dispose of broken concrete, level base and top up with granular base as necessary and compact, place expansion board material as necessary, pour new concrete, form contraction joints, broom finish surface, cure concrete and replace joint sealant. Sidewalk Concrete Panel Replacement: Repairs to slab cracking, material defects such as scaling and ravelling, surface openings, raised or sunken areas and root damage. Typical equipment required includes, personal protective equipment (PPE) shovel, sledge hammer, axe, pry bar, rake, pick, broom, concrete saw, jackhammer, truck or trailer to remove debris, form boards, stakes, plate compactor, trowel, jointer tool, screed board, bull float, hand float, broom and edging tool. Typical materials include expansion board, concrete, topsoil and grass seed. Sawcut edges of the concrete/panels to be replaced, jackhammer, remove and dispose of broken concrete, level base and top up with granular base as necessary and compact, place edge forms, place expansion board material as necessary, pour new concrete, form contraction joints, broom finish surface, cure concrete, remove edge forms and restore landscaping adjacent to the repair (top soil, grass seed, etc.). Some agencies may also include dowels in construction joints, and if so, would require steel dowels, drilling equipment and epoxy sealant to fill the space between the dowels and the drilled concrete. Concrete Edge Grinding: Removes trip hazards up to 25 mm in height. Typical equipment needed includes PPE and a masonry grinder. For a 12 mm trip hazard grind full width and 150 mm back from the adjacent slab. For a 25 mm trip hazard grind full width and 300 mm back from the adjacent slab. Ensure slip resistance of the ground surface by roughening the surface with a saw blade or other approved method. Slab Jacking: Levels uncracked concrete slabs up to 50 mm in height. Typical equipment needed includes PPE, a masonry drill and core bit (capable of drilling at 25 to 50 mm core), vehicle equipped with a grout mixer, grout pump, 2-m level, measuring tape or other device to measure that sidewalk is level and broom. Materials required grout and stiff concrete to fill the drill hole. Drill hole through concrete slab in low area. Pump grout through hole into area under concrete slab, raising slab until it is level. When the grout is stable, seal hole with concrete. Pavement Maintenance and Rehabilitation Costs Unit costs for maintenance and rehabilitation are provided for each pavement type. The unit costs were developed from bid information from medium to large municipalities across Canada and benchmarked with several U.S. municipalities, contractor estimates and private sector developers. The unit costs represent the whole cost to complete the maintenance and rehabilitation activity, including labor, equipment, and materials. These costs should be
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