Cobe
BUILDING GREEN
Cobe
LEARNING FROM COPENHAGEN
Copenhagen urban migration
700,000
650,000
600,000
550,000
500,000
450,000
400,000
350,000 1995 Population forecast for Copenhagen From 1995–2025 Source: Danmarks Statistik
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
A century of urban development
1900 A static centre with a dynamic fringe. At this point 460,000 people lived in Copenhagen.
1960 Many people were moving from the city centre in favour of the spacious suburban settlements developed around the city in these years.
1940 Copenhagen grew rappidly to approximately 900,000 inhabitants, forcing the city to extends outwards.
1990 More than 1/3 of the residents left the city centre, leaving behind only 400,000 people. The ’palm’ had to be redensified.
1947 ’The Finger Plan’ was a planning strategy introduced to control the urban city sprawl.
2016 A series of urban transformation projects create new possibilities for redensifying the city centre. Copenhagen's population is 600,000 people and is expected to continue growing.
Islands Brygge: From worn down industrial harbour to recreative meeting place
Strøget: From cars to people
Paper Island: From paper storage to street food hall
Cobe
TRANSFORMATION AS RESOURCE WHY TEAR DOWN OLD BUILDINGS WHEN YOU CAN REUSE THEM?
 THE SILO FROM STORAGE CONTAINER TO URBAN ANCHOR POINT
Nordhavn - the historical nerve centre of sea-oriented industries in Denmark and the entire region.
The Silo
The Silo’s rational form and complex interior is a direct result of its original use and function as a grain silo.
Esisting building, 2010.
From vision to reality, 2016.
DANISH ROCK MUSEUM FROM CONCRETE TO CULTURE PRODUCTION
Roskilde – City of Icons
The Cathedral The Viking Ship Museum
The Danish ROCK Museum
Roskilde Festival
218
Transformation as Resource
Musicon area, 2010.
The same area after museum addition, 2016.
Danish Rock Museum – Ragnarock
Transformation as Resource
Danish Rock Museum – Ragnarock
219
New meets old
FROM INFRASTRUCTURE TO PUBLIC SPACE WHY DOES INFRASTRUCTURE RULE THE VAST MAJORITY OF PUBLIC SPACE IN OUR CITIES?
Nyhavn: From parking zone to restaurants and bars
Dronning Louises Bro: From heavy infrastructure to pedestrian hangout
Copenhagen - liveability as city icon
Eiffel Tower 300 m.
Tower of Pisa 56 m.
Statue of Liberty 93 m.
Big Ben 96 m.
The Little Mermaid 1.25 m.
NØRREPORT STATION INFRASTRUCTURE IS PUBLIC SPACE!
An active urban environment....
Turned into traffic chaos
Life below the cloud
Bicycle parking 2.0
?
!
64
From Infrastructure to Public Space
Nørreport Station
From Infrastructure to Public Space
Nørreport Station
65
KUA UNIVERSITY SQUARE A LANDSCAPE OF BIKE HILLS
A bicycle parking chaos
ISRAELS PLADS COPENHAGEN’S BIGGEST URBAN CARPET
Vegetable market
Car park
CULTURE AS A SOCIAL ENGINE HOW CAN PUBLIC BUILDINGS BRING PEOPLE TOGETHER IN A CITY CHALLENGED WITH SOCIAL SEGREGATION?
The library - a significant historical institution
The library today
Past - present - future library
Public Books Books
Education
Library 1.0 – the private library: Monofunctional and privately owned space dedicated to storage of books.
Library 2.0 – the public library: Public space dedicated to books and learning.
Social events Magazines Cinema Theatre
Newspapers
World Wide Web Cultural activities
Documentary
Knowledge sharing
Open mike
Café
E-Books
Books Photography
Library 3.0 – the urban living room: Multifunctional and social space dedicated to all media and all kinds of people.
300% 275% 250% 225% 200% 175% 150%
Tingbjerg / Husum: 500% Non-Western residents 175% Unemployed residents 200% Non educated residents 140% Low income residents
125% 100% 75% 50% 25% 0% Non-western origin
Unemployment
Socio-economic challenges in Copenhagen Marginalised neighbourhoods, 100% = the average in Cph. Source: Danmarks Statestik
Bispebjerg / Nordvest: 250% Non-Western residents 125% Unemployed residents 150% Non educated residents 125% Low income residents
Nørrebro: 275% Non-Western residents 120% Unemployed residents 125% Non educated residents 135% Low income residents
Valby / Vigerslev: 280% Non-Western residents 125% Unemployed residents 170% Non educated residents 115% Low income residents
= public libraries.
Kongens Enghave: 275% Non-Western residents 140% Unemployed residents 175% Non educated residents 125% Low income residents
Amager / Sundby: 220% Non-Western residents 125% Unemployed residents 150% Non educated residents 130% Low income residents
Low or no education
Low income
Public Libraries
THE LIBRARY NV A NEW CULTURAL BEACON
Architecture and diversity of Nordvest
The new library in Nordvest: One building, many different living rooms.
Ground floor: The kids’ library
1st floor: The youth library
2nd floor: The adult library
3rd floor: The concert hall
A CITY FOR KIDS HOW CAN WE BUILD OUR CITIES FROM A CHILD’S PERSPECTIVE?
Kids forecast in Copenhagen, 2015 - 2025
The Copenhagen baby boom
470.000
450.000
430.000
410.000
390.000
370.000
350.000 2016
2018
Estimated growth of kids in Copenhagen 2016–2040 Source: Danmarks Statistik
2020
2022
2024
2026
2028
2030
2032
2034
2036
2038
2040
From suburbanization to a kid urbanization.
1990–2016: The suburbanization tendency has reversed. Increasing liveability in the city due to redevelopment and urban renewal resulted in families moving back to Copenhagen.
1890s: A dirty and unhealthy city. Most families didn’t choose to live in the city – they had to. This was where you could find work.
1960s: The city of Copenhagen experienced a decentralization, as the suburbs expanded. Families fled the dirty city seeking space, light, and fresh air in the new settlements around the city.
Kindergartens: 100 years of changing conditions for children in Copenhagen.
1960: When women entered the labour market, the need for kindergartens became urgent. With both parents working full time jobs, the kindergartens were now places where kids would spent most of their day.
1900: Kindergartens didn’t exist yet, so kids were left alone at home or brought to work in the factories with their parents.
Today: Daycare guarantee, bigger institutions, and higher efficiency has been put on the political agenda to solve the growing pressure on our kindergartens and thereby making the city attractive for the young parents living in the city.
1924: The first kindergartens served as asylums for children. Working-class families could now keep their kids off the streets and out of the factories.
Our kids spend more than half of their waking hours in kindergartens.
The sizes of our kindergartens increase. How do we sustain the individuality of each unique boy or girl in institutions with up to 750 kids?
FREDERIKSVEJ KINDERGARTEN AS SIMPLE AS A KID’S DRAWING
As simple as a kid’s drawing.
Houses within a house
278
A City for Kids
Frederiksvej Kindergarten
A City for Kids
Frederiksvej Kindergarten
As the big kindergarten had t be arranged in three levels, it was crucial for each of them have their own outdoor space – with easy access to the pla ground. As a result, the outdo spaces are packed together a an open-air playhouse, distrib uting the kids throughout the building.
282
Which deserves better architecture: art museums or kindergartens?
A City for Kids
Frederiksvej Kindergarten
This architectural wonder is being wasted on 5-year-olds You mightn’t be surprised to find a gaggle of ø’s, å’s and other freaky Scandinavian diacritics in the names behind the coolest munchkin school on the planet. Local Danes in the enclave of Frederiksberg (erstwhile home to Gerda Wegener of ‘The Danish Girl’ fame) demolished what was once a wee, 30-child day care (no worries, the kids weren’t in it at the time) to make room for a project six times the size, named after the street on which it squats. It was just inaugurated by the mayor on Feb. 4, and lauded by Curbed and ArchDaily. The new 18,298-square-foot gabled ‘village’ (actually, hold the scare quotes, it is a proper village) is made up of 11 two- and three-floor, black-and-white houses that can comfortably accommodate 182 whippersnappers, from infants up to 6 years old. Aesthetically speaking, the design is ‘a caricature of how a child might draw a house. The roof line, for example, is kept uncluttered by means of hidden drains and precise material connections, and the windows are carefully designed to look frameless,’ says Dan Stubbergaard, founder and creative director of Cobe. The massive-yet-minimalist complex is centered around two ‘winter gardens.’ But while on the outside it ‘appears as a playful village,’ like any good, no-joke Nordic undertaking, Frederiksvej is ‘nonetheless coherent and efficient.’ Function über alles, y’all: This kindergarten ‘establishes small individualized play spaces,’ has two atria that serve ‘as central gathering points, where informal meetings between children, employees and parents can take place’ and provides storage areas for strollers, toys and . . . tools? Yes, tools. All the better to out-Ikea those dastardly Swedish toddlers across the way, we suppose. Now, run along, children, to your informal meetings — class dismissed!
New York Post February 16, 2016
A City for Kids
Frederiksvej Kindergarten
283
KIDS’ CITY CHRISTIANSHAVN THE WORLD’S BEST CITY FOR KIDS
A city for kids
Harbour
Stadion
Instead of increasing size and uniformity, downscaling and diversity become essential tools for creating a good environment for the kids in the institution.
Copenhagen is characterized by many different neighbourhoods with special buildings that carry a particular history or functional purpose.
Skatepark Street Haven Garage
City gate
City hall Fire station
Forest
Restaurant Hotel
Tower Sawmill Beach
This daycare center is too large to conceive as one building. Instead, why not consider it as a small version of Copenhagen, a mini city with a wide range of social spaces, play areas, gardens and architectural landmarks?
Tower
City gate
City hall Restaurant Garage Sawmill Fire station
Hotel
Watch tower
314
A City for Kids
Celebrating diversity: Kids’ City Christianshavn’s next door neighbour – the self-sustaining community of Christiania. A world-famous and notorious social experiment and free city with a self-grown and playful architecture that inspired the kindergarten design.
Kids City Christianshavn
A City for Kids
Kids City Christianshavn
The Fire Station. A unifying playscape for kids of all ages.
The Town Hall. The multi-pupose hall for a Christmas party or a musical.
The Restaurant. Kitchen and lunch place where the youngest meet and eat.
The City Gate. A cage for ball games that spans between two buildings.
The Tower. All proper cities need a lookout tower.
The Parking Garage. Bicycles need parking spaces, too.
The Factory. A multi-purpose space with room for all sorts of activities.
The Beach Hotel. A waterside shelter where kids can have bonfires.
Banana House.
South Pacific House.
The House of the Free City.
315
ARCHITECTURAL DEMOCRACY WHAT IF ARCHITECTURE WAS DESIGNED IN A COLLECTIVE EFFORT?
‘I pick up my pen. It flows. A building appears. There it is. There is nothing more to say.’ Oscar Niemeyer
‘I don’t understand why people hire architects and then tell them what to do.’
Frank Gehry Architect
‘There are 360 degrees, so why stick to one?’ Zaha Hadid
‘We shape our buildings; thereafter they shape us.’ Winston Churchill Former British Prime Minister
The democratic city with a strong public voice
Copenhagen City Hall Frederiksberg City Hall
= Local committees = City Hall = Local committee zones
Local planning process
AFKLARING
ANMODNING
? T ES QU RE
Step 1: Request The process of the local plan begins with a request for building new – or changing existing larger buildings will be sent to the municipality.
STARTREDEGØRELSE
Step 2: Clarification phase The clarification phase should be identified to ensure that the local plan process gets a good start. If a local plan is needed, a collaborative agreement between the municipality and the developer is established.
LOKALPLANSFORSLAG
T AR T ST POR RE
Step 3: Municipal start report A collaboration towards a municipal start report is put in motion. Based on the report it is determined whether the work towards a local plan should be started up.
OFFENTLIG HØRING
Step 4: Local plan proposal The local plan proposal consists of an explanation of the project, the proposed plan and relation to the surroundings. In addition, an explanation of the relationship with other planning and local plan provisions. The City Council will then decide whether the proposal should be published.
DEN FÆRDIGE LOKALPLAN
Step 5: Public hearing The local plan proposal is published digitally on the municipal website where the citizen can submit comments on the proposal. The hearing period lasts 8 weeks with an optional public hearing. During the initial phases involvement of user groups is included as well.
Step 6: The final local plan After the hearing period the proposal is adapted and then submitted for political consideration. Owners of properties within the area and everyone who has sent comments on the proposal are informed of the adoption of the plan. The local plan is announced and thereby becomes effective.
KRØYERS PLADS DIALOGUE AS A DESIGN PARAMETER
Krøyers Plads - an architectural war zone
Dialogue as design parameter
A continuation of the existing warehouses The new houses were inscribed into the built up waterfront structure. The developers wanted to take advantage of the allowed heights to get as many square meters as possible.
Building heights Local organisations in Christianshavn wanted to limit the height and size of the new building. The municipality wanted the cornices of the new buildings to correspond with the heights of the surrounding warehouses.
The promenade and the plaza It was important for the city architect to withdraw the building from the water front to make space for a generous promenade. And as we were going to build on Krøyers Plads and thereby take away space in the city, we wanted to create a new public plaza next to the site.
The public ground floor It was important for everyone to open up the ground floor for public functions to create urban life by inviting in the neighbourhood.
360
Architectural Democracy
The concept of total adaptation becomes visible from the top flat. Krøyers Plads has surrendered to the historical perception of Copenhagen – the modest roofscape city with beautiful old towers.
Krøyers Plads
Architectural Democracy
Krøyers Plads
361
“Hafnia Metropolis et Portus Celeberrimus Daniæ” (1720): The city surrounded by embankments where only the roofscape is visible and the towers provide greatness and splendour.
COPENHAGEN TOMORROW HOW DO WE CREATE OPEN-ENDED PLANNING THAT ACCOMMODATES THE DENSE COPENHAGEN OF THE FUTURE?
How does the ongoing urban migration and subsequent densification affect Copenhagen tomorrow? 12%
10%
8%
6%
4%
2%
0%
- 2%
- 4%
- 6%
- 8% Copenhagen
Aarhus
Copenhagen suburbs
Funen
Northern Jutland
Southern Jutland
Western Jutland
North Zealand
East Zealand
West – South Zealand
Bornholm
Urban migration of Denmark From 2012–2020 Source: Danmarks Statistik
700,000
650,000
600,000
550,000
500,000
450,000
400,000
350,000 1995 Population forecast for Copenhagen From 1995–2025 Source: Danmarks Statistik
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
City expansion step by step
1500: At the end of medieval times
1625: The expansion of Christianshavn
1655: The expansion of New-Copenhagen
1710: The expansion of new fortifications
1850: The fortifications loose their military value
1905: The beginning of the industrial city
1945: The industrial city
2000: The post-industrial city
Copenhagen today vs. 500 years ago
Post-industrial potentials North Harbour From: 2,200,000 m² of industrial harbour. To: A new city on the water providing living space for 40,000 inhabitants and workspace for another 40,000 people.
Langelinie From: Cruise ship loading dock To: Apartments, offices and marina.
Refshale Island From: The B&W shipyard was Denmark's biggest industrial workplace with 10,000 workers. To: Temporary urban attraction still awaiting an unknown future.
KvĂŚsthusbroen From: Hospital for wounded soldiers To: Public beach and Royal Theatre.
Holmen From: Navy military base. To: Creative education and business. Paper Island From: Storage of coal/salt/paper. To: Culture, housing, and water recreation.
Carlsberg City From: Breweries. To: Mixed city district inspired by the historical city.
South Habour From: Industrial train tracks, industrial habour and storage halls. To: Mixed use neighborhood.
Meatpacking District From: Cow stables and slaughter houses. To: Hip destination for eating, nightlife and the art scene.
Islands Brygge From: Factories and industry. To: Public harbour park for recreation and culture.
PAPER ISLAND THE HALLS OF COPENHAGEN
One of the old paper halls
Cobe office space at Paper Island
The blue outside
The green inside
Paper Island - an architecture that wants to fit in
THE NORTH HARBOUR A SCANDINAVIAN VENICE
448
Copenhagen Tomorrow
Nordhavn
Copenhagen Tomorrow
N
Islets and neighbourhoods. The site is divided into islets that create distinct identiti neighbourhoods and facilitate robust and flexible planni
Inner Nordhavn, 2012.
The green loop – five-minute city. Transport is made into a highly visible and identifiable e as well as a recreational space. The green Metro and bic connects the islets and makes for an integrated city. Eve of the island is envisioned to have less than a five-minut public transportation.
The urban green. Strips of green spaces run from east to west. Moving thr these is a diverse and varied journey. The public spaces ”urban green” in the south to ”natural green” in the nor
Inner Nordhavn, 2016.
North Harbour - a new city district
Size like the historical bridge boroughs
A public transportation loop
A new Metro loop
North Harbour dogmas
Islets and neighbourhoods The site is divided into islets that create identities and neighbourhoods, as well as facilitating robust and flexible planning tools.
The harbour and cultural heritage The industrial grid and existing buildings are integrated points of departure for the new development.
The urban green Strips of green spaces run from east to west. Moving through these is a diverse and varied journey. The public spaces graduate from ’urban green’ in the south to ’natural green’ in the north.
The green loop – 5 minute city Transport is made into a strongly visible and identifiable element, as well as a recreational space. The green metro and bicycle loop connects the islets and makes for an integrated city. Every corner of the island is envisioned to have less than a 5-minutes walk to public transportation.
The city on the water Along with the green strips, new canals are dug, creating enhanced proximity to the water. The blue and green city is planned prior to buildings.
The Intelligent Grid The Intelligent Grid makes room for many mixed functions in a given area. The grid can adapt to changes over time and gives the plan a great deal of controlled flexibility. The variation of plots makes a diverse city.
Islets and neighbourhoods
The harbour and cultural heritage
The green loop – 5 minute city
The city on the water
The urban green
The Intelligent Grid
XL
L
M
Cobe’s North Harbour of the future.
Redmolen, completion in 2020
THANK YOU!