Pavement Maintenance and Rehabilitation Costs

dispose of broken concrete, level base and top up with granular base as necessary and compact, place expansion board material as necessary, pour new concrete, form contraction joints, broom finish surface, cure concrete and replace joint sealant.

Sidewalk Concrete Panel Replacement: Repairs to slab cracking, material defects such as scaling and ravelling, surface openings, raised or sunken areas and root damage. Typical equipment required includes, personal protective equipment (PPE) shovel, sledge hammer, axe, pry bar, rake, pick, broom, concrete saw, jackhammer, truck or trailer to remove debris, form boards, stakes, plate compactor, trowel, jointer tool, screed board, bull float, hand float, broom and edging tool. Typical materials include expansion board, concrete, topsoil and grass seed. Sawcut edges of the concrete/panels to be replaced, jackhammer, remove and dispose of broken concrete, level base and top up with granular base as necessary and compact, place edge forms, place expansion board material as necessary, pour new concrete, form contraction joints, broom finish surface, cure concrete, remove edge forms and restore landscaping adjacent to the repair (top soil, grass seed, etc.). Some agencies may also include dowels in construction joints, and if so, would require steel dowels, drilling equipment and epoxy sealant to fill the space between the dowels and the drilled concrete.

Concrete Edge Grinding: Removes trip hazards up to 25 mm in height. Typical equipment needed includes PPE and a masonry grinder. For a 12 mm trip hazard grind full width and 150 mm back from the adjacent slab. For a 25 mm trip hazard grind full width and 300 mm back from the adjacent slab. Ensure slip resistance of the ground surface by roughening the surface with a saw blade or other approved method.

Slab Jacking: Levels uncracked concrete slabs up to 50 mm in height. Typical equipment needed includes PPE, a masonry drill and core bit (capable of drilling at 25 to 50 mm core), vehicle equipped with a grout mixer, grout pump, 2-m level, measuring tape or other device to measure that sidewalk is level and broom. Materials required grout and stiff concrete to fill the drill hole. Drill hole through concrete slab in low area. Pump grout through hole into area under concrete slab, raising slab until it is level. When the grout is stable, seal hole with concrete.

Pavement Maintenance and Rehabilitation Costs

Unit costs for maintenance and rehabilitation are provided for each pavement type. The unit costs were developed from bid information from medium to large municipalities across Canada and benchmarked with several U.S. municipalities, contractor estimates and private sector developers. The unit costs represent the whole cost to complete the maintenance and rehabilitation activity, including labor, equipment, and materials. These costs should be

adjusted as necessary for local prices and experience when using the LCCA tools provided for specific projects. Maintenance and rehabilitation costs are provided in Table 2. Each unit cost can vary significantly depending on location, size of the project, manual or machine assisted installation, availability of materials and contractors, etc. The unit costs can also vary significantly based on the method of contracting. For example, repairs that are part of a much larger contract can result in high unit rates for small quantity items. Smaller contracts made directly with firms that specialize in pavement maintenance and preservation can result in much lower unit rates. The unit costs should be adjusted as necessary for local prices and experience when using the LCCA tools for specific projects.

Table 2. Roadway/Parking Lot Maintenance and Rehabilitation Costs.

Treatment Unit Cost ($) Roadway/Parking Sidewalk/Trail

Pavers on Aggregate Base

Replace cracked pavers (m2) Reset pavers (m2) Joint sand replenishment (m2) 120.00 55.00 5.00 120.00 55.00 5.00

Pavers on Concrete Base

Replace cracked pavers (m2) Reset pavers (m2) Joint sand replenishment (m2) Concrete panel replacement (m2) Slab jacking (m2) 120.00 25.00 5.00 - - 120.00 25.00 5.00 225.00 75.00

Asphalt Concrete on Granular Base

Transverse crack rout and seal asphalt (m) Spot repairs, mill and patch (m2) Full depth asphalt base repair (m2) Mill AC (mm/m2) Resurface with AC surface (mm/m2) 5.00 35.00 45.00 0.05 0.30 5.00 35.00 45.00 0.05 0.30

Portland Cement Concrete on Granular Base

Reseal concrete joints (m) Partial depth PCC repair (m2) Full depth PCC repair (m2) Concrete panel replacement (m2) 12.00 200.00 150.00 -

- - - 225.00

Concrete edge grinding (per 1-1.5 m) Slab jacking (m2) 30.00 75.00

Note: Milling and AC surface costs based on millimeter thickness of AC per metre square. Based on a typical AC unit weight of 2,500 kg/t, multiple unit cost/m2 x 400 to obtain AC price/tonne.