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e-Waste
Introduc)on There are many areas in which the issue of e‐waste can be confronted. Legisla4on has been created to try and resolve the problem of exported e‐waste, however despite the WEEE ini4a4ve, waste electrical goods are con4nuously being exported to developing countries such as India, China, West Africa and Pakistan for unscrupulous recycling schemes. Throughout the lecture we shall be looking into the various damaging social and environmental factors of our con4nued consump4on of electronic goods.
Legisla)on It is argued that the WEEE direc4ve ‐ put in place to stop this atrocity occurring – is actually encouraging companies to send waste abroad under the pretence that is going to be “recycled”. Normally this is done under the false guise that the goods are fully opera4onal, and will be donated to schools and hospitals. However the Bri4sh Environmental Agency does not have the resources to carry out required checks. In 2007, the UK enacted the WEEE direc4ve, in a bid to raise the ‘recovery’ rates of e‐waste going to landfill, from 15% to 75% today. In theory, generated e‐waste was meant to be recycled in local electronic waste recycling facili4es with specific paperwork checks to ensure ethical prac4ce.
However in 2008 the Environmental Agency only received reports on the fate of just 15,000 tons of commercial e‐waste – just 5% of the total. Clearly the direc4ve isn’t working, with only one third of e‐waste being treated according to the rules of the direc4ve, which is constantly being undermined by UK government, who aim to “reduce the administra)ve burdens on business by simplifying data repor)ng requirements”.
“Member states are required to collect informa4on on an annual basis on the quan44es & categories of electrical & electronic equipment placed on the market, collected, re‐used, recycled & recovered… & on collected waste exported”
Poli)cal Poli4cians are currently tou4ng ‘waste’ as a high priority ini4a4ve, and are arguing that, with long term planning, ‘green’ policies can get us out of the current recession. Lord Mandelson recently argued at the Policy Network that “mainstream climate change poli)cs obviously can’t be totally an)‐poli)cs, an) business, or an) growth” con4nuing to argue that we have 900,000 people in the UK working in the ‘green’ sector.
“A posi4ve poli4cs of climate change depends on us deciding that poli4cs works, that it is how we focus collec4vely on a different future... mainstream climate change poli4cs obviously can’t be totally an4 poli4cs, an4 business, an4 growth... We can’t just throw green slime at a problem”
Number Crunching The United Kingdom produces over a million tons of e‐waste yearly – equivalent to the weight of 2400 jumbo jets – in which an es4mated 13% s4ll goes to landfill, despite the WEEE legisla4on, “around two thirds of heavy metals in landfill come from computers or mobile phones”. Approximately 33% of e‐waste gets treated according to legisla4on, with the rest – an es4mated 54% ‐ poten4ally going to unscrupulous recyclers.
An es4mated 500,000 old computers arrive in Lagos every month, of which approximately 25% are in working order, the remainder oWen goes through the ugly process of dirty recycling. At the same 4me, 4 million computers are discarded in China every year, oWen set for the same treatment.
Manufacturing A study from the ‘WEEE Man’ project revealed that 90% of waste is generated at the material sourcing stage, and a study from the United Na4ons University in Tokyo, showed that manufacturing just one 32MB RAM module requires 32 kilograms of water, 1.6 kilograms of fossil fuels, 700 grams of gases and up to 72 grams of different chemicals. Many computers begin life in one of the many manufacturing industries located in Suzhou, China. A shocking 800 buses are required in order to transport staff to work daily. Suzhou contains the manufacturing sites for companies such as Logitech and Asustech. 6000 Suzhou workers churn out 70 million mice a year for Logitech alone. The Asustech plant manufactures a staggering 60 million motherboards a year, employing 85,000 staff, with 1,800 suppliers.
However it is not just the environmental issues that are a coherent problem. The nega4ve social impact and cost of human life is astronomical in some cases. ‘Coltan’, a mixture of Columbium and Tantalum, is extremely versa4le in manufacture, and can be made to store and to release an electrical charge, deemed as “essen)al to mobile phones”, and is the main reason their size is so heavily reduced today. Despite the ongoing power struggles in Congo, Western mining companies con4nued extrac4ng ‘coltan’ under the protec4on of rebel armies in Congo, despite the fact that 4 million people were killed in civil war over these precious mining lands.
Retail Dell have recently imposed a ban on the illegal export of non‐working computers bearing its brand, by offering consumers a free take back scheme on its products. Retailers already take back the target amount of 4 kilograms of WEEE per head, and therefore will not be able to cope with an increase in storage demands ‐ Nigel Smith ‐ Bri4sh Retail Consor4um. It is es4mated that twenty new users are connected to a mobile phone network every second, whilst in 2006 the 2 billionth mobile phone went live. This leads to the conclusion that we are consuming too much that can be handled, returning new models before the previous models can be shiWed.
Fujitsu have recently released the ‘Biblo’ laptop on the Japanese market, mixing corn‐ based plas4c with petroleum‐based plas4c material, reducing the amount of carbon dioxide emi_ed in manufacture by 15%. Nokia have also joined in the rush to release their own ‘eco’ phone, by unveiling the Nokia 3100 Evolve, “built from recycled and reused parts”. A further development from Nokia is the ‘Green Plug’ – which automa4cally switches itself off once the mobile phone is fully charged.
Clean and Unscrupulous Recycling Guiyu – a coastal province of Guangdong – is home to a migrant community of 100,000 workers, which includes men, women and children. Local well water has been deemed undrinkable with the workforce now being kept hydrated by water being trucked in from safe water sources. In Mandoli, India, one kilo of circuit boards can be bought for between 5 and 10 rupees – equa4ng to around 15 pence in the UK. The circuit boards then go through the various processes, oWen being dunked in acid by children as young as ten to separate the copper, which in turn can be sold on for as much as 300 rupees.
In contrast, Sims Recycling Solu4ons – Roseville, CA – employs approximately 60 full 4me staff members to undergo the same process of recycling e‐waste, with staff receiving the necessary training and protec4ve wear, along with regular safety mee4ngs. The facility receives an es4mated 70 tons of e‐waste per day, all of which is dealt with on site. As with the crude recycling processes in developing countries, it is a lucra4ve trade – the shredder collects 100‐to‐400 grams of gold per ton of material shredded.
‘Ecological Rucksack’
“Every item we own made from stuff hewn from the Earth carries with it a ‘rucksack’ of all the waste ore that had to be mined to produce it”
The term ‘Ecological Rucksack’ takes into account all the materials required in a product’s lifecycle. This includes the material sourcing, product distribu4on, product consump4on, and post consump4on, everything is considered in its breakdown. A typical mobile phone weighing 75 grams and has an es4mated rucksack of 75 kilograms, 30 kilograms from material sourcing alone, without taken into account the water consump4on required in the various processes. Hugely significant when taking into considera4on that most mobiles are discarded in two years ‐ 15 million mobiles are traded in a year, in Britain alone. Thackera quotes that “it takes 1.7 kilograms of materials to make a microchip with 32 megabytes of random access memory – a total 630 )mes the mass of the final product”. In addi4on, the average PC has an es4mated rucksack of 1.5 tons, with one of ton of aluminium requiring the mining of 4‐6 tons of bauxite ore, whilst a ton of copper required the mining of approximately 420 tons of ore material.
In the Bubble – John Thackera Thackera uses the metaphor of the boiling frog: “If you drop a frog into a pan when the water is boiling it will leap out; but if you put the frog in a pan of cold water then heat it steadily towards the boiling point, the frog ‐ unaware of any drama)c change ‐ will just sit there and slowly cook”. In this metaphor we are clearly the frogs, completely unaware of our impending doom, as we con4nue to consume – clearly we need a shock to make us realise the hot we are we are in.
“If you drop a frog into a pan when the water is boiling it will leap out; but if you put the frog in a pan of cold water then heat it steadily towards the boiling point, the frog ‐ unaware of any drama4c change ‐ will just sit there and slowly cook”
Personal Experiments During my research, various items of e‐waste were collected and dismantled, allowing a be_er understanding of the interior design and manufacture of the products, and therefore demonstra4ng what is used where in standard machines, with each stage providing insights.
Organisa)ons Charity organiza4on Computer Aid Interna4onal has been in place since 1998, and works in refurbishing old computers so they can be sent to developing countries for legi4mate reuse so far refurbishing over 150,000 computers. Tony Roberts of Computer Aid Interna4onal, believes that the organiza4on could take 10 4mes the amount of computers they receive, however they just don’t receive the dona4ons required to reach full capacity. In addi4on, another organiza4on, closely working with Computer Aid Interna4onal, is Computers for Schools Kenya who receive around 450 machines each month, in which an es4mated 20% of computers do not work – however fear not – all are recycled on site ethically and profitably ‐ hard drives sold for 20p; aluminium, plas4c, copper sold for recycling; metal casing for gu_ering. Computers for Schools Kenya have so far supplied over 300 schools with over 7000 computers con4nuing to “work hard to ensure there is no bad prac)ce”.
Phones For Africa – no prizes for guessing they provide used phones to people in Africa – run a fantas4c all round ethical business. Phones donated oWen sell for double the phones worth in the UK. Profit made is then put back into local community projects, including funding polio vic4ms in art projects, in which vic4ms are taught to weld scrap pieces of metal together, and in turn create their own art projects, crea4ng various sculptures including wild animals and bicycles, which are re‐sold over the internet for a 4dy sum of cash.
Footprint Products My proposal was to create 30 kilograms worth of materials into many pieces of the original product ‐ a mobile phone. The idea of doing this shall display the amount of material needed to be mined to create one mobile phone. The concept shall be displayed in my final year show, with the individual concrete phones being given away, providing a take away memento to visitors ‐ the goal being to give away the 150 mobile phones, with the purpose of saving 4500 kilograms of material being mined, in the crea4on of mobile phones.
Further Proposal Further development in the project would involve the representa4on of various products, for instance computers requiring 1.5 tons of material sourced. I am generally pleased with the project and its outcomes. To try and inspire people is a very difficult task, however, if achieved, it is very rewarding, and can in turn can have a knock on effect and inspire others. This I shall fully be able to evaluate further once the exhibi4on begins. If I could receive funding, firstly I would like to represent various other products and their footprints in the same manner, crea4ng an exhibi4on almost in the style of the terra‐co_a army.
Contact
For further informa4on, or to request a copy of the presenta4on, email:
hi@andrew‐millar.com Alterna4vely, visit www.andrew‐millar.com for more works
‘Than‐Q’!
Bibliography Ar)cles h_p://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/5107642.stm (accessed on 20/06/09) UK consumers are willing to pay an extra £64 for “greener” computers h_p://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/ar4cle‐449890/ The‐dirty‐truth‐Camerons‐green‐trainers.html (accessed on 16/09/09) David Cameron’s ‘Worn Again’ trainers h_p://cfsd.org.uk./events/tspd6/tspd6_3s_cases.html (accessed on 01/10/09) Ar4cle on product service systems from around the globe h_p://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/press‐releases/ 2009‐05‐12‐export‐policy.aspx (accessed on 18/06/09) Dell’s export policy on the company’s website h_p://www.dezeen.com/2009/06/27/the‐toaster‐project‐by‐thomas‐thwaites/ #more‐33471 (accessed on 24/06/09) Thomas Thwaites toaster project h_p://www.ericsson.com/ericsson/corporate_responsibility/climate_change_energy/ lifecycle_assessment/ (accessed on 01/10/09) Ericsson product lifecycle assessment h_p://www.independent.co.uk/environment/green‐living/ man‐arrested‐in‐crackdown‐on‐ewaste‐exports‐1626088.html (accessed on 24/06/09) 46‐year‐old man arrested for illegally expor4ng e‐waste h_p://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading‐ar4cles/ leading‐ar4cle‐a‐dirty‐and‐illegal‐trade‐1624830.html (accessed on 20/06/09) Highligh4ng lucra4ve trade of e‐waste, and how the WEEE direc4ve is failing h_p://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/sustainit/ how‐you‐can‐really‐clean‐up‐1057556.html (accessed on 21/06/09) Informing ar4cle on the damaging aspects of computers in produc4on, usage, and disposal h_p://www.greenpeace.org/interna4onal/campaigns/toxics/electronics/ how‐the‐companies‐line‐10 (accessed on 20/06/09) Greenpeace ranking for major manufacturers environmental policies
h_p://www.greenpeace.org.uk/blog/toxics/ posoning‐the‐poor‐electronic‐waste‐in‐ghana‐20080805 (accessed on 18/06/09) Greenpeace report on e‐waste in Ghana h_p://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/sep/18/usa.waste (accessed on 20/06/09) Report shows s4ll exports 80% of e‐waste despite EPA rule h_p://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/may/28/ greenwash‐electronic‐waste (accessed on 24/06/09) Call for computer manufacturers to take responsibility in recycling e‐waste h_p://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2008/may/06/ waste.pollu4on (accessed on 21/06/09) Lucra4ve business of e‐waste in Lagos and Accra h_p://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2003/feb/02/ business.conferences3 (accessed on 02/07/09) History repea4ng itself: “fridge mountain”, “600,000 cars dumped”, now e‐waste h_p://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/jun/25/ greenwash‐electronic‐waste‐direc4ve (accessed on 20/06/09) WEEE direc4ve is not being properly operated, and therefore is being ignored by manufacturers h_p://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2004/sep/21/ environment.uknews (accessed on 21/06/09) UK discarding of 1 million tons of e‐waste, much of which is exported to Africa and China h_p://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2008/aug/10/inves4ng.waste (accessed on 02/07/09) Rising landfill prices forcing us to realise the value of what we are discarding h_p://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/jun/05/u 4li4es‐climate‐change (accessed on 16/09/09) Mandelson calling for focus on climate change policies
Audio h_p://www.newscien4st.com/ar4cle/ dn12816‐gadget‐recycling‐boosts‐dioxins‐in‐mothers‐milk.html (accessed on 02/07/09) Unscrupulous recycling in China is giving residents higher levels of toxic chemicals in their bodies, including dioxins and furans h_p://www.newscien4st.com/ar4cle/ dn14186‐pc‐popula4on‐reaches‐a‐billion‐as‐ewaste‐piles‐up.html (accessed on 02/07/09) PC popula4on reaches one billionth milestone h_p://www.newscien4st.com/ar4cle/ dn1968‐exported‐ewaste‐results‐in‐environmental‐wasteland.html (accessed on 02/07/09) Basel Ac4on Network on e‐waste in south China h_p://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthpicturegalleries/6126909/One‐thousand‐ice‐ sculptures‐melt‐in‐the‐sun‐to‐highlight‐global‐warming.html (accessed on 24/06/09) Ar4st Nele Azevado arranges ice sculptures in Berlin h_p://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2008/11/greener‐tech‐is/ (accessed on 20/06/09) Recession is providing a financial incen4ve for companies to view waste as a resource h_p://www.wired.com/gadgets/miscellaneous/news/2009/03/ gallery_ewaste_recycling?currentPage=9 (accessed on 20/06/09) Wired magazine tour through Sims ‐ official e‐waste recycling factory h_p://howto.wired.com/wiki/ Reduce%2C_Reuse%2C_Recycle_Your_Old_Gadgets (accessed on 20/06/09) Consumer advice for recycling e‐waste, and a breakdown of major manufacturers environmental policies h_p://weeeman.org/html/what/lifecycle_case.html (accessed on 01/10/09) RSA funded study displaying product lifecycle case studies
h_p://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/ documentary_archive/6214888.stm (accessed on 20/06/09) BBC Radio 4 report on e‐waste in Nigeria h_p://www.independent.co.uk/environment/ following‐the‐ewaste‐trail‐1624630.html (accessed on 24/06/09) Greenpeace inves4ga4on tracking e‐waste dumping in West Africa
Books
Organisa)ons
Best, K. (2006) Design Management Switzerland: AVA Publishing
Basel Ac4on Network www.ban.org
Braungart, M. & McDonough, W. (2009) Cradle to Cradle London: Vintage Publishing
Computer Aid Interna4onal www.computeraid.org
Gershenfeld, N. (2005) FAB New York: Basic Books
DanWatch www.danwatch.dk
Kellet, T. (2005) The Ten Faces of Innova4on USA: Doubleday
Energy Star www.energystar.gov
Mau, B. (2004) Massive Change New York: Phaidon Press
Environment Agency www.environment‐agency.gov.uk
Papenek, V. (1985) Design for the Real World London: Thames and Hudson
Friends of the Earth www.foe.co.uk
‘P.M’, (19…) Bolo’bolo Available here: h_p://www.evolu4onzone.com/kulturezone/bey/bolo.bolo.txt
Giraffe Innova4on www.giraffeinnova4on.com
Redhead, D. (2004) Electric Dreams London: V&A Publica4ons
Greenpeace www.greenpeace.org
Siegle, L. (2006) Recycle: The Essen4al Guide London: Black Dog Publishing
Green Phone www.greenphone.com
Steffen, A. (2008) World Changing New York: Abrams
Industry Council for Electrical Equipment Recycling www.icer.org.uk
Thackera, J. (2005) In the Bubble. USA: MIT Press
EPEAT www.epeat.net
Thaler, R. (2008) Nudge London: Penguin Books
Toxics Link www.toxicslink.org
Thorpe, A. (2007) The Designer’s Atlas of Sustainability USA: Island Press
Waste of the World www.thewasteoWheworld.org Wonder Welders www.wonderwelders.org
Reports
Video
Green Electronics: The Search Con4nues Greenpeace – Jan 2009 h_p://www.greenpeace.org/interna4onal/press/reports/green‐electronics‐survey‐2
(2006) Manufactured Landscapes. Foundry Films
Recycling of Electronic Wastes in China and India Greenpeace – Aug 2005
h_p://thefuntheory.com/ Volkswagen funded inita4ve, a_emp4ng to bring a fun incen4ve to environments
Toxic Tech: Not In Our Backyard Greenpeace – Feb 2008 h_p://www.greenpeace.org/interna4onal/press/reports/not‐in‐our‐backyard
h_p://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7544003.stm BBC news report on e‐waste “recycling” in Ghana
WEEE Direc4ve EU Journal – Jan 2003 WEEE Green List Waste Study ICER for the Environment Agency – Apr 2004
(2009) The Age of Stupid. Spanner Films
h_p://news.bbc.co.uk/player/nol/newsid_6740000/newsid_6743700/6743741. stm?bw=bb&mp=wm&news=1&nol_storyid=6743741&bbcws=1 BBC news report on e‐waste “recycling” in China h_p://www.businessweek.com/mediacenter/video/technology/680fd1f34d2498925b7290c 8006c5144da68dfa8.html Renee St. Denis paying lip service to HP’s corporate “green policies” h_p://www.businessweek.com/mediacenter/video/technology/ b44a472cde9d779839ad36f8c8a7d603ecf29802.html Catherine Holahan from the Environment Protec4on Agency on e‐waste h_p://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/neil_gershenfeld_on_fab_labs.html Neil Gershenfeld on his “Fab Lab” at MIT h_p://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NBC‐dWgElbI DanWatch inves4gatory film on e‐waste dumping in west Africa