Cedar Rapids/Iowa City Regional Data Report October 2010 Compiled by Ma Fisher, MS University of Iowa Department of Urban and Regional Planning
The report was commissioned by the Corridor Business Alliance, with direct support from Kirkwood Community College The Corridor Business Alliance Alliant Energy
Kirkwood Community College
Cedar Rapids Area Chamber of Commerce
Kirkwood Small Business Development Center
Entrepreneurial Development Center
MidAmerican Energy Company
Iowa City Area Chamber of Commerce
Priority One
Iowa City Area Development Group
University of Iowa Research Founda on
John Pappajohn Entrepreneurial Center
University of Iowa Small Business Development Center
Contacts: Dee Baird, Priority One, (319) 730‐1420 or Joe Raso, ICAD Group, (319) 354‐3939
Table of Contents
1.
1Â Â
Population
2
2. Labor Market
6
3. Income and Wages
12
4. Poverty
19
5. Housing Costs
26
6. Residential Building Permits
31
7. Business Starts
37
8. Patents
41
9. Capital Investment
46
10. Crime
50
11. School Enrollment
57
12. Graduation Rates
64
13. Education
69
1. Population
The corridor region, including the counties of Benton, Cedar, Iowa, Johnson, Jones, Linn, and Washington, is home to around 440,000 people (table 1.1). Our region accounts for nearly 15% of the state population, and this share is growing. In each decade since the 1920s, our population has grown at a faster rate than the state of Iowa (figure 1.1). In 1920, we had 8.3% of the state population. By 2000, the share had increased to 13.8%, and 2009 estimates put it at 14.7%.
Table 1.1. County Population. Benton
Cedar
Iowa
Johnson
Jones
Linn
Washington
Region
1900
25,177
19,371
19,544
24,817
21,954
55,392
20,718
186,973
1910
23,156
17,765
18,409
25,914
19,050
60,720
19,925
184,939
1920
24,080
17,560
18,600
26,462
18,607
74,004
20,421
199,734
1930
22,851
16,760
17,332
30,276
19,206
82,336
19,822
208,583
1940
22,879
16,884
17,016
33,191
19,950
89,142
20,055
219,117
1950
22,656
16,910
15,835
45,756
19,401
104,274
19,557
244,389
1960
23,422
17,791
16,396
53,663
20,693
136,899
19,406
288,270
1970
22,885
17,655
15,419
72,127
19,868
163,213
18,967
330,134
1980
23,649
18,635
15,429
81,717
20,401
169,775
20,141
349,747
1990
22,429
17,444
14,630
96,119
19,444
168,767
19,612
358,445
2000
25,308
18,187
15,671
111,006
20,221
191,701
20,670
402,764
2009*
26,734
18,006
15,811
131,005
20,364
209,226
21,258
442,404
*Estimate Source: U.S. Census Bureau.
2Â Â
Figure 1.1. Populattion Growth h: The State vs. The Coorridor. 20%
Region
Population Growth
15%
Statte
10%
5%
0%
‐5%
‐10%
Source: U U.S. Census Bu ureau.
Jo ohnson and Linn L County y account forr 75% of thee regions currrent populattion, and neaarly all of the region’s gro owth in the last l century (figure 1.2). The remainning 5 countties have beeen flat or do own over thee past 100 yeears (figure 1.3). 1 Iowa C County has seen the sharrpest decline, losing neearly 20% off its population. Benton,, Cedar, Wasshington, annd Jones are all within 100% of their 1900 1 populattions, while Johnson and d Linn have ggrown by 3447% and 2466%, respectivvely.
3
Population
Figure 1.2. County Population ns, 1900 - 20 009. Benton Cedar Iowa Johnson Jones Linn Washingto on
Source: U U.S. Census Bu ureau.
Population
Figure 1.3. County Population ns, 1900 – 20 000
Benton B Cedar C Io owa Jo ones Washington W
Source: U U.S. Census Bu ureau. 4
The T smaller five f countiess in the Corriidor have, hoowever, fareed better thann many otheers. Our seveen counties were w among only 30 in th he state to gaain populatioon between 1970 and 20000 (figure 1.4). Though h the countiees of Cedar, Jones, and IIowa gained 3% or less oover the 30 yyear n like the maajority of Iow wa counties. This refleccts the nationnal span, they did not losse population movemen nt from rural to urban an nd suburban locations. O Of the 10 couunties that ggrew the mosst from 197 70 to 2000, 9 were eitherr among the 10 largest too begin with, or were adjjacent to onee of the 10 larrgest countiees in 1970.
Figure 1.4. Percentt Change in Population n, 1970 – 20000.
Source: U U.S. Census Bu ureau. 5
2. Labor Market
Figures for employment come from two sources. The Census Bureau releases a report each year called County Business Pattern (CBP). This report includes, among other things, the number of employees in a county in each of some 1,200 sectors. These surveys do not include farmers, the self-employed, or government employees (with the exception of health care workers and public school teachers). The Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), released by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, covers a slightly different set of industries, but it includes most government workers. In order to protect firm’s information, the reports will not release employment figures for industries or sectors which are dominated by a few large employers. Of the 19 industries covered by County Business Patterns, only 8 had reportable figures for all seven counties (table 2.1). Unlike the QCEW, the CBP will report an employment range, and from these we can at least establish a minimum industry employment for the region (table 2.2).
Table 2.1. Employment by Industry by County, 2007. NAICS Code
Description
Benton
Cedar
Iowa
Johnson
Private Employment (BLS)
4,131
4,189
8,162
Total Government Employment (BLS) Federal
1,521 70
1,090 108
State
128
Local
Jones
Linn
Washington
50,688
5,113 110,567
6,584
1,084 70
23,346 1,492
1,430 61
12,832 1,126
1,453 71
N/A
29
N/A
415
559
68
1,324
N/A
985
N/A
954
11,148
1,315
4,627
4,198
7,876
59,267
4,675 110,578
7,044
0 ‐ 19
20 ‐ 99
20 ‐ 99
0 ‐ 19
0 ‐ 19
20 ‐ 99
0 ‐ 19
20 ‐ 99
0
0
20 ‐ 99
20 ‐ 99
51
20 ‐ 99
Total Employment (CBP) ‐‐‐‐‐‐ Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing 11 and Hunting Mining 21 6
22 23
Utilities Construction
20 ‐ 99
0 ‐ 19
0 ‐ 19
100 ‐ 249
20 ‐ 99
453
0
443
245
2,615
297
6,168
784
783
606
196 2500 ‐ 4999
5,504
931
17,107
1,091
234
272
336
1,298
180
5,159
303
846
596 500 ‐ 999
1,223
8,473
1,002
14,406
1,043
7,233
100 ‐ 249
5,509
96
8,832
217
1,167
20 ‐ 99
4,649
202
1,570
20 ‐ 99
7,249
61
3,004
0 ‐ 19
13,297
1,330
1,319
72
9,204
1,263
4,151
328
Manufacturing 31‐33 42 44‐45
Wholesale Trade Retail Trade
Transportation and 48‐49 Warehousing 323 169 4,442 158 Information 20 ‐ 51 100 20 ‐ 99 99 2,142 20 ‐ 99 Finance and 52 Insurance 200 156 122 1,875 206 Real Estate and 20 ‐ 53 Rental and Leasing 56 24 99 712 0 ‐ 19 Professional, Scientific, and 20 ‐ 87 90 99 1,965 134 54 Technical Services Management of Companies and 20 ‐ 55 Enterprises 0 0 ‐ 19 99 278 0 ‐ 19 Administrative and Support and Waste Management and 20 ‐ 99 356 133 1,940 74 56 Remediation Services Educational Services 20 ‐ 1000 ‐ 61 20 ‐ 99 0 ‐ 19 99 2499 88 Health Care and 62 Social Assistance 718 565 718 16,124 801 Arts, Entertainment, 71 and Recreation 94 20 ‐ 99 80 598 46 Accommodation 72 and Food Services 338 303 687 6,783 348 Other Services (except Public 100 ‐ 81 Administration) 247 168 137 2,158 249 Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, 2007. U.S. Census Bureau, County Business Patterns, 2007.
Since over half of the industries employment totals are suppressed for at least one county, it is difficult to get a picture of the Corridor labor force from these numbers. Furthermore, different industries could be suppressed next year, making it difficult to track regional changes in anything but total employment. 7
Chmura Economics makes available, for a fee, estimates for the suppressed BLS employment figures. Table 2.2 gives the estimated employment totals for the seven counties. Health care, education, retail, and manufacturing are the largest industries, with around 30,000 employees each. These figures include both private and public sector employees.
Table 2.2. Regional Employment by Industry, 2009. Industry Accommodation and Food Services Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation Construction Educational Services Finance and Insurance Health Care and Social Assistance Information Management of Companies and Enterprises Manufacturing Mining, Quarrying, and Oil and Gas Extraction Other Services (except Public Administration) Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services Public Administration Real Estate and Rental and Leasing Retail Trade Transportation and Warehousing Utilities Wholesale Trade TOTAL Source: Chmura Economics, 2010.
Employment 18,847 11,927 947 2,182 11,309 29,005 11,099 33,782 7,549 725 30,295 326 6,080 6,754 8,504 2,777 27,726 13,930 1,225 7,632 232,624
The Corridor had a higher percentage of its workforce in Education (12.5%) and Health Care and Social Assistance (14.5%), compared to the nation and the State of Iowa (table 2.3). In manufacturing and retail, the Corridor devoted a smaller percentage than the State, but larger than the U.S. The Corridor also has a significantly greater percentage of its workforce in the Information (3.3%) and the Transportation and Warehousing (6.0%) industries, compared the U.S. and the State of Iowa.
8
Table 2.3. Employment by Industry as Percentage, 2009. Industry Region State U.S. Accommodation and Food Services 7.9% 8.7% 8.1% Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services 5.1% 4.4% 5.6% Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting 1.1% 0.9% 0.4% Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation 1.5% 1.8% 0.9% Construction 4.6% 4.8% 4.9% Educational Services 9.9% 9.5% 12.5% Finance and Insurance 6.2% 4.4% 4.8% Health Care and Social Assistance 14.0% 13.8% 14.5% Information 2.2% 2.3% 3.3% Management of Companies and Enterprises 0.9% 1.4% 0.3% Manufacturing 14.1% 9.2% 13.0% Mining, Quarrying, and Oil and Gas Extraction 0.2% 0.5% 0.1% Other Services (except Public Administration) 2.9% 3.4% 2.6% Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services 3.0% 5.9% 2.9% Public Administration 4.9% 5.8% 3.7% Real Estate and Rental and Leasing 0.9% 1.6% 1.2% Retail Trade 12.2% 11.4% 11.9% Transportation and Warehousing 4.2% 3.9% 6.0% Utilities 0.5% 0.6% 0.5% Wholesale Trade 4.6% 4.3% 3.3% Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, 2009. Chmura Economics, 2010.
The Corridor also has a larger percentage of its employment in the public sector (19.3%) than either the State or the U.S. (table 2.3). Linn and Iowa counties are the only two in the region with above average private sector employment. Johnson County, thanks to the University of Iowa, has nearly a third or its workforce in government employment.
9
Table 2.3. Private vs. Public Sector Employment, 2009. Private Public Benton 72.6% 27.4% Cedar 79.9% 20.1% Iowa 87.4% 12.6% Johnson 67.1% 32.9% Jones 76.8% 23.2% Linn 89.1% 10.9% Washington 81.0% 19.0% REGION 80.7% 19.3% STATE 83.6% 16.4% U.S. 83.2% 16.8% Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, 2010.
By County Business Pattern figures, regional employment dipped between 2001 and 2004, but rebounded in 2007 (table 2.3). The 2004 drop of more than 7,000 jobs was approximately the drop in Linn County alone. By 2007, Linn County was still 1,000 jobs short of its 2001 mark, and Iowa County was down 1,500 jobs to 7,876. Growth in Johnson and Washington Counties pushed the region up to 198,265 jobs, 6,000 more than in 2001. Table 2.3. Total Employment (CBP), 2001 – 2007
2001 2004 2007 4,612 4,641 4,627 Benton 4,114 3,629 4,198 Cedar 9,459 8,403 7,876 Iowa 52,276 53,876 59,267 Johnson 4,457 4,555 4,675 Jones 111,650 104,433 110,578 Linn 5,783 5,578 7,044 Washington 192,351 185,115 198,265 REGION 1,255,162 1,241,864 1,303,436 STATE 115,061,184 115,074,924 120,604,265 U.S. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, County Business Patterns, 2001, 2004, 2007.
10
Figure 2.1. 2 Total Employmentt (CBP) by County, C 20001 – 2007. 120,0 000
2001
2004
2007
Total Employment
100,0 000
80,0 000
60,0 000
40,0 000
20,0 000
0 Bento on
Cedarr
Iowa
Johnson
Jones
Source: U.S. U Census Bureau, B Coun nty Business Patterns, P 20011, 2004, 2007.
11
Linn
Washington
3. Income and Wages
Average compensation for workers in the Corridor is above the state average (table 3.1). In 2001, workers in the region made about $3,000 (11.5%) more than the state average, but regional wages have grown more slowly than the state average. Accounting for inflation, regional wages increased by 3.9% between 2001 to 2009, compared to 6.4% for the state, although they finished around 10% above the state average. During this period, regional wages grew slightly faster than national wages, but finished 11% lower.
Table 3.1. Average Annual Wage by County, 2001 vs. 2009. (2009 dollars). 2001 2009 Change Benton 28,990 30,229 4.27% Cedar 27,274 29,966 9.87% Iowa 34,542 32,745 -5.20% Johnson 38,356 40,905 6.65% Jones 27,242 30,216 10.92% Linn 41,973 42,976 2.39% Washington 27,094 28,144 3.88% Region 38,976 40,480 3.86% State 34,933 37,165 6.39% U.S. 43,875 45,551 3.82% Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages
Within the region, there are some large disparities (figure 3.1). Linn and Johnson are the only two counties with average pay higher than the state, but they account for 85% of the total jobs. The difference between the lowest (Washington) and highest (Linn) paying counties is almost $15,000.
……………………………
12
Figure 3.1. Averagee Annual Wage W by Cou unty, 2001 vvs. 2009. (20009 dollars)) 50,0 000
Average Annual Wage ($)
45,0 000
2001
2009
40,0 000 35,0 000 30,0 000 25,0 000 20,0 000 15,0 000 10,0 000 5,0 000 0
Source: Bu ureau of Labor Statistics, Quaarterly Census of Employmennt and Wages
Public sector employees receive r high her pay, on avverage, thann their privatte sector counterparts (table 3..2). The gap p is largest in n Johnson County, wherre Universityy of Iowa sallaries push the average wag ge of public employees up u to $57,1776 a year. Only in Linn C County do private seector workerrs earn moree.
13
2. 2009 Aveerage Annu ual Wage, Pu ublic vs. Priivate. (20099 dollars) Table 3.2 Pub blic Priva ate To otal Benton $34,0 012 $28,800 $30,2 229 Cedar $30,8 876 $29,737 $29,9 966 Iowa $33,5 523 $32,633 $32,7 745 Johnson n $57,1 176 $32,921 $40,9 905 Jones $35,4 451 $28,637 $30,2 216 Linn $40,6 660 $43,260 $42,9 976 Washing gton $33,6 632 $26,857 $28,1 144 Region $48,6 694 $38,520 $40,4 480 State $41,4 492 $36,316 $37,1 165 U.S. $47,5 548 $45,146 $45,5 551 Source: Bu ureau of Labor Statistics, Quaarterly Census of Employmennt and Wages
Figure 3.2. 2009 An nnual Avera age Wage by y County, P Public vs. Prrivate. (20009 dollars).
Average Annual Wage ($)
$60,0 000
$50,0 000
Public Private
$40,0 000
$30,0 000
$20,0 000
$10,0 000
$0
Source: Bu ureau of Labor Statistics, Quaarterly Census of Employmennt and Wages
14
Wage figures from the Bureau of Labor Statistics report what the average employee would earn by working full time, year round. Income figures from the Census Bureau or the Bureau of Economic Analysis report all the income a person or household receives in a year, from all sources, regardless of whether or how much they work. Table 3.3. Per Capita Income, 2001 – 2008 (2009 dollars). County 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Benton $33,641 $33,757 $32,688 $33,872 $32,890 $33,317 Cedar $35,016 $35,138 $35,062 $36,019 $34,352 $34,664 Iowa $37,210 $38,618 $37,818 $39,132 $36,605 $36,536 Johnson $36,361 $36,409 $36,013 $36,895 $36,438 $37,330 Jones $28,142 $28,258 $27,730 $28,342 $27,347 $27,588 Linn $38,229 $38,059 $37,998 $38,487 $38,493 $39,285 Washington $33,737 $33,706 $33,931 $36,028 $35,654 $37,027 Region $36,512 $36,519 $36,262 $37,044 $36,629 $37,386 State $33,795 $34,386 $34,338 $35,990 $35,516 $36,059 U.S. $37,729 $37,520 $37,627 $38,479 $38,913 $40,117 Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Economic Accounts, 2010.
2007 $34,866 $36,339 $37,058 $38,364 $28,260 $40,189 $38,470 $38,412 $36,996 $40,759
2008 Change $36,210 7.63% $37,469 7.00% $38,423 3.26% $38,088 4.75% $28,556 1.47% $39,983 4.59% $38,430 13.91% $38,432 5.26% $37,376 10.59% $40,023 6.08%
Figure 3.3. Per Capita Income, 2001 – 2008 (2009 dollars). 45,000
REGION
STATE
U.S.
40,000 35,000 30,000
Income
25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Economic Accounts, 2010. 15
2007
2008
As A with wagees, per capitaa income is the t corridor is below thee nation but aabove the staate (table 3.3 3). Regional income grew w only 5.3% % between 20001 and 2008, comparedd to 6.1% forr the U.S. and 10.6% for th he State of Iowa. I Linn L County has the high hest per capitta income ($$39,983), andd Jones Couunty has the lowest ($ $28,556) by substantial margin m (figurre 3.4). Figure 3.4. Per Cap pita Incomee, 2008. (200 09 dollars). $45,0 000 $40,0 000
Be enton
Ce edar
Iow wa
Johnso on
Joness
Linn
Washingto on
$35,0 000
Income
$30,0 000 $25,0 000 $20,0 000 $15,0 000 $10,0 000 $5,0 000 $0
Source: Bureau B of Eco onomic Analy ysis, Regionall Economic A Accounts, 20110.
The T low per capita c incom me in Jones County C is to ssome degreee a reflectionn of the largee incarceraated populatiion. The Jones County median hou sehold incom me (which excludes the institutionalized popu ulation) is sttill the lowesst in the regiion, but is juust behind W Washington County (table 3.4).
16Â Â
Table 3.4. Median Income by Household Type, 1990 - 2008. (2009 dollars.)
All Households 1990
2000
Family Households 2006‐ 2008
1990
2000
Non‐Family Households
2006‐ 2008
1990
2000
2006‐ 2008
Benton
$42,610 $52,858 $57,253 $50,675 $61,920 $69,169 $22,107 $28,474 $28,417
Cedar
$45,489 $52,573
N/A $52,387 $60,860
N/A $25,687 $29,333
N/A
Iowa
$43,628 $51,357
N/A $52,013 $60,980
N/A $22,033 $29,385
N/A
Johnson
$45,734 $49,909 $54,863 $65,011 $74,891 $78,776 $26,752 $30,117 $31,325
Jones
$40,183 $46,656 $46,458 $46,194 $55,153 $57,594 $19,965 $27,612 $27,422
Linn
$52,751 $57,566 $54,267 $62,608 $70,384 $70,143 $28,806 $34,038 $32,595
Washington $42,385 $48,717 $53,138 $49,728 $56,856 $61,912 $24,497 $27,222 $29,612 STATE
$43,053 $49,173 $50,271 $51,967 $59,807 $63,370 $23,292 $27,975 $28,537
U.S. $49,335 $52,319 $53,986 $57,820 $62,350 $65,404 $28,299 $32,025 $32,642 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 1990 Census, 2000 Census, American Community Survey.
Johnson County had the third lowest median household income in 2000. In median income for family households, Johnson County was the regions highest (figure 3.5). The population of family households excludes much of the student population Though we can’t compute a regional median from the county medians, the seven counties are in the range of the state and national medians for all households and for non-family households. For family households, the five smallest are in the range of state and national median, but Linn and Johnson are well above them.
17
Figure 3.5. Median n Income by Household d Type, 20000. (2009 dolllars) $100,000
HH In ncome
Fam Incom me
N Non Fam Inco ome
$90,000 $80,000
Median Income
$70,000 $60,000 $50,000 $40,000 $30,000 $20,000 $10,000 $0 Benton
Cedaar
Source: U.S. U Census Bureau, B 2000 Census.
18
Iowaa
Johnsoon
Jones
Linn
Washinggton
4. Poverty The U.S. Census Bureau calculates poverty rates by comparing a households income to the poverty levels established for that family size and composition. Income is before taxes and includes, most notably, wages from work, social security and pension payments, and public assistance in the form of cash (but not food assistance or housing vouchers). The thresholds were established in 1963, and are adjusted each year for inflation. They do not account for geographic variation in the cost of living.
Table 4.1. 2009 Poverty Thresholds. Size of family unit One person (unrelated individual).... Under 65 years....................... 65 years and over.................... Two people............................ Householder under 65 years........... Householder 65 years and over...... Three people.......................... Four people...........................
None One 11,161 10,289
14,366 12,968 16,781 22,128 Five people........................... 26,686 Six people............................ 30,693 Seven people.......................... 35,316 Eight people.......................... 39,498 Nine people or more................... 47,514
Source: U.S. Census Bureau.
19
Two
Three
Four
Five
Seven
Six
Eight or more
14,787 14,731
17,268 17,285 22,490 21,756 27,074 26,245 30,815 30,180 35,537 34,777 39,847 39,130 47,744 47,109
21,832
25,603 25,211 29,571 28,666 34,247 33,260 38,501 37,610 46,576 45,701
28,130 32,108 36,478 44,497
30,845 35,300 35,000 43,408 43,138 41,476
Poverty rates in the corridor are slightly lower than rates for the State of Iowa, and generally 3 percentage points below the national rate. Between 1990 and 2000, poverty rates dropped in the U.S., in the state of Iowa, and in all seven counties (table 4.2). The Iowa poverty rate dropped more sharply than the national rate. The biggest drops in the corridor were in Benton and Cedar counties. Both saw drops of around 5 percentage points, while the number of those living in poverty was cut nearly in half. Poverty rates have come back up across the board in recent years. The American Community Survey (ACS) is an ongoing sample survey of households across the nation. The sample size is such that three year averages were available for five counties in the corridor. Unfortunately, Cedar and Iowa Counties are too small to allow reliable estimates, even over three years. With the long form being discontinued in the 2010 census, it is unclear when we will again have poverty rates for counties of this size.
Table 4.2. Poverty rates.
Benton Cedar Iowa Johnson Jones Linn Washington Region State U.S.
1990
2000
2006‐2008
11.4% 10.2% 8.2% 17.1% 11.5% 8.6% 9.5% 11.2% 11.5% 13.1%
6.1% 5.5% 5.0% 15.0% 8.6% 6.5% 7.6% 8.8% 9.1% 12.4%
6.8% N/A N/A 16.8% 11.1% 9.9% 9.1% N/A 11.2% 13.2%
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 1990 Census, 2000 Census, American Community Survey.
20
Figure 4.1. National, State, and Regional Poverty Rates. 14% Region
12%
State
Poverty Rate
10% U.S. 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% 1990
2000
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 1990 Census, 2000 Census.
The drop in poverty rates between 1990 and 2000, and the recent resurgence are more likely a result of the business cycles than any permanent structural change. The red shaded areas of figure 4.2 signify the periods for which poverty rates are estimated in the 1990 census, 2000 census, and the 2006 – 2008 ACS average. The 2000 census poverty rates derive from income received during 1999, in which unemployment rates were significantly lower than in 1989 or during the three years of the most recent ACS estimates.
21
Figure 4.2. State of Iowa Unemployment Rate, 1985 - 2008. 9%
Unemployment Rate
8%
7%
6%
5%
4%
3%
2% 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Source : Bureau of Labor Statistics, Local Area Unemployment Statistics.
Iowa County had the lowest poverty rate in both 1989 and 1999, and Jones County had the second highest rate in both of these years (figure 4.3). Differences in poverty rates among the seven counties are not dramatic, with the exception of Johnson County. While the poverty rate has remained more than 5 percentage points higher than any other county, the difference can be attributed to the large student population. Students tend to work less, for lower pay, and report less income. However, they often cover living expenses with student loans or with help from family members, neither of which are reported as income.
22Â Â
Figure 4.3. County Poverty Rates. 20% 18%
Benton
Cedar
Iowa
Johnson
Jones
Linn
Washington
16%
Poverty Rate
14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% 1990
2000
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 1990 Census, 2000 Census.
While we do not have data on poverty rates among the non-student population, the Decennial Census and the American Community Survey (ACS) report poverty rates by different household types. Focusing on the household population eliminates students living in dormitories, but students living alone or with friends off campus are still considered to be in households. The population in family households counts some students, and excludes many non-students, but it nonetheless paints a very different picture of poverty in the corridor.
23Â Â
Figure 4.4. 2000 Poverty Rates Among the Population in Family Households. 8%
Benton
Cedar
Iowa
Johnson
Jones
Linn
Washington
7%
Poverty Rate
6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% 0%
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 Census.
Considering only family households, Johnson County no longer stands out (figure 4.4). The poverty rate in the Corridor in 1999 was 4.6%, compared to 6% in the State of Iowa and 9.2% in the U.S. (table 4.3). 2006 – 2008 estimates were not available for Cedar and Iowa counties, but only Jones County had a poverty rate higher than the State average in the most recent ACS. Table 4.3. 1990 Poverty Rates Among the Population in Family Households. 1990
2000
2006-2008
Benton
10.0%
4.6%
4.16%
Cedar
9.1%
4.0%
N/A
Iowa
6.7%
3.4%
N/A
Johnson
7.8%
5.2%
6.60%
10.0%
6.2%
7.71%
Linn
6.6%
4.3%
6.17%
Washington
8.3%
5.1%
7.17%
Region
7.5%
4.6%
N/A
State
9.4%
6.0%
7.20%
U.S.
11.6%
9.2%
9.63%
Jones
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 1990 Census, 2000 Census, ACS.
24
Figure 4.5. Poverty Rates Among the Population in Family Households. 14%
Region
State
12%
Poverty Rate
10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0%
1990 2000
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 1990 Census, 2000 Census.
25
U.S.
5. Housing Costs
The U.S. Census Bureau, in its Decennial Census (long form) and American Community Survey, asks some detailed questions about the housing costs of both owners and renters. Both are random samples of the population. The 1990 and 2000 Census data provides estimates of housing costs in every county in the years 1989 and 1999. The American Community Survey has a smaller sample size, and only estimates three year averages in most counties. In smaller counties, such as Cedar and Iowa, they are not even able to make these estimates. In general, housing costs in the corridor are below the U.S average, but slightly higher than the State of Iowa. In 2006 -2008, Johnson was the only county where rents were above the state average (table 5.1). Linn County had been above in the 1990 and 2000 census. The highest rent county, Johnson, did not come closer than $47 to the national average in any of the three samples. Furthermore, rents in the corridor seem to be growing much more slowly than in other areas. While rents in the U.S. and the State of Iowa grew by a modest 15.5% and 13.9%, Johnson County rents grew only 8.6% over 17 years. Linn County rents grew by only 2.7%, an annual rate of 0.16%.
Table 5.1. Median Rent (2009 dollars). 1990 2000 2006‐2008 % Change Benton 461 480 526 14.0% Cedar 519 549 N/A N/A Iowa 484 513 N/A N/A Johnson 676 703 735 8.6% Jones 456 518 584 27.9% Linn 606 635 622 2.7% Washington 488 528 628 28.8% STATE 552 586 628 13.9% U.S. 734 750 847 15.5% Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 1990 Census, 2000 Census, American Community Survey.
26
Figure 5.1. 5 2006 - 2008 2 Median n Rent (2009 dollars). Bento on
Johnson
Jon nes
Linnn
Washington
SState
$900 0 $800 0
Median Rent
$700 0 $600 0 $500 0 $400 0 $300 0 $200 0 $100 0 $0 0
Source: U.S. U Census Bureau, B 1990 Census, 2000 0 Census, Am merican Comm munity Surveyy.
Figure 5.2. 5 Median n Rent 1990 – 2008. (20 009 dollars) $900 0
19 990
2000
2006 ‐ 2008
$800 0
Median Rent
$700 0 $600 0 $500 0 $400 0 $300 0 $200 0 $100 0 $0 0
Source: U.S. U Census Bureau, B 1990 Census, 2000 0 Census, Am merican Comm munity Surveyy.
27
U.SS.
In n owner occu upied housin ng units, the median ownner cost is aggain below tthe national average in i the most recent r samplle (table 5.2)). The 1990 and 2000 ceensus did finnd owner cossts in Johnson County to bee above the nation. n Com mpared to thee State of Ioowa, howeveer, the regionn appears to t be more expensive forr owners. While W the smaaller five couunties have comparable costs, Johnson and Linn have been consistently hig gher, Johnsonn by at least $300 a monnth. Owner O costs have h grown more slowly y in Linn andd Johnson C Counties thann they have nationally y, while cost growth in Benton, B Jonees, and Washhington Couunties has exxceeded statee and national rates. r Table 5.2 2. Median Owner O Costt (2009 dollars). 19 990 200 00 2006-2 2008 Benton 781 7 100 01 1187 Cedar 857 8 97 77 N/A N Iowa 814 8 92 20 N/A N Johnson n 12 207 136 63 1437 Jones 733 7 930 1038 Linn 976 9 115 50 1247 Washing gton 779 7 92 21 1116 STATE E 877 8 99 98 1136 1 U.S. 11 169 131 10 1508 1
Ch hange 5 2.1% N/A N/A 1 9.0% 4 1.6% 2 7.8% 4 3.3% 299.5% 299.0%
Source: U.S. U Census Bureau, B 1990 Census, 2000 0 Census, Am merican Comm munity Surveyy.
Figure 5.3. 5 2006 - 2008 2 Median n Owner Co ost (2009 doollars). $1,800 0
Bento on
Johnsson
Jones
Linn
Washin ngton
Sttate
$1,600 0
Median Owner Cost
$1,400 0 $1,200 0 $1,000 0 $800 0 $600 0 $400 0 $200 0 $0 0
Source: U.S. U Census Bureau, B 1990 Census, 2000 0 Census, Am merican Comm munity Surveyy. 28
U.S.
Home H ownerss in the Corrridor pay abo out the samee percentage of their incoome to housiing costs as do d those in th he rest of thee state, around 22% (tabble 5.3). Durring the receent housing bboom, the perceentages increeased slightly y, but not neearly as muchh as they didd elsewhere.. Iowans stilll pay less of th heir income toward t housing than the national aveerage in 20000, before thhe housing buubble. Table 5.3 3. Owner Costs C as a Peercentage of Income, m median value. 19 990 200 00 2006-2 2008 Benton 16.2 19..6 22 Cedar 17.1 19..4 N/A N Iowa 16.5 19 N/A N Johnson n 19 20..3 22.4 2 Jones 14.6 20 2 22.6 2 Linn 16.5 19..3 21.4 2 Washing gton 16.8 19..4 21.4 2 STATE E 17.3 1 19..1 21.4 2 U.S. 21 21..7 25 Source: U.S. U Census Bureau, B 1990 Census, 2000 0 Census, Am merican Comm munity Surveyy.
Figure 5.3. 5 Owner Costs as Percentage off Income, meedian valuee, 2006 – 20008. 30% %
Bento on
Johnsson
Jones
Linn
% of Income
20% %
10% %
0% %
Source: U.S. U Census Bureau, B Ameerican Commu unity Survey, 2008
29
Washin ngton
Sttate
U.S.
Renters R in thee corridor haave tended to o spend a sm maller percenntage of theirr income on rent than the state s averagee (table 5.4).. The exception is Johnsson County, where the m median percentag ge of incomee spent on reent has been significantlyy higher thann the State oor National medians. While John nson County y does have the t highest rrents in the rregion, the hiigh rent as a percentag ge of incomee is also a prroduct the large student ppopulation, w who work annd earn less but can someetimes pay reent from oth her sources. Table 5.4 4. Rent as % of Incomee, median value. Benton Cedar Iowa Johnson Jones Linn Washing gton
1990 0 2000 22.7 2 20 2 21.4 2 19 1 19.2 1 19..9 28.3 2 30..5 18.5 1 20..2 23.2 2 22..4 20.5 2 20..5
2006‐20 008 25 5.7 N/A N N/A N 33 3.0 24 4.5 25 5.9 27 7.9
STATE 24.1 2 23..2 27 7.0 U.S. 26.4 2 25..5 29 9.8 Source: U.S. U Census Bureau, B 1990 Census, 2000 0 Census, Am merican Comm munity Surveyy.
Figure 5.4. 5 Rent as % of Incom me, median value, v 2006 – 2008. 40% %
Bento on
Johnsson
Jones
Linn
% of Income
30% %
20% %
10% %
0% %
Source: U.S. U Census Bureau, B Amerrican Commu unity Survey, 2008
30
Washin ngton
Sttate
U.S.
6. Building Permits The U.S. Census Bureau conducts monthly surveys of agencies responsible for issuing building permits. They report the number of residential permits issued, the number of housing units contained by the permits, and the value associated with the construction. The figures refer only to the construction that is authorized to take place, and permit remains in the statistics whether or not it was ever started or completed. Not every agency makes a report every period. If an agency fails to report, the Census Bureau counts the permits, units, and value as zero. However, in another series, they estimate figures for non-reporting agencies based on previous reports and broader trends. The figures reported here list the number of housing units listed in the permits, and include the estimates of missing values. There were permits issued for 1,985 units in the corridor in 2009 (table 6.1). This is up from 2008, but well below the peak of 3,495 in 2004. Over half of these were issued in Linn County, and another 700 were in Johnson County. The remaining 5 counties accounted for 6.6% of units.
Table 6.1. Units in Residential Building Permits, 2000 – 2009. Benton Cedar Iowa Johnson Jones Linn Washington REGION
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 95 97 91 79 105 94 70 48 27 22 76 81 80 100 87 87 73 52 48 41 37 20 25 25 29 22 14 17 18 15 1,151 1,199 1,283 1,517 1,323 1,244 1,027 782 794 697 35 16 24 27 46 40 45 22 18 22 1,679 1,561 1,661 1,709 1,905 1,598 1,085 1,117 931 1,156 54 47 48 38 39 44 63 37 40 32 3,127 3,021 3,212 3,495 3,534 3,129 2,377 2,075 1,876 1,985
STATE
12,582 13,161 14,893 16,082 16,345 16,766 13,357 11,171
8,412
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permit Estimates - U.S., State, and Metropolitan Areas.
31
7,729
Figure 6.1. 6 Units in n Residentia al Building Permits, P 20009. 1,400 0 1,300 0 1,200 0
Be enton
Ce edar
Iow wa
Johnso on
Joness
Linn
Washingto on
1,100 0 1,000 0 900 0 Units
800 0 700 0 600 0 500 0 400 0 300 0 200 0 100 0 0
Source: U.S. U Census Bureau, B Build ding Permit Esstimates - U.S S., State, and Metropolitann Areas.
Most M of the permits p issueed in the smaaller five werre for single family hom mes (table 6.22). The smalller five coun nties accoun nt for 8% of single familyy home perm mits, and 3.55% of the muultifamily un nits authorizzed in 2009 (table ( 6.3). Table 6.2 2. Units in Single Fam mily Residenttial Buildin ng Permits, 22000 – 20099. 2000 2001 2002 2 2003 3 2004 2005 20006 2007 2008 2 2009 Benton 85 74 77 79 99 94 70 48 27 22 Cedar 66 67 57 87 62 69 71 52 42 41 Iowa 25 18 23 25 27 22 14 17 14 13 Johnson 529 622 745 959 9 927 889 693 621 601 599 Jones 29 12 16 21 42 40 45 22 14 16 Linn 850 860 931 1,0 013 1,045 964 820 770 698 661 Washinggton 54 36 40 36 21 42 29 26 20 18 REGION 1,638 1,689 1,889 2,2 220 2,223 2,120 11,742 1,556 1,416 1,370 STATE 8,552 8,877 10,108 1 11,8 841 12,374 12,812 11,250 8,674 4 6,285 5,705 Source: U.S. U Census Bureau, B Build ding Permit Esstimates - U.S S., State, and Metropolitann Areas.
32
Figure 6.2. 6 Units in n Single Fam mily Residen ntial Buildin ng Permits, 2009. 800 0
Be enton
Ce edar
Iow wa
Johnso on
Joness
Linn
Washingto on
700 0 600 0
Units
500 0 400 0 300 0 200 0 100 0 0
Source: U.S. U Census Bureau, B Build ding Permit Esstimates - U.S S., State, and Metropolitann Areas.
3. Units in Multi-Famiily Residenttial Buildingg Permits, 22000 – 2009. Table 6.3 2000 2001 2002 2 2003 3 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 200 09 Benton 10 23 14 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 Cedar 10 14 23 13 1 25 18 2 0 6 0 Iowa 12 2 2 0 2 0 0 0 4 2 Johnson 622 577 538 55 58 396 355 334 161 193 98 Jones 6 4 8 6 4 0 0 0 4 6 Linn 829 701 730 69 96 860 634 265 347 233 4 495 Washinggton 0 11 8 2 18 2 34 11 20 14 REGION 1,489 1,332 1,323 1,27 75 1,311 1,009 635 519 460 6 615 STATE 4,030 4,284 4,785 4,24 41 3,971 3,954 3,107 2,497 2,127 2,0 024 Source: U.S. U Census Bureau, B Build ding Permit Esstimates - U.S S., State, and Metropolitann Areas.
33
Figure 6.3. 6 Units in n Multi-Fam mily Residen ntial Buildin ng Permits, 2009. 600 0
Be enton
Ce edar
Iow wa
Johnso on
Joness
Linn
Washingto on
500 0
Units
400 0
300 0
200 0
100 0
0
Source: U.S. U Census Bureau, B Build ding Permit Esstimates - U.S S., State, and Metropolitann Areas.
The T Corridor is more urban than the state s as a whhole, and hass a larger shaare of its houusing in multi-ffamily build dings (table 6.4). 6 Howev ver, that gap has been shhrinking this past decade, and in 2008 the t region haad a lower peercentage off unit-permitts issued for multi-familyy housing thhan the remaiinder of the state. Table 6.4 4. Percent of o Units in Multi-Fami M ily Permits, 200 - 2009. 2000 2001 2002 2 2003 3 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 200 09 REGION 47.6% % 44.1% 41.2% 4 36.5% 37.1% 32.2% 26.77% 25.0% 24.5% 31.0% STATE 32.0% % 32.6% 32.1% 3 26.4 4% 24.3% 23.6% 23.33% 22.4% 25.3% 26.2% Source: U.S. U Census Bureau, B Build ding Permit Esstimates - U.S S., State, and Metropolitann Areas.
34
6 Percentt of Units in Multi-Fam mily Permits , 200 - 20099. Figure 6.4. 50% %
Region
State
% Multi Family
40% %
30% %
20% %
10% %
0% % 2000
2001
2002 2
2003
2004
20005
2006
2007
20 008
2009
Source: U.S. U Census Bureau, B Build ding Permit Esstimates - U.S S., State, and Metropolitann Areas.
The T trend in Corridor C buiilding permitts have closeely followedd state-wide ttrends (figurre 6.5). Sin nce 1990, alm most every year y that perm mits increaseed in the Staate, they alsoo increased inn the Corridor. The two ex xceptions weere the housing boom inn the late 90ss, which peakked a year laater in the reg gion, and thee current dow wnturn. Perm mits in the C Corridor began falling inn 2005, a yeaar earlier th han they did statewide. And A while in n 2009 units fell statewidde for the fouurth consecuutive year, unitts in the Corrridor increased after fou ur years of declines.
35
Figure 6.5. Units in Residential Building Permits, 1990 - 2009. 18,000
5,000
16,000 14,000 12,000 3,000 10,000 8,000 2,000 6,000
REGION 4,000
1,000
STATE
0 1990
1995
2000
2,000
2005
0 2010
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permit Estimates - U.S., State, and Metropolitan Areas.
36
Building Permits: STATE
Building Permits : REGION
4,000
7. Business Starts
Data on business starts comes from the National Establishment Time Series (NETS) database, compiled by Walls and Associates and Dunn and Bradstreet. While the source data is proprietary and quite expensive, the Edward Lowe Foundation has made limited data available online through their website YourEconomy.org. The series tracks establishments as they open, expand, relocate, and close. An establishment is a single physical location. Between 2001 and 2004, around 6,500 new establishments sprung up in the Corridor (table 7.1). This means that of all the establishments in operation in 2004, 6,500 of them were not in existence in 2001. Another 311 of the establishments existed in both years, but in different counties. Some may have moved with the region, and some may have come from outside (table 7.2). 229 of the Corridor establishment existing in 2001 had moved counties by 2004, so the period saw more establishment move into the Corridor than out. The region saw 6,700 business starts between 2004 and 2007, 200 more than during the previous 3 years. The Nation and the State of Iowa saw relatively larger increases in business starts during that period.
Table 7.1. Business Starts.
2001‐2004
2004‐2007
Benton Cedar Iowa Johnson Jones Linn Washington REGION STATE U.S.
328 239 236 1,863 279 3,255 347 6,547 50,278 5,422,697
353 263 296 1,973 249 3,189 378 6,701 64,957 7,343,426
Source: Walls and Associates, National Establishment Time Series.
37
Table 7.2 2. Businesss Relocation n. Benton Cedar Iowa Johnson Jones Linn Washinggton REGION STATE
2001‐2004 IN OUT 23 27 16 16 17 13 87 53 20 22 126 79 22 19 311* 3 229* 635 937
2004 ‐ 20007 IN OUT 17 22 9 11 17 10 80 48 6 9 93 79 10 17 232* 196* 564 632
*changed countty, possibly withhin region
Source: Walls W and Asssociates, Natiional Establishment Time S Series.
Linn L and Johnsson Counties accounted fo or the vast maj ajority (76.4% %) of businesss starts betweeen 2001 and 2004. They accounted a forr only 70.1% between 200 4 – 2007.
Figure 7.1. 7 Businesss Starts, 2004 – 2007. 4,00 00
Bentton
Cedaar
Iowa
Johnson
Jones
Business Starts
3,00 00
2,00 00
1,00 00
0
Source: Walls W and Asssociates, Natiional Establishment Time S Series. 38
Linn
W Washington
The T new estab blishments in i 2007 employed 25,000 workers. T The methoddology and coveragee of this seriees differs fro om the Coun nty Business Patterns andd Quarterly C Census of W Wages and Emp ployment, bu ut these new jobs j probablly account fo for at least 100% of the labbor market.
Figure 7.2. 7 Jobs at New Establlishments, 2004 2 – 2007.. 16,000
Benton B
C Cedar
Iow wa
Johnsson
Jonees
Linn
Washington
Jobs in New Establishments
14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0
Source: Walls W and Asssociates, Natiional Establishment Time S Series.
There T is also some detail about the sizze of new esstablishmentts. As is the case in the rrest of the cou untry, the vaast majority of Corridor business staarts are estabblishments w with less thann ten employeees (figure 7.3 3). Nearly half h are estab blishments w with one empployee, a sinngle person ggoing into busin ness alone. The T Corridorr, however, had h a greateer percentagee than usual of its busineess starts com me in larger operations. 3.2% of thee Corridor’s new establisshments empployed 10 orr more peo ople, comparred to 1.9% of o those in th he State of IIowa and 1.88% of those iin the U.S.
39
Figure 7.3. Business Starts by Establishment Size, 2004 -2007. 60%
51.2% 50%
% of Business Starts
45.0%
45.4%
52.8%
51.8%
46.8%
40%
Region
State
U.S.
30%
20%
10%
3.2% 1.9% 1.8% 0% 1(self employed)
2 ‐ 9
Size of Establishment (employees) Source: Walls and Associates, National Establishment Time Series.
40
10 +
8. Patents
The U.S. Patent and Trademark office released a report in 2000 detailing the number of utility patents (patents for invention, as opposed to design) in each county in the United States from 1990 to 1999. Each patent was assigned the residing county of the first inventor listed. This may not always be the county in which the inventor worked. In nine of the ten years reported, Linn County had the most patents issued, followed by Johnson County. The exception was 1994, when Iowa County had 18 patents to Johnson County’s 16 (table 8.1).
Table 8.1. Utility Patents by Year.
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
Benton 1 1 0 Cedar 0 0 0 Iowa 2 5 2 Johnson 21 15 29 Jones 2 0 0 Linn 67 60 59 Washington 1 1 2 REGION 94 82 92 STATE 349 378 369 U.S. 47,497 51,308 52,376
0 2 0 25 0 72 1 100 371 53,340
1 1 18 16 2 74 0 112 395 56,160
1 0 5 33 2 56 0 97 425 55,836
1996
1997
1998
1999
3 0 2 1 5 4 28 24 1 1 73 70 0 1 112 101 435 401 61,200 61,813
2 2 8 47 2 92 2 155 653 80,417
0 3 8 51 5 141 9 217 752 84,029
Source: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, United States Patent Grants by State, County, and Metropolitan Area. 2000.
41
Figure 8.1. 8 Total Utility U Patentts 1990 -199 99. 900 0 800 0
Benton B
C Cedar
Iow wa
Johnsoon
Joness
Linn
Washington n
700 0
Total Patents
600 0 500 0 400 0 300 0 200 0 100 0 0
Source: U.S. U Patent an nd Trademark k Office, Unitted States Pateent Grants byy State, Countty, and Metropoliitan Area. 20 000.
During D the 90 0s, the Corrid dor accounteed for more than 1 in every 4 patents issued in thhe state of Iowa (table 8.2, 8 figure 8.2). While Io owa County was a distannt third in tootal patents isssued, c second d to Linn Cou unty in paten nts per 100,0000 people ((table 8.3). ((The per 1000,000 it was a close figures were w arrived at using the average of each e county’’s 1990 and 2000 populaation.)
42
Table 8.2 2. Total Utility Patentss, 1990 – 1999.
Benton Cedar Iowa Johnson n Jones Linn Washinggton REGION N STATE U.S.
Paten nts
9 11 57 289 15 764 17 1,162 4,528 603,976
Per Ye ear Per 100,00 00
3..77 6..17 37..62 27..91 7..56 42..39 8..44 30..53 15..96 22..79
Source: U.S. U Patent an nd Trademark k Office, Unitted States Pateent Grants byy State, Countty, and Metropoliitan Area. 20 000.
Figure 8.2. 8 Total Utility U Patentts, 1990 – 19 999.
Source: U.S. U Patent an nd Trademark k Office, Unitted States Pateent Grants byy State, Countty, and Metropoliitan Area. 20 000.
43
Table 8.3 3. Utility Patents per Year Y per Ca apita, 1990 --1999. 1990 0 1991 1992 1 1993 3 1994 1995 19966 1997 1998 Benton 4.19 9 4.19 0.00 0.00 0 4.19 4.19 12.577 0.00 8.38 Cedar 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 11.23 5.61 0.00 11.233 5.61 1 11.23 Iowa 13.20 0 33.00 13.20 0.00 0 118.81 333.00 33.000 26.40 5 52.80 Johnson 20.28 8 14.48 28.00 24.14 4 15.45 331.86 27.044 23.17 4 45.38 Jones 10.08 8 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 10.08 110.08 5.044 5.04 1 10.08 Linn 37.17 7 33.29 32.74 39.95 41.06 331.07 40.500 38.84 5 51.04 Washinggton 4.96 6 4.96 9.93 4.96 6 0.00 0.00 0.000 4.96 9.93 Region T Total 24.70 0 21.54 24.17 26.27 7 29.43 225.49 29.433 26.54 4 40.72 State Total 12.30 0 13.32 13.01 13.08 8 13.92 114.98 15.333 14.13 2 23.02 U.S. Tota al 17.92 2 19.36 19.76 20.12 2 21.19 221.06 23.099 23.32 3 30.34 Source: U.S. U Patent an nd Trademark k Office, Unitted States Pateent Grants byy State, Countty, and Metropoliitan Area. 20 000.
1999 9 Average 0.00 0 3.77 16.84 4 6.17 52.80 0 37.62 49.25 5 27.91 25.21 1 7.56 78.23 3 42.39 44.68 8 8.44 57.01 1 30.53 26.50 0 15.96 31.70 0 22.79
Figure 8.3. 8 Patents per Year per 100,000, 1990 – 19999. 50 0 Benton B
C Cedar
Iow wa
Johnsoon
Joness
Linn
Washington n
Patents per 100,000
40 0
30 0
20 0
10 0
0
Source: U.S. U Patent an nd Trademark k Office, Unitted States Pateent Grants byy State, Countty, and Metropoliitan Area. 20 000.
44
In each year, the Corridor was above the national average in patents per capita, and significantly above the state average (figure 8.4). Over the decade, the Corridor averaged 30.5 patents per year per 100,000, nearly twice the state average of 16. The national average was 22.8 (table 8.2). Most of the innovation took place in Johnson and Linn Counties.
Figure 8.4. Patents per Year per 100,000, 1990 - 1999 60
Region
Patents per 100,000
50
State
U.S.
40
30
20
10
0 1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
Source: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, United States Patent Grants by State, County, and Metropolitan Area. 2000.
45
1999
9. Capittal Investmeent
Although A dataa on capital investment by b the privatte sector is nnot availablee at the countty level, thee Census of Government G ts, conducted d every five years, reporrts the revenuues and expenditu ures for everry governmeent body in th he nation. F For the data ccollected in 1997 and 20002 they havee been aggreegated by county. The 2007 2 Census of Governm ments has beeen released bbut has not yet y been aggrregated. Governments G s report capittal expenditu ures in over 80 categoriees divided beetween the bbroad headings of ‘construcction’ and ‘o other capital outlays’. Inncluded are iinvestments made by governm ments within the t county. Investmentss funded by ggrants from the State or Federal governm ment would be included, but b not invesstments madde directly byy such bodiees. The figurres listed hav ve not been adjusted a for inflation.
Figure 9.1. 9 Public Capital C Inveestment by County, 19997 and 20022. (2009 Doollars) $200,000,,000 Benton B
C Cedar
Iow wa
Johnsoon
Joness
Linn
Washington n
$150,000,,000
$100,000,,000
$50,000,,000
$0 1997
2002
Source: U.S. U Census Bureau, Goverrnments Divission. 1997 Ceensus of Goveernments, 20002 Census off Governmeents.
46
Linn and d Johnson, th he two most populous p co ounties, acco unted for thee majority (oover 80%) oof investmeent in both yeears (figure 9.1). 9 Thoug gh they also m made the larrgest investm ments per cappita (figure 9.2), Linn Co ounty was no ot significanttly higher thaan Cedar annd Iowa counnties in 19977.
9 Public Capital C Inveestment Perr Capita, 19997 and 20022. (2009 doollars) Figure 9.2. $1,00 00 $90 00
Benton
Ced dar
Iowaa
Johnson
Jones
Linn
Washington n
Investment per Capita
$80 00 $70 00 $60 00 $50 00 $40 00 $30 00 $20 00 $10 00 $0 $ 19 997
2002
Source: U.S. U Census Bureau, Goverrnments Divission. 1997 Ceensus of Goveernments, 20002 Census off Governmeents.
n both years,, the governm ments of thee corridor reggion investedd more per ccapita than thheir In counterparts in the reest of the statte (figure 9.3 3). The gap was much m more pronouunced in 20002, ng to around d $100 per peerson. Much h of the increease came inn Linn Counnty construction, amountin which neearly tripled from 42 million to 117 million. m Johhnson Countyy spent 17 m million more on constructtion (tables 9.1 9 and 9.2).
47
Table 9.1. Public Capital Investment, 1997. (2009 dollars) County
Benton Cedar Iowa Johnson Jones Linn Washington Region Total State Total
Construction
Other Capital Outlays
Total Capitial Investment
5,675,540 4,404,358 5,302,606 74,142,918 5,854,655 56,865,003 4,929,673 157,174,752 1,054,939,248
2,212,204 4,342,870 2,242,948 11,421,923 2,589,147 41,398,289 2,348,545 66,555,927 449,856,687
7,887,744 8,747,228 7,545,554 85,564,841 8,443,802 98,263,293 7,278,218 223,730,679 1,504,795,935
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Governments Division. 1997 Census of Governments.
Table 9.2. Public Capital Investment, 2002. (2009 dollars) Other Capital Total Capitial County Construction Outlays Investment Benton 9,562,936 2,853,736 12,416,672 Cedar 5,566,752 2,992,070 8,558,822 Iowa 7,548,745 1,912,826 9,461,571 Johnson 86,464,731 12,172,202 98,636,934 Jones 7,097,967 3,172,142 10,270,109 Linn 139,949,915 28,212,987 168,162,902 Washington 7,094,389 2,424,423 9,518,812 Region Total 263,285,435 53,740,386 317,025,821 State Total 1,519,505,109 422,433,967 1,941,939,076 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Governments Division. 2002 Census of Governments.
The size of these increases illustrates just how variable these figures are. Major projects could fall in a Census of Government year or they could fall in between years. These public investments may bring benefits to the region for a long period of time. Large projects are almost always paid for over a long period, while the expenditures are limited to one or two years.
48
Table 9.3. Public Capital Investment Per Capita, 1997 vs. 2002. (2009 dollars)
1997
2002
Benton Cedar Iowa Johnson Jones Linn Washington REGION STATE
$311 $481 $481 $771 $417 $512 $352 $556 $517
$490 $471 $603 $888 $508 $878 $460 $787 $667
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Governments Division. 1997 Census of Governments, 2002 Census of Governments.
Figure 9.3. Public Capital Investment Per Capita, 1997 and 2002. (2009 dollars) $800
Region
State
Public Capital Investment
$700 $600 $500 $400 $300 $200 $100 $0 1997
2002
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Governments Division. 1997 Census of Governments, 2002 Census of Governments.
49
10. Crime
Each year the Iowa Department of Public Safety asks law enforcement units across the state for a record of every crime that was reported to them, broken down into standard categories. The reports they release details crimes in each jurisdiction, and aggregated by county. Crime rates are reported as the number of crimes in an agency’s jurisdiction divided by the population served by the agency. County crime rates are the number of crimes reported by all agencies serving the county, divided by the total population served by the agencies reporting. Not every agency makes a report each year, and while their population is dropped from the denominator, this can still skew county crime rates. For example, the Cedar Rapids Police Department did not file a report in 1998, making Linn County’s crime rate about 40% lower than any subsequent year. In 1999 and 2000, the Washington Police Department did not make a report. The Corridor has had crime rates below the state average in 9 of the past 10 years, and the 10 year average crime rate is 5,960 crimes per 100,000 residents, compared to 6,304 for the entire state. Linn County had an average of 7,914, and Johnson County 6,096, but the smaller five counties had much smaller rates. Iowa County was the lowest with 1,405.
Table 10.1. Total Crimes per 100,000. 1998 – 2008. 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Wash‐ Benton Cedar Iowa Johnson Jones Linn ington Region State 1,826 3,300 792 7,168 2,034 4,759 2,872 4,758 6,242 1,121 2,530 436 6,657 3,083 8,878 29 6,466 6,032 1,091 2,927 789 6,379 2,472 7,836 14 5,861 6,219 752 3,072 1,035 5,550 2,639 8,500 3,240 6,046 6,374 1,878 2,986 1,291 6,576 2,853 8,555 3,105 6,456 6,766 1,353 2,239 1,344 6,597 2,941 7,874 2,354 6,045 6,460 1,791 2,235 1,659 5,987 2,778 8,057 2,324 6,051 6,423 1,679 1,784 1,957 5,512 2,214 7,548 1,842 5,576 6,425 1,966 2,087 1,896 5,944 2,517 7,680 1,403 5,864 6,570 2,125 809 1,643 6,073 2,259 7,378 2,130 5,761 6,060 1,814 1,728 2,004 5,680 2,482 6,839 1,984 5,475 5,715
Average (1999 ‐ 2008) 1,557 2,240 1,405 6,096 2,624 7,914 1,842 Source: Iowa Department of Public Safety, Uniform Crime Reports, 1998 – 2008. 50
5,960
6,304
Figure 10.1. Crimes per 100,000 persons, 1998 – 2008. 8,000
Region
7,000
State
Crimes per 100,000
6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Source: Iowa Department of Public Safety, Uniform Crime Reports, 1998 – 2008.
Figure 10.2. Total Crimes per Year per 100,000, 1999 – 2008. 9,000
Benton
Cedar
Iowa
Johnson
Jones
Linn
Washington
Crimes per 100,000 population
8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0
Source: Iowa Department of Public Safety, Uniform Crime Reports, 1999 – 2008. 51
The region was also below the state average in the rate of crimes against persons (assault, murder, etc.), and crimes against property (theft, fraud, etc.), but was above the average in crimes against society (gambling, narcotics, etc.) (tables 10.2, 10.3, 10.4). Certain crimes, such as possession of alcohol under the legal age, are not counted in reports, or Johnson County may have fared worse. Figure 10.3. Crimes per 100,000 by Victim, 1999 – 2008. 6,000
Region
State
5,000
Crimes per 100,000 population
4541 4312 4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
1000
1154 648
610
0
Against Persons
Against Property
Against Society
Source: Iowa Department of Public Safety, Uniform Crime Reports, 1999 – 2008.
In 2008 in total crime and in each of the three sub-categories, Linn County had the highest rate, followed by Johnson County, followed at a safe distance by the other five (figures 10.4, 10.5, 10.6, 10.7).
52
Table 10.2. Crimes Against Persons per 100,000. 1998 – 2008. 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Wash‐ Benton Cedar Iowa Johnson Jones Linn ington Region State 131 521 122 1,036 447 856 516 739 1,097 138 311 45 979 461 1,499 0 1,038 1,104 118 288 125 964 493 1,410 0 989 1,124 44 391 153 816 550 1,482 596 1,004 1,123 295 466 197 930 537 1,406 598 1,024 1,157 256 342 208 962 537 1,321 482 980 1,104 286 303 325 941 594 1,302 435 981 1,169 281 333 249 944 569 1,313 430 977 1,184 335 456 384
430 118 347
223 167 250
1,128 1,207 1,119
514 423 318
1,287 1,266 1,092
279 299 295
Average (1999 ‐ 2008) 259 333 194 999 500 1,338 341 Source: Iowa Department of Public Safety, Uniform Crime Reports, 1998 – 2008.
1,027 1,037 939
1,217 1,196 1,158
1,000
1,154
Table 10.3. Crimes Against Property per 100,000. 1998 – 2008. 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Wash‐ Benton Cedar Iowa Johnson Jones Linn ington Region State 1,555 2,473 580 5,575 1,533 3,403 2,160 3,624 4,637 881 1,842 366 5,071 2,510 6,653 0 4,880 4,439 867 2,096 588 4,731 1,905 5,767 0 4,330 4,577 645 2,219 760 4,231 2,000 6,163 2,242 4,447 4,675 1,319 883 1,122 1,007 1,202 1,410 1,241
1,967 1,369 1,417 1,119 1,286 427 1,141
865 984 1,202 1,230 1,177 1,025 1,334
5,052 5,069 4,421 3,912 3,960 4,099 3,725
2,158 1,969 1,816 1,380 1,601 1,519 1,779
6,257 5,837 5,877 5,430 5,578 5,218 4,867
2,126 1,489 1,463 1,160 733 1,371 1,132
Average (1999 ‐ 2008) 1,058 1,488 953 4,427 1,864 5,765 1,172 Source: Iowa Department of Public Safety, Uniform Crime Reports, 1998 – 2008.
53
4,769 4,486 4,387 3,950 4,101 3,992 3,782
4,976 4,720 4,596 4,566 4,691 4,221 3,948
4,312
4,541
Table 10.4. Crimes Against Society per 100,000. 1998 – 2008. Wash‐ Benton Cedar Iowa Johnson Jones Linn ington Region State 140 305 90 557 54 500 196 395 508 102 377 26 607 113 726 29 548 489 106 543 75 684 73 659 14 543 518 63 462 121 503 89 855 402 595 576 264 553 229 594 158 892 381 663 633 214 527 151 566 435 715 383 579 636 384 514 131 625 368 878 425 683 659 390 333 478 656 265 806 253 648 675 430 371 496 856 403 815 391 735 662 259 263 451 767 316 894 459 733 642 188 240 420 837 386 880 556 754 609
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Average (1999 ‐ 2008) 240 418 258 670 261 812 329 Source: Iowa Department of Public Safety, Uniform Crime Reports, 1998 – 2008.
648
610
Figure 10.4. Total crimes per 100,000. 2008. 8,000
Benton
Cedar
Iowa
Johnson
Jones
Linn
Washington
Crimes per 100,000 population
7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0
Source: Iowa Department of Public Safety, 2008 Uniform Crime Report. 54
Figure 10.5. Crimes against Persons per 100,000. 2008. 1,400
Crimes per 100,000 population
Benton
Cedar
Iowa
Johnson
Jones
Linn
Washington
1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 0
Source: Iowa Department of Public Safety, 2008 Uniform Crime Report.
Figure 10.6. Crimes Against Property per 100,000. 2008. 6,000
Crimes per 100,000 population
Benton
Cedar
Iowa
Johnson
Jones
Linn
Washington
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
Source: Iowa Department of Public Safety, 2008 Uniform Crime Report. 55
Figure 10.7. Crimes Against Society per 100,000. 2008. 1,000
Crimes per 100,000 population
Benton
Cedar
Iowa
Johnson
Jones
Linn
Washington
750
500
250
0
Source: Iowa Department of Public Safety, 2008 Uniform Crime Report.
56
11. Scho ool Enrollm ment
School District boundariees do not folllow those off the Countiees. This section and the next will take the school districts d of th he Grant Wo ood Area Eduucation Assoociation to bbe the schoolls of the region (figure 11.1).
Figure 11.1. Grant Wood AEA A and the Co orridor Stu udy Region.
Source: Iowa I Departm ment of Educaation.
Since the 96/9 97 school yeear, enrollmeent in the Grrant Wood A AEA has riseen from 61,580 to 67,395 (ttable 11.1, 11.2). This iss not dramattic growth ovver 13 years, but over thhis same periiod, statewidee enrollmentt has declined slightly (fi figure 11.2).
57Â Â
Table 11.1. Total Enrollment by District 96/97 – 02/03. District 96/97 97/98 98/99 99/00 00/01 01/02 02/03 Alburnett 616 616 600 635 620 636 641 Anamosa 1,310 1,285 1,270 1,270 1,294 1,251 1,249 Belle Plaine 796 789 793 742 765 718 701 Benton 1,609 1,603 1,642 1,652 1,667 1,650 1,590 Cedar Rapids 17,918 17,890 17,903 17,893 17,696 17,606 17,528 Center Point‐Urbana 999 1,008 1,046 1,086 1,123 1,163 1,183 Central City 525 499 525 509 495 462 475 Clear Creek‐Amana 1,125 1,161 1,162 1,246 1,228 1,249 1,290 College 3,046 3,089 3,248 3,332 3,469 3,491 3,624 Deep River‐Millersburg 122 117 128 131 130 125 126 English Valleys 511 522 547 532 557 528 537 H‐L‐V 489 467 488 452 477 463 458 Highland 581 571 593 600 609 583 593 Iowa City 10,320 10,388 10,399 10,717 10,446 10,531 10,740 Iowa Valley 707 706 695 674 668 671 666 North Cedar 953 967 932 949 954 962 965 Linn‐Mar 4,164 4,310 4,305 4,590 4,664 4,616 4,716 Lisbon 560 561 585 595 601 578 626 Lone Tree 442 450 448 440 467 443 446 Marion Independent 1,706 1,712 1,689 1,725 1,847 1,880 1,929 Midland 761 774 756 760 742 680 657 Mid‐Prairie 1,225 1,242 1,242 1,242 1,201 1,206 1,206 Monticello 1,114 1,096 1,103 1,099 1,100 1,077 1,062 Mount Vernon 1,100 1,127 1,124 1,137 1,154 1,153 1,134 North Linn 696 718 741 766 769 762 737 Olin Consolidated 338 332 317 299 320 269 278 Solon 946 1,039 1,021 1,040 1,044 1,075 1,099 Springville 497 496 475 469 491 451 444 Tipton 933 939 936 913 881 849 829 Vinton‐Shellsburg 1,879 1,894 1,897 1,845 1,841 1,823 1,796 Washington 1,739 1,764 1,699 1,708 1,707 1,729 1,730 West Branch 904 875 837 878 902 882 796 Williamsburg 949 1,002 1,039 1,081 1,075 1,129 1,138 Grant Wood AEA Total 61,580 62,009 62,185 63,007 63,004 62,691 62,989 State Total 500,782 498,900 496,214 494,962 492,022 485,932 482,210 Source: Iowa Department of Education, Iowa Public School District PreK-12 Enrollments by School, Grade, Race and Gender, 2010.
58
Table 11.2. Total Enrollment by District, 02/03 – 09/10. District 03/04 04/05 05/06 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 Alburnett 631 605 608 627 627 629 613 Anamosa 1,268 1,273 1,308 1,330 1,391 1,363 1,385 Belle Plaine 672 658 636 627 612 613 578 Benton 1,561 1,577 1,614 1,588 1,657 1,682 1,728 Cedar Rapids 17,324 17,307 17,234 17,263 16,838 16,875 17,177 Center Point‐Urbana 1,207 1,232 1,269 1,388 1,473 1,548 1,510 Central City 467 459 454 441 480 453 474 Clear Creek‐Amana 1,320 1,361 1,393 1,419 1,438 1,510 1,572 College 3,697 3,857 3,978 4,083 4,199 4,328 4,729 Deep River‐Millersburg 119 99 121 110 85 57 N/A English Valleys 525 487 512 509 529 508 566 H‐L‐V 442 450 384 409 374 357 358 Highland 603 655 678 696 738 745 772 Iowa City 10,620 10,637 10,822 11,180 11,615 11,449 11,815 Iowa Valley 656 644 632 639 635 641 618 North Cedar 993 936 922 904 935 923 880 Linn‐Mar 4,902 5,079 5,277 5,639 5,894 6,121 6,346 Lisbon 608 603 567 596 607 631 631 Lone Tree 447 457 465 497 504 506 530 Marion Independent 1,959 1,945 2,024 2,041 2,062 2,048 2,072 Midland 601 560 545 532 509 510 456 Mid‐Prairie 1,224 1,223 1,247 1,228 1,305 1,291 1,315 Monticello 1,058 1,055 1,092 1,073 1,095 1,067 1,057 Mount Vernon 1,184 1,190 1,198 1,225 1,275 1,250 1,236 North Linn 749 726 733 736 778 767 757 Olin Consolidated 290 254 243 229 224 209 199 Solon 1,158 1,179 1,218 1,252 1,244 1,270 1,291 Springville 440 448 456 453 434 408 438 Tipton 826 852 875 903 874 888 869 Vinton‐Shellsburg 1,822 1,828 1,799 1,773 1,755 1,680 1,734 Washington 1,721 1,664 1,781 1,726 1,721 1,766 1,734 West Branch 790 768 769 762 763 772 799 Williamsburg 1,151 1,111 1,152 1,159 1,093 1,126 1,156 Grant Wood AEA Total 63,035 63,179 64,006 65,037 65,763 65,991 67,395 State Total 481,226 478,319 483,482 483,122 485,115 487,559 490,417 Source: Iowa Department of Education, Iowa Public School District PreK-12 Enrollments by School, Grade, Race and Gender, 2010.
59
80,000
800,000
70,000
700,000
60,000
600,000
50,000
500,000 400,000
40,000
Grant Wood AEA 300,000
30,000
State Total 20,000
200,000
10,000
100,000
0
Total Enrollment (State)
Total Enrollment (Grant Wood)
Figure 11.2. Total Enrollment 96/97 – 09/10, State and Grant Wood AEA.
0
Source: Iowa Department of Education, Iowa Public School District PreK-12 Enrollments by School, Grade, Race and Gender, 2010.
The modest growth of the Grant Wood AEA as a whole masked some dramatic growth and decline in individual districts. The College Community, Linn-Mar, and Center-Point Urbana districts have all grown by more than 50% since 1996 (table 11.3). Midland and Olin Consolidated have contracted by more than 40%, and Deep River Millersburg had gone from 122 students to 57 by 08/09.
60
Table 11.3. Change in Total Enrollment by District. 96/97 – 09/10. District Change 1996 ‐ 2010 College 55.25% Linn‐Mar 52.40% Center Point‐Urbana 51.15% Clear Creek‐Amana 39.73% Solon 36.47% Highland 32.87% Williamsburg 21.81% Marion Independent 21.45% Lone Tree 19.91% Iowa City 14.49% Lisbon 12.68% Mount Vernon 12.36% English Valleys 10.76% North Linn 8.76% Benton 7.40% Mid‐Prairie 7.35% Anamosa 5.73% Washington ‐0.29% Alburnett ‐0.49% Cedar Rapids ‐4.14% Monticello ‐5.12% Tipton ‐6.86% North Cedar ‐7.66% Vinton‐Shellsburg ‐7.72% Central City ‐9.71% West Branch ‐11.62% Springville ‐11.87% Iowa Valley ‐12.59% H‐L‐V ‐26.79% Belle Plaine ‐27.39% Midland ‐40.08% Olin Consolidated ‐41.12% Deep River‐Millersburg N/A Grant Wood AEA Total 9.44% State Total ‐2.07% Source: Iowa Department of Education, Iowa Public School District PreK-12 Enrollments by School, Grade, Race and Gender, 2010
61
Table 11.4 shows the changes in enrollment by grade level in the Grant Wood AEA. Figure 11.3 shows the enrollment by grade during the 09/10 school year. While the sight of 5,461 kindergarteners may be alarming, kindergarten enrollment has increased by roughly the same percentage as total enrollment since 96/97. Kindergarten is almost always the largest class, likely because it is the grade most often repeated.
Table 11.4. Total Enrollment by Grade Level, Grant Wood AEA, 96/97 – 09/10. k 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
96/97
97/98
98/99
99/00
00/01
01/02
02/03
03/04
04/05
05/06
06/07
07/08
08/09
09/10
5,089 4,710 4,529 4,364 4,335 4,471 4,547 4,503 4,490 4,766 4,627 4,498 4,097
4,739 4,825 4,683 4,535 4,392 4,323 4,500 4,584 4,591 4,717 4,575 4,505 4,396
4,853 4,683 4,788 4,684 4,542 4,374 4,347 4,518 4,628 4,852 4,598 4,521 4,403
4,591 4,743 4,699 4,823 4,678 4,607 4,436 4,391 4,552 4,928 4,718 4,348 4,433
4,609 4,527 4,687 4,675 4,859 4,730 4,593 4,460 4,433 4,907 4,815 4,547 4,309
4,548 4,529 4,537 4,782 4,813 4,932 4,861 4,812 4,673 4,833 4,894 4,751 4,437
4,584 4,330 4,436 4,391 4,615 4,698 4,668 4,565 4,570 4,808 4,771 4,786 4,611
4,919 4,602 4,435 4,625 4,583 4,808 4,931 5,054 4,976 5,175 4,812 4,681 4,643
5,071 4,626 4,646 4,499 4,682 4,697 4,853 4,995 5,113 5,260 5,043 4,644 4,609
5,207 4,699 4,618 4,638 4,512 4,709 4,703 4,949 5,002 5,376 5,225 5,030 4,701
5,275 4,877 4,764 4,671 4,726 4,545 4,784 4,799 4,960 5,279 5,313 5,100 5,069
5,209 4,926 4,894 4,808 4,663 4,814 4,645 4,866 4,864 5,321 5,271 5,181 5,114
5,368 4,798 4,944 4,931 4,837 4,683 4,789 4,663 4,838 5,106 5,171 5,083 5,029
5,461 5,010 4,855 4,954 5,000 4,853 4,732 4,882 4,708 5,158 5,056 5,030 5,076
12 Source: Iowa Department of Education, Iowa Public School District PreK-12 Enrollments by School, Grade, Race and Gender, 2010.
62
Figure 11 1.3. 09/10 Enrollment E by b Grade, Grrant Wood A AEA. 12
5,076
11
5,030
10
5,056
9
5,158
Grade
8
4,708
7
4,,882
6
4,73 32
5
4,8 853
4
4,8 853
3
4 4,954
2
4,8 855
1
5,010
k
5,461 0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,00 00
6,,000
Enrollment
Source: Io owa Department of Educattion, Iowa Public School D District PreK--12 Enrollmennts by Schooll, Grade, Raace and Gender, 2010.
.
63
12. Graduation Rates
The Iowa Department of Education calculates graduation rates by dividing the number of graduating seniors in a school or district by the number of 9th graders four years earlier. When students transfer during their high school careers, they boost the graduation rates of the schools they transfer to, and deflate the rates of the schools they leave. When students take longer than four years to graduate, they will hurt the graduation rate one year, but inflate it in some later year. For these and other reasons, comparisons from year to year between schools and districts may be misleading. The graduation rates of districts in the Grant Wood AEA, however, were 2.5 to 4.5 percentage points higher than the statewide average for each graduating class between 1998 and 2007 (table 12.1, figure 12.1).
64Â Â
Table 12.1. Graduation Rates by District, 1998 – 2007. District\School Year 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Alburnett 100.0 96.2 100.0 97.8 96.0 100.0 100.0 Anamosa 88.2 86.7 90.9 94.3 94.9 95.7 96.9 Belle Plaine 96.4 83.3 84.9 84.5 94.7 96.6 93.6 Benton 87.6 83.9 88.6 93.9 97.8 95.9 98.5 Cedar Rapids 92.3 91.8 88.2 88.4 85.6 89.0 92.4 Center Point‐Urbana 96.4 97.5 95.9 100.0 100.0 97.5 94.3 Central City 92.9 97.6 100.0 91.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 Clear Creek Amana 98.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 97.8 98.7 100.0 College 94.8 96.8 97.0 93.9 95.8 96.2 92.0 English Valleys 89.2 96.3 96.4 89.5 86.8 93.2 97.8 Highland 97.1 94.9 94.7 94.7 97.2 95.0 97.6 H‐L‐V 92.9 97.1 97.3 97.6 97.3 100.0 100.0 Iowa City 91.2 93.9 92.2 93.3 92.4 91.9 91.7 Iowa Valley 98.4 96.6 100.0 98.1 100.0 N/A 100.0 Linn‐Mar 98.1 97.8 98.7 98.9 98.6 97.2 95.8 Lisbon 82.7 86.0 97.6 95.7 89.2 97.9 92.3 Lone Tree 97.4 96.3 93.1 92.3 100.0 94.7 97.3 Marion Independent 94.1 96.2 96.3 92.7 95.9 97.8 97.8 Midland 86.7 86.8 84.1 82.6 90.7 92.1 90.3 Mid‐Prairie 97.9 95.2 94.4 98.8 98.7 98.6 100.0 Monticello 89.2 90.4 94.0 89.1 90.6 94.6 96.9 Mount Vernon 89.0 91.1 92.9 95.4 95.7 96.4 96.7 North Cedar 97.1 93.7 97.3 97.4 91.8 96.3 96.4 North Linn 82.1 91.3 94.7 80.4 96.4 96.6 98.2 Olin Consolidated 93.8 88.6 94.1 77.8 85.0 93.3 92.3 Solon 97.7 100.0 98.7 93.4 97.6 100.0 100.0 Springville 94.4 90.9 91.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Tipton 87.2 88.7 93.5 86.4 97.1 97.4 95.2 Vinton‐Shellsburg 88.6 93.6 94.6 97.1 98.4 96.0 97.5 Washington 75.6 81.9 89.2 93.0 83.3 86.5 93.4 West Branch 96.7 94.4 92.2 95.2 87.5 100.0 93.3 Williamsburg 98.6 97.2 98.8 96.2 97.5 98.7 95.6 Grantwood AEA 92.0 92.6 92.5 92.4 92.0 93.3 94.4 State Total 88.1 88.2 88.7 89.2 89.4 90.4 89.8 Source: Iowa Department of Education, School Profiles, 2010, https://www.edinfo.state.ia.us/data/profiles.asp 65
2005 97.5 95.9 94.4 95.4 93.9 97.4 100.0 92.5 93.4 100.0 95.9 96.8 91.2 100.0 96.9 97.6 100.0 95.2 93.6 100.0 96.4 100.0 100.0 94.4 100.0 97.5 100.0 97.6 91.7 92.9 98.5 96.7 94.7 90.7
2006 2007 100.0 100.0 96.0 98.1 96.0 95.3 94.2 98.6 87.2 87.1 99.0 97.5 94.4 92.9 96.6 99.2 95.6 97.1 100.0 94.6 95.4 96.4 96.2 94.3 92.8 91.9 100.0 98.2 98.2 95.5 90.4 97.5 100.0 100.0 98.6 100.0 97.4 98.1 100.0 100.0 95.6 94.6 97.6 100.0 95.0 94.8 97.8 94.6 100.0 100.0 97.0 97.9 100.0 96.7 98.6 93.2 90.0 88.5 95.6 97.2 96.4 100.0 100.0 94.8 93.4 93.1 90.8 90.5
Figure 12.1. Graduation Rates, 1998 – 2007. 100%
Grant Wood AEA
State Total
Graduation Rate
95%
90%
85%
80% 1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Source: Iowa Department of Education, School Profiles, 2010, https://www.edinfo.state.ia.us/data/profiles.asp
The district graduation rates for the class of 2007 show considerable variation with the AEA. Seven districts graduated 100%, and two graduated below 90% (figure 12.2). Figure 12.3 shows the 10 year average graduation rates of each district. There is still considerable variation (89.6% to 99.0%). The Washington, Midland, and Cedar Rapids districts are the only three below 92%, and all are right around the state average. 11 of the AEA’s 33 districts have 10 year graduation rates above 97%.
66
Figure 12.2. Gradu uation Ratess, 2006 – 200 07 School Y Year. Williamsburg West Bran nch Washingtton urg Vinton‐Shellsb V Tiptton Springvville Solon Olin Consolidat O ted North LLinn North Ced dar Mount Vern non ello Montice Mid‐Prairie Midlaand ent Marion Independe Lone Tree Lisb bon Linn‐M Mar Iowa Vallley City Iowa C H‐L‐V Highlaand English Valleys Colle ege Clear Creek Amaana Central C City Cen nter Point‐Urbaana Cedar Rap pids Bentton Belle Plaine Anamo osa Alburn nett
94.8% 100.0% 97.2 2% % 88.5% 93.22% 96.7% % 97.9% 100.0% 94.6% 94.8% 100.0% 94.6% 100.0% 9 98.1% 100.0% 100.0% 97.5% 95.5% 9 98.2% 91.9% 94.3% 96.4% 94.6% 97.1 1% 99.2% 92.9% % 97.5% 87.1% 98.6% 95.3% 9 98.1% 100.0% 80%
85%
90% %
Source: Iowa I Departm ment of Educaation, School Profiles, 20100, https://ww ww.edinfo.staate.ia.us/data/p profiles.asp
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995%
100%
Figure 12.3. Gradu uation Ratess, 1998 – 200 07, ten-yearr average. Williamsburg West Bran nch Washingtton urg Vinton‐Shellsb V Tiptton Springvville Solon Olin Consolidat O ted North LLinn North Ced dar Mount Vern non ello Montice Mid‐Prairie Midlaand ent Marion Independe Lone Tree Lisb bon Linn‐M Mar Iowa Vallley City Iowa C H‐L‐V Highlaand English Valleys Colle ege Clear Creek Amaana Central C City Cen nter Point‐Urbaana Cedar Rap pids Bentton Belle Plaine Anamo osa Alburn nett
97..4% 95.4% 88.9% % 933.6% 93 .5% 97.3% 9 98.0% 92.5% % 92.7% % 96.0% 95.5% 93.11% 98.4% 90.2% 96.5% 97.1 1% % 92.7% 97 7.6% 99.0% 92.3% 96.9% % 95.9% 94.4% 95.3% 98.3% 97.0% 97 7.6% 899.6% 93.4% 92.0% 933.8% 98.7% 80%
85%
90% %
Source: Iowa I Departm ment of Educaation, School Profiles, 20100, https://ww ww.edinfo.staate.ia.us/data/p profiles.asp
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995%
100%
13. Education
By any measure of educational attainment, the corridor ranks above the U.S. and the State of Iowa (Figure 13.1). Table 13.1 shows the percentage of the population 25 and older that has achieved at least a ninth grade education, a high school diploma, and so forth. The difference between the corridor and the state is greatest in the percentage of residents with at least some college and with at least an Associate’s degree. This is partly a reflection of the presence of Kirkwood and the University of Iowa, but only to the extent that enrollment is of older “non-traditional” students, since this statistic does not include those under 25.
Table 13.1. Educational Attainment, Percentage Achieving Given Level or Higher.
9th Grade
12th grade
Some College
95.0% 87.8% 95.3% 87.7% Cedar 93.9% 87.0% Iowa 97.2% 93.7% Johnson 94.0% 85.3% Jones 97.2% 90.6% Linn 91.0% 82.5% Washington 96.3% 90.1% Region 94.4% 86.1% State 92.5% 80.4% U.S. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 Census. Benton
44.5% 45.8% 44.9% 73.9% 43.0% 60.2% 43.4% 59.0% 50.0% 51.8%
Associates’ Bachelor's Higher Degree Degree Degree 22.9% 24.0% 23.1% 55.0% 20.3% 36.9% 23.9% 37.3% 28.6% 30.7%
13.9% 16.3% 15.8% 47.6% 12.7% 27.7% 16.4% 28.9% 21.2% 24.4%
3.7% 3.6% 4.3% 21.4% 3.3% 7.2% 4.8% 9.7% 6.5% 8.9%
In each measure, Johnson County has the highest percentage, followed by Linn County (Figure 13.2). Compared to the U.S., Johnson County has about twice the percentage with at least a Bachelor’s Degree and about twice the percentage with an advanced degree. The remaining 5 counties are near the state and above the national rate for the percent achieving at least a high school diploma. At higher levels, these five counties are below both Iowa and the U.S. Washington County has the lowest percentage of 9 and 12 grade completion, while Jones County is the lowest at higher levels of attainment.
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Figure 13.1. Educational Attaiinment, Perrcentage Ach hieving Givven Level orr Higher. 100% 90%
Region n
Statte
U.SS.
80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 9th Grade
12th gradee
Some College
Accociaates' Degrree
Bach helor's Deegree
High her Degree
Source: U.S. U Census Bureau, B 2000 Census
Figure 13.2. Educational Attaiinment, Perrcentage Ach hieving Givven Level orr Higher. 100% Benton
90%
Ced dar
80%
Iow wa 70% Joh hnson 60% Jon nes 50% Linn 40% Waashington 30% 20% 10% 0% 9th Grade e
12th grad de
Some Co ollege
Source: U.S. U Census Bureau, B 2000 Census 70
Accocciates' Deggree
Bacchelor's Deegree
High her Degree
All counties in the region have shown improvement since 1990, as have the U.S and State of Iowa (table 13.2). Figures for 1990 and 2000 are sampled data from the U.S. Census. The figures for 2006 – 2008 are three year averages based on the American Community Survey (ACS) sample, which does not cover Benton or Cedar County. Washington and Iowa counties in particular have become significantly better educated over the past 18 years. Their percentages of High School graduates have both caught up with the state average. While still lagging behind the state, the percentage with Bachelor’s degrees in these counties jumped from around 11% to 19% (table 13.3). Table 13.2. Percent with at least High School Diploma.
2006‐2008 N/A 78.2% 87.8% Benton N/A 79.3% 87.7% Cedar 90.7% 76.4% 87.0% Iowa 95.6% 90.6% 93.7% Johnson 89.5% 78.7% 85.3% Jones 92.9% 84.9% 90.6% Linn 88.7% 76.9% 82.5% Washington N/A 84.3% 90.1% Region 89.6% 80.1% 86.1% State 84.5% 75.2% 80.4% U.S. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 1990 Census, 2000 Census, American Community Survey.
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1990
2000
Figure 13.3. Percen nt with at least a High School S Diplooma.
% with at least HS Diploma
100% %
1990
2000
2006 ‐ 2008 8
80% %
60% %
40% %
20% %
0% %
Source: U.S. U Census Bureau, B 1990 Census, 2000 0 Census, Am merican Comm munity Surveyy.
Without W estim mates for Ben nton and Cedar Countiess, we cannott make regioonal estimatees more currrent than thee 2000 censu us. Between n 1990 and 22000, howevver, the two ssmallest counnties saw educcational gain ns well in lin ne with the fiive largest, aand there is eevery reasonn to suspect tthat the corrid dor remains significantly y above averrage in educaation level.
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Table 13 3.3. Percentt with at lea ast Bachelorr’s Degree.
1990
2000
2006‐2008
9.6% 13.9% 1 N/A 12.8% 16.3% 1 N/A Cedar 11.1% 15.8% 1 19.1% Iowa 44.0% 47.6% 4 51.9% Johnson n 10.6% 12.7% 1 14.3% Jones 21.5% 27.7% 2 29.0% Linn 11.7% 16.4% 1 18.6% Washing gton 24.0% 28.9% 2 N/A Region 16.9% 21.2% 2 24.2% State 20.3% 24.4% 2 27.4% U.S. Source: U.S. U Census Bureau, B 1990 Census, 2000 0 Census, Am merican Comm munity Surveyy. Benton
Figure 13.4. Percen nt with at least a Bacheelor’s Degreee 60% %
1990
2000
2006 ‐ 2008 8
% with at least Bachlor's
50% %
40% %
30% %
20% %
10% %
0% %
Source: U.S. U Census Bureau, B 1990 Census, 2000 0 Census, Am merican Comm munity Surveyy.
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