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Housing developments 1417 HA - 8% of municipality surface

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Examplary block: surface 3.7 ha dwellings 436 density 99 dw/ha

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Irregular housing 357 HA - 2% of municipality surface

Examplary block: surface 2 ha dwellings 120 density 60 dw/ha

Examplary block: surface 5 ha dwellings 50 density 10 dw/ha

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Ecatepec de Morelos

Ciudad di Mexico

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8UEDQ GHYHORSPHQW E\ W\SH 1970

1980

1990

2005

2000

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3.14

4.00 2.00

3.65

4.50

3.59

2.64

0.00

2.18 1.13

1950-1960

1960-1970

1970-1980

ESTADO

18.15

18.00

1980-1990

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1995-2000

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Sector2

Name of Area

Sector1

Sector6

Sector4 Sector3

House number

Area

House Density house/ha

Sector 13 33872

612

55.3

Sector 11 29404

683

43.1

Sector 12 36609

859

42.6

Sector 4 26995

657

41.1

Sector 15 26979

714

37.8

Sector 14 31155

868

35.9

Sector 10 29593

1194

24.8

Sector 5 23693

974

24.3

Sector 7 22355

1009

22.2

Sector 8 25531

1204

21.2

Sector 9 19151

930

20.6

Sector 2 24171

1310

18.5

Sector 1 18542

1189

15.6

Sector 3 27012

1751

15.4

Sector 6 7984

522

15.3

Sector5

Sector7 Sector10 Sector8

Sector11

Sector12 Sector9 Sector13 Sector14

Sector15

8 7

3 2

9 5

'ZHOOLQJ GHQVLW\ E\ VHOHFWHG FRORQLHV NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Area Name Jardines de Morelos Seccion Bosoues Jardines de Morelos Seccion Fuentes Jardines de Morelos Seccion Lacos U.H.Cerros IV Conj. Resid. Las Americas Fracc.Jardines de Morelos 5a. Secc El.Salado Vivienda Del Taxista Colinas De Ecatepec La Presa

Number of House

Area (ha)

y House Density house/ha person/ha

2194

64.06

34.25

1545

42.27

36.55

1803

53.94

33.43

121

0.95

127.37

3058

274.90

11.12

1732

92.41

18.74

131

6.17

21.23

453

18.97

23.88

1384

18.75

73.81

1327

32.78

40.48

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Sector6

Sector4 Sector3

Name of Area

Area ha

Ppl Density people/ha

Total Population

Sector 12 859

300255

349.5

Sector 13 612

125267

204.7

Sector 11 683

138657

203.0

Sector 15 714

120462

168.7

Sector 14 868

126353

145.6

Sector 4 657

93864

142.9

Sector 2 1310

183751

140.3

Sector 7 1009

117057

116.0

Sector 5 974

106351

109.2

Sector 8 1204

118909

98.8

Sector 10 1194

113363

94.9

Sector 9 930

82171

88.4

Sector 1 1189

93864

78.9

Sector 6 522

37023

70.9

Sector 3 1751

106736

61.0

Sector5

Sector7 Sector10 Sector8

Sector11

Sector12 Sector9 Sector13 Sector14

Sector15

8 7

3 2

9 5

3RSXODWLRQ GHQVLW\ E\ VHOHFWHG FRORQLHV NO.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Population

Area (ha)

Population Density person/ha

10451.00

64.06

163.14

6165.00

42.27

145.85

7775.00

53.94

144.14

488.00

0.95

513.68

11562.00

274.90

42.06

7877.00

92.41

85.24

671.00

6.17

108.75

2194.00

18.97

115.66

5218.00

18.75

278.29

6435.00

32.78

196.31

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Rank Sector6

Name of Area

House number

Total Population

Ppl Density per unit person/unit

Sector 12 36609

300255

8.20

Sector 2

24171

183751

7.60

Sector 7

22355

117057

5.24

Sector 1

18542

93864

5.06

Sector 11 29404

138657

4.72

Sector 8

25531

118909

4.66

Sector 6

7984

37023

4.64

Sector 5

23693

106351

4.49

Sector 15 26979

120462

4.47

Sector 9

82171

4.29

Sector 14 31155

126353

4.06

Sector 3

27012

106736

3.95

Sector 10 29593

113363

3.83

Sector 13 33872

125267

3.70

Sector 4

93864

3.48

Sector4 Sector3

Sector5

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Sector11

19151

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Sector15

26995

8 7

3 2

9 5

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Population

Number of House

avarage no. of ppl in unit person/unit

10451.00

2194

4.8

6165.00

1545

4.0

7775.00

1803

4.3

488.00

121

4.0

11562.00

3058

3.8

7877.00

1732

4.5

671.00

131

5.1

2194.00

453

4.8

5218.00

1384

3.8

6435.00

1327

4.8

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Wage Pesos

16.8% 6,547

13.5%

High wage standard in Ecatepec de Morelos

17.9% 2,619

Average wage standard in Ecatepec de Morelos

1,300

Minimum wage standard

>=5 TIMES OF MINIMUM WAGE

3 TO 5 TIMES OF MINIMUN WAGE

2 TO 3 TIMES OF MINIMUM WAGE

41.6%

1 TO 2 TIMES OF MINIMUM WAGE

10.2% IN THE MIDDLE

<= 9 YEAR OLD

wage groups

INFORMAL

FORMAL

BOSS

27.3%

71.4%

1.3%

STUDENT

10.4%

HOUSE-HOLD

15.5%

27.9%

>= 60 YEAR OLD

54.1%

18.0%

LESS THAN A MINIMUM WAGE

NO WORK

32.9% EMPLOYED POPULATION

35.0%

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6HFWRU GHYHORSPHQW 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

69.6% commerce 22.35%

56.18% 39.78% 27.9%

infrastructure 0.5%

resturant /hotel 5.09% government 4.48% suppot business 3.21% health 3.36%

construction 6.54%

others 10.04%

manufacture 23.02%

0.29%

0.46% 1990

First Sector

Second Sector Third Sector

PRODUCTION great 16% middle 2%

transport /commute 8.92% government 4.65%

30.11%

2000

First Sector

COMMERCE great 12% middle 1% small 2%

Second Sector Third Sector

financial service 1%

2008

SERVICE great 1% middle 1% small 3%

small 9% micro 73%

micro 85%

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main water network anals LEGENDA: main collector ource of supply main water network eatment plant (Norma canals01) torage cave main collector usceptible zone ofsource flood of supply treatment plant (Norma 01) isks storage cave susceptible zone of flood ydro-meteorogical eological Risks anitary stablishments in Hydro-meteorogical zone of risks geological sanitary establishments in zone of risks

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LEGENDA: LEGENDA A: Protected d natural area Protected d natural area invations Protected d natural area containment wall Ravines Canals area Flood are ea Industriall area Industria Agriculture area

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Irregular Irr regular settelment se settt tte t lment Municipal M Mun icipal aall landfill la lan ll landfi Solar deposit evaporation site

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- TRAFFIC CONGESTION AT BOTTLENECK - LACK OF EFFICIENT PUBLIC TRANSPORT - DEAD-END ROADS ATTRIBUTE TO CANAL

- POLLUTION OF SOIL - SODA DUMP - WASTELAND

- EXIATING TRAIN TRACK - TRADITIONAL JINRIKSHA

ORIGINAL RIVER BANK LOWEST ALTITUDE/ RIVER INFLUX EXISTING MUNICIPAL FLOODUNG GOAL EXISTING MUNICIPAL POPULATION GOAL EXISTING MUNICIPAL PRODUCTION GOAL

- HEAVY INDUSTRY BECOME ENCLAVE IN CITY CENTER - EHJIDO LAND TRANSFER INTO PRIVATE PROPERTY - INCREASE IN LIGHT INDUSTRY LEADS TO UNEMPLOIMENT OF UNEDUCATED LABOUR - COMMUNITY ENCOURAGE MICRO-PRODUCTION UNITS - MIX-USED HOUSING AFFORD PRODUCTION/COMMERCIAL POTETIAL

FEELING OF BELONGING

EVERYDAY LIFE

TECHNOLOGY

- FLOODING AREA DUE TO POOR WATER MANAGEMENT AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM - COMMUTER BETWEEN ECATEPEC AND DF

SOCIAL RELATION

PRODUCTION

ENVIRONMENT

MUNICIPALITY TO

DISTRICT TO

NEIGHBOURHOOD

METROPOLITAN

MUNICIPALITY

TO DISTRICT

-Lack of efficient public transport

-Calarcol works as wasteland

-Informal neighbour produce trash

-Main road from DF passing through

-Calarcol flooding goal -Fresh water source from mounain

-Informal settlemant: no tax pay, no service

-Wastelands work as no man’s zone

-Dead-end roads attributed to canal

-Traffic bottleneck in city canter

-Heavy industry become enclave in city center -Increce

light

industry

leads

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benifit

micro

-Ehjido land transform into private property

-Inceasing market housing

-Unified commercial centers

-Incresing immigration lived in informal settlement

-Community segregation

-Church works as collective place

-Sectors organisation

-Urban population keep increace

-Void lands relate to crime

-Friction between developer housing and traditional neighbourhood

-Flooding area due to poor drainage system

TECHNOLOGY

unempoiment of uneducated labour

-Open swage from DF of mexico city

pipe-line

-most of informal district lack urban plan

-Commuter between Ecatepec and DF

-Diversity Community market

-Lack of regular public transprot

-Flexible street market

-Canal has potential to show identity of ecatepec

-Sector’s self-organise feeling of beloing

FEELING OF BELONGING

-Mix-used housing economic activity

-Wastelands’ potential in agriculture/ city facility land

EVERYDAY LIFE

SOCIAL RELATION

PRODUCTION

-Community encourage micro production

-Void lands due to eletricity line and

-Open city hall -Ecatepec plays as an adjunctive of mexico city in function

benifit

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-Home-based ecomonic activities

the

-Community hall and church work as communiting place -Friction between developer housing and traditional neighbourhood

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Urban Image 1. Better living standard 2. Block densification 3. Regularize housing

Increase local employment 1. local production 2. local commerce

Water Management 1. local groups

Environmental Achievements (protect natural reserve) 1. use train track as light train to extent final metro station to Ecatepec 2. municipal part of public train transport

Redistribute traffic flow 1. Pedestrian flow intensification 2. Amplify main roads and traffic routs 3. Highway alternative routs

1. use train track as light train to extent final metro station to Ecatepec 2. municipal part of public train transport 3. locate building of information exchange between mexico city and Ecatepec

Public space system (for interaction and education)

exchange business information for formal and informal economic activities

Commerce/local production

1. municipality build regulation/ sector 2. municipality cooperate business groups build information building/ business groups join information exchange program 3.linking community workproduction/commerce as informal sector biggroups scale with samll-scale

1. municipality coperate with community give skill education 2. community coperate with voluntary organisation to build collective market in district 3. individual transform part of house into produce place with help of community 4. voluntary organisation sponor finance equipments

Facilitate social exchange 1. Public space 2. Education and awareness

enhance link with mexico city (information/infrastrucure)

Water collection 1. Legislation and funding for water and waste collection 2. Studies and techniques 3. Improving everyday life with technologies facilities 4. Collection of water in the basin 5. Provision of tubes and dams 6. N.G.O. water managements 7. Water system monitoring 8. Water consumption reduction 9. Clean water 10. Space for reciyng and collection of water 11. Alternative to municipal incentives

production/commerce 1. municipality organise experimental projects between big scale production and local ones. 2. community groups organise people and projects 3. community afford site for experimental projects 4. enterpreneurs invest experiment /individual join to learn skill from projects

encourage micro production (skill support and give collective market) 1. municipality coperate with community give skill education 2. community coperate with voluntary organisation to build collective market in district 3. individual transform part of house into produce place with help of community 4. voluntary organisation sponor finance equipments

decentrelise and fill-in/diversity in scale of industry in industry zone 1. national heavy industry move from the center of Ecatepec to other places in state 2. municipality sponsor middle scale production 3. entrepreneurs invest micro business in old industry zone 4. voluntary organisation sponor micro-production in neighbourhood 5. community groups organise home-based micro-production

home-based agriculture in informal area 1. Coop afford technological for neighbourhood 2. community organise home-based agriculture

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facilitate social exchange

Actors MUNICIPALITY COMMUNITY GROUPS VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATIONS BUSINESS GROUPS COOPERATIVES

Means of delivery

Aims

Stakeholders

Provide individuals with the possibility of interaction

Promortes awerness to riduse class polarization

Individual

Fund local community centres Promortes awerness and open disscussions Initiatives

Incorporate social assets in the planning process

Facilitate pedestrian flow within the locality

Provide education

Define public space

Assign sapces for public use

Community Groups Cooperatives Business groups Locality District Municipality

towards a better urban image

Actors MUNICIPALITY COMMUNITY GROUPS VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATIONS BUSINESS GROUPS COOPERATIVES

Means of delivery

Aims

Stakeholders

Survey housing condition

Better living standard

Individual Community Groups

Funding for block densification

facilitate intercommunity relation

regularise housing

Cooperatives Business groups

redistribution of urban services

Locality District Municipality

increase local employment

Actors MUNICIPALITY COMMUNITY GROUPS VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATIONS BUSINESS GROUPS COOPERATIVES

Means of delivery

Aims

provides education, local skills and technics

Employment oppertunity

facilitate proffessional assosiation

Help obtaining financing for local commercial initiatives

Stakeholders Individual Community Groups

Commercial densification

Strengthening the local economy

Cooperatives Business groups Locality District Municipality

encourage informal activites to exist

traffic redestribution

Actors MUNICIPALITY COMMUNITY GROUPS VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATIONS BUSINESS GROUPS COOPERATIVES

Means of delivery

Aims

Stakeholders

Facilitate the pedestrain circulation fluidity

Better connection between production and consumption areas.

Individual

Study of local pedestrian movment patterns

Erract alternative pedestrian routs.

Orgenize activies location in relation to traffic flow

Transforms streets to acomodate public transport

Institute transparancy and accountability

Community Groups Cooperatives

Better connection between individuals.

Business groups Locality

Provide connection between localities in the municipality.

District Municipality

Defiuse major congestions and establish connectivity.

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1 Actors 1.1 Governmental bodies Federal state MEXICAN REPUBLIC The role of the federal state in relation to the project is limited. In very general terms this body imposes regulation via laws upon the lower political bodies of the Estado de Mexico and the Municipality. Next to that, the federal state is the primary source of funding for VISOMEX. Estado de Mexico EDOMEX The next level of government is that of the state, the Estado de Mexico. From this body general legislation is imposed on the municipality. When it comes to construction projects private developers are required to get permission from the Estado de Mexico when the project exceeds a certain amount of units. We are of the opinion that legislation related to building projects should be taken care of by Municipalities, to allow more precise with. Municipality ECATEPEC DE MORELOS In relation to the project this is the most important governmental body. Rules and regulations regarding the build environment large say in the developments we foresee. In order to make the entire project possible, it is required that the municipality changes zoning-laws of both El Caracol and the strip next to it. Whereas El Caracol is now regarded as either wasteland or to be developed as an ecological zone as part of the lake-recovery project, the project requires it to be zoned as an agricultural zone. The strip of empty land which is now zoned for light industry should be zoned for housing development. Apart from being able to impose zoning laws on El Caracol, the Municipality is also the legal owner of it. In order to let the project take place, we require the Municipality to hand over El Caracol to COOP CARACOL. We foresee this to take the shape of a 99 year lease. Next to imposing regulations the Municipality can hand out subsidies. We foresee the municipality to provide vISOMEX with funding for projects within the Municipality, such as the marketbuilding. Whereas the Federal State has the legal responsibility to provide funding, the Municipality can do so to stimulate desirable developments within its borders. The Municipality is the governmental body that stands in the closest relation with the general population. It stands in a close and wants of the population can be effectively communicated to those who impose legislation upon them. 1.2 Institutions VISOMEX This institution provides credit for groups of people that want to construct housing or commercial spaces collectively. By providing collective credits the institution breaks with the tradition

of private home-ownership. Once a collective housing project is constructed, VISOMEX is the institution that brings its dwellers in contact with those of other projects in the neighbourhood. Via regular meetings throughout the year (monthly, or quarterly) issues regarding the neighbourhood are discussed. Next to that, these meetings serve the purpose of communicating between the users (inhabitants, shopkeepers and alike) and the municipality, for VISOMEX stands in a closer relation to the Municipality than the users do. CONAGUA COMMISSION NACIONAL DEL AGUA This institution is the federal commission of water, and as such is responsible for legislation regarding water. In relation to the project this means the commission has to change policies regarding El Caracol. In the current situation it is appointed as an ecological zone; the project requires it to be regarded as an agricultural zone. UNAM UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTONOMA DE MEXICO Being the largest public university of the country this institution can provide the necessary knowledge and research-skills for the initial development of the agricultural production on El Caracol. With the subsidies the UNAM can attract a research facility and !

" # agricultural production will be run to see what is the most feasible method of cleaning the water and cultivation crops suited for

! # After the pilot research should continue to increase and spread $ # Once COOP Caracol is constructed the UNAM will be represented in it in order to educate and advice both labourers and landtenants. Additionally, the local UNAM department offers an educational program in the evenings for whoever is interested. 1.3 Private companies Casas ARA As one of the largest private developers in the country Casas ARA "

# related to the project the company constructed and sold the Las Americas housing project, plus it owns the land bordering El Caracol currently zoned for light industry. In order to get Casas %&% '

* ' propose to get the company involved in the project. Under current conditions private developers are primarily dependent on the Estado de Mexico for permission to engage in new developments. However, for zoning laws Casas ARA is dependent on the Municipality. Changing zoning laws for the tabula rasa zone would allow Casas ARA to construct housing, ' # return for this offer to Casas ARA we request them to participate in our project and get them involved in long-term processes. We propose Casas ARA to be involved in the actual process of " +

period of time we see this model of ownership as a means to

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1.4 Cooperatives COOP Caracol 0

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part of dwellers, the members of this cooperative are solely land-tenants, labourers or researchers involved in agricultural production on El Caracol. Individuals can apply to rent a parcel of land through the COOP Caracol program, making them a member of the cooperation. Via COOP Caracol its members can share the use of larger agricultural equipment, exchange knowledge and ideas regarding agricultural production, and get advice from the UNAM experts involved in the program. The COOP Caracol is ran by an elective board that represents the cooperative in the regular meetings with VISOMEX and the other cooperatives. Collaboration between producers of agricultural products and those who process it is facilitated via these meetings.

of entrepreneurs present in the neighbourhood. One can think '$ ' $ and even street-vendors. In most cases, the entrepreneurs will be part of a housing-cooperative, depending on the location of the commercial space they use. Like the inhabitants, these entrepreneurs can voice their opinion in regular meetings, both within the cooperative and between cooperatives and VISOMEX. Since each type of entrepreneur most likely has different wants and needs, depending on the model of self-administration adopted by the cooperative, each type might be separately represented in the cooperative.

Housing Cooperatives The users of each building, or set of buildings, are united in a cooperative. These users are the dwellers, but also the tenants and owners of commercial spaces that might be integrated in the buildings. The cooperative is a means of self-administration that lets its members collectively take decisions regarding the use of the building and the relations between its users. This is done in regular meetings which can take place weekly, for instance. In regular meetings with VISOMEX and the other cooperatives matters regarding the neighbourhood are discussed. In addition, to communicate their needs and wants to the Municipality the cooperatives rely for a large part on these meetings with VISOMEX, for VISOMEX stands in a close relation to the Municipality. 1.5 Inhabitants Home-owners Each home-owner is represented in the cooperative that runs the building he or she lives in. As such, he or she has a voice in all issues relating to the use of the building and the relations between its users. Moreover, depending on the model of selfadministration adopted by the cooperative, each home-owner can be elected to represent either the home-owners together or the cooperative at large in the regular meetings with VISOMEX. Tenants Just like the home-owners tenants are represented through the cooperative. In general we foresee three types of tenants to be involved in the project: regular tenants, seasonal workers, and rural immigrants. While the legal status of each of these types of tenants is identical, their needs and wants might differ. Via the weekly meetings within the cooperative its users might come to consensus. Entrepreneurs Just as is the case with the inhabitants, there are different types

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Agave Bando Dos Benito Juarez Calpulli Casas ARA Chinampa Chinamperia Distrito Federal (DF) Ecatepec (de Morelos) Ejido Ejidotario Estado de Mexico Floriculture Gran Canal (de Desague) Gran Caracol Haciendas Horticulture INFONAVIT Jardines de Morelos Lago Texcoco Las Americas Latifundios Méxica Mestizos Mezcal Muralism NAFTA Neoliberalism Nopal Plaza Las Americas Sierra de Guadelupe Spirulina Tenochtitlán Paseo de la Reforma Plano de Desarrollo Urbano 1 = > PRI Pulque Tezontle Tiangis Tlatelolco UNAM Valley of Mexico Vecindades Vivienda Interes Social Xochimilco Zócalo

Indigenous plant used to make Tequila and Mezcal Urban Renewal Policy, anno 2000 First indigenous President and father of the Reform laws of 1859 Pre-Hispanic land tenure system based on tribal land ownership Private “Social interest housing” development company Pre-Hispanic water-based agricultural system He or she who that works the land of a chinampa Federal District of Mexico City (incl. central and southern parts of the city) Municipality of the Estado de Mexico The concept of the ejido is based on the idea that he, who works the land, owns it, reminiscent of the pre-Hispanic calpulli of the Méxica. He or she who that works the land of an ejido State of Mexico (incl. northern and eastern parts of the city) Flower cultivation for mainly decorative purposes Main open-air sewage canal of Mexico City crossing Ecatepec, initially constructed by the Colonizers to drain the Valley of Mexico Disused solar water-evaporation plant for the production of soda, and in a later stage spirulina *Rural Cultivation of crops National Housing Fund for Workers Neighbourhood north of Las Americas Former lake of Texcoco that surrounded Tenochtitlán Gated community single-family housing development of 14000 units Large-scale private landholdings Aztec tribe that founded Tenochtitlán People of mixed race Distilled Agave spirit Art movement during Mexican Modernity based on Murals North American Free Trade Agreement Version of capitalism that stipulates deregulation, privatization and cuts in public spending as the base for free market ideology Indigenous cactus: fruit and leaves for human consumption Regional, large-scale shopping mall, part of Las Americas Mountain range in the western border of Ecatepec High-nutrition Algae that grows in saline water, already cultivated by the Méxica Méxica Imperial City, on top of which the Spanish build Mexico City Major Boulevard in the centre of Mexico City Urban development plan 1

' ?@KQ ' ?Y?Z Partido Revolutionario Institutional (Institutional Revolutionary Party) Fermented drink of Agave Reddish-brown porous volcanic rock, used in buildings Informal street market Housing project at the site of pre-Hispanic City of Tlatelolco Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Valley that contains Mexico City, in pre-Hispanic times largely a lake Courtyard Housing Typology Social interest housing Town within Mexico-City Metropolitan Region dating back to the period of Aztec rule Central city square established by the Spanish Conquistadores

APPENDIX

AZTEC EMPIRE 1321-1521

The MĂŠxica, a migrant population arriving from the north to the valley of Mexico establish the city of TenochtitlĂĄn on an island in the middle of Lago Texcoco, where according to the myth, they found the eagle devouring a snake while sitting on a Nopal. With about 150 000 to 200 000 inhabitants, TenochtitlĂĄn became the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s largest city at the time. Three main axes formed the backbone of the city culminating in the central square where the temples, markets and palaces where constructed, emphasizing the very centralized form of political power. Dwellings were constructed more loosely around the core. =

> %> a balanced relationship between the city and its hinterland, integrating decentralized and sustainable modes of waterbased agricultural production (chinampas) with thoughtful spatial planning and an intricate water-management system, that both required extremely specialized skills and technologies and resulted in a highly civilized cultural production.

Red: politics, Ochre: economics, Black: infrastructure

APPENDIX

SPANISH CONQUEST 1521-1700

The Spanish conquest under Hernan Cortez led to TenochtitlĂĄnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s near total destruction in 1521. As the manifestation of their superiority, the Spanish imposed their colonial grid onto the church that will later become the Metropolitan Cathedral. The coming century would see 85% of the indigenous population either killed or dying of epidemics and imported diseases. The Spanish determination to obviate indigenous embedded knowledge and impose a Christian model did not only result in genocide and the destruction of a once highly civilized culture but also in excessive primitive accumulation on behalf of the conquistadores and Spain. In this period lie the foundations for many unresolved problems of current-day Mexico. The the Catholic Church, the centralization of political power as the negation of the original water management system and

APPENDIX

COLONIAL DOMINATION 1700-1821

Recognition of the indigenous as â&#x20AC;&#x153;realâ&#x20AC;? human beings by !"#$ & Interracial marriages were hereby facilitated and laid the seeds for the emergence of a mixed race, the mestizos that found themselves socially in between the increasingly local, Spanish speaking elite and the indigenous slaves and workers. The emergence of the mestizos lead to a growing sense of belonging, ultimately resulting in an increasing detachment from the Spanish crown. Spatial and social segregation between these races diminished, though never ceased to exist. The expansion of latifundios through dispossession of indigenous calpullis lead to land degradation and more concentration of wealth within established elites. Especially the church accumulated excessive wealth in the form of

APPENDIX

FIRST MEXICAN EMPIRE 1821-1876

Even after independence from Spain the Catholic Church ' ( the way the city continued expanding, around the creation of numerous opulent churches and chapels. In 1824 the Distrito Federal (DF) is established as the capital of the Mexican + than the city. The unsolved power relations between the church and the newly established state government was part of the ongoing struggle between the conservatives that envisioned a more monarchic state and the liberals that wanted to push forward a federal republic. This struggle led to the reform laws by Benito Juarez in 1859, constraining the power of the church by expropriating itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s landholdings and secularizing the state. This redistribution policy prepared the ground for private real estate speculation with the newly available land and the development of the colonias by private developers.

APPENDIX PORFIRIATO 1876-1910

( & /0 3 Diaz dictatorship consolidated the centralization of the capital city and emphasized the division between the rural and urban. The city was transformed drastically under very strong French

also in cultural production. The most visible example of this phenomenon is the urban renewal of Paseo de la Reforma in the Haussmanian style of the Paris boulevards. The formation of a political and economical power axis that coincided with the migration of the upper classes towards the south-west became evident. The railroad system, connecting Mexico City with 13 other cities all over the country, dramatically increased its economical reach and enabled ever-stronger economical ties with the US in addition to trans-Atlantic trade. Within the city transportation was revolutionized by the electric tram and the private automobile increasing accessibility of peripheral colonias, haciendas and country estates.

APPENDIX

REVOLUTION 1910-1940

7 unresolved during independence violently erupted in the Mexican Revolution of 1910 and culminated in the promulgation !;!$ ( were the restoration of the peasants right to communal land, the so-called ejido system, as well as the recognition of workers rights while maintaining capitalist modes of production. The concept of the ejido is based on the idea that he, who works the land, owns it, reminiscent of the pre-Hispanic calpulli of the MĂŠxica. The cultural production saw the emergence of a Mexican Identity, one that recognized a shared cultural history and the social standing of the mestizos as the largest part of the population. President LĂĄzaro Cardenas policies of import substitution industrialization and decentralization to curb massive ruralurban migration prepared the ground for the Mexican Miracle, a period of uninterrupted economical growth that established < = housing became a major concern of the state, including policies like the freezing of rents, effective until 1992.

APPENDIX

MEXICAN MIRACLE 1940-1966

> & #0? @0? ( political power within the national PRI party that also nominated Mexico Cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mayor accounted for the increasing indifference towards the needs of the low-income classes. Huge public spending on infrastructure, the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico UNAM as well as large-scale collective housing projects were realized within the DF, favouring the middle classes. The massive Tlatelolco housing project later came to fame during @0? !;G" The VADO policy that prohibited building on altitudes higher than 2 350m successfully prevented further formal growth to the mountainous south of the city together with a ban of industries from the DF, forcing urban sprawl towards the north, beyond the limits of the political responsibility of the DF. The workforce that shouldered the Mexican Miracle was accommodated in irregular low-density developments or informal settlements surrounding the industrial zones in the periphery.

APPENDIX

NEOLIBERAL CITY 1985-2008

The turn to neoliberal politics and free market ideologies started in the early 80â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, culminated in the North American Free Trade Agreement NAFTA of 1994, opening up Mexican markets to ( ;0? K oriented housing production, resulting in massive suburban sprawl beyond the DF boundaries to the north and east into municipalities with less regulations cheaper ejidal land, its privatization made possible by changes in the constitution in accordance with NAFTA. This led to the development of middle class gated communities in the peripheries, mimicking the exclusivity of their elite counterparts in the west and their parasitic relationship with the city as pockets of formal urbanization within a sea of informality. The decadent business district of Santa Fe, built on former dump sites cleared of previous slum dwellers, continued the existing economical power axis of Paseo de la Reforma towards the west in a bold example of the

& ( K Q X & priorities of the government of servicing the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s core, while neglecting the peripheries.

APPENDIX

Density case studies

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