit, after the clearing of old Agathis, new Agathis were planted in, in rows of 2m x 3m. They were approximately 25cm in height after being cultivated from seeds in nurseries. The success rates were high. It was also seen that wildlings could be collected from the forest, cultivated in the nurseries for 1yr and planted, and would reach similar success, however this method was more expensive (Schreuder 1949).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Successional stage Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Araucariaceae

2009

Agathis borneensis

Distribution Found in Sumatra and Kalimantan on sandy and peat soils, up to 1200 asl (Istoma 2002).

Found growing in primary forest, on sandy or rocky soils, not in stagnant water, and up to 1750m asl (Martawijawa et al. 2005a).

Phenology Fruits February-April and August-October (Martawijawa et al. 2005a).

Fruit and seed description There are approximately 5000 seeds per kg (Martawijawa et al. 2005a).

Seed collection and storage technique Seeds should be collected whilst the fruit is still closed (Martawijawa et al.

2005a).

Germination technique 70-85% survived to fully grown seedlings in a nursery after collection from the forest as wildlings (Panjaitan et al. 2006).

Tolerances In a 10Ha trial planting in Sampit, Agathis borneensis seedlings (30-50cm in height) were planted in rows, 2m x 4m, under logged-over forest. Results showed that this species is very sensitive to light-intensity, and that, after planting out, shade should be reduced gradually. Furthermore, a raised water table that has a long duration can prove fatal to the seedlings (Meurs 1947).

There is no further information available on: Dispersal mechanism Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Successional stage Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Araucariaceae

2009

Agathis dammara

Successional stage Described as a pioneer species (van Eijk and Leenman 2004).

Under the seven different TPSF forest types, as defined by Page et al. (1999) classically found in vi) Tall interior forest.

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Arecaceae

2009

Licuala paludosa

Tolerances Observed as moderate to deep flood-tolerant (Van Eijk and Leenman 2004).

Successional stage Described as a ‘pioneer species’ (van Eijk and Leenman 2004, Giesen 2008).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Arecaceae

Nenga pumila

Successional stage Described as a ‘pioneer species’ (van Eijk and Leenman 2004).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Literature Review: Silviculture of TPSF tree species, Central Kalimantan

Arecaceae

2009

Pholidocarpus sumatranus

Successional stage Described as a ‘pioneer species’ (van Eijk and Leenman 2004, Giesen 2008).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Bombaceae

2009

Durio carinatus

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Did not result in high success for transplanting in areas of degraded peatland dominated by Imperata cylindrical, Raja Musa Forest Reserve in Kuala Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia (Ismail et al., 2001).

Not a successful transplant species in Jambi (Giesen 2004).

Tolerances This species is suitable for conditions of greater than 50% vegetation cover, greater than 3 months per year water logged and greater than 3m peat depth (Giesen 2009).

Successional stage Prefers areas that have already had some natural regeneration after fire, have only been selectively logged, or still have closed ground cover from other vegetation (Wibisono et al. 2005).

Only suitable for planting under shade (Giesen 2008).

This species is classified as a climax species (Giesen 2009).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Nutrient management and requirements Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Burseraceae

2009

Dacryodes spp.

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures In a trial transplant study that took place in Toe-Deang Peat Swamp, Royal Pikulthong Project, Narathiwat, Thailand, after 4yrs growth in the degraded peat area, Dacryodes had 22% survival, diameter (at 10cm above ground level) was 3.0cm, and height was 1.5m (Satohoko et al. Undated).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Successional stage Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Burserceae

2009

Santiria griffithii

Teras bambang Distribution Found growing on primary and secondary forest, usually on dry soils, up to 700 m asl (Istomo 2002).

There is no further information available on: Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Successional stage Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Burseraceae

2009

Santiria laevigata

Irat / Kayu Sapat / Kambajau burung Distribution Found growing on lowlands, sometimes peat swamp forest (Istomo 2002).

Fruit and seed description Fruit is 1-2cm, red in colour, eventually turning yellow and finally black when old (Istomo 2002).

Germination technique Takes approximately three weeks to germinate (Krisdianto et al. 2004).

There is no further information available on: Phenology Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Successional stage Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Casuarinaceae

2009

Gymnostoma sumatrana

Successional stage Under the seven different TPSF forest types, as defined by Page et al. (1999) classically found vi) Tall interior forest.

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Celastraceae

2009

Lophopetalum spp.

Perupuk

Distribution Grows on sandy or clay soil that is wet (Martawijaya et al. 2005b).

Phenology Fruits and flowers every year (Martawijaya et al. 2005b).

Fruit and seed description The fruit is an elongated oblong, 8-11cm (Martawijaya et al. 2005b).

There is no further information available on: Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Successional stage Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Clusiaceae

2009

Garcinia spp.

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures In a trial transplant study that took place in Toe-Deang Peat Swamp, Royal Pikulthong Project, Narathiwat, Thailand, after 4yrs growth in the degraded peat area, Garcinia had 53% survival, diameter (at 10cm above ground level) was 1.9cm, and height was 1.3m (Satohoko et al. Undated).

Tolerances Based on planting trials conducted in the Block C area of the EMRP by CIMTROP, this species is suitable for planting both on peatland and by canal banks (Limin 2007).

Successional stage Described as a ‘pioneer species’ (Giesen 2004, van Eijk and Leenman 2004).

Found to be a dominant pole post-logging (Rieley and Page 2005).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Nutrient management and requirements Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Clusiaceae

2009

Garcinia bancana

Manggis Phenology In Thailand, flowers; March-June, fruits ripen; August-November (Nuyim 2005).

Fruit and seed description Spherical-shaped orange fruit, black when dried. Each fruit contains 12 seeds (Nuyim 2005).

Seed collection and storage technique There are approximately 370 seeds per kg (Nuyim 2005).

Germination technique Seeds germinate 15-40 days after sowing (Nuyim 2005).

Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Reaches 35cm in height after 6 months (Nuyim 2005).

Ecological characteristics Described as slow growing tree i.e. growth rates less than 30cm per year (Nuyim 2005).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Dispersal mechanism Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Successional stage Additional comments

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Clusiaceae

2009

Garcinia celebica

Successional stage Found to be a dominant sapling post-logging (Rieley and Page 2005).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Clusiaceae

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Garcinia rostrata

Gandis Distribution Found as a secondary species in primary forest, on lowlands rainforests, up to 2100m asl. (Istomo 2002).

Fruit and seed description The fruit is round (Istomo 2002).

There is no further information available on: Phenology Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Successional stage Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Crypteroniaceae Dactylocladus bancanus Mertibu Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Reducing competing vegetation around potential tree crop had positive effects on growth (Lee 1979).

Successional stage Under the seven different TPSF forest types, as defined by Page et al. (1999) classically found in iii) Mixed peat swamp forest, iv) Transitional forest (iii-v) – but at lower densities, v) Low pole forest, vi) Tall pole forest and vii) Very low canopy forest.

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Crypteroniaceae Dactylocladus stenostachys Mertibu Distribution Found in Karangas forest with podsol soils. This species needs acidic soil, with poor drainage, grows best in humid climate, up to 800m asl (Istomo 2002).

Found growing on peatlands in the tropics, up to 40m asl (Martawijawa et al.

2005a).

Fruit and seed description Each fruit is coloured green to yellow, and contains many seeds (Istomo 2002).

Successional stage Can increase 20% after logging (Lee 1979, Whitmore 1984).

In open areas, after logging, this species can dominate (Dwiyono and Rachman 1996).

Ecological characteristics Medium growth rates (Lee 1979, Whitmore 1984).

There is no further information available on: Phenology Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Additional comments

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Dilleniaceae

2009

Dillenia spp.

Simpur

Distribution Grows in tropical forest, 0-100m asl. (Martawijaya et al. 2005b).

Phenology Fruits plentifully every year (Martawijaya et al. 2005b).

Fruit and seed description The fruit is round and approximately 2.5cm (Martawijaya et al. 2005b).

Germination technique The seeds should be cleaned and dried for two days, after which germination normally yields 80% success (Martawijaya et al. 2005b).

Tolerances Can grow along river edges (Martawijaya et al. 2005b).

There is no further information available on: Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Successional stage Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Dipterocarpaceae Anisoptera marginata Mersawa paya Phenology Does not flower or fruit every year, normally in March-Juli, every 2-5 years (Martawijawa et al. 2005a).

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures This species was successful in transplanting trials into degraded peatlands dominated by Imperata cylindrica (alang-alang), Raja Musa Forest Reserve, Kuala Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia (Ismail et al., 2001).

Should be planted out 3m apart, on transects 8m apart (i.e. 250 trees per hectare) (Martawijawa et al. 2005a).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Successional stage Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus coriaceus Simpur Tolerances In a study monitoring disease prevalence rates on 5-yr old dipterocarp species, Diptercarpus gracilis showed low susceptibility to most diseases, apart from very high susceptibility to leaf spot disesase (Mardji 2000).

Successional stage Under the seven different TPSF forest types, as defined by Page et al. (1999) classically found in iii) Mixed peat swamp forest, iv) Transitional forest (iii-v) – but at lower densities and vi) Tall pole forest.

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Dipterocarpaceae Dryobalanops spp.

Seedling nursery cultivation techniques In greenhouse studies (light intensity 60%) with seedlings of Dryobalanops spp., seedlings inoculated with ecto-mycorrhizae grew ten times faster than the control seedlings (Suhardi 1995).

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Based on planting trials conducted in the Block C area of the EMRP by CIMTROP, this species is suitable for planting both on peatland and by canal banks (Limin 2007) .

Nutrient management and requirements Adding charcoal to peat growth medium can increase the diameter of this species (Suhardi 1993).

Adding phosphate (15g) can increase the diameter and height of this species (Suhardi 1993).

Mycorrhizal inoculations can increase height and diameter of seedlings (Suhardi 1993).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Tolerances Successional stage Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Dipterocarpaceae Dryobalanops rappa Bangkerai Rawa Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Reducing competing vegetation around potential tree crop had positive effects over 10 yrs (Lee 1979).

Tolerances In a study monitoring disease prevalence rates on 5-yr old dipterocarp species, Dryobalanops rappa showed low susceptibility to most diseases (Mardji 2000).

Ecological characteristics Can exceed 50m in height, and has vigorous sprouting ability with tendency to produce ganets after original shoots become decumbent (Yamada and Suzuki 2004).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Nutrient management and requirements Successional stage Additional comments

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Dipterocarpaceae Hopea rudiformis Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Should be cultivated in shade (Vunduyn Lunel 1925).

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures This species was successful in transplant trials into shrubby low-vegetation cover (Vunduyn Lunel 1925).

Tolerances Known to die off in the dry season due to ‘top-dryness’ and be attacked by lice, and in the wet season susceptible to fungal attack (Verduyn Lunel 1925).

Ecological characteristics This species is a ‘sun’ dipterocarp (Ishida et al. 2000).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Nutrient management and requirements Successional stage Additional comments

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Dipterocarpaceae Shorea spp.

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Reducing competing vegetation around potential tree crop had positive effects over 10 yrs (Lee 1979).

Based on planting trials conducted in the Block C area of the EMRP by CIMTROP, this species is suitable for planting only by canal banks (Limin 2007).

Nutrient management and requirements Mycorrhizae inoculum is important for this genus to successfully establish.

When inoculating this genus with mycorrhizae, mycorrhizae colonization rate does most favorably under shade conditions. The most common mycorrhizzae for seedlings of this group is Schleroderma (Suhardi 2000).

Adding rice husk charcoal to planting holes increased ectomycorrhizal colonization in planted seedlings and promoted their growth (Mori and Marjenah 1994).

Studies show that inoculation of Shorea sp. with ecto-mycorrhizae increases height, biomass, and N and P content of the seedling (Kikuchi and Ogawa 1995).

Successional stage Good at regenerating after logging, can cope with drier conditions (WyattSmith 1959) In peripheral peat swamps, Shorea species tend to dominate regrowth (Dwiyono and Rachman 1996) There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Dipterocarpaceae Shorea balangeran Balangeran Distribution Grows in primary tropical rainforest, swamp forest or river edges, on sandy soils or peat soils, up to 100m asl (Martawijaya et al. 2005b, Wibisono et al.

2005).

Found in North Sumatra, and South, Central and East Kalimantan. Grows in primary tropical wet forest, on swamps or near rivers, on sandy soils or peat soils (Rachmadi et al. 2000) Phenology Balangeran does not flower and fruit every year, and is greatly influenced by the climate (Martawijaya et al. 2005b, Rachmadi et al. 2000, Wibisono et al.

2005).

Normally fruits in February-June (Wibisono et al. 2005).

Dispersal mechanism Wind-borne (Giesen 2009, Martawijaya et al. 2005b) Seed collection and storage technique Balangeran can only be stored for a maximum of 12 days in a container with wet charcoal (Martawijaya et al. 2005).

Wildlings can be collected whilst still small; 3-6 leaves and stem not yet woody, also choose those with no sign of disease or pest infection. Only take those that are at high density, under the parent tree, and not those found individually. When collecting the wildlings care should be taken to not damage the roots, and they should be collected in the late afternoon. Remove any excessive leaves (Wibisono et al. 2005).

Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Ecto-mycorrhizal studies conducted by IPB showed that after inoculation under nursery conditions, Shorea balangeran seedlings achieved greater than 50% colonisation after 6 months (Santosa et al. 2003a, Tawaraya et al. 2003) Seedlings can be cultivated from seeds, cuttings and wildlings. However, heights achieved in a given time are greater for seeds (25-35cm), and wildlings (20-40cm) than cuttings (15-27cm) and similarly for survival rates; seeds (8094.5%), wildlings (70-90%) and cuttings (57-76%) (Rusmana et al. 2004).

Wildlings should be quickly planted into grow bags, 14x22cm large and filled with peat. Water the wildlings twice a day, and keep under high shade. Once new leaves start to appear, the shade can be reduced. After 4-5 months, the hardening process can begin (Wibisono et al. 2005).

Seedlings can also be cultivated from cuttings, best taken from 5-year old saplings. Cut the cutting after 3 nodes, and with 2-3 leaves. Cut the leaves to a third or a half their size. Quickly move the cuttings in water to prevent drying out, and subsequently dip the cuttings into root growth formula, Rootone-F. Before planting the cuttings, ensure the media in their cutting pots is well watered, this will reduce root damage. Move the cuttings to seperate grow bags, filled with peat. Keep the cuttings well shaded for six months. After this the hardening process can begin (Wibisono et al. 2005).

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Transplanting techniques, successes and failures In a study in extremely degraded peatland in Central Kalimantan, trial planting took place on 0.75ha of disturbed PSF under different regimes (with and without clearing, fertilizer application, and mounds) and with different species (Shorea balangeran, S. pinanga, S. seminis, Peronema canescens, Palaquium sp.) Trials indicate that Shorea balangeran and Palaquium are best suited for replanting, as they have considerably higher survival rates (65-100%) compared to the other species (6-65%), and this seems irrespective of preparation techniques (Takahashi et al. 2001).

Transplant trials in the Block C area of the EMRP, seedlings were planted, but given no additional help. Survival rates were 89%. (Limin 2007).

Planted in trials by Wetlands International as part of CKPP. Two trials conducted, planted in May 2007 and June 2007, into the degraded TPSF area of the Ex-Mega Rice Project, adjacent to the SP1 canal. 350 seedlings were planted, into rows at 5x5m spacing. When planted the area around them was cleared (a 2m strip) of numerous fern spp (Blechnum indicum, Gleichenia linearis, Lygodium and Stenochlaena palustris) and the seedlings were approximately 40-50cm tall. The May trials were monitored monthly until Dec 2008. In Dec 2008 75-90% of the seedlings had survived (Wibisono & Gandrung 2008).

Experimental planting trials with Shorea blangeran found that planting at the end of the wet season rather than the start gave slightly higher growth and survival rates, although even at the start of the wet season, survival and growth was still good (Lazuardi et al. 2003).

Balangeran seedlings, of a height 30-50cm, should be planted in a cleared path, 2-3m wide, at a spacing of every 3m, with spacing between the paths 56m. The seedlings should be cared for for the first 4-5 years after planting (Martawijaya et al. 2005b).

Recommended as to be used in peatland restoration (Rachmadi and Yuwati 2008).

In planting trials of seedlings grown for two years it was shown that seedlings which had the surrounding vegetation cleared every 2 months grew significantly taller (64cm) than the control (non-weeded) (49cm). Furthermore, the more frequent the weeding, as compared every 2, 3, 4 months, the greater the survival of seedlings (Santosa et al. 2003b). Similar results were found by Purwanto et al. (2003), with the highest weeding frequency of every 2 weeks giving the greatest height after two years.

Seedlings had high success in planting trials on peatlands in Central Kalimantan, and planting was shown to be most successful at the start of the wet season (Lazuardi 2004).

Seedlings are ready to plant when they are 1) 25-40cm in height, 2) stem diameter is 2.5-4mm, 3) the seedling is healthy and the stem is straight, and 4) the media around the roots is compacted. This normally occurs for seedlings cultivated from seeds in 6 months, from cuttings in 8 months, and from wildlings in 3-4 months (Rusmana et al. 2004).

When planting, care should be taken to reduce seedling stress. Transects should first be prepared, running North-South, the transects should be 1m wide, and the distances between the transects should be 5-10m (5m is 80 | P a g e

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optimal). Clear the area around each seedling planting site, to 1m diameter.

Prepare a hole, 15-30cm deep, and 15-25cm diameter, so it fits the size of the media and the seedling. The planting is best done in the wet season, early morning or late afternoon. After planting, the area surrounding the seedling should be cleared twice every year for two years (Wibisono et al. 2005).

Planting trials were conducted with three different weeding techniques: no weeding, weeding using herbicide along the transect and weeding using herbicide across the whole area. The results showed no difference in growth across the three treatments (Yassir and Mitikauji 2007).

Nutrient management and requirements Mycorrhizae species Glomus is suggested as biofertilizer for seedlings planted in an over burnt peat swamp forest, as it was the most dominant associated with this species under natural conditions (Lazuardi et.al. 2003).

Does not require inoculation by mycorrhizal fungi to grow well after transplantation (Takahashi et al. 2001) Root samples were taken of this species in TPSF of Central Kalimantan, and a high ectomycorrhizal colonization was observed (Tamai 2003).

After inoculation with ecto-mycorrhizae, Balangeran acquires greater than 50% colonization after 6 months in a nursery. Gestarromycetes increases biomass most significantly for Balangeran (Yuwati et al. 2003).

Tolerances Extremely light tolerant (Giessen 2009, Kusin et al. 2008, Santosa et al. 2003, Yassir and Mitikauji 2007) Based on planting trials conducted in the Block C area of the EMRP by CIMTROP, this species is suitable for planting both on peatland and by canal banks (Limin 2007).

Suited to heavily disturbed areas affected by repeat fires (Takahashi et al.

2001).

Described as a light-demanding species (Wibisono et al. 2005).

Can tolerate areas which have had light to medium burn, land cleared, or with little remaining vegetation (Wibisono et al. 2005, Kusin et al. 2008).

Found along the banks of the river at Lahei, suggestion flood tolerance (Simbolon and Mirmanto 1999).

Under flood conditions the water potential of this species was measured. It was anticipated that the water pressure would drop and wilting would occur, as the roots became resistant to water uptake due to saturation. However, water pressure and turgor remained the same, showing this species has good tolerance to flood conditions (Naiola and Osaki 1999).

Recommended to be used in peatland rehabilitation, and planted into loggedover or heavily degraded open areas (Rachmanadi and Luzuardi 2007, Yassir and Mitikauji 2007).

Always found to be located in the vicinity (less than 2km) of river or canal banks (Santosa et al. 2003b).

Appropriate for planting on shallow peat (Lazuardi et al. 2005) Suitable for enrichment planting (Wibisono et al. 2005).

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Successional stage Can become the dominant species in secondary peat swamp forest after fire (Giesen 1990).

Under the seven different TPSF forest types, as defined by Page et al. (1999) classically found in i) Riverine Forest, ii) Transition forest (i-iii), iii) Mixed swamp forest and iv) Transition forest (iii-v) – but at lower density.

Good candidate for secondary succession in lightly-burnt areas (Giessen 2009).

Described as a ‘pioneer species’ (van der Laan 1925, Giesen 1990).

Grows well on degraded peatland dominated by fern and/or shrubs (Rachmanadi and Lazuardi 2007) Suitable for planting on largely in-filled canals with shallow pools / regularly flooded areas (Giesen 2008).

Ecological characteristics Can be stimulated by fire, and tend towards gregariousness (Kostermans 1958).

The depth to groundwater tables, degree of anaerobic rooting-zone and low raw fibre content (fibric) in the rooting zone showed a high negative correlation with the survival and growth of Shorea balangeran, and at certain levels these had a detrimental effect (Lazuardi et.al. 2002).

There is no further information available on: Fruit and seed description Germination technique Additional comments

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Dipterocarpaceae Shorea inaequilateralis Successional stage Medium rates of growth, can increase by 20% after logging (Lee 1979, whitmore 1984).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Dipterocarpaceae Shorea leprosula Meranti tembaga Distribution Found in Peninsular Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Borneo.

Grows best on well drained soils, lowlands to hill forest below 700 a.s.l.

(Marzalina et al. 2001).

Grows in lowlands with high rainfall (Soekotjo 2007).

Can be found on slightly inclined to steeply inclined land, with high annual rainfall (Effendi and Pramersetyawan 2007).

Phenology Flowering and fruiting periods are notoriously unpredictable. Highest probability of flowering period is April-June and fruiting peaks from JulyAugust. Seed takes 3-4 months to mature from time of flower initiation (Marzalina et al. 2001).

Gregarious mast fruiting that produces seed crops every 3-8 years (Marzalina et al. 2001).

Fruit and seed description Fruit fall can be delayed and fruit undeveloped if a dry spell occurs during development stage (Marzalina et al. 2001).

Dispersal mechanism Dispersed by wind, although rarely reach further than 50m from parent tree (Marzalina et al. 2001).

Seed collection and storage technique As seeds are recalcitrant, seeds should be collected as soon as fruit are ripe and seed fall begins (Marzalina et al. 2001).

Collected seeds can quickly suffer dehydration and fungal attack under high temperatures if not rapidly put into appropriate conditions. Could consider use of Mobile Seed-Seedling chamber for transportation as developed by FRIM (Marzalina et al. 2001).

Seeds lose viability when dried below 20% water content. For short-storage, drying, aerating and turning the seeds at 25ËšC for 4hours per day can prolong viability. For long-storage, the seeds can be dried to 42% moisture content, for 8 weeks at 16C (germination >50%) however, longer storage than 8 weeks sees germination success rapidly decline (Marzalina et al. 2001).

Germination technique Seeds germinate rapidly after seed fall, with 60-100% germination.

Germination normally takes approximately 10 days though can range from 427 days (Marzalina et al. 2001) Seedling nursery cultivation techniques An alternative to seed storage is seedling storage, in which young seedlings’ development can be arrested, under low light (400lux by fluorescent lights, 4 hours per day), low temperature (16C), and humidity 90%. This can be maintained for 6-9 months, with seedling height barely reaching 25cm.

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Survival was 60-80% after weaning under 70% shade for 2-3 weeks then placing into a direct sunlight nursery (Marzalina et al. 2001).

Stem cuttings saw 80% success rates. Cutting should be long, and a rooting formula should be used, for example IBA formulation (20ug) (Marzalina et al.

2001).

Tissue culture propogation also saw good success, however appropriate sterilized solutions must be used (Marzalina et al. 2001).

Transplanting techniques, successes and failiures Was able to grow 2m per year in open areas (Panjaitan et al. 2003b) Planting trials were conducted with three different weeding techniques: no weeding, weeding through herbicide along the transect and weeding, through herbicide, the whole area. The results showed no difference in growth across the three treatments Yassir and Mitikauji 2007).

Nutrient management and requirements Schleroderma columnare was successfully inoculated into this species by applying forest top soil as the source of inoculant and rice husk charcoal to induce colonization (Mori and Marjenah 2000).

Tolerances Tolerant to high light levels and dry conditions (Zipperlin and Press 1996).

Adapted to sites with higher rates of tree fall and larger gaps (Ishida et al.

2000).

In a study monitoring disease prevalence rates on 5-yr old dipterocarp species, Shorea leprosula was found to suffer from stem cancer, stunting and die back (Mardji 2000).

Can be used a transplant species into degraded areas, however, needs light shade at the early stages of growth (Yassir and Mitikauji 2007).

Ecological characteristics A relatively adaptable dipterocarp species (Zipperlin and Press 1996).

Additional comments The most common of the light red timber meranti group (Marzalina et al.

2001) There is no further information available on: Successional stage Additional comments

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Dipterocarpaceae Shorea ovalis Nutrient management and requirements Schleroderma columnare was successfully inoculated into this species by applying forest top soil as the source of inoculant and rice husk charcoal to induce colonization (Mori and Marjenah 2000).

Tolerances Height decreased with increasing light intensity, showing a relatively strong preference to shade (Yahata 2000).

This species is a sun dipterocarp, with high drought tolerance (Ishida et al.

2000) Ecological characteristics Able to overgrow a dense shelter (Endert 1937).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Successional stage Additional comments

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Dipterocarpaceae Shorea parvifolia Nutrient management and requirements Studies show that inoculation of Shorea parvifolia with ecto-mycorrhizae increases height, biomass, and N and P content of the seedling (Kikuchi and Ogawa 1995).

Tolerances In a study monitoring disease prevalence rates on 5-yr old dipterocarp species, Shorea parvifolia was found to suffer from chlorosis, stunting, die back and stem cancer (Mardji 2000).

Successional stage Found to be a dominant tree post-logging (Rieley and Page 2005).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Dipterocarpaceae Shorea pauciflora Distribution Grows on organic or peat soils, in tropical rain forest, up to 1300m asl (Wibisono et al. 2005).

Fruit and seed description A large fruit, with six wings, and a pointed end. The fruit is ripe dark brownblack (Wibisono et al. 2005).

Seed collection and storage technique A supportive stick can be attached to the fruiting branch to support it. A sheet should be placed underneath to catch the falling fruit. (Wibisono et al. 2005).

If wildlings are being collected, those with 2-4 leaves should be chosen, which are also healthy with no sign of pests. Care should be taken not to disturb the roots, and should be collected when the day is cool. Care should also be taken when transporting the wildlings, and they should be kept moist throughout, and should always be kept under at least 50% shade (Wibisono et al. 2005).

Germination technique Extract the seed from the fruit, ready to germinate. Check they are not infected with grubs; shown by a hole in the seed. This can also be checked by putting the seeds into water; those that float are infected whilst those that sink are healthy. Insectside can also be given as a precaution. Prepare a germination tray with media and place the seeds in holes at 1-2cm intervals. They seeds can also be planted straight into grow bags (14x22cm large) filled with peat.

The seeds should be watered every morning and afternoon, this will speed up germination. Once the germinated seedlings have 4 leaves they can moved to grow bags (Wibisono et al. 2005).

Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Seedlings can be cultivated from seed, wildling or cutting. Seedlings should be regularly watered and grown under thick shade for the first 4 months.

Seedlings will be ready to plant after 8-12 months. Wildlings will start to be woody after 3 months, and will be ready for planting out after 5-6 months (Wibisono et al. 2005).

Cuttings can also be cultivated. The stem should be cut to include 3 nodes; cut at a little below the leaf node, the supporting stem should be removed and the leaves should be cut so only 1/3 -1/2 is remaining. The cutting should be secured in water to ensure the cutting does not dry. After this the cutting should be put into root growth formula, Rootone-F. Then the cutting can be planted in 1-2cm rooting media. When the shoot, roots and the leaves start to appear, move the cutting to a grow bag with the roots planted into peat. For the first 1-2 weeks of growth in the grow bag the cutting should be grown under plastic concave shelter and also kept under high shade. After this, the plastic can be removed but high shade should be maintained until 8 weeks. High shading can be reduced after 2 months. In the first two months of growth the cutting should be watered twice daily, morning and afternoon. Between 2-6 months the watering can be reduced (Wibisono et al. 2005).

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After the seedlings are six months old, the hardening process can begin; watering frequency and shading should be gradually reduced (Wibisono et al.

2005).

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Burnt areas along the Air Hitam Laut River in the central part of Berbak Nationa Park were replanting with this species onto artificial mounds (0.30.5m tall) in Nov-Dec 2003. The first wet season (flooding 50cm deep) the seedlings survived (65-85%), however the following wet season, the flooding was extremely deep (100-150cm deep). This floodiing level went above the height of the seedlings’ leaves, resulting in lower than 5% survival (averaged across several species). This shows this species can tolerate degraded conditions, but its leaves must remain above the flood level. However this species showed the second best tolerance to the deep floods, survival 13%.

(Giesen 2004) Nutrient management and requirements Seedlings get all the nutrients they need from association with mycorrhizae, but inoculations with mycorrhizae capsules can be helpful (Wibisono et al.

2005).

Tolerances Described as semi-tolerant to high light, but appropriate for planting into degraded areas. However, as they require shade whilst saplings, but full sun once poles. They should be planted into rows, at 5m spacing, the rows 5-10m apart. Each seedling’s position should be marked. The area for planting should be cleared of unwanted undergrowth. A hole should be prepared, 15-30cm in deep, and 15-25cm diameter (the hole should be the same size as the grow bag). The seedlings should be planted at the start of the wet season (September-December). Seedlings should be planted in the morning or late afternoon to avoid stress of the midday sun (Wibisono et al 2005).

Prefer areas that have already had some natural regeneration after fire, have only been selectively logged, and still has closed ground cover from vegetation or areas were tree cover is still good and the canopy is tall and closed (Wibisono et al. 2005).

In a study monitoring disease prevalence rates on 5-yr old dipterocarp species, Shorea pauciflora was found to have high resistance to leaf spot disease, however it suffered high incidence of leaf blight disease, stunting and die back. However, overall it was relatively tolerant to most diseases (Mardji 2000).

There is no further information available on: Phenology Dispersal mechanism Successional stage Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Dipterocarpaceae Shorea platycarpa Meranti paya Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Was successful in transplanting trials, in degraded peatlands dominated by Imperata cylindrica (alang-alang) in Raja Musa Forest Reserve, Kuala Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia (Ismail et al., 2001).

Successional stage Under the seven different TPSF forest types, as defined by Page et al. (1999) classically in vi) Tall interior forest.

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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2009

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea seminis Phenology Flowers July – September, unripe fruit appears October – December, ripe fruit December – March (Panjaitan et al. 2006).

Transplanting techniques, successes and failiures In a rehabilitation study focusing on intensively disturbed peat swamp forest areas in Central Kalimantan activities included trial planting of 0.75ha of disturbed PSF under different regimes (with and without clearing, fertilizer application, and mounds) and with different species; Shorea balangeran, S. pinanga, S. seminis, Peronema canescens, Palaquium spp. Trials indicate that Shorea balangeran and Palaquium are best suited for replanting, as they have considerably higher survival rates (65-100%) compared to the other species (665%), and this seems irrespective of preparation techniques. Also, both species appear to be suited to heavily disturbed areas affected by repeated fires, and do not require innoculation by mycorrhizal fungi (Takahashi et al., 2001).

Tolerances Require shade condition in the early stages of growth (Suhardi 2000).

In a study monitoring disease prevalence rates on 5-yr old dipterocarp species, Shorea seminis was found to suffer from stem cancer and stunting. However, overall it was relatively tolerant to most diseases (Mardji 2000).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Nutrient management and requirements Successional stage Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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2009

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea teysmanniana Meranti semut/bunga/bitik Distribution Found on peat swamp forest and mixed forest up to 9000m asl (Istomo 2002).

Fruit and seed description Large fruit with wings (1x8cm) (Istomo 2002).

Nutrient management and requirements Root samples were taken of this species in TPSF of Central Kalimantan, and a high ectomycorrhizal colonization was observed (Tamai 2003).

Successional stage Found in the tall interior forest at the central of the peat dome and in the low pole forest nearer to the centre of the peat dome (Page and Waldes 2005).

Under the seven different TPSF forest types, as defined by Page et al. (1999) classically found iii) Mixed swamp forest and iv) Transition forest (iii-v) – but at lower density and vi) Tall interior forest.

Found to be a dominant seedling, sapling, pole and tree post-logging (Rieley and Page 2005).

One of the most dominant species found in a burnt plot (Simbolon 2002).

There is no further information available on: Phenology Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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2009

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea uliginosa Meranti batu Distribution Grows in mixed peat swamp forest on lowlands (Istomo 2002).

Fruit and seed description The fruit is large with wings (1.5x6cm) (Istomo 2002).

Successional stage Found to be a dominant sapling and tree post-logging (Rieley and Page 2005).

There is no further information available on: Phenology Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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2009

Dipterocarpaceae Vatica spp.

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures In species trials by Royal Pikulthong project, Narathiwat, Thailand, Vatica had survival rates of 49% after 5.5 years planted out, and 49% at 9yrs planted out.

The average stem diameter (at 10cm above ground level) was 4.0cm after 5.5yrs and 6.2cm after 9yrs, and the height was 2.4m after 5.5yrs and 3.3m after 9yrs (Nuyim 2000).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Successional stage Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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2009

Dipterocarpaceae Vatica mangachopai Rasak napu Ecological characteristics Under the seven different TPSF forest types, as defined by Page et al. (1999) classically found in vi) Tall interior forest There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Successional stage Additional comments

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2009

Dipterocarpaceae Vatica oblongifolia Tolerances Found along the banks of the river at Lahei, suggestion flood tolerance (Simbolon and Mirmanto 1999).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Successional stage Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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2009

Dipterocarpaceae Vatica rassak Resak Distribution Occurs in tropical rainforest, up to 350m asl, on sandy soils that are periodically flooded, such as on river banks, can also grow on dry soils (Martawijawa et al. 2005a).

Phenology Does not fruit every year, normally fruits heavily after a long dry season (Martawijawa et al. 2005a).

Seed collection and storage technique Seeds cannot be stored for long (Martawijawa et al. 2005a).

Wildlings occur plentifully beneath the parent tree (Martawijawa et al. 2005a).

Germination technique Germination happens within 12 days, and there is normally 100% success (Martawijawa et al. 2005a).

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Can be planted straight from seed, nursery seedlings or wildlings, but best planted out when 30-50cm in height. Must be planted under shade at spacing of 3x2m (Martawijawa et al. 2005a).

Tolerances Recommended to be used in peatland rehabilitation, and planted into loggedover or heavily degraded open areas (Rachmanadi and Luzuardi 2007).

Successional stage Grows well on degraded peatland that has been cleared for logging, and degraded shrubby peatland (Rachmanadi and Lazuardi 2007).

There is no further information available on: Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Nutrient management and requirements Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Ebenaceae

Diospyros spp.

Phenology Fruits in September (Norhayati et al. 2001) There is no further information available on: Distribution Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Successional stage Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Ebenaceae

2009

Diospyros bantamensis

Successional stage Found to be a dominant sapling and tree post-logging (Rieley and Page 2005).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Ebenaceae

2009

Diospryros buxifolia

Successional stage After burning of a peat swamp forest site (Shorea albida forest) in Brunei, succession was recording, and this species occurred in the early succession stage, tolerating high light and disturbance (Kobayashi 1999).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Ebenaceae

2009

Diospyros evena

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures In transplant trials in the Block C area of the EMRP, seedlings were planted, but given no additional help. Survival rates were 92%. (Limin 2007).

Based on planting trials conducted in the Block C area of the EMRP by CIMTROP, this species is suitable for planting both on peatland and by canal banks (Limin 2007).

Tolerances This species is suitable for conditions of greater than 50% vegetation cover, greater than 3 months per year water logged and greater than 3m peat depth (Giesen 2009).

Successional stage Only suitable for planting under shade (Giesen 2008).

This species is classified as a climax species (Giesen 2009).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Nutrient management and requirements Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Ebenaceae

2009

Diospyros hermaphroditica

Successional stage After much disturbance in a narrow forested fire-break in a peatland area, Riau, Sumatra, this species was seen to have very high sapling dominance, suggesting disturbance tolerance (Gunawan et al. 2007).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Euphorbiaceae

Diospyros maingayi

Successional stage Found to be a dominant pole post-logging (Rieley and Page 2005).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Euphorbiaceae

2009

Diospyros siamang Ehang

Tolerances Observed as deep flood-tolerant (Van Eijk and Leenman 2004).

Successional stage Described as a ‘pioneer species’ (van Eijk and Leenman 2004).

Ecological characteristics Able to resprout after disturbance (Giesen 2004).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Additional comments

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Eleocarpaceae

2009

Eleocarpus mastersii

Successional stage Trees were found in ‘building phase forest’ which is semi-exposed to sunlight (Siregar and Sambas 1999).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Eleocarpaceae

2009

Elaeocarpus petiolatus

Tolerances Described as tolerant to flooding (Giessen 2009).

Observed as shallow or brief flood-tolerant (Van Eijk and Leenman 2004).

Successional stage Described as a ‘pioneer species’ (Giesen 2004, van Eijk and Leenman 2004, van der Laan 1925, Giesen 2009).

Trees were found in ‘building phase forest’ which is semi-exposed to sunlight (Siregar and Sambas 1999).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Euphorbeaceae

2009

Blumeodendron tokbrai

Kenari Distribution Found growing in primary forest and occasionally secondary forest, commonly found on lowland forest, including peat swamps, but can be found up to 270m asl (Istomo 2002).

Fruit and seed description Fruits are large and hard (Istomo 2002).

Successional stage Trees were found in ‘building phase forest’ which is semi-exposed to sunlight (Siregar and Sambas 1999).

There is no further information available on: Phenology Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Euphorbiaceae

2009

Baccaurea spp.

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures In planting trials by Royal Pikulthong project, Narathiwat, Thailand, Polyalthia this species had survival rates of 23% after 5.5 years planted out, and 22% at 9yrs planted out. The average stem diameter (at 10cm above ground level) was 2.2cm after 5.5yrs and 3.8cm after 9yrs, and the height was 1m after 5.5yrs and 1.6m after 9yrs (Nuyim 2000).

In trial planting studies undertaken in Thailand degraded peat swamp areas, mounds were constructed; 50cm high, 70-90cm round. After 3yrs, planted Baccaurea spp. seedlings had slightly greater diameters on the mound, compared to the non-mound control. However, soil improvement through organic and inorganic fertilizers, and liming showed no impact on growth or survival (Nuyim 2000).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Successional stage Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Euphorbiaceae

2009

Baccaurea bracteata Rambai hutan

Distribution Found growing in stagnant water, such as peat swamps and Karangas forest, in primary and secondary forests, up to 1000-1800m asl (Istomo 2002).

Found in Peninsular Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra and Borneo (Sosef et al. 1998).

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures In Thailand this species was used in restoration trial, with good success (Urapeepatanapong and Pitayakajornwute 1996).

Tolerances This species is suitable for conditions of greater than 50% vegetation cover, greater than 3 months per year water logged and greater than 3m peat depth (Giesen 2009).

Successional stage Only suitable for planting under shade (Giesen 2008).

This species is classified as a climax species (Giesen 2009).

There is no further information available on: Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Nutrient management and requirements Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Euphorbaceae

2009

Baccaurea racemosa

Distribution Found in Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Java and Borneo (Sosef et al. 1998).

Successional stage Described as an understorey species (Mirmanto and Polosokan 1999).

There is no further information available on: Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Euphorbiaceae

Chaetocarpus castanocarpus

Successional stage Found to be a dominant pole post-logging (Rieley and Page 2005).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Euphorbiaceae

2009

Glochidion rubrum

Tolerances Observed as shallow or brief flood-tolerant (Van Eijk and Leenman 2004).

Successional stage Described as a pioneer (Van Eijk and Leenman 2004).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Euphorbiaceae

2009

Macaranga spp.

Seed collection and storage technique Upon collection, fruit should be stored in shade, after 2-3 weeks fruit will burst and seeds roll out (Zwann 1920).

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures In Thailand this species was used in restoration trial, with good success (Urapeepatanapong and Pitayakajornwute 1996).

In planting trials by Royal Pikulthong project, Narathiwat, Thailand, Macaranga had survival rates of 48% after 5.5 years planted out, and at 9yrs planted out. The average stem diameter (at 10cm above ground level) was 5.5cm after 5.5yrs and 8.4cm after 9yrs, and the height was 2.4m after 5.5yrs and 3.9m after 9yrs (Nuyim 2000).

In trial planting studies undertaken in Thailand degraded peat swamp areas, mounds were constructed; 50cm high, 70-90cm round. After 3yrs, planted Macaranga spp. seedlings had slightly greater diameters on the mound, compared to the non-mound control. However, soil improvement through organic and inorganic fertilizers, and liming showed no impact on growth or survival (Nuyim 2000).

Weeding improved planted Macaranga spp. biomass and basal diameter, but now height or crown width (Nuyim 2000).

Tolerances Suitable for planting on in-filled canals where flooding is rare (Giesen 2008).

Successional stage Described as a good pioneer species (Nuyim 2000, Nuyim 2005).

Described as a fast-growing pioneer, quickly able to return to fire-disturbed area (Giesen 2004).

Ecological characteristics Able to coppice (Whitmore 1984).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Nutrient management and requirements Additional comments

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Euphorbiaceae

2009

Macaranga caladifolia

Tolerances Observed as shallow to moderate flood-tolerant (Van Eijk and Leenman 2004).

Successional stage Trees were found in ‘building phase forest’ which is semi-exposed to sunlight (Siregar and Sambas 1999).

Described as a pioneer species (Van Eijk and Leenman 2004).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Euphorbiaceae

2009

Macaranga hypoleuca

Phenology Fruits several times, regularly, through the year (Krisdianto et al. 2004).

Fruit and seed description The seed is black, and the seed flesh is orange to red (Krisdianto et al. 2004).

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures In Riau this species was used in restoration trial, with good success (Giesen 2004).

Successional stage Described as a pioneer species (Krisdianto et al. 2004).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Euphorbiaceae

2009

Macaranga pruinosa

Mahang Distribution Found growing on peatlands that overlay sandy and limestone soils (Istomo 2002).

Phenology In Thailand, flowering; March-April, fruits ripen; June- August (Nuyim 2005).

Fruit and seed description Fruit has two sections with two seeds (Nuyim 2005).

Seed collection and storage technique There are approximately 163,700 seeds per kg (Nuyim 2005).

Germination technique Germination time 50 days (Nuyim 2005).

Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Reaches 40cm in five-months, and is ready to be planted (Nuyim 2005).

Survival rates in nurseries normally 100% (Nuyim 2005).

Tolerances Recovers well after fires (Nuyim 2005).

Observed as shallow to moderate flood-tolerant (Van Eijk and Leenman 2004).

Successional stage Described as a ‘pioneer species’ (Giesen 2004, van Eijk and Leenman 2004, Nuyim 2005, Woosten et al. 2006).

After logging, this species was observed to return, mixed in amongst the shrubs (Wibisono et al. 2005).

Often becomes dominant in degraded areas Thailand (Nuyim 2005).

Ecological characteristics Described as moderate growing tree i.e. growth rates between 30-60cm per year (Nuyim 2005).

There is no further information available on: Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Additional comments

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Euphorbiaceae

2009

Macaranga puncticulata

Successional stage After the burning of a peat swamp forest site (Shorea albida forest) in Brunei, succession was recorded, and this species occurred in the early succession stage, tolerating the high light and disturbance (Kobayashi 1999).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Euphorbiaceae

2009

Macaranga triloba

Successional stage Trees were found in ‘building phase forest’ which is semi-exposed to sunlight (Siregar and Sambas 1999).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Euphorbiaceae

2009

Mallotus muticus

Synonym Coccoceros borneensis Prupuk Tolerances Described as a ‘light-demanding species’ (Wibisono et al. 2005) Can tolerate areas which have had light to medium burn, land cleared, or with little remaining vegetation (Wibisono et al. 2005).

Described as tolerant of flooding (Giessen 2009).

Observed as moderate to deep flood-tolerant (Van Eijk and Leenman 2004).

Successional stage Described as a ‘pioneer species’ (Giesen 2004, van Eijk and Leenman 2004, Giesen 2009) Ecological characteristics Able to re-sprout from the base of the trunk after fire (Wibisono et al. 2005).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Additional comments

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Euphorbiaceae

2009

Mallotus sumatranus

Tolerances Suitable for planting on sloping side of canals/frequently flooded areas (Giesen 2008).

Successional stage Described as a ‘pioneer species’ (Giesen 2004, van Eijk and Leenman 2004).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Euphorbiaceae

2009

Neoscortechinia kingii

Pupuh pelanduk Distribution Found growing in Dipterocarp forests, swamp forests, peat swamp forests, mangrove forests and near rivers (Istomo 2002).

Successional stage Found in mixed peat swamp forest, at the edge of the peat dome, and in the tall interior forest at the central of the peat dome (Page and Waldes 2005).

Under the seven different TPSF forest types, as defined by Page et al. (1999) classically found in iii) Mixed peat swamp forest and iv) Transitional forest (iii-v) – but at lower densities.

There is no further information available on: Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Euphorbiaceae

2009

Neoscortechinia philippinensis

Successional stage Described as an understorey species (Mirmanto and Polosokan 1999).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Fagaceae

2009

Lithocarpus spp.

Distribution Found growing in tropical forests, on dry soils, on soils along the edge of rivers, and up to 500m asl (Martawijawa et al. 2005a).

Phenology Fruits in September (Norhayati et al. 2001).

Fruits every year (Martawijawa et al. 2005a).

Germination technique Fresh seeds normally germinate with 80% success. Seeds stored up to 3 weeks still have a germination success of 50% (Martawijawa et al. 2005a).

There is no further information available on: Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Successional stage Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Guttiferae

2009

Calophyllum spp.

Kapurnaga Distribution Found growing in tropical forest, in coastal areas, and on dry soils, on hills, up to 800m asl (Martawijawa et al. 2005a).

Phenology Fruits every year (Martawijawa et al. 2005a).

Fruit and seed description There are approximately 150-180 seeds per kg (Martawijawa et al. 2005a).

Seed collection and storage technique Seeds can be stored up to one month, if dried fully first (Martawijawa et al.

2005a).

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures In a trial transplant study that took place in Toe-Deang Peat Swamp, Royal Pikulthong Project, Narathiwat, Thailand, after 4yrs growth in the degraded peat area, Calophyllum had 95% survival, diameter (at 10cm above ground level) was 1.4cm, and height was 0.9m (Satohoko et al. Undated).

Seeds can be planted straight into the field or cultivated in a nursery. They should be planted 3x2m apart and require shading (Martawijawa et al. 2005).

Successional stage Found to be a dominant seedling, sapling and pole post-logging (Rieley and page 2005).

There is no further information available on: Dispersal mechanism Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Guttiferae

2009

Calophyllum ferrugenium

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Did not result in high success for transplanting in Raja Musa Forest Reserve in Kuala Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia, over Imperata cylindrica (Ismail et al.

2001).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Successional stage Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Guttiferae

2009

Calophyllum hosei

Bintangor Successional stage Under the seven different TPSF forest types, as defined by Page et al. (1999) classically found in iii) Mixed peat swamp forest, iv) Transitional forest (iii-v) – but at higher densities, v) Low pole forest, vi) Tall interior forest and vii) Very low canopy forest Ecological characteristics Commonly found in the shallow peat at the edge of a peat dome (Page and Waldes 2005) There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Additional comments

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Guttiferae

2009

Calophyllum lowii

Successional stage Under the seven different TPSF forest types, as defined by Page et al. (1999) classically found in iii) Mixed peat swamp forest, iv) Transitional forest (iii-v) – but at higher densities, vi) Tall interior forest and vii) Very low canopy forest.

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Guttiferae

2009

Calophyllum pisiferum

Synonym Calophyllum retusum Successional stage Good at regenerating after logging, can cope with drier conditions (WyattSmith 1959).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Guttiferae

2009

Calophyllum sclerophyllum

Kapurnaga Jangkar Distribution Found in lowland forest particularly on peat swamp forests (Istomo 2002).

Phenology In Thailand, flowers; July-October, fruit ripens; January-March (Nuyim 2005).

Fruit and seed description Oval shaped fruit, in which seed is hard. Each fruit contains one seed (Nuyim 2005).

Seed collection and storage technique There are approximately 110 seeds per kg (Nuyim 2005).

Germination technique Germination occurs 12-15 days after sowing (Nuyim 2005).

Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Reaches 25cm after 6 months (Nuyim 2005).

Successional stage Under the seven different TPSF forest types, as defined by Page et al. (1999) classically found in iii) Mixed peat swamp forest, iv) Transitional forest (iii-v) – but at higher densities, and vii) Very low canopy forest.

Ecological characteristics Continuous high growth rate from initial stage i.e. growth rates greater than 60cm per year (Nuyim 2005).

Reaches the size of a large tree (Nuyim 2005).

There is no further information available on: Dispersal mechanism Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Additional comments

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Guttiferae

2009

Mesua spp.

Successional stage Found in mixed peat swamp forest, at the edge of the peat dome (Page and Waldes 2005).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Hyperiaceae

2009

Cratoxylon spp.

Geronggang Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Reducing competing vegetation around potential tree crop had positive effects (Lee 1979).

Successional stage Numbers increase significantly after logging (Lee 1979, Whitmore 1984).

Adapted to disturbance and does well after logging (Bruenig 1990).

Ecological characteristics Described as fast-growing (Lee 1979, Whitmore 1984).

Able to coppice (Whitmore 1984).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Additional comments

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Hyperiaceae

2009

Cratoxylon arborescens

Geronggang Distribution Found in tropical rain forests, on peat lands and drier soils, up to 60m asl (Istomo 2002).

Germination technique It is not easy to find wildlings (Martawijawa et al. 2005a).

Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Cultivate in germination trays until 10-15cm high, then move to grow bags until strong enough to plant out into the field (Martawijawa et al. 2005a).

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Trial planting was undertaken in Klias peat swamp forest, Beaufort, Sabah. 45 seedlings of this species were planted using a randomized complete block design, with spacing at 3x3m. Height, diameter and survival were monitored every two weeks for ten weeks. During this time Cratoxylum arborescens had mean height increment of 24.17cm, mean diameter increment of 2.76cm and 93% survival (Mojiol et al. Undated).

Should be planted at 2m apart along transects that are 6m apart (Martawijawa et al. 2005a).

Nutrient management and requirements In a study analyzing the 15N uptake, it was shown this species could access nitrogen through ectomycorrhiza (Matsubara et al. 2003).

Successional stage In open areas, after logging, this species can dominate (Dwiyono and Rachman 1996).

Described as a ‘pioneer species’ (Kessler 2000).

This species was abundant, regenerating with fast growth rates, with low mortality along a canal bank on degraded peatlands in Central Kalimantan.

The conditions were open, low soil moisture and high soil temperature (Saito et al. 2003).

One of the most dominant species found in a burnt plot (Simbolon 2002).

Ecological characteristics Reacts well to sudden change, e.g. felling (Bruenig (1990).

There is no further information available on: Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Tolerances Additional comments

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Hyperiaceae

2009

Cratoxylon glaucum

Geronggang merah Tolerances Suitable for planting on largely in-filled canals with shallow pools / regularly flooded areas (Giesen 2008).

Successional stage In open areas, after logging, this species can dominate (Dwiyono and Rachman 1996).

Under the seven different TPSF forest types, as defined by Page et al. (1999) classically found in iii) Mixed peat swamp forest, iv) Transitional forest (iii-v) – but at lower densities, vi) Tall pole forest and vii) Very low canopy forest.

Described as a ‘pioneer species’ (Kessler 2000).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Icacinaceae

2009

Platea spp.

Successional stage Found to be a dominant sapling post-logging (Rieley and Page 2005) There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Icacinaceae

2009

Stemonurus spp.

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures In species trials by Royal Pikulthong project, Narathiwat, Thailand, Stemonurus had survival rates of 72% after 5.5 years planted out, and 72% at 9yrs planted out. The average stem diameter (at 10cm above ground level) was 4.0cm after 5.5yrs and 6.9cm after 9yrs, and the height was 1.6m after 5.5yrs and 2.8m after 9yrs (Nuyim 2000).

Recommended as to be used in peatland restoration (Rachmadi and Yuwati 2008).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Successional stage Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Icacinaceae

2009

Stemonurus scorpiodes / secundiflorus

Synonym Urandra secundiflora Pasir pasir / Tabaras tidak ada akar / Enyok buruk Distribution Native to Sumatra, Borneo, Java and Malay Peninsular and occurs in Shorea albida peat swamp forest and in seasonal swamp forests on peaty or sandy soils (Shimamura et al. 2006).

Found in primary forest, rarely in secondary forest (Istomo 2002).

Phenology In Thailand, flowering; July-September, fruits ripen; November-April (Nuyim 2005).

Fruit and seed description Fruit produces ovoid-ellipsoid, one seeded drupes that are 4.5-5.5cm in length and 2.0-2.5 cm in diameter (Sleumer 1971).

Capsule-shaped fruit, each with one seed (Nuyim 2005).

Dispersal mechanism Seeds are large, and drop near the parent tree (Shimamura et al. 2006) Seed collection and storage technique In rehabilitation trials in Thailand, wildlings were collected for transplanting, rather than seedlings being germinated from seeds (Nuyim 2005).

Germination technique Naturally high germination success in the wild (50% seedling survival after first year) (Shimamura et al. 2006).

Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Reaches 60cm in 18 months (Nuyim 2005).

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Trial planting was undertaken in Klias peat swamp forest, Beaufort, Sabah. 45 seedlings of this species were planted using a randomized complete block design, with spacing at 3x3m. Height, diameter and survival were monitored every two weeks for ten weeks. By the sixth week all the Stemonurus scorpiodes seedlings had died (Mojiol et al. Undated).

Planted in trials by Wetlands International as part of CKPP. Two trials conducted, planted in May 2007 and June 2007, into the degraded TPSF area of the Ex-Mega Rice Project, adjacent to the SP1 canal. 350 seedlings were planted, into rows at 5x5m spacing. When planted the area around them was cleared (a 2m strip) of numerous fern spp (Blechnum indicum, Gleichenia linearis, Lygodium and Stenochlaena palustris) and the seedlings were approximately 40-50cm tall. The May trials were monitored monthly until Dec 2008. By Dec 2008 1-5% of the seedlings were surviving (Wibisono & Gandrung, 2008).

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-

2009

Used in restoration trials in Thailand (Urapeepatanapong and Pitayakajornwute 1996) and Kalimantan (Wibisono and Gandrung 2008), both with poor success (lower than 50%).

Tolerances Described as a shade-tolerant species (Mojiol et al. Undated) Seedlings were not affected by elevation in the wild, but were able to grow as successfully on mounds as on non-mounds, showing tolerance to flooding, suggested to be due to thick porous roots and large seeds – which in turn makes them poor dispersers (Shimamura et al. 2006).

Successional stage Because of short seed dispersal distances, seedlings are rarely found in gaps (Shimamura et al. 2006).

Found in the tall interior forest at the central of the peat dome (Page and Waldes 2005).

Found to be a dominant sapling post-logging (Rieley and Page 2005).

Ecological characteristics A non-mound forming tree with numerous pneumatophores (Shimamura et al.

2006).

Seedlings were positively affected by density of emerged seedlings and negatively affected by distance from parent tree (Shimamura et al. 2006).

Lower growth rate during initial stage, followed by a higher growth rate when root system has completely developed. Described as moderate growing tree i.e. growth rates between 30-60cm per year (Nuyim 2005).

Small to medium in height (Nuyim 2005).

There is no further information available on: Nutrient management and requirements Additional comments

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Lauraceae

2009

Alseodaphne coriacea

Synonym Nothaphoebe coriacea Gemur Distribution Grows in lowland primary forest, sometimes along the edge of rivers, up to 1200m asl (Istomo 2002).

Found on dry lands, and areas with high rainfall, from 100-1200m asl (Martawijawa et al. 2005a).

Found in Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra and Borneo (Sosef et al.

1998).

Fruit and seed description The fruit is hairy and ellipsoid in shape (Istomo 2002).

Germination technique Leaf cutting trials had poor results, and collection of wildlings was shown to be more successful (Syamsuwida 2009).

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Plant out at spacing 3x4m (Martawijawa et al. 2005a).

Tolerances Based on planting trials conducted in the Block C area of the EMRP by CIMTROP, this species is suitable for planting on peatland, though possibly not by by canal banks (Limin 2007).

This species is suitable for conditions of greater than 50% vegetation cover, greater than 3 months per year water logged and greater than 3m peat depth (Giesen 2009).

Found under the following conditions; waterlogged, 21.3-32ËšC, 88-99% humidity, 3-5% light, pH 3-4, peat depth 1-2m (Syamsuwida 2009).

Successional stage Only suitable for planting under shade (Giesen 2008).

This species is classified as a climax species (Giesen 2009).

Ecological characteristics Observed using stumps as a site of germination (Martawijawa et al. 2005a).

There is no further information available on: Phenology Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Nutrient management and requirements Additional comments

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Lauraceae

2009

Cinnamomum spp.

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures In a trial transplant study that took place in Toe-Deang Peat Swamp, Royal Pikulthong Project, Narathiwat, Thailand, after 4yrs growth in the degraded peat area, Cinnamomum had 78% survival, diameter (at 10cm above ground level) was 5.6cm, and height was 1.8m (Satohoko et al. Undated).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Successional stage Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Lauraceae

2009

Cinnamomum rhychophyllum

Phenology In Thailand, flowering; October-January, fruit ripens; February-April (Nuyim 2005).

Fruit and seed description Oval-shaped fruit; black when mature. Each fruit produces one seed (Nuyim 2005).

Germination technique Germination occurs 20 days after sowing (Nuyim 2005).

Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Reaches 125cm tall after 20 months (Nuyim 2005).

Tolerances Does not grow well in areas with continued water presence (Nuyim 2005).

Ecological characteristics Described as slow growing tree i.e. growth rates less than 30cm per year (Nuyim 2005).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Successional stage Additional comments

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Lauraceae

2009

Litsea spp.

Germination technique 90-100% survived to fully grown seedling in the nursery after collected from the forest as wildlings (Panjaitan et al. 2006).

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures In a trial transplant study that took place in Toe-Deang Peat Swamp, Royal Pikulthong Project, Narathiwat, Thailand, after 4yrs growth in the degraded peat area, Litsea had 71% survival, diameter (at 10cm above ground level) was 3.9cm, and height was 1.9m (Satohoko et al. Undated).

Considered to have potential for peatland restoration (Rachmanadi et al. 2004) Tolerances Recommended to be used in peatland rehabilitation, and planted into loggedover or heavily degraded open areas (Rachmanadi and Luzuardi 2007).

Appropriate for planting on deep peat (Lazuardi et al. 2005).

Successional stage Numbers can increase significantly after logging (Lee 1979, Whitmore 1984).

Under the seven different TPSF forest types, as defined by Page et al. (1999) classically found in vii) Very low canopy forest.

Grows well on degraded peatland that has been cleared for logging, and degraded shrubby peatland (Rachmanadi and Lazuardi 2007).

Ecological characteristics Fast-growing species (Lee 1979, Whitmore 1984).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Nutrient management and requirements Additional comments

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Lauraceae

2009

Litsea calophyllantha

Successional stage Prefers areas where the tree cover is still good and the canopy is tall and closed (Wibisono et al. 2005).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Lauraceae

2009

Litsea crassifolia

Ecological characteristics Natural regeneration is mainly vegetative, by suckers or coppice shoots (Whitmore 1984).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Successional stage Additional comments

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Lauraceae

2009

Litsea johorensis

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures In Thailand this species was used in restoration trial, with poor success (Urapeepatanapong and Pitayakajornwute 1996).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Successional stage Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Lauraceae

2009

Litsea resinosa

Successional stage Trees were found in ‘building phase forest’ which is semi-exposed to sunlight (Siregar and Sambas 1999).

Found to be a dominant sapling post-logging (Rieley and Page 2005).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Lecythidaceae

2009

Barringtonia macrostachya

Distribution Found from Southern China, Burma, Indo-China to Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Borneo, the Phillipines, Northern Sulawesi and the Moluccas (Sosef et al. 1998).

Germination technique Sown fruits have about 40% germination in 9-22 months (Sosef et al. 1998).

Tolerances Observed as shallow to moderate flood-tolerant (Van Eijk and Leenman 2004).

Successional stage Described as a pioneer species (van Eijk and Leenman 2004).

There is no further information available on: Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Lecythidaceae

2009

Barringtonia racemosa

Distribution From Eastern Africa and Madagascar to Sri Lanka, India, Burma, Indo-China, southern China, Taiwan, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, throughout the Malesian region towards Micronesia, Polynesia and northern Australia (Sosef et al. 1998).

Tolerances Observed as moderate to deep flood-tolerant (Van Eijk and Leenman 2004).

Successional stage Described as a pioneer species (van Eijk and Leenman 2004).

There is no further information available on: Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Leguminosae

2009

Archidendron clypearia

Distribution From Sri Lanka, India, and Burma to Indo-China, southern China, Thailand and through Malesian region except Lesser Sunda Islands (Sosef et al. 1998).

Germination technique Has 85-100% germination success in 6-40 days (Sosef et al. 1998).

Tolerances Observed as shallow to moderate flood-tolerant (Van Eijk and Leenman 2004).

Successional stage Described as a pioneer species (Kessler 2000, van Eijk and Leenman 2004) There is no further information available on: Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Leguminosae

2009

Dialium spp.

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures In planting trials by Royal Pikulthong project, Narathiwat, Thailand, Dialium had survival rates of 76% after 5.5 years planted out, and 76% at 9 years planted out. The average stem diameter (at 10cm above ground level) was 3.4cm after 5.5yrs and 5.3cm after 9yrs, and the height was 2.5m after 5.5yrs and 3.8m after 9yrs (Nuyim 2000).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Successional stage Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Leguminosae

2009

Dialium patens

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures In Thailand this species was used in restoration trial, with poor success (Urapeepatanapong and Pitayakajornwute 1996) Tolerances This species is suitable for conditions of greater than 50% vegetation cover, greater than 3 months per year water logged and greater than 3m peat depth (Giesen 2009).

Successional stage Only suitable for planting under shade (Giesen 2008).

This species is classified as a climax species (Giesen 2009).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Nutrient management and requirements Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Leguminosae

2009

Koompassia malaccensis Kempas

Distribution Grows in swamps or on wet soils, often at the foot of hills, and on clay or sandy soils. Will only grow in a tropical climate, 0-600m asl (Martawijaya et al. 2005b, Istomo 2002).

Phenology Kempas fruits plentifully every year (Martawijaya et al. 2005b).

Fruit and seed description The fruit is in a pod, and the seeds have wings (Martawijaya et al. 2005b).

Dispersal mechanism Because of the winged seeds, the seeds are easily dispersed by wind (Martawijaya et al. 2005b).

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures This species has been little used in planting projects, despite it having high success rates (80%) (Martawijaya et al. 200b5).

Tolerances Can tolerate drier conditions (Wyatt-Smith 1959).

Described as a shade-tolerant species, intolerant to high light (Wibisono et al 2005).

The dominant species in plots near the river in Sumatra (Momose and Shimamura 2003).

Successional stage Good at regenerating after logging (Wyatt-Smith 1959).

Under the seven different TPSF forest types, as defined by Page et al. (1999) classically found vi) Tall interior forest.

Described as a ‘pioneer species’ (Kessler 2000).

Prefers areas that have already had some natural regeneration after fire, have only been selectively logged, and still have closed ground cover from vegetation or areas where tree cover is still good and the canopy is tall and closed (Wibisono et al. 2005).

There is no further information available on: Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Nutrient management and requirements Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Magnoliaceae

2009

Magnolia spp.

Successional stage Found to be a dominant sapling and pole post-logging (Rieley and Page 2005).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Malvaceae

2009

Hibiscus spp.

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures In Riau this species was used in restoration trial, with good success (Giesen 2004).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Successional stage Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Melastomaceae

2009

Memecylon spp.

Successional stage Found to be a dominant seedling, sapling and tree post-logging (Rieley and Page 2005).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Melastomaceae

2009

Pternandra galeata Keremunting yang garis tiga

Tolerances Observed as shallow to moderate flood-tolerant (Van Eijk and Leenman 2004).

Successional stage Described as a ‘pioneer species’ (van Eijk and Leenman 2004).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Meliaceae

2009

Aglaia spp.

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures In a trial transplant study that took place in Toe-Deang Peat Swamp, Royal Pikulthong Project, Narathiwat, Thailand, after 4yrs growth in the degraded peat area, Aglaia had 26% survival, diameter (at 10cm above ground level) was 2.5cm, and height was 1.2m (Satohoko et al. Undated).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Successional stage Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Meliaceae

2009

Aglaia rubiginosa

Kajalaki Distribution Found on peat soils and Karangas forests, occasionally in lowland primary forests, up to 300m asl (Istomo 2002).

Phenology In Thailand, flowers; June-September, fruits ripen; January-April (Nuyim 2005).

Fruit and seed description Fruit is approximately spherical, dark orange in colour when mature. It is a dehiscent fruit, breaking into three segments when ripe. Each segment contains one seed (i.e. three seeds per fruit). The seed is brown with yellow integument (Nuyim 2005).

Seed collection and storage technique There are approximately 80 seeds per kg (Nuyim 2005).

Germination technique Germinates 15-20 days after sowing (Nuyim 2005).

Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Reaches 40cm tall after 6 months (Nuyim 2005).

Successional stage Under the seven different TPSF forest types, as defined by Page et al. (1999) classically found in iii) Mixed peat swamp forest and iv) Transition forest (iiiv) – but at lower density.

Found to be a dominant tree post-logging (Rieley and Page 2005).

Ecological characteristics Lower growth rate during initial stage, followed by a higher growth rate when root system has completely developed. Described as moderate growing tree i.e. growth rates between 30-60cm per year (Nuyim 2005).

When mature becomes a large tree with extensive crown (Nuyim 2005).

There is no further information available on: Dispersal mechanism Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Additional comments

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Meliaceae

2009

Sandoricum spp.

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures In a trial transplant study that took place in Toe-Deang Peat Swamp, Royal Pikulthong Project, Narathiwat, Thailand, after 4yrs growth in the degraded peat area, Sandoricum had 78% survival, diameter (at 10cm above ground level) was 4.3cm, and height was 2.5m (Satohoko et al. Undated).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Successional stage Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Meliaceae

2009

Sandoricum borneensis

Papong Distribution Found growing on primary and sometimes secondary forest, up to 1200m asl (Istomo 2002).

Germination technique 60-70% survived to fully grown seedlings in the nursery after collected from the forest as wildlings (Panjaitan et al. 2006) There is no further information available on: Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Successional stage Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Moraceae

2009

Artocarpus gomeziana

Tolerances Observed as shallow or brief flood-tolerant (Van Eijk and Leenman 2004).

Successional stage Described as a pioneer species (van Eijk and Leenman 2004).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Moraceae

2009

Ficus deltoidea Ara

Successional stage Described as a ‘pioneer’ species (Giesen 2008).

There is no further information available on: Kayu putih

Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Moraceae

2009

Ficus virens

Tolerances Observed as shallow to moderate flood-tolerant (Van Eijk and Leenman 2004).

Successional stage Described as a ‘pioneer’ species (van Eijk and Leenman 2004).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Myristaceae

2009

Knema cinera

Darah-darah Distribution Found in lowland including peat swamp forests, and rainforests up to 1700m asl (Istomo 2002).

There is no further information available on: Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Successional stage Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Myristicaaceae

2009

Knema laytericia Pirawas

Successional stage Described as a ‘pioneer species’ (Giesen 1990).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Myristicaceae

2009

Horsfieldia spp.

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures In planting trials by Royal Pikulthong project, Narathiwat, Thailand, Horsfieldia had survival rates of 80% after 5.5yrs planted out, and 79% at 9yrs planted out. The average stem diameter (at 10cm above ground level) was 5.4cm after 5.5yrs and 8.7cm after 9yrs, and the height was 1.8m after 5.5yrs and 3.5m after 9yrs (Nuyim 2000).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Successional stage Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Myristicaceae

2009

Horsfieldia crassifolia

Mendarahan (daun besar) Phenology In Thailand, flowering; March-June, fruit ripens; August-November (Nuyim 2005).

Fruit and seed description Oval-shaped dehiscent fruit is dark yellow when ripe, each fruit produces one seed, with reddish orange seed integument (Nuyim 2005).

Seed collection and storage technique There are approximately 480 per kg (Nuyim 2005).

Seedling can be collected from their natural habitat and replanted with high survival (Nuyim 2005).

Germination technique Germinates 40-60 days after sowing (Nuyim 2005).

Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Reaches 65cm after 18 months in the nursery (Nuyim 2005).

Successional stage One of the most dominant species found in a burnt plot (Simbolon 2002).

Ecological characteristics Described as moderate growing tree i.e. growth rates between 30-60cm per year (Nuyim 2005).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Dispersal mechanism Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Additional comments

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Myristicaceae

2009

Myristica lowiana

Mandarahan Distribution Commonly found in peat swamp forests, occasionally on dry soils (Istomo 2002).

There is no further information available on: Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Successional stage Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Myrsinaceae

2009

Ardisia laevigata

Successional stage Described as an understorey species (Mirmanto and Polosokan 1999).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Myrtaceae

2009

Eugenia spp.

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Burnt areas along the Air Hitam Laut River in the central part of Berbak NP were planted with Eugenia sp. onto artificial mounds (0.3-0.5m tall) in NovDec 2003. The first wet season (flooding 50cm deep) the seedlings survived (65-85%), however the following wet season, the flooding was extremely deep (100-150cm deep). This flooding level went above the height of the seedlings’ leaves, resulting in lower than 5% survival (averaged across several species).

This shows this species can tolerate degraded conditions, but its leaves must remain above the flood level. However, this particular species showed the best success with survival after deep flooding at 27% (Giessen 2009).

Tolerances After much disturbance in a narrow forested fire-break in a peatland area, Riau, Sumatra, this species was seen to have very high sapling dominance, suggesting disturbance tolerance (Gunawan et al. 2007).

Successional stage Can become a dominant species in secondary peat swamp forest after fire (Giesen 1990).

Found to be a dominant sapling and pole post-logging (Rieley and Page 2005).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Nutrient management and requirements Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Myrtaceae

2009

Eugenia cerina

Tolerances Able to tolerate flooding (Giessen 2009).

Described as a ‘light-demanding species’ (Wibisono et al. 2005) Can tolerate areas which have had light to medium burn, land cleared, or with little remaining vegetation (Wibisono et al. 2005).

Successional stage Described as a pioneer species (Giessen 2004, 2009).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Myrtaceae

2009

Eugenia havelandii

Successional stage Under the seven different TPSF forest types, as defined by Page et al. (1999) classically found in iii) Mixed peat swamp forest, iv) Transitional forest (iii-v) – but at lower densities and vi) Tall pole forest.

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Myrtaceae

2009

Eugenia kunsterli

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures In Thailand this species was used in restoration trials, with good success (Urapeepatanapong and Pitayakajornwute 1996).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Successional stage Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Myrtaceae

2009

Eugenia spicata

Kayu lalas Tolerances Described as tolerant of flooding (Giesen 2009).

Can tolerate areas which have had light to medium burn, land cleared, or with little remaining vegetation (Wibisono et al. 2005).

Observed as moderately flood-tolerant (Van Eijk and Leenman 2004).

Able to survive after fire, through protective bark (Giesen 2004).

Successional stage Described as a pioneer species (Giesen 2009, Giesen 2004, Giesen 2008, van Eijk and Leenman 2004).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Myrtaceae

2009

Melaleuca cajuputi

Kayu putih Distribution Found from northern Australia to India and Vietnam (Blake 1968).

Found all across Indonesia, on peat soils (Rachmadi et al. 2004).

Found growing on wetlands, swamps, peatlands (Lazuardi and Supriadi 2004).

Phenology In Thailand, flowers and fruits all year round (Nuyim 2005).

Fruit and seed description Cup-shaped fruit, 4mm in diameter, contains 200 seeds (Nuyim 2005).

The fruit is round, hard and brown, 2.8-6.5mm in diameter and 2.3-6.3mm thick. There are approximately 120,000 seeds per kg. The seeds are extremely small, and the skin of the seed is very thin (Rotinsulu et al. 2007c).

The fruit is round, hard, brown in colour and 2.8-6.3mm large (Wibisono et al.

2005).

Dispersal mechanism Fruits of Melaleuca are opened by the high temperatures, such as those that occur during fires, and the seeds are dispersed easily, so it is not surprising that this species is a dominant pioneer following fires (Nuyim 2000, 2005).

Seed collection and storage technique There are approximately 2,238,000 seeds per kg (Nuyim 2005).

Seedlings from the wild can be removed and transplanted into polythene bags and they have a better survival rates than those in the nursery (Nuyim 2005).

Collect seeds from a healthy tree (straight trunk, many fruit, no disease). Ripe fruit can be distinguished by their dark brown colour. The best time to collect seeds is at the end of the dry season. Dry the fruit for 6hrs in the sun to separate the fruit from the seed, then store the fruit in a safe place until the fruit splits open and the small seeds can be removed (Rotinsulu et al. 2007c).

There are approximately 120,000 seed per kg (Wibisono et al. 2005).

Germination technique Germination time is 10-15 days (Nuyim 2005).

90-100% survived to fully grown seedling in the nursery after collected from the forest as wildlings (Panjaitan et al. 2006).

Processing seeds should be done carefully and quickly, as they are very small.

They should be kept in a plastic tray, filled with a mixture of sterilized (dried in the sun for 2days) river soil and peat, 0.5cm deep. This tray should be kept in a 65% shade nursery, under a plastic cover, with the moisture controlled through spaying with water. Germination will start to occur after 5 days, with most germination occurring after 8 days, the longest taking 1 month. Normally there is about 90% germination success. (Rotinsulu et al. 2007c).

For soft seeds like galam plant into germination trays, 7-10cm thick with media, and cover with plastic (Standar Nasional Indonesia 2003)

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Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Reaches 50cm in 6 months (Nuyim 2005) Seedlings collected from water-logged areas have better survival rates than those collected from high grounds (Nuyim 2005).

Following the above germination method, the plastic cover should be removed after 6 weeks, and seedlings continued to be sprayed with water twice a day.

Grow bags should be filled with peat, a small hole made in the centre to accommodate the root of each seedling, so the root is not bent or broken, then transfer the seedlings, one to each grow bag. (Rotinsulu et al. 2007c).

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures In Thailand and Vietnam this species was used in restoration trials, with good success (Ismail et al. 2001, Maltby et al. 1996) In planting trials by Royal Pikulthong project, Narathiwat, Thailand, Melaleuca had survival rates of 88% after 5.5 years planted out, and 83% at 9yrs planted out. The average stem diameter (at 10cm above ground level) was 12.5cm after 5.5yrs and 15.8cm after 9yrs, and the height was 6.4m after 5.5yrs and 8.7m after 9yrs (Nuyim 2000).

If galam is to be grown for the purpose of timber harvest later, the seedlings should be planted between 25x25cm to 50x50cm spacing, so they grow straight. Wider distances will result in wood only useful for fuel (Luzuardi 2000).

Once the seedling is 10-12 months old, and 30-50cm in height, it is ready to plant out. They should be planted out in the wet season, from OctoberDecember. Planting should take place in the early morning or late afternoon, to reduce stress from the midday sun. The grow bag should be cut with a sharp knife, and the growth media held around the root, all this should be planted into a prepared hole, with the seedling positioned straight and the hole filled in with extra peat, so that the seedling is secure. Peat surrounding the seedling should be raised slightly, to protect the seedling from rain. Mark clearly the location of the planted seedling. The seedling should be watered and nutrients provided, and if possible protected from pests (Rotinsulu et al. 2007c).

Seedlings should be planted one month after the onset of the wet season, or in areas that are sufficiently wet. If the aim is to achieve timber, planting should take place at 0.5x0.5m spacing, but if not for timber 0.5x1-3m (Lazuardi and Supriadi 2004).

Tolerances M. cajuputi germinated, survived and grew well under flooded conditions, and its seeds did not lose their germination capacity even after heating to 100oC for one hour. (Satohoko et al. Undated) In a study in Thailand it was shown that growth rates of Melaleuca cajaputi actually increase during periods of flooding (Yamanoshita et al. 2001), and similarly, in a greenhouse experiment van der Moezel et al. (1991) showed growth rates of M. cajaputi seedlings under waterlogged conditions was 147% that of the drained control.

Intense fires can kill this species, but lower intensity fires will not kill the larger trees and are an advantage as it kills the other species’ seed stores, leaving only galam to propagate (Luzuardi 2000).

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Successional stage An understorey tree that becomes gregarious after repeated burning, owing to thick, loose, corky bark, and the production of root suckers and coppice shoots (Whitmore 1984).

Melaleuca cajuputi is a main pioneer species in peat swamp and sand dune habitats in the Narathiwat region (Satohoko et al. Undated).

Often becomes dominant in degraded, repeatedly burnt areas. Because of this, natural regeneration of deforested (mainly fire damaged) peat swamp areas leads to Melaleuca forests, and therefore assisted reforestation is required for recovery of original peat swamp forest (Nuyim 2005).

Described as a ‘pioneer species’ (van der Laan 1925).

Commonly forms pure stands on swampy grounds (Blake 1968).

Ecological characteristics Melaleuca can be a useful tool in the rehabilitation of degraded peatlands.

They protect environmental quality be reducing acidity and their influence upon the hydrological cycle. Melaleuca is a fast-growing source of wood for fuel and construction, and essential oils can be extracted. Melaleuca grows well on peat, tolerates severe acidity, flooding and burning, and is easily propagated. (Safford and Maltby 1998) Able to re-sprout from the base of the trunk after fire (Wibisono et al. 2005).

Continuous high growth rate from initial stage i.e. growth rates greater than 60cm per year (Nuyim 2005).

Seeds are observed to germinate after fires and this can be used as a silvicultural tool (Lazuardi and Supriadi 2004).

There is no further information available on: Nutrient management and requirements Additional comments

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Myrtaceae

2009

Melaleuca leucadendron Galam

Distribution Native to Indonesia (Yuliansyah 2006).

Fruit and seed description The fruit is round, hard and brown in colour, 2.8-6.5mm diameter, and 2.36.3mm long. The seed is very small, and the skin of the seed is very thin, and plentiful (Wibisono et al. 2005).

Seed collection and storage technique There are approximately 120,000 seeds per kg (Wibisono et al. 2005).

Tolerances Fire-tolerant (Yuliansyah 2006).

There is no further information available on: Phenology Dispersal mechanism Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Successional stage Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Myrtaceae

2009

Syzygium spp.

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures In restoration activities in Thailand, growth rates doubled when grown on artificially constructed mounds – but this restoration method is noted as expensive (Nuyim 2000).

Nutrient management and requirements Root samples were taken of this species in TPSF of Central Kalimantan, and ectomycorrhizal colonization was frequently observed (Tamai 2003).

Tolerances Based on planting trials conducted in the Block C area of the EMRP by CIMTROP, this species is suitable for planting both on peatland and by canal banks (Limin 2007).

The dominant species in plots near the river in Sumatra (Momose and Shimamura 2003).

Only suitable for planting under shade (Giesen 2008).

Successional stage Found in the low pole forest nearer to the centre of the peat dome (Page and Waldes 2005).

Described as a fast-growing pioneer, quickly able to return to fire-disturbed area (Giesen 2004).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Myrtaceae

2009

Syzygium oblatum

Phenology In Thailand, flowering; May-August, fruit ripens; Sept-Dec (Nuyim 2005).

Bears fruit from a young age (Nuyim 2005).

Fruit and seed description Ripe fruit is dark green to purple, and spherical in shape. Each fruit contains two seeds (Nuyim 2005).

Seed collection and storage technique There are approximately 310 seeds per kg (Nuyim 2005).

Germination technique Germination occurs 25-30 days after sowing (Nuyim 2005).

Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Reaches 110cm after 18 months in the nursery (Nuyim 2005).

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Used in restoration trials in Thailand with good success (greater than 50%) (Urapeepatanapong and Pitayakajornwute 1996).

In planting trials by Royal Pikulthong project, Narathiwat, Thailand, Syzygium oblata had survival rates of 83% after 5.5 years planted out, and 81% at 9yrs planted out. The average stem diameter (at 10cm above ground level) was 7.8cm after 5.5yrs and 9.1cm after 9yrs, and the height was 4.6m after 5.5yrs and 5.8m after 9yrs (Nuyim 2000).

In trial planting studies undertaken in Thailand degraded peat swamp areas, mounds were constructed; 50cm high, 70-90cm round. After 3yrs, planted Syzygium oblata seedlings had increased diameters on the mound, compared to the non-mound control. However, soil improvement through organic and inorganic fertilizers, and liming showed no impact on growth or survival (Nuyim 2000, 2005) Found growing on the banks of rivers and streams (Nuyim 2005).

Ecological characteristics Continuous high growth rate from initial stage i.e. growth rates greater than 60cm per year (Nuyim 2005).

Gregarious (Nuyim 2005).

Small to medium sized tree (Nuyim 2005).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Dispersal mechanism Nutrient management and requirements Successional stage Additional comments

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Myrtaceae

2009

Syzygium pyrifolium

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures In planting trials by Royal Pikulthong project, Narathiwat, Thailand, Syzygium pyrifolium had survival rates of 82% after 5.5 years planted out, and at 9yrs planted out. The average stem diameter (at 10cm above ground level) was 4.0cm after 5.5yrs and 9.3cm after 9yrs, and the height was 2.2m after 5.5yrs and 4.6m after 9yrs (Nuyim 2000).

In trial planting studies undertaken in Thailand degraded peat swamp areas, mounds were constructed; 50cm high, 70-90cm round. After 3yrs, planted Syzygium pyrifolium seedlings had greatly increased diameters on the mound, compared to the non-mound control. However, soil improvement through organic and inorganic fertilizers, and liming showed no impact on growth or survival (Nuyim 2000).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Successional stage Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Myrtaceae

2009

Syzygium zippeliana

Tolerances Observed as moderate to very deep flood-tolerant (Van Eijk and Leenman 2004).

Successional stage Described as a ‘pioneer species’ (Giesen 2004, van Eijk and Leenman 2004).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Myrtaceae

2009

Tristania grandifolia

Successional stage Under the seven different TPSF forest types, as defined by Page et al. (1999) classically found in vi) Tall interior forest and vii) Very low canopy forest.

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Myrtaceae

2009

Tristaniopsis obovata

Blawan Transplanting techniques, successes and failures This species will grow faster if surrounding foliage and competition is cleared (Endert 1937).

Tolerances Light-demanding (Endert 1937).

Successional stage Found in the low pole forest nearer to the centre of the peat dome (Page and Waldes 2005).

Ecological characteristics Fast-growing (Endert 1937).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Nutrient management and requirements Additional comments

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Myrtaceae

2009

Tristaniopsis whiteana

Nutrient management and requirements Root samples were taken of this species in TPSF of Central Kalimantan, and ectomycorrhizal colonization was seldom observed (Tamai 2003).

Successional stage Found to be a dominant sapling post-logging (Rieley and Page 2005).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Podocarpaceae

2009

Dacrydium pectinatum

Alau Distribution Grows in primary tropical forest, or in places of wet climate (maximum 3-4 month dry season) (Martawijaya et al. 2005b).

Prefers very thin peat soils (less than 40cm deep) (Panjaitan and Wahyuningtyas 2004).

Fruit and seed description Fruiting is normally plentiful, with small round seeds, approximately 45,000 per kg (Martawijaya et al. 2005b).

Seed collection and storage technique Dried seeds can be stored up to one month and still achieve 80% germination (Martawijaya et al. 2005b).

Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Alau can be cultivated from seed, cuttings and wildlings. For cuttings, a 815cm long, 5-8mm wide section of stem should be cut, and placed in a growing agent, IBA 3%. Sterile river soil can be used as the growth media (sterilized through heating). The cutting will start to root after 2.5-3 months.

Once rooting, move the cutting to media 70% peat and 30% rice husks.

Cuttings will tend to have 30-40% lower heights, and the roots weaker than those grown naturally (Panjaitan and Wahyuningtyas 2004).

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Seedlings are normally ready to plant after 1 year, after reaching 25-40 cm in height, and 5-8mm diameter (Panjaitan and Wahyuningtyas 2004).

Tolerances This species is suitable for conditions of 10-50% vegetation cover, greater than 3 months per year water logged and greater than 3m peat depth (Giesen 2009).

This species is described as tolerant of degraded conditions and in fact will not grow well under shade (Panjaitan and Wahyuningtyas 2004).

Successional stage This species is classified as late successional (Giesen 2009).

Ecological characteristics This species grows slowly and seedling cultivation is recommended (Panjaitan and Wahyuningtyas 2004).

There is no further information available on: Phenology Dispersal mechanism Germination technique Nutrient management and requirements Additional comments 185 | P a g e

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Polygalaceae

2009

Xanthophyllum spp.

Successional stage Under the seven different TPSF forest types, as defined by Page et al. (1999) classically found in vi) Tall interior forest Found to be a dominant sapling post-logging (Rieley and Page 2005) There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Polygalaceae

2009

Xanthophyllum lanceatum

Seed collection and storage technique When fruit is ripe, collect and pile into heaps for 3-4 days. Then wash the fruit, to free the seeds from their skin, and dry, in preparation for germination (Zwann 1920) There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Successional stage Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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2009

Rhizophoraceae Carallia bractiata Gandis Distribution Found in lowland forests up to 1800m asl, in both primary and secondary forests, in mixed Dipterocarp forests, Karangas forests, and peat swamp forests (Istomo 2002).

There is no further information available on: Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Successional stage Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Rosaceae

2009

Parastemon spicatum

Distribution Found growing on shores and secondary forest, Karangas forest, degraded forests, and Dacrydium forest. Found up to 700m asl (Istomo 2002).

Fruit and seed description The fruit is pale red when ripe (Istomo 2002).

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Based on planting trials conducted in the Block C area of the EMRP by CIMTROP, this sp is suitable for planting both on peatland and by canal banks (Limin 2007).

There is no further information available on: Phenology Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Successional stage Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Rubiaceae

2009

Gardenia spp.

Successional stage Found to be a dominant sapling post-logging (Rieley and Page 2005).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Rubiaceae

2009

Ixora spp.

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures In a trial transplant study that took place in Toe-Deang Peat Swamp, Royal Pikulthong Project, Narathiwat, Thailand, after 4yrs growth in the degraded peat area, Ixora had 96% survival, diameter (at 10cm above ground level) was 1.5cm, and height was 0.8m (Satohoko et al. Undated).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Successional stage Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Rubiaceae

Neolamarckia cadamba

Successional stage Described as a ‘pioneer species’ (Giesen 2004).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Rubiaceae

2009

Psychotria montensis

Tolerances Suitable for planting on the sloping side of canals/frequently flooded areas (Giesen 2008).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Successional stage Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Rubiaceae

2009

Timonius flavenscens

Successional stage After burning of a peat swamp forest site (Shorea albida forest) in Brunei, succession was recording, and this species occurred in the early succession stage, tolerating the high light and disturbance (Kobayashi 1999).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Rutaceae

Melicope accedens

Successional stage Described as a ‘pioneer species’ (Kessler 2004).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Literature Review: Silviculture of TPSF tree species, Central Kalimantan

Rutiaceae

2009

Tetractomia tetrandrum

Tolerances After much disturbance in a narrow forested fire-break in a peatland area, Riau, Sumatra, this species was seen to have very high sapling dominance, suggesting disturbance tolerance (Gunawan et al. 2007).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Successional stage Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Sapindaceae

2009

Nephelium lanceatum

Germination technique Able to grow from branch cuttings, although trees tend to be smaller, with more delicate roots, but faster in coming to fruit (Wigman 1902).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Successional stage Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Sapindaceae

2009

Nephelium mutiable

Rambutan Germination technique Able to grow from branch cuttings, although trees tend to be smaller, with more delicate roots, but faster in coming to fruit (Wigman 1902).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Successional stage Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Sapotaceae

2009

Ganua spp.

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures In species trials by Royal Pikulthong project, Narathiwat, Thailand, Ganua had survival rates of 90% after 5.5 years planted out, and 88% at 9yrs planted out. The average stem diameter (at 10cm above ground level) was 4.0cm after 5.5yrs and 7.2cm after 9yrs, and the height was 2.0m after 5.5yrs and 3.4m after 9yrs (Nuyim 2000).

Successional stage Numbers can increase by 20% after logging (Lee 1979, Whitmore 1984).

Ecological characteristics Medium growth rates (Lee 1979, Whitmore, 1984).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Additional comments

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Sapotaceae

2009

Madhuca motleyana

Synonym Ganua motleyana Nyatoh / Ketiau Distribution Commonly found on peat swamp forests near the sea (Istomo 2002).

Fruit and seed description The fruit is ellipsoid in shape, and 1.5-3 x 1-2cm in size, green-yellow-red in colour. There are 1-2 seeds per fruit, with a thin skin, sometimes absent (Istomo 2002).

Germination technique 80-90% survived to fully grown seedling in the nursery after collected from the forest as wildlings (Panjaitan et al. 2006) Transplanting techniques, successes and failures In transplanting trials in Raja Musa Forest Reserve in Kuala Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia on degraded peatlands dominated by Imperata cylindrica (alang-alang), this species was successful (Ismail et al., 2001).

In Thailand this species was used in restoration trial, with good success (Urapeepatanapong and Pitayakajornwute 1996).

Tolerances This species is suitable for conditions of greater than 50% vegetation cover, greater than 3 months per year water logged and greater than 3m peat depth (Giesen 2009).

Successional stage Under the seven different TPSF forest types, as defined by Page et al. (1999) classically found in iii) Mixed peat swamp forest, iv) Transitional forest and (iii-v) – but at lower densities.

Only suitable for planting under shade (Giesen 2008).

This species is classified as a climax species (Giesen 2009).

There is no further information available on: Phenology Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Nutrient management and requirements Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Sapotaceae

2009

Palaquium spp.

Distribution Found in swamps and on sandy soils, and sometimes dry soils, in areas with high rainfall, from 20-500m asl (Martawijawa et al. 2005a).

Phenology Fruits every year, from July-September (Martawijawa et al. 2005a).

Fruit and seed description Fruit is yellow-green when ripe (Yuniarti 2002).

Seed collection and storage technique Store seeds in a porous environment, such as ‘blancu’ material, in an airconditioned room (Yuniarti 2002) Seeds cannot be stored for long; after 1week normally 80% have germinated (Martawijawa et al. 2005a).

Germination technique ‘Vermiskin’ is appropriate germination media (Yuniarti 2002).

80-90% survived to fully grown seedling in the nursery after collected from the forest as wildlings (Panjaitan et al. 2006).

Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Appropriate growth media top-soil with organic fertilizer 1:1 (Yuniarti 2002).

Transplanting techniques, successes and failiures Burnt areas along the Air Hitam Laut River in the central part of Berbak NP were prepared for replanting in August-November 2003. This species was planted onto artificial mounds (0.3-0.5m tall) in Nov-Dec 2003. The first wet season (flooding 50cm deep) the seedlings survived (65-85%), however the following wet season, the flooding was extremely deep (100-150cm deep).

This floodiing level went above the height of the seedlings’ leaves, resulting in lower than 5% survival. This shows this species can tolerate degraded conditions, but its leaves must remain above the flood level. (Giesen 2004).

Recommended to be used in peatland restoration (Rachmadi and Yuwati 2008).

A rehabilitation project focusing on intensively disturbed peat swamp forest areas in Central Kalimantan conducted trial planting of 0.75ha of disturbed PSF under different regimes (with and without clearing, fertilizer application, and mounds) and with different species (Shorea balangeran, S. pinanga, S. seminis, Peronema canescens, Palaquium spp. Trials indicate that Shorea balangeran and Palaquium are best suited for replanting, as they have considerably higher survival rates (65-100%) compared to the other species (665%), and this seems irrespective of preparation techniques. Also, both species appear to be suited to heavily disturbed areas affected by repeated fires, and do not require innoculation by mycorrhizal fungi (Takahashi et al. 2001).

Transplant trials in the Block C area of the EMRP, seedlings were planted, but given no additional help. Survival rates were 56% (Limin 2007).

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Based on planting trials conducted in the Block C area of the EMRP by CIMTROP, this species is suitable for planting both on peatland and by canal banks (Limin 2007).

Considered to have potential for peatland restoration (Rachmanadi et al. 2004)

Tolerances Recommended to be used in peatland rehabilitation, and planted into loggedover or heavily degraded open areas (Rachmanadi and Luzuardi 2007).

Ecological characteristics Slow-growing (Whitmore 1984).

Can decrease up to 30% after logging (Whitmore 1984).

There is no further information available on: Dispersal mechanism Nutrient management and requirements Successional stage Additional comments

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Sapotaceae

2009

Palaquium cochlearifolium

Nyatoh Successional stage Found in mixed peat swamp forest, at the edge of the peat dome and in the tall interior forest at the central of the peat dome (Page and Waldes 2005).

Under the seven different TPSF forest types, as defined by Page et al. (1999) classically found in iii) Mixed peat swamp forest, iv) Transitional forest (iii-v) – but at higher densities and vi) Tall interior forest.

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Sapotaceae

2009

Palaquium leiocarpum

Hangkang Distribution Found growing in swamp forests, and at the base of hills up to 200m asl. Only found growing in primary lowland forest, occasionally reaching up to 1000 m asl (Istomo 2002).

Fruit and seed description Fruit is 1.5-2.5cm long (Istomo 2002).

Successional stage Found in the tall interior forest at the central of the peat dome (Page and Waldes 2005).

Under the seven different TPSF forest types, as defined by Page et al. (1999) classically found in iii) Mixed peat swamp forest, iv) Transitional forest (iii-v) – but at lower densities and vi) Tall interior forest.

Found to be a dominant sapling and pole post-logging (Rieley and Page 2005).

There is no further information available on: Phenology Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Sapotaceae

2009

Palaquium ridleyi

Nyatoh burung Distribution Found in swamp forest and occasionally in hilly forests up to 800 m asl (Istomo 2002).

Successional stage Commonly found in the shallow peat at the edge of a peat dome (Page and Waldes 2005).

There is no further information available on: Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Sapotaceae

2009

Palaquium rostratum Nyatoh

Distribution Found on lowlands, sometimes peat swamp forest (Istomo 2002).

Fruit and seed description The fruit is 2-3.5 cm long, the skin is green (Istomo 2002).

Tolerances Described as a shade tolerant species, intolerant to high light (Wibisono et al.

2005) Successional stage Prefers areas where tree cover is still good and the canopy is tall and closed (Wibisono et al. 2005).

Found to be a dominant pole and tree post-logging (Rieley and Page 2005).

There is no further information available on: Phenology Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Sterculiaceae

2009

Scaphium macropodum

Seed collection and storage technique Produces vegetative sprouting at its juvenile but not its reproductive stage, and this technique is used as a fail-safe when decumbent shoots do not survive (Yamada et al. 2001).

Tolerances Seedlings were found to grow under canopy, and on areas of raised elevation, suggesting low tolerances to flooding or high light at the juvenile stage (Yamada et al. 2001).

Ecological characteristics Prefers shallow peat (Yamada et al 2001).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Successional stage Additional comments

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Sterculiaceae

2009

Sterculia spp.

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures In planting trials by Royal Pikulthong project, Narathiwat, Thailand, Sterculia had survival rates of 85% after 5.5 years planted out, and 84% at 9yrs planted out. The average stem diameter (at 10cm above ground level) was 6.3cm after 5.5yrs and 9.6cm after 9yrs, and the height was 2.6m after 5.5yrs and 3.7m after 9yrs (Nuyim 2000).

In trial planting studies undertaken in Thailand degraded peat swamp areas, mounds were constructed; 50cm high, 70-90cm round. After 3yrs, planted Sterculia sp. seedlings had slightly increased diameters on the mound, compared to the non-mound control. However, soil improvement through organic and inorganic fertilizers, and liming showed no impact on growth or survival (Nuyim 2000).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Successional stage Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Theaceae

2009

Ploiarium alternifolium Asam-asam

Tolerances Suitable for planting on largely in-filled canals with shallow pools / regularly flooded areas (Giesen 2008).

Successional stage Under the seven different TPSF forest types, as defined by Page et al. (1999) classically found in vii) Very low canopy forest.

Described as a ‘pioneer species’ (Giesen 2008).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Theaceae

2009

Ternstroemia elongate

Successional stage Found to be a dominant seedling post-logging (Rieley and Page 2005).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Theaceae

2009

Tetramerista glabra

Ponak Distribution Found on the peat swamp soils throughout Sumatra, Borneo and peninsular Malaysia (Keng 1972, Rachmadi et al. 2004).

Found on lowland swamp forest and peat swamp forest, and occasionally Karangas forest (Istomo 2002).

Fruit and seed description Ripe fruit is round, 3cm diameter, with yellow to orange four seeded berry with a slightly coriaceous exocarp (Gavin and Peart 1997, Istomo 2002).

Dispersal mechanism Can propagate vegetatively from seedlings and saplings (Gavin and Peart 1997).

Seedlings were found to aggregate, and were found most commonly at distances far from the parent tree (25-30m) (Gavin and Peart 1997).

Germination technique Natural germination was found to be low overall (17 out of 774 seeds) however, significantly higher in a high-light gap (15 out of 285) though not along a gap edge (1 out of 237) or understorey habitat (1 out of 252). Cleaning the seeds of the pulp made no difference to overall germination success (Gavin and Peart 1997).

Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Normally needs 6-7 months in the nursery before ready for transplanting (Rachmadi et al. 2004) Seedlings can be cultivated from cuttings, without Rootone F, with a success rate of 93% (Rusmana et al. 2004).

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Recommended as to be used in peatland restoration (Rachmadi and Yuwati 2008).

This species can be planted directly onto peatlands, without the need to clear the area or use a support, although clearing does have beneficial results. In planting trails 87% survived (Panjaitan et al. 2003a).

Seedlings should be planted with a growth support, and the surrounding competiting undergrowth should be cleared every 4 months, for 5 years to ensure survival (Rachmadi and Yuwati 2008).

Tranplanting trials in Tumbang Nusa yielded 80% survival (Rachmadi and Wuyati 2008).

Had high success in planting trials on peatlands in Central Kalimantan, however the seed source proved a problem (Lazuardi 2004).

Seedlings should be planted out at 4x4m spacing. Seedlings planted onto artificial hummocks had 96% survival, whilst those planted without hummocks had 87% survival. Those planted into bamboo tubes had 44% survival, as the transfer from grow bags into the tubes damaged many of the roots (Rusmana et al. 2004).

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Burnt areas along the Air Hitam Laut River in the central part of Berbak National Park were replanting with this species using artificial mounds (0.30.5m tall) in Nov-Dec 2003. The first wet season (flooding 50cm deep) the seedlings survived (65-85%), however the following wet season, the flooding was extremely deep (100-150cm deep). This floodiing level went above the height of the seedlings’ leaves, resulting in lower than 5% survival (averaged across several species). This shows this species can tolerate degraded conditions, but its leaves must remain above the flood level (Giesen 2004).

Tolerances Prefers wet conditions (Wyatt-Smith 1959).

Based on planting trials conducted in the Block C area of the EMRP by CIMTROP, this species is suitable for planting on peatland but not by canal banks (Limin 2007).

Recommended to be used in peatland rehabilitation, and planted into loggedover or heavily degraded open areas (Rachmanadi and Luzuardi 2007).

This species is suitable for conditions of greater than 50% vegetation cover, greater than 3 months per year water logged and greater than 3m peat depth (Giesen 2009).

Grows well on degraded peatland dominated by fern and/or shrubs (Rachmanadi and Lazuardi 2007) Successional stage Not good at regenerating after logging (Wyatt-Smith 1959).

Prefers areas that have already had some natural regeneration after fire, have only been selectively logged, and still have closed ground cover from vegetation or areas where tree cover is still good and the canopy is tall and closed (Wibisono et al. 2005).

Seedlings grew fastest in gaps and gap edges as compared to understorey habitat (Gavin and Peart 1997).

Found to be a dominant tree post-logging (Rieley and Page 2005).

Only suitable for planting under shade (Giesen 2008).

This species is classified as a climax species (Giesen 2009).

Ecological characteristics A canopy tree, that can reach up to 150cm DBH (Gavin and Peart 1997).

There is no further information available on: Phenology Seed collection and storage technique Nutrient management and requirements Additional comments

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Thymelaeaceae

2009

Gonystylus bancanus

Ramin Distribution Found on peatlands up to 50m asl. (Rotinsulu et al. 2007b).

Found on peatlands up to 400m asl. (Krisdianto et al. 2004).

Found on lowlands near beaches and up to 100m asl. Found on peatlands that are not under tidal influence (Istomo 2002).

Grows well on peat soils, sandy soils and flooded soils, but must be protected from high sun light whilst young. Found up to 100m asl (Martawijawa et al.

2005a, Wibisono et al. 2005).

Phenology This species does not fruit annually, but local knowledge suggests early fruit appears in April or May, and is ripe in July or August (Rotinsulu et al. 2007b, Rusmana et al. 2004).

This species does not fruit annually, but normally fruits in April or May, after the tree has diameter greater than 35cm (Krisdianto et al. 2004).

Fruits in Februari-March or September-October, depending on the region.

Fruiting occurs two months after flowering (Martawijawa et al. 2005a).

The seed is round, tapering to a point, with thin skin, and dark brown in colour (Wibisono et al. 2005).

Fruit and seed description Ripe seeds are yellow-brown in colour (Rotinsulu et al. 2007b).

The seed is described as recalcitrant. The fruit is round with a 7cm diamater (Krisdianto et al. 2004) The fruit reaches up to 4cm diameter (Istomo 2002).

The fruit contains 1-3 seeds. There are approximately 250-270 seeds per kg.

(Martawijawa et al. 2005b, Wibisono et al. 2005).

Seed collection and storage technique Keep the seeds in a wet plastic sack or bucket. Remove the flesh of the fruit and wash the seeds (Rotinsulu et al. 2007b).

Seeds can be stored in a dry room for 15-30 days and still achieve 50-80% success (Martawijawa et al. 2005a, Wibisono et al. 2005).

Seeds are often attacked by the ambrosia beetle and Coticium salmonicolor (Martawijawa et al. 2005a).

Seedlings can be cultivated from seed, wildlings and cuttings, but the most common is seed and wildiling. It is better to collect seeds that have already fallen from the parent tree. Only healthy ‘looking’ seeds should be collected; fresh, without cuts, pests or disease (Wibisono et al. 2005).

For the collection of wildlings, choose healthy seedlings that have 2-4 leaves, that the stem is not yet woody, and the seedling is free from disease. When collecting the wildling, great care must be taken to ensure the root is not damaged. The wildlings should be collected early morning or late afternoon (Wibisono et al. 2005).

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Germination technique Put the seeds into water, and only use those that sink – throw away those that float. Seed should be planted within 48 hours, and can be planted directly to the grow bags (into a hole 5cm deep), which should be filled with peat.

(Rotinsulu et al. 2007b).

40-50% survived to fully grown seedling in the nursery after collected from the forest as wildlings (Panjaitan et al. 2006).

Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Wildlings of ramin can be used but should only be collected once 25-35cm in height (if collected from a stump – 35-75cm in height, and the root 20cm long) and with 3-7 leaves. They should immediately be planted in grow bags (Martawijawa et al. 2005a).

The seeds will start to germinate three days after planting in the grow bags, most will germinate after around 15 days in the growbags, the slowest germination being up to 20 days. Normally 90% germination success can be achieved. The seedlings should be protected from pests which eat the tips of the leaves through using insecticide. Ramin can be planted to the field after 8 months growth in the nursery, or after reaching 30-40cm in height. Seedling survival in the nursery is normally about 80% (Rotinsulu et al. 2007b).

Seedlings, collected as wildlings should be kept in a nursery 3-5 months before planting out (Martawijawa et al. 2005a).

Seedlings can be grown from seed. They should be planted straight into growbags at 1.5cm deep under shade conditions. They should be kept in the nursery until 30cm in height (Martawijawa et al. 2005a).

The seed can planted straight into a grow bag (70% peat, 30% compost, or 70% top soil 30% rice husks), with the emerging growth apex submerged.

Grown under 60-70% shade (Rusmana et al. 2004).

Seedlings can be cultivated from cuttings, in a special growth container until the roots emerge. The cuttings require high humidity (>80%), with the growth media always moist (Rusmana et al. 2004).

Seedlings hould be grown under 80% shade (Standar Nasional Indonesia 2003).

Seeds can be planted straight into grow bags, 14x22cm large, filled with peat.

The grow bags should be kept in a seedling nursery. The seeds should be placed flat, with the growth point slightly submerged. Shortly after germination the seedling will develop 2-3 leaves. Seedlings should be kept well shaded and watered. At six months old the hardening process can begin (Wibisono et al. 2005).

Wildlings can be transfered straight to grow bags, 14x22cm and filled with peat. Keep them in a nursery, and cover the wildlings with a plastic concave cover, to keep the wildlings moist and reduce stress. Water them regularly.

When new leaves appear, remove the plastic cover but maintain high shade.

Hardening should begin after 6-8 months old (Wibisono et al. 2005).

Ramin can be grown from cuttings. Take the cutting from healthy-growing trees. Cut the stem at a 45˚ angle, where the stem is 3.5-6.5 mm wide and 1520 cm long, with 2-4 leaves. Cut the leaves, leaving 1/3 – ½. Quickly move the cutting to water, to avoid drying and osmosis pressure. Move into a root growth formula, and keep the cutting covered with a plastic, concave lid, and 214 | P a g e

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under high shade. Plant the cutting at 1-2cm depth into a media of mixed peat and sand at a ratio 3:2. Still keep the cutting covered. The cutting should be continually given sufficient water that there is always visible condensation inside the plastic concave cover. When new leaves appear, it can be known that the roots are developing. At this stage the cutting can be moved to a grow bag, 14x22cm large, filled with peat, however the plastic cover and hgh shade should still be maintained for two weeks (Wibisono et al. 2005).

The shading can start to be reduced, to 50%, after 6 months (Wibisono et al.

2005).

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures This species was successful in transplanting trials in Raja Musa Forest Reserve in Kuala Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia on to degraded peatlands dominated

by Imperata cylindrica (alang-alang) (Ismail et al. 2001).

In transplant trials in the Block C area of the EMRP, seedlings were planted, but given no additional help. Survival rates were 78%. (Limin 2007).

Appropriate distances for planting out seedlings are 4x2m, 3x3m, 2x5m or 3x5m. The seedlings should be planted into a 30x30x40cm hole, and the position marked. The area surrounding the seedling should not be cleared, as seedlings require shade whilst growing. Planting is best at the start of the wet season, but if flooding is an issue at the site, artificial mounds should be considered (Rotinsulu et al. 2007b, Martawijawa et al. 2005a).

Newly planted seedlings needed to be planted under canopy or under shading which is at least 2m wide (Krisdianto et al. 2004).

Had high success in planting trials on peatlands in Central Kalimantan (Lazuardi 2004).

Once the seedlings are 30cm in height and with 3-5 leaves, they are ready to plant out. Cuttings are ready to plant out after 8 months growth (Rusmana et al. 2004).

Seedlings are ready to plant out after 8-12 months old. Plant ramin seedlings every 1-2m into transects that are 5-10m apart. Plant the seedlings into prepared holes, 15-30cm deep, 15-15cm diameter, to the same size as the growth medi and seedling. If there is a potential for flooding, planting the seedlings onto artificial mounds should be considred. Plant the seedlings early morning or late afternoon. Clear the area surrounding the seedlings of other vegetation. After planting, clear the area surrounding the seedling twice a year (Wibisono et al. 2005).

Nutrient management and requirements Fertilizer NPK 2g/seedling can be given to increase growth in the nursery and fertilizer additions (organic or inorganic) can also be given in the field (Rotinsulu et al. 2007b).

Tolerances Burnt areas along the Air Hitam Laut River in the central part of Berbak National Park were replanted with Gonystylus bancanus onto artificial mounds (0.3-0.5m tall) in Nov-Dec 2003. The first wet season (flooding 50cm deep) the seedlings survived (65-85%), however the following wet season, the flooding was extremely deep (100-150cm deep). This floodiing level went 215 | P a g e

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above the height of the seedlings’ leaves, resulting in lower than 5% survival (averaged across several species). This shows this spicies can tolerate degraded conditions, but its leaves must remain above the flood level (Giesen 2004).

Recommended to be used in peatland rehabilitation, but only to be planted into logged-over areas (Rachmanadi and Luzuardi 2007).

Based on planting trials conducted in the Block C area of the EMRP by CIMTROP, this species is suitable for planting by canal banks but not deep peatlands (Limin 2007).

Described as a shade-tolerant species, not tolerant to high light (Wibisono et al. 2005).

Seedlings were found in a large-gap, showing tolerance to light and pioneer succession strategy (Siregar and Sambas 1999).

Under flood conditions the water potential of this species was measured. It was anticipated that the water pressure would drop and wilting would occur, as the roots became resistant to water uptake due to saturation. However, water pressure and turgor remained the same, showing this species has good tolerance to flood conditions (Naiola and Osaki 1999).

This species is suitable for conditions of greater than 50% vegetation cover, greater than 3 months per year water logged and greater than 3m peat depth (Giesen 2009).

Considered semi-tolerant to planting out into degraded areas, as requires shade from trees or understorey vegetation (Martawijawa et al. 2005a).

Successional stage Not good at regenerating after logging, can decrease in abundance (up to 30% decrease) (Wyatt-Smith 1959, Lee 1979, Whitmore 1984, Bruenig 1990).

Under the seven different TPSF forest types, as defined by Page et al. (1999) classically found in iii) Mixed peat swamp forest, iv) Transitional forest, (iii-v) – but at lower densities and vi) Tall interior forest.

Prefers areas that have already had some natural regeneration after fire, have only been selectively logged, or still have closed ground cover from vegetation (Wibisono et al. 2005).

Grows well on degraded peatland that has been cleared for logging (Rachmanadi and Lazuardi 2007).

Found to be a dominant seedling post-logging (Rieley and Page 2005).

Only suitable for planting under shade (Giesen 2008).

This species is classified as a climax species (Giesen 2009).

Approriate for enrichment planting only, into secondary forest that still has high shade (Wibisono et al. 2005).

Ecological characteristics Prefers wet conditions (Wyatt-Smith 1959) Slow-growing (Lee 1979, Whitmore 1984, Bruenig 1990, Krisdianto et al.

2004).

Additional comments Ramin is an important timber wood, reaching 40-50m in height and diameter of 120cm (Rotinsulu et al. 2007b) 216 | P a g e

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Ulmaceae

Trema cannabina

Successional stage Described as a ‘pioneer species’ (Giesen 2008).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Ulmaceae

2009

Trema orientalis Lenduhung

Successional stage Described as a ‘pioneer species’ (van der Laan 1925).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seed collection and storage technique Germination technique Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Transplanting techniques, successes and failures Nutrient management and requirements Tolerances Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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Verbenaceae

2009

Peronema canescens

Sungkai Seed collection and storage technique - When the fruit is ripe, it bursts open and the seeds can be extracted easily (Zwann 1920).

Germination technique The seeds must be cleaned as preparation before germination (Zwann 1920).

Transplanting techniques, successes and failures In a rehabilitation project focusing on intensively disturbed peat swamp forest areas in Central Kalimantan activities included trial planting of 0.75ha of disturbed PSF under different regimes (with and without clearing, fertilizer application, and mounds) and with different species (Shorea balangeran, S. pinanga, S. seminis, Peronema canescens, Palaquium sp. Trials indicate that Shorea balangeran and Palaquium are best suited for replanting, as they have considerably higher survival rates (65-100%) compared to the other species (6-65%), and this seems irrespective of preparation techniques. Also, both species appear to be suited to heavily disturbed areas affected by repeated fires, and do not require innoculation by mycorrhizal fungi (Takahashi et al., 2001).

Tolerances This species is suitable for conditions of greater than 50% vegetation cover, greater than 3 months per year water logged and greater than 3m peat depth (Giesen 2009).

Successional stage Only suitable for planting under shade (Giesen 2008).

This species is classified as a climax species (Giesen 2009).

There is no further information available on: Distribution Phenology Fruit and seed description Dispersal mechanism Seedling nursery cultivation techniques Nutrient management and requirements Ecological characteristics Additional comments

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2009

References Blake, S.T. (1968) A revision of Melaleuca leucadendron and its allies (Myrtaceae). Contributions from the Queensland Herbarium 1:1-114.

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