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IDB GROUP SUPPORT TO THE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE SECTOR (1990–2002) ACHIEVEMENTS, LESSONS, AND CHALLENGES

MARCH 2003 The Inter-American Development Bank Sustainable Development Department MICRO, SMALL, AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE DIVISION

IDB GROUP SUPPORT TO THE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE SECTOR (1990–2002) ACHIEVEMENTS, LESSONS, AND CHALLENGES

MARCH 2003 The Inter-American Development Bank Sustainable Development Department MICRO, SMALL, AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE DIVISION

Cataloging-in-Publication data provided by the Inter-American Development Bank Felipe Herrera Library IDB Group Support to the Small and Medium Enterprise Sector (1990–2002) : Achievements, Lessons and Challenges. p. cm.

1. Small business—Latin America. 2. Small business—Caribbean Area. 3. Inter-American Development Bank. I. Inter-American Development Bank. Sustainable Development Dept. Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise Division. 338.642 A443—dc21 This document was prepared by Pablo Angelelli, Carlos Guaipatín, Gloria Almeyda and Juan José Llisterri. It is an updated and expanded version of the report “Support for Small and Medium Enterprise: A Decade of Activities of the IDB Group (1990–2000),” published in December, 2000. This document utilized IDB information available before the end of December 2002. While the authors have verified the information compiled here, no other Bank official has reviewed it. Thus this report is not an official IDB document.

FOREWORD

n recent years, government and private sector interest in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) has increased significantly in Latin America and the Caribbean. SMEs play a key role in job creation, adding value, and enhancing productivity in the regionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s economies.

However, SMEs face competitive challenges resulting from globalization, opening of regional integration, and revolution in information and communications technologies, as well as from national reform and modernization. Within the context of strategies for business development and competitiveness, IDB Group operations continue along the path begun in the 1990s to improve the business and policy environment in which SMEs operate and promote the supply of financial and business development services to ensure that SMEs have the capacity and resources needed to compete. This technical report summarizes the achievements, lessons, and challenges of IDB Group operations over the period 1990â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2002. As a regional development organization, the IDB Group (which includes the Inter-American Development Bank, the Inter-American Investment Corporation, and the Multilateral Investment Fund) has worked with governments and the private sector to overcome SME deficiencies and explore alternatives to maximize SME development across the region. The major challenge for the IDB Group now is to renew its institutional capacity and available instruments to carry out member-country initiatives effectively and efficiently. We hope this report contributes to a better appreciation of IDB Group support to the SME sector in the region, the sharing of results and lessons learned from our activities, and the uniting of our efforts to confront the challenges of the new decade.

Antonio Vives Deputy Manager, Private Enterprise and Financial Markets Sub-Department Sustainable Development Department

CONTENTS 1

SMEs in Latin America and the Caribbean ............1 Importance of SMEs Why Should We Support SMEs? SME Growth During the 1990s SMEs in the Coming Years

Support Strategies for SMEs ...................................7 The IDBâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Eighth General Increase in Resources (1994) Enterprise Development Strategy (1995) Challenge of Increasing Competition

Amount of Support to SMEs.................................11 Improving the Business Environment Financial Services Business Development Services Strategy Development and Dissemination

Lessons Learned....................................................27

Future Challenges.................................................31

Annexes I. Enterprise Development Strategy for SMEs.......................................................................36 II. Operations Report .....................................................................................................................42 III. IDB Group Publications on SMEs ..........................................................................................59

THE IDB GROUP The IDB Group consists of three institutions: the Inter-American Development Bank, the Multilateral Investment Fund (MIF), and the Inter-American Investment Corporation (IIC). Each of these institutions develops projects together with the governments of member countries, the private sector, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), with the aim of obtaining the financial and technical resources needed to promote microenterprise.

THE INTER-AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK Founded in 1959, the IDB is a multilateral development bank, whose mission is to accelerate economic and social development in the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean. In addition to making financing available to borrowing member nations, the Bank also provides technical assistance for preparing, financing, and implementing development plans and projects and makes private investments when private capital is not available on reasonable terms. To this end, the IDB uses its own capital as well as funds obtained in financial markets and from donor countries.

THE MULTILATERAL INVESTMENT FUND Created in 1993, the MIF promotes private sector investments in Latin America and the Caribbean to foster broader private sector investment in the economy. The MIF provides grants for technical assistance as well as loans and equity for investments in intermediary institutions promoting small and microenterprise development. MIF operations include four basic areas of activity: 1) microenterprises, 2) small-business development, 3) market functioning, and 4) financial and capital markets.

THE INTER-AMERICAN INVESTMENT CORPORATION Created in 1989, the IIC promotes private sector development through capital investments and longterm loans for projects that are not eligible for traditional financing. The IIC focuses its activities on small and medium-sized businesses. Although IIC projects do not target microenterprises, the Corporationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s staff often offer their knowledge of capital investment issues to MIF staff working on microenterprise investment projects. For more information, visit the IDB website at www.iadb.org

Small and medium enterprises are estimated to account for at least 10 percent of the number of total businesses in most Latin American countries and between 20â&#x20AC;&#x201C;40 percent of total employment. In the 1990â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, 30 percent of new jobs were created by SMEs. Small companies have played a major role in developing clusters and productive chains that can compete in international markets and also show great potential for innovation and support for technological development. Market deficiencies hinder the full development of the sector and justify the implementation of policies that support social equity, better market functioning and increased competitiveness. Increased productivity is a central goal of the new policies that support SMEs. Goals include overall efficiency in the sector, consolidation of existing competitive advantages, and stronger coordination between the public and private sector in the design and implementation of programs to boost competition.

1 SMEs in Latin America and the Caribbean

SMEs IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN

cross the Latin American and Caribbean region, government and private sector interest in SMEs has increased significantly in recent years. SMEs play a key role in generating employment, adding value, and enhancing productivity in the region’s economies. Despite the sector’s great potential, many obstacles hinder its development. SMEs are under increasing pressure from globalization and economic liberalization. The IDB Group, as a regional organization that promotes development, has made great efforts to alleviate the sector’s problems and help it overcome the challenges it now faces. This report describes activities that the IDB Group has carried out since 1990 to support SMEs within the context of the sector’s needs and challenges. Highlighted first are the importance of SMEs in the region, justification for implementing policies to support the sector, and its evolution over recent years. Sections 2 and 3 describe the IDB Group’s strategic framework and SME-related actions, including improvement of the business environment, access to financing, and markets for business development services. Section 4 summarizes lessons learned from support operations. Finally, Section 5 summarizes the challenges that the IDB Group will face in the upcoming years in its support for SMEs.

Importance of SMEs Nowadays, no one doubts the importance of SMEs to the economies of Latin American and Caribbean countries, despite not being able to determine their precise importance. The sector’s definition varies from country to country and even between economic sectors. Inconsistent data make it difficult to assess the scale of the SME sector, in which businesses are continually emerging and collapsing. Despite limited information, it is estimated that SMEs contribute 20–40 percent of jobs and comprise approximately 10 percent of businesses in most Latin American economies. The sector’s economic importance stems from employment creation: During the 1990s, SMEs created three out of every ten new positions. The SME sector’s presence is important in the manufacturing field. In Latin American and Caribbean countries, more than 90 percent of manufacturing enterprises are small or mediumsized. SMEs employ more than half of the region’s manufacturing work force, contribute more than one-third of output, and represent 30 percent of total investment in the sector. Figures 1–3 show SME participation for 10 countries in the region, including the total number of enterprises and jobs.

Number of enterprises The 10 countries included in Figure 1 account for 900,000 SMEs. This figure represents 8 percent of all existing businesses and is 20 times greater than the number of large enterprises in these countries. The relation between the number of SMEs and the total number of enterprises ranges from 2

IDB GROUP SUPPORT TO THE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE SECTOR (1990–2002)

2 percent in Nicaragua, Honduras, and Colombia, to 20 percent in Costa Rica. Many factors account for this difference, including parameters used to define SMEs, degree of sectoral formality, and data-collection methods.

Figure 1. SMEs in Latin America Nicaragua/1998 Honduras/1999

Country and year

Employment Despite the low number of SMEs in relation to total number of businesses, SME participation in generating employment is very important. The total number of SME workers in the ten countries cited exceeds 15 million, which is approximately one-third of all private sector jobs. It should be stressed that in Argentina, Colombia, and Mexico, SMEs generate more jobs than do large enterprises; in other Latin American and Caribbean countries, they generate 70 percent of the number of large-enterprise jobs.

Dominican Republic/1999 Panama/1998 Brazil/2000 Chile/2001 Mexico/1998 Argentina/1998 Colombia/2000 Costa Rica/2000 0

Percentage participation Jobs

Number

Economic importance It is not possible to compare the importance of the SME sector in each country of the region based on the information available and the use of standard indicators. In Brazil, for example, SME worker salaries in the year 2000 totaled nearly US$20 billion, which is 15 percent of the total amount of salaries paid by businesses during that year and 4 percent of the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). In Chile, SME sales during 2001 totaled about US$20 billion, representing 17 percent of the Chilean economy’s total recorded sales and close to 30 percent of GDP. SMEs have also contributed significantly to the economies of the smallest countries in the region. In Honduras, for example, SME sales in 1999 reached nearly US$5 billion, equivalent to 80 percent of the country’s GDP. In Panama, SME production reached US$3.4 billion in 1998, or one-third of the country’s GDP.

Figure 2. Percentage of Enterprises, by Size

Figure 3. Enterprise Participation in Employment, by Size

1% 8%

31%

42% Micro SME Large

Micro SME Large 91%

27%

IDB GROUP SUPPORT TO THE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE SECTOR (1990â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2002)

Why Should We Support SMEs? Besides contributing to job creation, SMEs play a key role in developing clusters and productive chains that are competitive and international in scope. In addition, small enterprises also have the potential to innovate and facilitate technology dissemination in national economies. Market deficiencies prevent the SME sector from realizing its full potential and justify the implementation of supportive policies aimed at achieving social equity, sound market functioning, and supporting increased competitiveness of national economies. In addressing poverty, unemployment, and income redistribution, policies that favor entrepreneurial activity rather than welfare have proven more effective and sustainable in helping individuals who lack access to capital. SMEs are labor intensive, and have a lower capital cost with respect to job creation. Also, in times of crisis, SMEs tend to create more jobs than do large companies, facilitating transition and adjustment processes. In addition, SME development promotes economic competitiveness. The fact that SMEs are numerous favors a competitive production environment and prevents the collusive practices that can occur when there are few producers. Because of their size, SMEs tend to use decentralized production methods, resulting in increased specialization. Their small scale, combined with an ownermanager organizational structure, allows SMEs to respond more quickly to external changes than large enterprises with bigger structures, thereby contributing to the dynamism of the overall productive system. Finally, SMEs play a role of coordination between micro and large enterprises, constituting a strategic bridge toward improving the competitiveness of the entire private sector.

SME Growth during the 1990s During the 1990s, SMEs in the region faced challenges and opportunities in terms of structural reforms and economic liberalization. The new economic model emphasized macroeconomic stability and tended to reduce or eliminate protectionist policies, promote liberalization of the domestic financial system and capital markets, streamlining of the tax structure, privatization of state agencies, and opening up the job market. Public policies on entrepreneurial development changed greatly with the new economic model. Subsidized credit, high tariffs, and tax subsidies lost importance, as did national purchasing power. Emphasis shifted to implementing horizontal policies focused on demand, export promotion, dissemination of new technologies, and development of human resources. These new instruments significantly improved the SME business environment. Another change that occurred in the last ten years was that imported products gained greater presence in markets where SMEs played an important part. Driven by the new economic model, opening the market to international competition, combined with globalization, pressured SMEs to develop at a faster pace than the rate of development of factors of production in domestic markets. This trend createdâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;and continues to createâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;disadvantages for SMEs as they face new competition and challenges to their survival and growth.

IDB GROUP SUPPORT TO THE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE SECTOR (1990â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2002)

Development of information and communications technologies also played a role in the SME business environment in the 1990s. Such technologies offer greater opportunities for business expansion and improvement of business operations in general, particularly those of SMEs. However, the rate at which SMES have acquired these new technologies tends to be lower than that for larger companies. Also, SMEs have another technological disadvantage in that they have greater difficulty integrating Internet and electronic business applications into their business operations. Finally, the late 1990s saw renewed interest in the implementation of policies that encourage competitiveness based on clusters and productive chains. This interest was spurred on in part by stories from all parts of the world about SMEs achieving high levels of competitiveness as a result of their collective action. In many Latin American and Caribbean countries, national-level studies were conducted that set aside the traditional sectoral focus and instead analyzed productive chains with promising competitive potential. Based on such studies, national plans for competitiveness were developed, the results of which are only now beginning to be known.

SMEs in the Coming Years Latin American and Caribbean countries have begun this decade with a relatively polarized industrial structure; that is, many thousands of informal microenterprises coexist alongside a few companies, which represent a large part of the GDP. As a result, SME participation in the productive structure is relatively small. Nevertheless, owing to SMEsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; major contribution to creating jobs and making the productive system more flexible, SME development continues to have strategic importance. Ever-increasing competition (based on factors such as innovation and quality) and broad processes of market integration (principally the Free Trade Agreement of the Americas) have led to new and greater challenges for SMEs. Despite their ability to react and adapt to change, SMEs still face serious constraints. Lack of access to financing, knowledge, markets, and economies of scale make it difficult for SMEs to meet the conditions of the new competitive market, and they run the risk of being excluded from productive global chains. Therefore, the critical challenge facing SMEs in the new decade is to increase their competitiveness. Much work remains to be done in this area. On average, productivity of Latin American SMEs is less than 40 percent of large enterprises (this difference is much less in industrialized regions). In the European Union and the United States, average SME productivity is 65 percent of large enterprises. This difference must be reduced to enable SMEs in the region to participate successfully in international trade. Increasing productivity is the central purpose of the new policies promoting competition, which aim at greater collective efficiency in the SME sector, while creating and consolidating existing competitive advantages. The new strategy also aims at strengthening public and private sector coordination in the design and implementation of these programs. Given the global competition SMEs already face, it is hoped that implementing such policies will stimulate SME competition in the Latin American and Caribbean region.

Support for SMEs has played an increasingly important role in the IDB Group’s agenda to accelerate development of the economies in the region. SMEs are flexible, innovative, and an important part of national economies. The IDB’s initial support for SMEs grew out of the 1994 Eighth General Increase in Resources. Within its mandates, in 1995 the IDB approved the Strategy for Business Development for Small and Medium Enterprises, which aimed at supporting SME competition so that SMEs could contribute to long-term economic growth and job creation. The Institutional Strategy, adopted by the IDB in 2000, updated the strategic efforts of the 1994 repositioning of resources and redefined the institutional goals based on four fundamental priorities: modernization of the state, reform of the social sector, regional integration, and increasing competition. Development of the private sector—and in particular the development of SMEs—are important in each of these areas. But as we enter this new century, becoming more competitive may be the main challenge currently confronting the SME sector. The Strategy to Increase Competition and Operational Guide for Programs to Increase Competition for Small and Medium Enterprises, prepared by the IDB in 2002, present the areas and focus of SME-support efforts.

2 Support Strategies for SMEs

SUPPORT STRATEGIES FOR SMEs

ince the early 1990s, support to SMEs has gained increasing importance in the IDB Group agenda. Because of their economic importance and potential for flexibility and innovation, SMEs have become an excellent instrument for accelerating economic development in the region.

The IDBâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Eighth General Increase in Resources (1994) The first event that pushed the SME theme directly onto the IDB agenda was the Eighth General Increase in Resources, which took place in August 1994. The strategic mandates resulting from this repositioning of resources led the IDB to increase its activities in the SME environment, recognizing the role of SMEs in economic growth, reduction of poverty, improvement in social equity, government modernization, regional integration processes, and the sustainable use of natural resources. Entrepreneurial creativity and economic growth. SMEs can take better advantage of entrepreneurial creativity; they are more effective in applying new technologies and creating new jobs. Improving their efficiency accelerates development and increases the capacity of countries in the region to compete successfully in international markets. Reducing poverty and improving social equity. Because of their capacity to generate new jobs and their critical role in the total number of jobs created, SMEs are key actors in human-capital development. Creation of small-scale enterprises represents a viable alternative for local populations, not only for generating income, but also for promoting personal development and social productivity in both urban and rural areas. Modernization of the State. Small enterprises not only benefit from a more efficient bureaucracy, they can also serve as effective suppliers of the many goods and services that the state needs to function smoothly. Regional integration. Regional integration can be strengthened by the participation of SMEs in new external market operations and in business cooperation agreements. Expanding markets through regional integration can make businesses more competitive by using economies of scale, purchasing cheaper inputs from regional sources, and accessing a greater variety of factors of production. Sustainable use of natural resources. A key factor in improving the ability of SMEs to compete internationally is the use of environmental management systems. Environmental performance standards for businesses are being incorporated into local and international regulations, market demands, and international quality certification and procedures, such as the ISO 14000 regulations. SMEs face challenges and opportunities in areas ranging from the use of natural resources and clean technologies to labor security.

IDB GROUP SUPPORT TO THE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE SECTOR (1990–2002)

Enterprise Development Strategy (1995) Within the strategic framework of the Eighth General Increase in Resources, the IDB approved the Enterprise Development Strategy for SMEs in 1995.1 Its goal is to promote the ability of SMEs to be more competitive so that SMEs can contribute to long-term economic growth and employment. By the mid-1990s, most countries in the region had implemented reforms aimed at opening their economies to international competition. Nevertheless, domestic capital and labor markets had not sufficiently developed to ensure successful adaptation of SMEs to this competitive environment. Unlike large enterprises, which can more easily absorb transaction costs, SMEs found themselves at a disadvantage. In this context, the Enterprise Development Strategy proposed a series of actions to compensate for the inequities that affected SME development in the new business environment. The aim was to create the conditions and instruments necessary to help SMEs compete in local and international markets. From 1995–98, national-level strategies were developed in 13 Latin American and Caribbean countries to help implement the Enterprise Development Strategy. The countries were Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Paraguay, and Uruguay. This exercise made it possible to incorporate the enterprise perspective into IDB Group operational programming and to increase the number of SME-related projects. It also made it possible to have a general vision of national policies supporting the SME sector and to create new mechanisms of dialogue and coordination between public- and privatesector institutions, resulting in a fruitful exchange between countries.

Challenge of Increasing Competition The Institutional Strategy, adopted by the IDB in 2000,2 updated the strategy of the 1994 repositioning of resources and reformulated the institution’s goals according to four basic themes: modernization of the state, social sector reform, regional integration, and competitiveness. Development of the private sector, particularly SMEs, is important in each of these areas; however, promoting competition is the theme that best represents the challenges confronting this business stratum at the start of the 21st century. The Competitiveness Strategy, prepared by the IDB in 2002, is designed to promote enterprise development in the region. The strategy aims to improve the economic and institutional environment for private sector development and increase productivity. It states that sustainable growth in competitiveness requires a horizontal approach exemplified by many IDB activities. Proposed actions aim to correct or compensate for deficiencies in market functioning and focus on the following areas: • Access to financing and raising capital • Access to human resources, training, and labor relations 1 2

See Annex 1, Document GN 1885. See IDB Document GN 2077-3, Action Plan for Implementing the Institutional Strategy.

IDB GROUP SUPPORT TO THE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE SECTOR (1990–2002)

• Availability of infrastructure (roads, ports, telecommunications, energy, etc.) • Access, assimilation, and creation of new technology and knowledge • Quality of public institutions linked with the functioning of productive, private activities • Productive and sustainable management of natural resources capital. The Operational Guide for SME Competitiveness Programs (available in Spanish only) was prepared by the IDB to establish operative guidelines within the framework of business development and competitiveness strategies. Such guidelines help IDB staff members and executing agencies to identify, design, implement, and evaluate programs that promote competition. The guide integrates lessons learned with regard to best practices of activities by the IDB Group, as well as other national and multilateral institutions. Moreover, it establishes the central aim of SME programs that promote competition: To increase productivity of factors of production (capital and work) in SMEs. To achieve this goal, the guide proposes concentrating efforts in the following areas: • Improvement of the business environment • Development of SME financial markets • Development of business services markets • Support for innovation and technology dissemination • Strengthening of productive chains and business networks • Promotion of the entrepreneurial spirit Since the early 1990s, the IDB Group framework of policies, strategies, and operational guidelines has demonstrated that the private sector in general, and SMEs in particular, comprise a critical instrument for accelerating economic and social development in Latin America and the Caribbean. The next section summarizes operations that the IDB Group has conducted in support of SMEs.

The IDB Group has long recognized the importance of small and medium enterprise in development in the region, as well as the challenges that SMEs confront. The variety of activities undertaken by the IDB, the IIC, and the MIF in support of SMEsâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;including financial activities, projects and instrumentsâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;can be grouped in four main categories: improving the business environment, financial services, business development services, and promoting and disseminating strategies. Between 1990 and 2002, the IDB Group invested US$14.9 billion in direct and indirect support for SMEs. A major part of these resources was aimed at improving access to medium- and long-term loans. The MIF emphasized improvement of small-business competitiveness through the development of business services, while the IIC offered loans and capital investment.

3 Amount of Support to SMEs

AMOUNT OF SUPPORT TO SMEs

he IDB Group has long recognized the importance of SMEs in the Latin American and Caribbean region, as well as the challenges they face. For this reason, the IDB Group has collaborated with member states and the private sector to provide the financial and technical resources needed for SME development. The IDB, the IIC, and the MIF support SMEs through diverse activities, projects, and financial instruments, which can be grouped into four categories: 1) improvement of the business environment, 2) financial services, 3) business development services, and 4) development and dissemination of strategies. From 1990 to 2002, the IDB Group invested US$14.9 billion in direct or indirect operational support to SMEs. Most IDB resources have focused on improving SME credit access, particularly medium- and long-term credit. The MIF’s emphasis has been on improving the competitiveness of small enterprises through business development services. Finally, the IIC has transferred resources to SMEs through loans and capital investment, in accordance with its mission (see Table 1; see Annex 2 for a detailed list of IDB Group projects).

Table 1. Support to SMEs (1990–2002) (in US$ millions)

IDB IIC MIF

Improving the business environment

Financial services

Business development services

Total

3,352 — 36

7,449 1,047 162

2,724 — 196

13,525 1,047 394

Improving the Business Environment It is essential for enterprises in the region to develop a framework of rules for a free market economy. This requires the elimination of obstacles and barriers that block access to the market, the strengthening of institutions that guarantee competition, and the freedom to establish cooperative relations between enterprises that do not involve market distortions.

Sectoral reform loans During the first half of the 1990s, the IDB used structural reform loans to support liberalization and opening of the region’s economies, as well as to establish the basic pillars of a regulatory and institutional market framework. Credit operations—known as “sectoral investment loans” because they aimed at liberalizing domestic and foreign investment in each country—were designed to support governments in macroeconomic adjustment, while asking them to make structural re-

IDB GROUP SUPPORT TO THE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE SECTOR (1990–2002)

forms to promote market-based resource allocation and reduce the government’s intervention in the economy. The importance of these loans decreased over the course of the 1990s (see Figure 4). Nevertheless, a sustained effort was made to improve the private sector environment of each country through loans to modernize public administration, foster the decentralization process, improve the justice system, and increase national regulatory capacity, etc.

Figure 4. IDB Sectoral Reform Lending Affecting SMEs 3,000,000

US$ thousands

2,500,000

In addition, since 2000, actions to improve the business environment began to be incorporated into comprehensive support operations for SMEs. For example, even though the SME Enterprise Development Program (PR-0100), initiated in Paraguay in 2001, aims at strengthening the business development services market, it also includes a component designed to promote dialogue between the public and private sectors, on the basis of which it is possible to define a competitiveness agenda that contains policy reform proposals, regulations, and institutions that limit the competitive development of businesses. The Program for Promoting Competition (PN-014), initiated in Panama in 2002, also includes resources for business people to interact with those responsible for public policies in order to jointly design and implement actions needed to create a more favorable environment for business activity.

2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 500,000 0 1990–1994 1995–1999

2000–2002

Period

Alternative dispute resolution, facilitating international trade, and streamlining procedures MIF technical cooperation aimed at improving the business environment focuses mainly on developing new conflict-resolution mechanisms between economic agents and on facilitating international trade. In addition, over the past three years, the MIF has promoted streamlining procedures and regulations that affect SME operations (see Figure 5). MIF financing has made it possible to develop innovative instruments to resolve business disputes in the region. Most MIF projects related to improving the business environment have focused on creating mediation and arbitration centers (18 projects valued at US$15 million). In general, these projects aim at accelerating the resolution of business disputes through extrajudicial methods that offer the private sector an efficient, specialized, and low-cost service. They provide a sound alternative to resolving conflicts between small and medium enterprises that otherwise could not cover the legal costs. Projects that deal with mediation and arbitration centers include standard frameworks for resolving conflicts, institutional development, and promoting and sharing experiences with alternative methods for resolving commercial conflicts.

IDB GROUP SUPPORT TO THE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE SECTOR (1990–2002)

Figure 5. MIF Technical Cooperation to Improve the Business Environment

60,000

US$ thousands

50,000 40,000

MIF operations to facilitate international trade with SMEs include 1) streamlining import procedures; 2) coordination of customs, public health, and other authorities that have repercussions in the flow of trade; 3) harmonization of the technical requirements of commerce; 4) training of and technical assistance for exporters on requirements for gaining access to international markets and developing voluntary qualitycertification systems; and 5) dissemination of information and communications technologies designed to reduce obstacles and accelerate the flow of trade and international investment.

30,000 20,000 10,000 0

1990–1994

1995–1999

2000–2002

Streamlining procedures and regulations Promoting International trade with SMEs and financial market reform Conflict-resolution alternative mechanisms

The Modernization of International Trade Project (AT-23), initiated in Bolivia in 1994, supports SME access to international markets, utilizing tariff preferences offered by the United States and the European Union. The program helps SMEs in the Andean region carve out business niches and develop and adapt their products to respond to specific demand. Another example of a group of countries seeking to solve common problems is the initiative approved in 2001 to design and implement mechanisms to streamline customs procedures (see box below).

After ten years of implementing reforms in the region, progress has been made in strengthening legal and regulatory frameworks, which are key to maintaining market incentives. However, small enterprises still face complex rules and regulations for registering businesses or property. Projects to streamline regulations for small businesses strive to facilitate their participation in the formal economy and thus enhance development of the sector. Moreover, these projects serve as a model that can be replicated in other sectors and countries. The Program To Simplify Procedures in the Enterprise Sector (AT-368), initiated in Colombia in 2000, and the One-Stop-Shop Program for Formalization of Microenterprises (AT-406), initiated in Costa Rica in 2001, are examples of initiatives to streamline procedures. The project in Colombia is promoting a more efficient and transparent relationship between business associations (private organizations responsible for registering businesses), public administration, and businesses. Creation of business centers in six major Colombian cities has helped improve access to information that business owners need to apply for registration.3 In the case of Costa Rica, the Ministry of Economy, Industry, and Commerce has proposed a project to make regulations for businesses—both existing and new ones—more effective, efficient, balanced, and economical. The aim is for regulations to promote competition, eliminate obstacles to business, and facilitate access to systematic and timely public information.4 From October 1998 to January 2002, the procedural streamlining program in Costa Rica made 34 reforms to existing regulations.

3 4

See the website www.ccb.org.co See the website www.tramites.go.cr

IDB GROUP SUPPORT TO THE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE SECTOR (1990–2002)

Customs Measures To Facilitate International Business in Latin America and the Caribbean MIF project ATN-342, initiated in 2001, promotes international trade in Latin America and the Caribbean through the coordinated adoption of eight customs measures. The project contributes to economic integration across the region and with the rest of the world. It supports the development and implementation of measures to: • Streamline procedures for those who travel between countries on business • Accelerate movement of special-delivery goods and items with a value that does not justify exhaustive customs procedures • Facilitate electronic communication among customs administrators and between customs and business operators • Establish regulations that encourage the ethical behavior of officials • Develop methods to supervise operations or individuals that show solid evidence of risk. Given the large number of countries interested in the project and the existing differences in the stages of implementing specific measures to streamline customs, the technical assistance portion of the project was designed in an open way. An office was established in the Inter-American Center for Tax Administration (CIAT), where interested countries can come to solicit support according to their individual needs. CIAT administers the project; provides assistance in identifying needs; and is in charge of receiving, evaluating, and approving requests for support. To strengthen CIAT’s management capacity, a customs expert was hired to serve as project coordinator.

Financial Services SMEs face constraints in accessing credit and capital. Depite important reforms in financial systems in the region in recent years, lack of access to medium- and long-term financial resources continues to limit SME creation and growth. This problem is caused in part by difficulties that financial institutions have in securing long-term funds. The three institutions of the IDB Group use instruments to facilitate SME access to capital and medium- and long-term financing. The IDB promotes multisectoral and global credit programs. The IIC grants financing in the form of loans and capital investments, either directly to SMEs or through capital-venture funds. The MIF offers technical assistance and grants, and makes equity and venture-capital investments. The IDB Group uses its financing instruments to promote market changes in policy frameworks, rules, and supervision, as well as in institutional supply (banks and other types of financial institutions), with respect to medium- and long-term resources (credit and investments). In this way, financial coverage is expanded to include a diversified clientele of SMEs. The specific types of support that the IDB Group offers are summarized below.

IDB GROUP SUPPORT TO THE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE SECTOR (1990–2002)

SME credit programs Multisectoral and global credit programs are the IDB’s main instruments to support SMEs. These programs help make medium- and long-term loans (under market conditions) available to SMEs that need to restructure, improve, and expand their businesses. The loans are granted to secondtier financial institutions, which channel the resources to qualified intermediary financial institution, which in turn provide loans to SMEs. Second-tier institutions usually are official development banks, while most intermediary financial institutions are private sector banks. This strategy presents a distinct challenge; a private bank may be reluctant to use the funds, either because its preferred clients are large enterprises or because it can obtain lower-cost funds in international financial markets.

Figure 6. IDB Credit Facilitation Programs for SMEs

US$ thousands

4,500,000 4,000,000 3,500,000 3,000,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 500,000 0

The Global Multisectoral Finance Program (CH-0157), initiated in Chile in 1999, is particularly interesting because it contains a loan tender and leasing mechanism. Unlike programs in which the executing organization selects inGlobal multisectoral credit termediary financial institutions to meet a series of qualiGlobal credit for micro and small enterprises fying criteria, this program allows the executing organization—in this case the Production Promotion Corporation (CORFO)—to auction credit to leasing businesses. The program facilitates SME access to financial services since it allows mediation of leasing companies. These businesses are usually more responsive to small enterprises than banks are. Moreover, leasing does not require more guarantees than the machinery or leased equipment. If long-term, financial services markets for SMEs fail to develop further, there will likely be a relatively high demand for global multisectoral credit programs, as the Global Multisectoral Finance Program, Phase III (UR-0136) in Uruguay illustrates (see box below).

1990–1994

Over the 1990–2002 period, 26 global multisectoral credit programs were approved—24 national and two regional programs—for a total of US$6.2 billion. As a result, total credit capacity for the second phase of the program exceeded US$10 billion (see Annex 2, Table C). Resources grew due to the contributions of first-tier financial intermediaries and joint financing with lending organizations. During the same period, the IDB initiated 17 global credit programs for micro and small enterprises, with funding that totaled nearly US$1.3 billion. These resources targeted 13 countries and attracted an additional US$1.1 billion in local capital (see Figure 6). Resources were granted to firsttier financial institutions that provide loans to micro and small enterprises (see Annex 2, Table D).

1995–1999 Period

2000–2002

IDB GROUP SUPPORT TO THE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE SECTOR (1990–2002)

Medium- and Long-Term Financing in Uruguay Global Multisectoral Finance Program, Phase III The IDB has supported the process of deepening financial markets in Uruguay to eliminate obstacles to private investment. This innovative support has three complementary programs: sectoral financing, sectoral investment, and, more recently, medium- and long-term multisectoral financing. These programs contribute to financial system development by replacing financial restricting instruments (e.g., limits on interest rates, targeted loans) with free-market practices that seek to achieve efficient financial system development and private investment financing. The multisectoral program was approved in mid-2002, for a total of US$225 million; of this amount, the IDB granted US$180 million for consolidating and expanding the availability of medium- and long-term financing, under market terms, for private-investment projects to restructure, improve, and expand the country’s private enterprises. In addition, IDB financing provides cash resources to promote greater use of already available financial instruments, as well as to introduce new mediumand long-term financial products and methods for productive private investment. The program expands the capacity of the Central Bank of Uruguay (BCU) to rediscount mediumand long-term loans through the Multisectoral Credit Program I (MSI, IDB Loan 705/OC-UR) and the Multisectoral Credit Program II (MSII, IDB Loan 1155/OC-UR). Using resources from the more recent program, the BCU grants intermediary financial institutions discounted lines of subloans to finance the following areas: equity investment in enterprises, medium-term leasing operations, packages of bank loans for eligible private investments, and medium- and long-term operations to finance exports. Distribution of program resources between economic sectors and financial activities and products is determined by market demand.

IIC activities The IIC’s main goal is to offer financial services to the SME sector in the Latin American and Caribbean region. The IIC is the only organization of the IDB Group that offers direct financing to SMEs. In 1999, the IIC Board of Governors approved an increase in resources to promote a ten-year program to help SMEs gain greater access to much-needed long-term financing and to attract both domestic and international private funding. This increase in resources allowed the IIC to invest US$1.4 billion in equity and US$4 billion in loans for SMEs in the region. The IIC adds value to the loans granted by offering remunerated, financial consulting services to help SMEs structure financially sound projects. These services include advising private enterprises on financial restructuring and corporate reorganization, as well as access to foreign sources of financing, technology, and experience. To obtain IIC financing, projects must offer profitable investment opportunities and contribute to overall economic development and environmental sustainability. Since beginning operations in 1989, the IIC has provided financing to more than 2,590 companies in the production and services sectors in the region. Total project costs supported by the IIC’s capital investments and its counterpart cofinancing resources exceed US$8 billion. As of December 2002, the IIC’s active SME portfolio totaled US$1.047 million5 (see Annex 2, Table H). 5

See the website www.iadb.org/IIC

IDB GROUP SUPPORT TO THE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE SECTOR (1990–2002)

MIF venture capital funds The MIF has actively supported the creation and development of investment funds for SMEs through equity and venture-capital investments. The Fund aims to expand the availability of capital resources, which are practically nonexistent in the region for SMEs. Making capital available to SMEs drives the local investment market that supports effective enterprise financing and development, serving as an example by introducing new investment technologies. In addition, it helps develop experts who can manage SME investment funds. Typically, the MIF provides a maximum of 50 percent of a project’s total capital; private sector partners provide the remaining portion of the fund, and an experienced administrator oversees development of activities. The MIF’s small-enterprise investment portfolio is one of the region’s most important initiatives in expanding equity shares. Between 1993–2002, the MIF invested US$162 million in 33 capital funds for small enterprises (see Figure 7). Local partners—both private investors and development organizations—contributed US$292 million; as a result, total SME equity investment reached US$454 milFigure 7. Evolution of MIF Venture Capital lion. More than 170 SMEs have received MIF investInvestment ment-fund support, on average US$500,000 per project. It is predicted that the investments—especially venture capital investments—will generate positive 180,000 yields and that the funds will be self-sustaining when 160,000 35 MIF funding ends. 120,000

100,000

80,000

60,000

40,000

20,000

0 1993–1994

1995–1999

(’000)

140,000

The Development and Investment of Technologybased Small Enterprises Program (AT-110), initiated in Chile in 1996, is an example of an MIF venture capital investment. One part of the program is devoted to creating a venture capital fund to help develop new technology businesses. The MIF invested US$3 million, matched by another US$3 million from Fundación Chile and US$10 million from other investors.

2000–2002

Another MIF operation is the 1998 equity investment in the Southern Cone Environment Fund (AT197). It is a regional operation to provide support, mainly through capital financing, to small enterprises with promising growth potential whose activities have positive effects on the region’s biodiversity. The biodiversity sector is a growth niche in the Latin American and Caribbean region, but is overlooked by equity investment. The MIF invested US$4 million, which will be complemented by funds from the Swiss government as well as from private investors until a total of US$9 million is reached.

# Operations

US$ 000

The Investment Fund for Small Enterprises in the Environmental Sector (AT-155), initiated in Mexico in 1997, is considered one of the most promising venture funds to date. It involves equity investment in a special program of the North American Environment Fund (NAEF), a venture

IDB GROUP SUPPORT TO THE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE SECTOR (1990–2002)

capital fund established in 1993 to finance enterprises in the environmental sector. The project also makes it possible for selected enterprises to evaluate their production systems in order to reduce the adverse environmental impact of their industrial activities. One of the NAEF-funded small enterprises has been listed on the NASDAQ.

Business Development Services To survive increased global competition, SMEs need to improve their competitiveness through training processes developed within each enterprise as well as to incorporate new knowledge and outside experiences. However, services markets that are focused on such needs are poorly developed in many countries of the region. SME demand for business development services is usually constrained by a lack of information and experience in using such services, as well as a lack of time and resources. On the supply side, the main obstacles that limit services availability for small enterprises are a lack of information and high transaction costs. Over the past 13 years, the IDB Group has directed a significant amount of resources to facilitate SME access to increasingly developed, specialized services markets. The IDB has invested more than US$2.7 billion in 44 operations, while the MIF has invested US$196 million in 119 projects (see Table 2). It is possible to classify business development services operations in various categories, such as technical assistance, human resources development, innovation, technology and quality, entrepreneurial initiative, and local economic development. These categories are discussed in the sections below.

Technical assistance The IDB approved 13 programs, totaling more than US$357 million, to improve SME competitiveness through technical assistance. These loans have grown in size in recent years (see Figure 8) and have been designed to offer innovative solutions in business advisory fields. An example of this type of operation is the Enterprise Development Program for SMEs (PR-0100), initiated in Paraguay in 2001, which includes a strategy to increase sustainability of business development services and encourage participation of the private sector in the development of policies and strategies to improve the economic environment. On the demand side, the program stimulates

Table 2. IDB and MIF Investment in Business Development Services (1990–2002) IDB Category

Technical assistance Human resources development Innovation, technology, and quality Entrepreneurial initiative Regional competitiveness Total

MIF

Amount (in US$ thousands)

No. of operations

Amount (in US$ thousands)

No. of operations

357,500 1,254,837 1,112,208 — — 2,724,545

13 15 16 — — 44

60,697 65,303 42,463 13,127 14,345 195,935

34 33 32 8 12 119

IDB GROUP SUPPORT TO THE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE SECTOR (1990–2002)

Figure 8. Changes in Number of Technical Assistance Operations 25

20 15

10 5

SME investment in business development services by supporting public awareness and information activities, as well as technical and financial (shared cost) assistance to analyze businesses. Moreover, the program proposes to strengthen and expand local SME suppliers of business development services.

0 1990–1994

1995–1999 IDB

MIF

2000–2002

Another key aspect of IDB technical assistance programs is the growing importance of agricultural enterprise initiatives. Eight programs approved by the IDB between 2000 and 2002 provide support to this sector. For example, the Program To Promote Sustainable Agricultural Production (CR-0142), initiated in Costa Rica in 2002, totaling US$14.4 million, aims at improving the competitiveness of SME agricultural producers through sustainable management of natural resources. The program supports the development of the technologies services market to improve the productivity of small producers, strengthening of producer organizations, and development of instruments to help the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock in each country adopt appropriate policies to meet new competitive challenges.

The MIF approved 34 grants to increase small enterprise competitiveness through technical assistance services. These programs make it possible to test specific mediation mechanisms and approaches and provide technical assistance to different enterprise groups, ranging from small-farm producers and artisans to enterprises that are entering international markets. These MIF initiatives aim at helping small enterprises incorporate new practices that enable them to continually adapt to market realities. MIF’s Pilot Program for New Exporters (AT-185), initiated in Uruguay in 1998, is based on a method to promote exports that has been developed by the Trade Promotion Consortium of Catalonia, Spain. The program produces economies of scale by assigning qualified advisory consultants to those SMEs that need help in developing strategies and export plans for their products. The advisory services promoted by this program usually focus on long-term transformation of the participating enterprises. Another example is the Artisan Sector Development Project (AT-445), initiated in Peru in 2001. The project strengthens production and marketing of quality items representative of cultural identity. Within the context of knowledge-based enterprises, the Software-Industry Enterprise Development Project (AT-409) stands out. Implemented in Uruguay in 2001, the project aims at improving management of SMEs that produce computer programs by introducing quality systems and product marketing.

IDB GROUP SUPPORT TO THE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE SECTOR (1990–2002)

Human resources development Since 1990, the IDB has approved 15 loans, totaling US$1,250 million, to increase human capital in the region. Human resources are critical to boost small enterprise competitiveness. SMEs and their entrepreneurs must keep their competitive capacity up to date. However, SMEs usually have proportionately fewer resources than large enterprises for staff training. Thus, they turn to a qualified, flexible labor market to cover their needs. The IDB has designed programs to promote labor development and facilitate SME access to providers of services for human resources development. Among its more recent programs, the IDB financed a labor market program (GU-0158), initiated in Guatemala in 2002, totaling US$10 million. This program has three components. The first centers on training vulnerable rural groups. The second aims at establishing links between supply and demand for both training and labor supply through consolidating the National Public Employment Service of the Ministry of Work and Social Welfare. The third component aims at strengthening the Ministry’s system for analyzing labor statistics. Overall, the program promotes training to develop the knowledge and skills that businesses demand, and to modernize and expand systems such as the Electronic Work Exchange and the Labor Connection Services Network. The MIF has various human resources development programs that respond to a wide variety of needs in each local productive sector. For example, some projects offer youth training to promote young people’s participation in productive processes, while others train middle managers, a group that is more integrated into the labor market. Some projects include workplace training, while others offer off-site training, sometimes at institutions created for this purpose. However, one common feature of these programs is their goal to develop new strategies and innovative, self-sustaining solutions to the problems of personnel training faced by SMEs in the region. The MIF approved 33 human resources development projects for the 1990–2002 period (see Figure 9). The Human Resources Management Program (AT-182), initiated in Argentina in 1998, uses a voucher training system, combined with information centers on training services. The program provides incentives to small-business owners to contract more competitive and appropriate training services offered by different providers, which, in turn, increases the training institutions’ response to SME demand. The Labor Mediation Services Project (AT-419), initiated in El Salvador in 2001, funds the testing of the Employment Mediation Service (SIE) between private sector employers and new employees. In addition to supporting design and establishment of the SIE and its labor mediation instruments, the project finances job recommendation services, training registration, and development of a basic network of SIE services centers and products.

Figure 9. Changes in Number of Human Resources Operations 28 30 25 20 15 9 10 5

5 3

3 0

0 1990–1994

1995–1999 IDB

2000–2002

MIF

IDB GROUP SUPPORT TO THE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE SECTOR (1990â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2002)

Innovation, technology, and quality management The IDB has long recognized the importance of science and technology and has made key contributions to strengthening capacity in these areas in all countries. IDB loans for innovation and technology have the following goals: to establish physical and human infrastructure, strengthen entities that fund scientific research, improve relations between private enterprises and public research and development institutions, and support private sector investment in research and development through technology development funds.The new IDB Strategy for Technology Innovation and Development6 highlights the need to concentrate resources on dissemination and technology development in the productive sector, particularly SMEs, as well as strengthening institutions that provide sector funding, information, technical assistance, and services. Between 1990â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2002, the IDB approved 16 innovation and technology operations that include a specific section devoted to SME support. These operations fund private sector research and development projects, public institution technology projects, and educational projects in which universities and research institutes participate. Of these three types of projects, only the first can be considered SME assistance since its goal is to increase the competitiveness of private enterprises and is clearly differentiated as a subprogram in each case. It is possible that some of these projects will benefit large companies, but this benefit is difficult to quantify. For example, the Productive Sector Support Program (PN-0019), initiated in Panama in 1998, combines support for research and development training in the country with subsidies for the demand of enterprise support services, training, and technology development. This program envisages creating a Research, Development, and Dissemination Fund, as well as consolidating the National Innovation System, which comprises a network of institutions, agents, and policies on technology development and innovation. In addition, the program promotes the concept of information management through the establishment of information centers. The Technology Modernization Program II (AR-0171), initiated in Argentina in 1999, creates incentives for innovation through joint financing and venture capital to support new technology projects. To promote science as a key strategic instrument, the program supports human resources training and research and development to improve national competitiveness. (See Annex 2, Table G, for more information on technology innovation and development programs.) MIF programs in this category aim at facilitating development of innovation processes and incorporation of new technologies by small enterprises, as well as implementation of quality management systems, especially ISO rules. For example, the above-mentioned Technology-based Small Enterprise Development and Investment Program (AT-110), initiated in Chile in 1996, also established a technology transfer fund to finance fishery, timber, and agroindustry projects. Once the capital component was established, both parts of the program began exchanging information in order to collaborate closely on introducing the market to technology-based SMEs.

See the website www.iadb.org/sds

IDB GROUP SUPPORT TO THE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE SECTOR (1990–2002)

The Program To Strengthen Competitiveness of Manufacturing SMEs (AT-164-1), established in Venezuela in 1998, uses a similar mechanism. This program encourages increased demand for technology advisory services by subsidizing technology consultant training, as well as contracting of these services by manufacturing SMEs. The program helps these businesses to form flexible associations based on shared challenges and voluntary cooperation in the individual costs of advisory services. Also included in this category of programs is an initiative to improve quality management of SME goods and services. In 1999, the MIF initiated a program to increase competition by adopting ISO management-system rules, as well as to establish and improve institutional capacity in infrastructure quality. Two projects illustrate this type of initiative. The first, known as the Program for Implementing ISO Model 14001 in SMEs (AT-303), initiated in 1999 in Nuevo León, Mexico, is an example of large-enterprise sponsorship of SMEs for implementing ISO rule 14001. The second initiative, called the Program for Introducing Quality Management and Environmental Rules (AT-305), initiated in Colombia in 1999, supports a national program to promote quality management systems by applying ISO 9000 and 14000 rules, as well as to assist SME production to ensure product compatibility with international standards. Over the last three years, the MIF continued promoting quality assurance programs for SMEs (see Figure 10). Several projects have been approved in different countries, including Nicaragua, El Salvador, Peru, Colombia, and Uruguay. In addition, a regional project has been approved to promote the use of clean technologies.

Entrepreneurship In recent years, the region has begun to recognize the importance of the entrepreneurial initiative as a viable alternative to seeking employment in large corporations. New enterprises, especially those based on innovation, offer an important way to revitalize productive structures and improve economic competition.

Figure 10. Number of IDB and MIF Innovation, Technology, and Quality Operations 23

25 20 15 9 10 5

0 1990–1994

1995–1999 IDB

2000–2002

MIF

Programs for entrepreneurial initiative aim at increasing business capacity to design, initiate, and develop new enterprises. As a result, these programs include such activities as communication campaigns that contribute to cultural change and the social value of the enterprise; changes in formal education systems to promote business vocations and skills; promotion of internships that allow students to gain experience in the business environment; support to identifying business opportunities; tutoring, contests, and forums for youth entrepreneurs; and improvement of the business services environment and networks for new enterprises.

IDB GROUP SUPPORT TO THE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE SECTOR (1990â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2002)

IDB Group experience in integrated programs to promote enterprise initiatives are still not well developed, even though it is possible to glean lessons from certain MIF experiences. Operations to build motivation and business capacity are complemented by others based on a process of supporting entrepreneurs; the latter receive support to develop strategic and financial plans, as well as support to develop ties with national and international investors and local universities. Other programs promote business â&#x20AC;&#x153;incubatorsâ&#x20AC;? and streamlining procedures in the establishment of new enterprises. MIF operations support organizations recognized for their promotion of the entrepreneurial spirit and creation of enterprises, such as EMPRETEC Program, Endeavor, Pro Well-being and Development Association (PROBIDE), Junior Achievement International, and Technology Laboratory of Uruguay (LATU), in order to intensify and expand the reach of these services in the region.

Local economic development The processes of globalization and decentralization, which have accelerated in recent years, test the competitive capacity of different regional areas, compelling them to redefine their role on the new international stage. Strengthening the local productive sector, which consists mainly of SMEs, is critical to promoting economic prosperity and improving social conditions. However, the development processes of different productive systems have highly idiosyncratic features. The evolution of productive sectors, presence of different leadership styles, and the ways in which public and private agents relate and interact are some of the factors that help one to understand how local, subnational niches respond when confronted with the challenges of globalization and decentralization. The IDB Group has prepared a Subnational Development Strategy with which to respond to the growing needs of local development in the region. Concurrently, the IDB Group is working to select best practices, starting with subnational case studies on economic development and analysis of lending and technical cooperation operations that include actions to promote local area development. Among the lending operations that have local effects, the most common are those that develop municipalities and provinces, support large urban clusters, and support decentralization of public services. Also of growing importance is a series of MIF operations designed to strengthen the conditions of specific subnational areas to raise their levels of competitiveness. One group of pilot operations under development in Mexico, Ecuador, Honduras, and Colombia is making a clear effort to establish collaboration between the public and private sectors to define objectives and design economic development policies and programs at the regional level. Also included in this category is a series of operations that aims at strengthening business clusters and productive chains in Colombia, Brazil, and Argentina.

Strategy Development and Dissemination In addition to lending and technical cooperation operations, the IDB Group sponsors a series of supportive activities for those who participate in SME development in the region. Below are examples of activities that aim at stimulating policy analysis and debate.

IDB GROUP SUPPORT TO THE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE SECTOR (1990–2002)

Policy analyses The IDB plays an important role in promoting dialogue on policies that support SMEs in Latin American and Caribbean countries. The main activities to stimulate dialogue include the following: • Latin American SME Observatory. The lack of detailed information on the SME sector is a constraint to policy analysis, design, and evaluation. To solve the problem, the IDB has developed the Latin American SME Observatory, an instrument that makes information about this diverse and complex sector available to policymakers. • Entrepreneurial Development Strategies. In accordance with what was established in its Entrepreneurial Development Strategy, the IDB prepared a series of national entrepreneurial development strategies. These strategies form part of the global program of the IDB Group for identifying SME needs and helping to establish SME development projects. • Regional Debate on SME-related Policies. In 1998, at IDB Headquarters in Washington, DC, the Sustainable Development Department organized a roundtable for borrower and non-borrower countries to interchange experiences on SME-related policies and to discuss IDB country assistance methods in policy and program design, development, and monitoring to benefit SMEs in the region.

Dissemination and discussion In financial services, the following activities can be cited: • Discussion of Credit Guarantee Systems for SMEs. The 1996 roundtable discussion in Washington, D.C. considered the problem of access to guarantees, examined reasons for establishing certain types of credit guarantee systems, analyzed related international experiences with different systems, and developed recommendations for IDB policies compatible with its operations. • Equity Financing for SMEs. Together with the MIF, the IDB group organized an event on SME financing in Washington, D.C. in 1999. The first of its type, this event was devoted exclusively to capital investment institutions and funds for SMEs in developing countries. It tackled such topics as developing a project portfolio, structuring agreements, investment entry and exit mechanisms, and fund management. With regard to entrepreneurial development services, the following activities can be cited: • Entrepreneurial Development Services. In 1999, the IDB and other international agencies organized a conference in Rio de Janeiro to promote best practices in the design and supply of modern and sustainable entrepreneurial development services from a financial perspective. • Conference on Financing, Business Development Services, and Role of Public Policies and Institutions in Local Development. At an event organized jointly with the Italian government and held in Verona in the year 2000, experiences, models, and case studies in business development services were studied and connections were established between different regions of Italy and Latin America. • Evaluation of Projects in Business Development Services. At a workshop held in Washington, D.C. in 2000, participants discussed using evaluations as an essential tool for appropriate management of business development services.

IDB GROUP SUPPORT TO THE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE SECTOR (1990–2002)

• Entrepreneurship. In 2002, a seminar was organized in Washington, D.C. to discuss results of an IDB study that compared factors that promote and discourage the entrepreneurial spirit in the Latin American/Caribbean and East Asia regions. Seminar participants also discussed policy recommendations to promote creation of enterprises in the region. • Clusters, Productive Chains, and Competitiveness. This workshop, held in Washington, D.C. in 2002, marked the beginning of a study on best practices in operations that support clusters and productive chains in the region. Workshop participants examined different types of productive chains and clusters and various mechanisms to generate competitive advantages and develop monitoring indicators to measure IDB program results. In the area of innovation and technology, the following examples can be cited: • Technology Dissemination, Assimilation, and Use. In 1998, a roundtable was held in Washington, D.C. in which participants analyzed best international practices in technology dissemination; the most appropriate policy environment for knowledge transfer, dissemination, and use; and operative guidelines to define future IDB action plans. • Quality Management. The IDB Group and the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) sponsored a conference in Washington, D.C. in 1999, which launched a new program to promote enterprise competitiveness in the Latin American and Caribbean region through the adoption of ISO rules and quality management systems.

Publications The IDB Group has produced publications in various SME-related areas, such as local development, entrepreneurship, support strategies and policies, SME statistics, financing, innovation and technology development, enterprise cooperation networks, quality assurance systems, and information technologies. (See Annex 3 for a list of the most recent publications.)

The IDB Group has given major support to SMEs in the last 13 years through loans and technical cooperation aimed at improving the business environment, deepening financial markets and developing business service markets. Support has increasingly focused on helping develop the private sector to become more competitive in the region. We have learned important lessons on SME sector performance and direction for the development of new IDB operations. These both improve when the following elements are present: a healthy and stable macroeconomic environment, improved competition in the market for goods and services, good coordination between the public and private sectors, improved efficiency resulting from appropriate distribution of functions in implementing support programs between the public and private sectors, better developed financial markets and thus easier SME access to credit, streamlined norms and regulations for SME productive activities, decentralized SME support programs led by local leaders, and finally, welldefined methods of follow-up and evaluation that help determine the real effectiveness of these policies.

4 Lessons Learned

LESSONS LEARNED

he IDB Group has provided key support to SMEs over the past 13 years through lending operations and technical cooperation aimed at improving the business environment, deepening financial markets, and developing enterprise services markets. This support focuses increasingly on developing the private-sector competitiveness in the region. Based on our own experiences, we highlight the following 10 lessons, which can be used to identify and design new IDB Group operations aimed at improving conditions in the SME sector. 1. SMEs operate better and increase their competitiveness in a healthy and stable macroeconomic environment, based on fiscal, financial, and external economic sustainability. Despite the fact that most countries in the region have gained control over inflation and large fiscal imbalances, it is still necessary to continue efforts to improve the macroeconomic environment and resistance to economic crises, especially foreign ones. A stable macroeconomic environment is essential for increasing both domestic and foreign private investment, and for developing financial and infrastructure markets. 2. Increasing competition in goods and services markets is possibly the most important factor in improving SME productivity. However, public and private monopolies, cartels, and vertically integrated businesses are common in Latin American and Caribbean countries. Institutions in charge of regulating competition have recently been created in various countries, but their effectiveness is limited by a lack of experience, budgets, human resources, and complementary institutional systems (such as appropriate information systems). To perform their duties, regulatory institutions should use their legal authority to request information from enterprises and to make effective decisions without having to resort to the judicial system. This power should be appropriately controlled to make all decisions public and to establish a record of jurisprudence. 3. Private sector participation is essential for SME support programs to succeed. The disaster of supply policies (where governments decided which sectors should receive support, often resulting in poor use of public resources) has made it necessary to redefine the public sectorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s role in pro-competition policies, to require private sector participation in the design and administration of productive development programs, and to limit these programs to those guided by business demand, rather than government or supplier decisions. We have learned some basic lessons from our experience in promoting competition. It is necessary to establish strategic, participatory (bottom-up) planning processes; these processes must result from a consensus between the public and private sectors. The private sector is the major engine and the public sector is the strategic partner that encourages reforms in the business climate; and demand, not supply, must drive projects and provide program sustainability.

IDB GROUP SUPPORT TO THE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE SECTOR (1990–2002)

4. Implementing SME support programs is more efficient when public and private sector roles are clearly defined. The public sector should focus on the design and allocation of global resources, monitoring and evaluation of impact, and coordination between both sectors. The private sector should interact with SMEs and mediate resources; that is, it should play a role in areas where it is necessary to interpret and process business concerns and suggestions, as well as efficiently receive and approve requests. Private agencies have proven to be much more efficient than the public sector in program administration. However, integrating private agents into program administration should always be overseen so that the contracting public institution has the necessary capacity to carry out supervisory tasks. The potential for making use of a private learning agency for future SME development should also be a criterion for deciding whether to incorporate it into the implementation of programs to improve competition. 5. Experience shows that when financial markets are more developed, SMEs have greater access to credit. Overall, countries in the region have progressed in developing a legal framework and a supervised financial system, and, in some cases, have exceeded international standards of regulation and financial supervision. However, some countries—especially those less developed economically—lag behind in prudent practices. Bank programs also have contributed to increasing medium- and long-term availability of resources for the SME sector. Nevertheless, surveys of SMEs show that access to credit continues to be a priority for the sector and that it is necessary to continue working to develop financial markets in the region. 6. It is possible to create incentives to improve the productive capacity of businesses without introducing market distortions. Development of productivity and competition requires a system of economic and institutional incentives that assures individuals and enterprises they can use the income derived from their productive investment, innovation, and work. If the system of incentives and institutions leads to the search for income or stimulates inefficient production models instead of innovation and improved productivity, then the efforts to increase investment, education, or access to productive resources will fail. The ideal instruments for confronting productivity deficiencies are not fiscal or financial incentives or price distortions; rather, they are policies that contribute directly to improving the productive and technological capacity of individuals and enterprises, which facilitate their interaction and create a favorable environment for coordination between the private sector, public sector, and academic institutions. 7. Programs in business development services have proven to be more effective when: a) their design is based on adequate knowledge of market flaws where intervention will occur; b) business owners select services from specialized suppliers; c) financial support to SMEs is sustainable— through cost-sharing mechanisms—and is combined with policies to provide enterprises with information and customize the supply of business development services to their needs; d) transparency of relations between clients and suppliers of business development services is encouraged through suggested price systems; e) the administrative process is efficient and clearly client-oriented; and f) institutional aspects for implementing this type of program are considered essential for success and require clear definitions of the roles of those involved.

IDB GROUP SUPPORT TO THE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE SECTOR (1990â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2002)

8. One out of every three businesspeople in the region considers excess taxes and regulations obstacles to enterprise development; one out of every six businesspeople considers them major obstacles. Accordingly, it is necessary to continue working to streamline the regulatory and tax rules of productive activities. Tax system, administrative, and regulatory complexity affect businesses of all sizes, but are more harmful to SMEs, which have fewer human and administrative resources. Lower income countries in the region, like those in many other regions, often impose more bureaucratic restrictions and requirements on creating and running enterprises than do more developed countries. In low income countries, the implicit cost of these requirements is proportionately higher for small enterprises, affecting their entry into markets and production. 9. The geographic area in which SME support programs are concentrated has gradually changed over recent years. Interest has shifted from the national to the local level. It is increasingly common for cities, provinces, states, and subnational areas to have their own economic development strategies in which the central tasks are to strengthen SME networks and the productive chains in which they participate. IDB experiences in developing local areas and productive chains show that factors for success include: 1) starting from an existing business and institutional base, 2) defining the enterprise groups that will receive support, 3) from the outset, involving the institutions and large enterprises that will form part of the project, 4) working with experienced leaders and institutions recognized by enterprises, 5) adapting project duration to the maturation period of results, and 6) defining expected results in a conservative way. 10. Finally, learning has special importance in the context of evaluating programs and policies. Experience shows that design problems often limit program evaluation, which can prevent one from knowing whether public resources targeted to the productive sector are effective in mobilizing private resources, generating additional income, obtaining investment incomeâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; inclusive of the public sectorâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;and improving conditions of enterprise competitiveness. It is possible to improve the design of SME support programs by defining basic indicators and an information system to collect, store, and analyze all data necessary for program management and evaluation. The information collected and the indicators used must allow for the analysis of coverage, efficiency, impact, and sustainability of each program.

The SME sector faces new challenges to its policies and programs as a result of globalization, regional integration, the revolution of information and communications technology, and government reform and modernizationâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;added to the problems of competition, poverty and distribution of wealth that affect the region. It is essential to redefine and adjust the SME development goals and policies in light of the specific problems found in each country or region. The institutions that promote and regulate economic activity should coordinate their actions to prevent them from adversely affecting enterprises of different sizes. It is essential to improve the SME operating environment. Improvements include streamlining bureaucratic norms and regulations, and incorporating new themes in the work agenda such as the functioning of the justice system and property rights. An adequate framework of economic and cultural incentives should be defined so that the rates of business creation and growth in Latin American and Caribbean countries are similar to these rates in more developed regions. Finally, one of the most important challenges to the SME sector is to continue developing information systems and databases that allow better project monitoring and evaluation of results.

5 Future Challenges

FUTURE CHALLENGES

he IDB Group holds a leading position in promoting SME programs in the region. In response to the mandate of member countries, its operations contribute to private sector improvement and development. Within the context of strategies for business development and competition, the IDB Group is continuing on the path initiated in the 1990s to improve the business environment, increase lending for financial services and business development, and promote private sector participation in policy design and implementation. It is worth mentioning, however, that recent changesâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;globalization, opening of trade and regional integration, the information and communications technology revolution, as well as national reform and modernizationâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;combined with the regional problems of competition, poverty, and income distribution, create new challenges for the policies and programs that support the SME sector, as discussed below. Reconciling aims with instruments. SME-related policies in the region include programs and incentives designed to achieve multiple objectives, such as job creation, human capital development, regional integration and development, increased productivity, and promotion of market competition. However, multiplicity of goals creates tensions in defining programs and instruments; for example, when one seeks to increase productivity and generate employment simultaneously. As a result, the policy objectives targeted to SMEs must be redefined according to the priority problems of each country or region and support programs and instruments consistent with these objectives. Coordinated actions. SME performance is affected not only by policies that target the sector exclusively, but also by the combination of incentives and regulations that frame private sector operations. Institutions that regulate and promote economic activity need to coordinate their actions to prevent them from adversely affecting enterprises of different sizes. Improving public and private sector communication. Today more than ever, businessowners and public officials must work together to define priorities and needed actions to increase enterprise competition. For this dialogue to be fruitful, adequate private sector representation must be assured in order to avoid favoring special interest groups. Expand the range of actions to improve the business environment. Countries in the region have progressed in strengthening legal and regulatory frameworks. Governments are increasing their institutional efficiency and facilitating better use of productive resources. Nevertheless, SMEs are still exposed to costly disincentives, a product of regulations and rules, as well as poorly functioning institutions. To improve the business environment, the bureaucratic rules and procedures that affect SMEs must continually be simplified and new themes incorporated into the work agenda, such as a functioning system for legal assistance and property rights.

IDB GROUP SUPPORT TO THE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE SECTOR (1990–2002)

Financing diversification. Availability of capital is still limited for both loans to financial intermediaries and investment funds for small enterprises. In order to attract investors, the legal and regulatory environment must be improved—in a way that offers incentives for investing in the SME sector—and supports access to capital markets. Governments and the business sector are becoming increasingly aware of the need to push for reforms to improve guarantees, accounting, and governance standards. Local economic development. Globalization of economies and government decentralization have created new responsibilities at the local level for both the public and private sectors. Local governments and the private sector have greater responsibility for creating local development strategies. However, there is no unique prescription for accelerating local area development. Therefore, it is necessary that programs and working methods be sufficiently flexible in order to adapt to each region’s institutional, productive, and cultural features. Increase the entrepreneurial base. Entrepreneurs and their enterprises are the key players in today’s development model. However, in the Latin American and Caribbean region, much work remains. An appropriate framework for economic and cultural incentives must be defined so that rates of business creation and growth approach those of more developed regions. This challenge requires a long-term political, economic, and cultural commitment based on other strategic areas, such as business education, network development, increased employment, and improved infrastructure and production services. Monitoring performance and measuring results. One of the most important challenges is to continue developing information systems for the SME sector, including creation of databases to improve monitoring and evaluation of results. Developing evaluation capacity to support SMEs will make it possible to measure the efficiency and effectiveness of interventions and advance in identifying best practices; in addition, it will make it possible to take advantage of lessons learned and set standards for both SMEs and the institutions that support their development. Measuring the results of the impact of development is key to understanding whether investment resources in financial and non-financial services are generating the economic and social benefits originally set forth. The biggest challenges for the IDB Group are to renew its institutional capacity and available instruments designed to effectively and efficiently help member countries resolve their problems and to develop new opportunities for more competitive enterprises.

Annexes

ANNEX I Enterprise Development Strategy for SMEs GN-1885—July 19, 1995

1. Introduction 1.1 Current challenge. Most countries in the Latin American and Caribbean region are undergoing reforms that are opening their economies to greater international competition. However, the domestic markets for factors of production are insufficiently developed to ensure the successful adaptation of SMEs to this new competitive environment. Unlike larger firms, which can more easily absorb transaction costs, SMEs are at a disadvantage and require specific compensatory assistance. 1.2 Economic Role of SMEs. The importance of SMEs to longer-term economic stability is derived from their size and structure, which, under adequate conditions, i.e., well-developed markets for the factors of production provide them the flexibility to weather adverse economic conditions. SMEs are more labor-intensive than larger firms, and, therefore, have lower capital costs associated with job creation. As a result, SMEs play an important role in promoting income stability, growth, and employment. Modern economies operate as complex networks of firms in which a company’s competitive position depends, in part, on the efficiency of its suppliers. Therefore, SMEs’ competitiveness affects the competitive position of the economy as a whole. In addition, SMEs improve the efficiency of domestic markets and make productive use of scarce resources, such as capital, thereby facilitating long-term economic growth. 1.3 Features of SMEs. The characteristics of SMEs distinguish them from larger firms. Large firms often have direct access to international and local capital markets, while SMEs are often excluded because of the higher intermediary costs for smaller products. Additionally, the fixed costs of complying with regulations, limited capacity to market products abroad, and limited access to policymakers weigh more against SMEs than larger firms. Microenterprises largely operate at a threshold below the regulatory and institutional constraints that inhibit other SMEs and, in some cases, would expand if barriers to their operations were removed. Because high transaction costs are a key barrier, their reduction will promote the creation and expansion of SMEs and, in particular, encourage expansion of microenterprises. For purposes of the Bank’s strategy, SMEs will be taken to include the smallest business units with growth potential, although it is recognized that microenterprises have their own unique characteristics and play a social, as well as an economic, role.

2. Constraints to enterprise development 2.1 Notwithstanding the wide-ranging economic reforms instituted in the region, SMEs face a variety of constraints because of the difficulty in absorbing large, fixed costs, absence of economies 36

IDB GROUP SUPPORT TO THE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE SECTOR (1990–2002)

of scale and scope in key factors of production, and higher unit costs of providing services to smaller firms. A set of constraints, not intended to be exhaustive, is identified below. These constraints should be addressed in a Country Enterprise Development Strategy (see Section 4, “Strategy Implementation,” below). Input Constraints. SMEs face a variety of constraints in markets for the factors of production, as follows: • Debt and Equity: SMEs have limited access to capital markets, both locally and internationally, in part because of the perception of higher risk, informational barriers, and higher intermediary costs for smaller firms. As a result, SMEs often cannot obtain long-term financing in the form of term debt and equity. • Labor Market: An insufficient supply of skilled workers can limit specialization opportunities, raise costs, and reduce flexibility in managing operations. • Information and Technology: SMEs have difficulty gaining access to appropriate technologies and information on available techniques. This limits innovation and SME competitiveness. At the same time, other constraints on capital and labor, as well as uncertainty surrounding new technologies, restrict incentives to innovate. • Production Inputs: SMEs face constraints in the availability of production inputs. For example, better-quality raw materials are generally exported or are available only to larger firms, and their suppliers tend to be oligopolies. Inadequate infrastructure and weak provision of basic services, such as transportation, energy, urban planning, and production sites, are particular impediments for SMEs. 2.3 Output Constraints. Access to domestic and international markets can be constrained by factors related to SME size, as follows: • Domestic Markets: The State’s diminished role in productive activity and renewed private investment have created new opportunities for SMEs. Nonetheless, limited access to public contracts and subcontracts, often caused by cumbersome bidding procedures and/or lack of information, hinder participation in these markets. Also, inefficient distribution channels and their control by larger firms constrain SME access to markets. • International Markets: Previously insulated from international competition, many SMEs now face greater external competition and the need to expand market share. Limited international marketing experience, poor quality control and product standardization, and scant access to international partners, however, impede expansion into international markets. 2.4 Regulatory Constraints. Although wide-ranging structural reforms have improved prospects for enterprise development, many issues remain to be addressed at the level of the firm. • Taxation and Tariffs: Complicated and inefficient tax codes that include cascading sales taxes and stamp taxes are least favorable to SMEs and artificially promote larger-scale firms and microenterprises. At the same time, tariff and non-tariff barriers favoring larger firms that influence policymaking are often biased against SMEs. 37

IDB GROUP SUPPORT TO THE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE SECTOR (1990–2002)

• Legislation: High start-up costs for firms, including licensing and registration requirements, can impose excessive and unnecessary burdens on SMEs. The high cost of settling legal claims and excessive delays in court proceedings adversely affect SME operations. The absence of antitrust legislation favors larger firms, while lack of protection for property rights limits SME access to foreign technologies. • Capital Movement: Even though most countries have significantly relaxed restrictions on capital movement, bureaucratic complications and distortions remain in foreign exchange markets. SMEs are affected most strongly because they lack the wherewithal of larger firms. • Labor Markets: Inflexible labor codes and other indirect labor costs weigh most heavily on SMEs, raising their cost of doing business and depriving them of the flexibility to adapt. 2.5 Management Constraints: Lack of economies of scale and competition for one of the scarcest resources—management know-how—significantly constrain SME development. • Management Skills and Training: Even though SMEs tend to attract motivated managers, they can hardly compete with larger firms. Scarcity of management talent, prevalent in most Latin American and Caribbean countries, has a magnified effect on SMEs. • Consulting Services: Lack of support services or their relatively higher unit cost can hinder SME efforts to improve their management because consulting firms often are not equipped with appropriate, cost-effective management solutions for the scale of SMEs. Furthermore, lack of awareness, information, and time to take advantage of existing services result in weak demand. 2.6 Institutional Constraints: Lack of cohesiveness and the wide range of SME interests limit SMEs’ capacity to defend their collective interests and effective participation in civil society. • Association and Collective Action: Associations providing a voice for SME interests in the policymaking process have had a more limited role compared to that of larger firms. Many entrepreneurial associations have yet to complete the transition of their goals from protectionism to competitiveness. Additionally, the potential economies of collaborative arrangements in production and sales among SMEs have not been adequately explored.

3. The Bank’s strategy 3.1 The goal of the Bank’s strategy is to support the competitiveness of SMEs to enable them to contribute to long-term growth and employment. This will be accomplished through support for enhancing the private delivery of goods and services. To achieve this objective, it is proposed that Bank actions related to the Enterprise Development Strategy for Small and Medium size Enterprises be directed at helping SMEs to help themselves, to move from protection to competition. It is believed that programs with this approach will be sustainable over time and will promote economic development to a greater degree than the provision of handouts. Nevertheless, it must be recognized that markets for the factors of production are still underdeveloped and that such an approach does not rule out the use of subsidized access to the services required by SMEs, where the lack of effective demand and/or high transaction costs prevent their provision by the market. In these cases, however, direct support should be limited in scope, transparent in application, and targeted to an identified need. 38

IDB GROUP SUPPORT TO THE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE SECTOR (1990–2002)

3.2 The Bank’s strategy should focus on two main areas, as follows: • Creation of a Level Playing Field: In order to promote SME development and growth, the institutional and regulatory barriers faced by SMEs should be reduced. Key policy areas are input markets (capital, labor availability and qualifications, technology, and production inputs), output markets (pricing, anti-competitive policies, and access to market information), and regulations (tax, tariffs, procurement, legislation, and capital movement). • Compensation for Unfavorable Position: —Lowering Transaction Costs of Business: To the extent practical, Bank programs should lower financial and economic transaction costs. It is recognized that the fixed costs of doing business are less easily absorbed by smaller firms than by larger ones. Therefore, efforts to reduce bureaucratic procedures, enhance access to credit, eliminate unnecessarily restrictive labor practices, and expand availability of market-related information will benefit SMEs to a greater degree. —Targeted Programs: Eliminating institutional biases and lowering transaction costs are necessary, but insufficient, steps to promote SMEs. In cases where SMEs lack access to needed inputs because of the failure of the market to provide them, the Bank can promote provision of services and information through local and international institutions that fill these gaps. The provision of services should not be on a full-grant basis; rather, they should be on a cost-sharing basis, i.e., with partial grants, contingent recovery, or favorable loan tenor for access to business services, in order to encourage development of the market for these services. —Transfer of Techniques and Institution-building: Sustainability of the Enterprise Development Strategy will depend on the successful transfer of the techniques and capacity to support SME development to regional actors (both member governments and agencies and the private sector). In support of this transfer, the Bank should seek to establish linkages among the actors—with a special focus on those in the private sector—to encourage the exchange of policy lessons and experiences (within and between countries), develop the necessary local research and policy analysis on SME issues, and encourage a policy dialogue on relevant issues.

4. Strategy implementations 4.1 Country Enterprise Development Strategy: In light of the diverse instruments needed and the range of actions already undertaken by the Bank in each country, it is proposed that a coordinated and coherent effort be made to integrate those efforts and to take advantage of the unique opportunities and synergies offered by the joint actions of the Bank’s various institutions. The Multilateral Investment Fund (MIF), the Inter-American Investment Corporation (IIC), and the Bank, working as a group under the leadership of the regional departments and with the technical support of the central units, will develop a Country Enterprise Development Strategy (EDS), within the framework of the Country Programming process. This strategy will be consistent with the principles outlined above and will be based on a thorough analysis of the Bank’s ongoing country activities, the country strategy for SMEs, the actions and programs of other donors, the existence of regional integration programs, and the operating environment for enterprises that identifies areas in need of intervention. It will consist of a strategy statement to guide Bank activities and a comprehensive (multiyear) package of actions, which may include new operations, adaptation and integration of existing ones or a combination of both, and all policy and institutional measures 39

IDB GROUP SUPPORT TO THE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE SECTOR (1990–2002)

necessary to enhance SME development. It will clearly identify the roles of the various members of the Bank Group. 4.2 EDS Preparation. Individual country strategies will be prepared by the Regional Departments, inasmuch as possible, as part of the regular Bank programming process; otherwise, they will be prepared as stand-alone strategies and approved by the Programming Committee. Bank activities in support of SMEs will be monitored by a Private Sector Committee, presided by the Bank’s President. To support preparation of the EDS, the Social Programs and Sustainable Development Department will provide assistance, as requested, in preparing the first strategies. Additionally, based on country case studies, best practices will be identified and benchmark performance indicators will be provided for use in program design. Also, research will be carried out on innovative tools to support enterprise development. The results of these studies will be disseminated through seminars, working papers, and informal meetings among Bank Group staff. An important element in strategy implementation will be experience sharing.

5. Instruments for strategy implementation 5.1 The Bank has provided an array of instruments, both directly and indirectly, with which to support enterprise development in the region. In the early 1960s, the Bank provided direct loans to private enterprises, while more recent programs promoting macroeconomic stability and appropriate microeconomic incentives are now yielding benefits in renewed private sector-led growth. In many member countries, now that structural adjustment has laid the groundwork for marketoriented policies, the Bank must increasingly focus on firm-level issues that affect competitiveness. Already, the liberalization of trade and the reduced role of the State in productive activities have created opportunities and challenges for SMEs by reducing State control and expanding access to foreign exchange and imported inputs, while increasing import competition. 5.2 To meet this challenging business environment, the Bank Group plans to develop instruments that can be used to address each of the areas of action that will be identified in the EDS. The following list is only illustrative of the type of actions that the EDS will contain. The analyses proposed above will suggest the instruments to be designed according to the specific needs identified in each country and experience will lead to new ways of addressing the problems (the classification of instruments is also illustrative, as a given instrument may cover both aims).

Enterprise Development Strategy Small and Medium Enterprises Sample of Instruments for Strategy Implementation CREATION OF A LEVEL PLAYING FIELD Investment-sector reform type loan components and Bank Group technical cooperation: • Reform of regulatory environment • Alternative methods for settlement of disputes • Strengthening of financial and capital markets 40

IDB GROUP SUPPORT TO THE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE SECTOR (1990–2002)

• Development of relevant SME skills in financial institutions • Labor market reform COMPENSATION FOR UNFAVORABLE POSITION: Bank Group loans, equity investments, and technical cooperation: • Nonsubsidized mediated credit • Promotion of business organizations • Management support • Site development • Technology development • Equity funds for financial and productive enterprise • Export promotion/market intelligence • Development and harmonization of regulations between countries (quality, environment, etc.) • Worker training programs • Management training programs • Leadership development • Direct loans and equity investments • Promotion of joint ventures (e.g., Programa Bolívar) • Business development centers • Expansion of equity ownership base of SMEs

6. Responsibilities for strategy implementations 6.1 During 1995 and 1996, the Bank will prepare a number of pilot EDSs in each region. The Regional Departments will identify countries that can benefit most from the preparation of EDSs and will consult with authorities on their interest in an Enterprise Development Program, as a consolidation of actions and strategies in the sector. 6.2 Document preparation will be carried out by a working group led by the Regional Departments and will include support from central units to assist in coordinating these activities among the regions and, as needed, will include the participation of IIC, MIF, and PRI. The support from the central unit will include, among others, preparation of methodologies, dissemination of best practices, benchmark development, and support for results evaluation and preparation of country and Bank strategies. 6.3 Once the SME program of actions has been agreed upon with the country, implementation will follow the Bank’s existing procedures, with the participation of IIC and MIF in their respective operations, under the coordination of the Regional Departments. 41

ANNEX II Operations Report Table A. Summary of IDB Group Activities To Support SMEs (1990–2002) through December 2002 (in US$ thousands) IDB Category

IIC

Amount

No. of Projects

6,157,670 1,291,835

26 17

Amount

MIF

No. of Projects

Amount

No. of Projects

FINANCIAL SERVICES IDB Global multisectoral credit Global credit for micro and small enterprise IIC Loans Equity share MIF Investment funds Total financial services

838,872 208,870

1,047,742

174 64

238

161,746

7,449,505

357,500 1,254,837 1,112,208

13 15 16

60,697 65,303 40,779 13,127 13,263

34 33 30 8 11

2,724,545

193,169

116

36,107 36,107

40 40

BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT SERVICES Technical assistance Development of human resources Innovation, technology, and quality Business initiative Local development—Regional competitiveness Total business development services

IMPROVEMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND REGULATORY AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Sectoral reform loans to support SMEs Technical cooperation Total improvement of environment

3,352,600

Subtotal, by institution

13,526,650

1,047,742

391,022

IDB GROUP SUPPORT TO THE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE SECTOR (1990–2002)

Table B. IDB Sectoral Reform Loans To Support SMEs (1991–2002) through December 2002 (in US$ thousands) Country 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Nicaragua Chile Bolivia Mexico Jamaica Argentina Peru Colombia Paraguay Uruguay El Salvador Argentina Costa Rica Costa Rica Trinidad & Tobago Ecuador Ecuador Barbados Panama Dominican Rep. Peru Bolivia Guatemala Total

Name of Project Trade and Financial Adjustment Loan Investment Sector Reform Program Investment Sector Reform Program Export Sector Adjustment Program Trade and Finance Adjustment Loan Public Sector Reform Loan Trade Sector Adjustment Loan Investment Sector Loan Investment Sector Program Investment Sector Reform Program Investment Sector Reform Program Investment Sector Program Investment and Multicredit Program Public Sector Reform Loan Investment Sector Reform Program Financial Sector Reform Program Transport Restructuring Program Investment Sector Reform Program Financial Sector Reform Program Labor Reform and Training Program Financial Sector Reform II Program Customs Reform and Modernization Program Financial Sector II Program

No. NI-0012 * CH-0044 BO-0110 * ME-0112 JA-0019 * AR-0215 PE-0029 * CO-0035 * PR-0003 * UR-0057 * ES-0016 AR-0059 CR-0032 CR-0025 TT-0012 EC-0043 * EC-0102 BA-0012 PN-0056 * DR-0134 PE-0202 BO-0059 GU-0119

Year

Amount

Total Cost

1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1992 1992 1992 1992 1993 1993 1993 1994 1994 1995 1997 1999 1999 2000 2002

132,500 150,000 62,500 250,000 76,000 325,000 433,900 205,000 81,500 68,800 90,000 350,000 100,000 80,000 80,000 110,000 59,400 35,000 130,100 16,900 311,000 5,000 200,000 3,352,600

132,500 150,000 120,000 275,000 130,000 650,000 434,000 205,000 89,500 68,800 100,000 350,000 100,000 80,000 80,000 110,000 89,400 35,000 132,830 21,100 311,000 6,300 200,000 3,870,430

* These projects include technical cooperation.

IDB GROUP SUPPORT TO THE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE SECTOR (1990â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2002)

Table C. IDB Global Multisectoral Credit Operations (1990â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2002) through December 2002 (in US$ thousands) Country 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Brazil El Salvador Paraguay Ecuador Bolivia Uruguay Honduras Bahamas Mexico Argentina Peru Bolivia Mexico El Salvador Brazil Regional Regional Peru Brazil Uruguay Chile Brazil Mexico Brazil El Salvador Uruguray Total

Name of Project BNDES: Global Multisectoral Credit Global Multisectoral Credit I Industrial Credit Program Global Multisectoral Credit Program Multisectoral Credit Program Global Multisectoral Credit Global Multisectoral Credit Program Multisectoral Credit Program Global Credit Program for SMEs Multisectoral Credit Program Global Multisectoral Credit Program Global Multisectoral Credit II Program Corporate Strengthening of Financial Institutions Program Global Multisectoral Credit II Global Multisectoral Credit Program BCIE Multisectoral Credit Program Multisectoral Credit Program Multisectoral Credit II Program Multisectoral Credit Program Multisectoral Credit II Global Multisectoral Finance Program Global Credit Program for SMEs Global Multisectoral Credit Program Market Expansion Program Multisectoral Credit Program Global Multisectoral Finance Program

No.

Year

Amount

BR-0172 ES-0086 PR-0065 EC-0089 BO-0088 UR-0063 HO-0034 BH-0015 ME-0152 AR-0055 PE-0113 BO-0034 ME-0126 ES-0057 BR-0155 CA-0008 RG-0014 PE-0191 BR-0277 UR-0021 CH-0157 BR-0310 ME-0117 BR-0270 ES-0130 UR-0136

1990 1990 1990 1991 1991 1992 1992 1992 1992 1993 1994 1994 1995 1995 1995 1997 1997 1998 1998 1998 1999 1999 2000 2001 2002 2002

250,000 60,000 30,000 102,270 80,000 90,000 60,000 21,000 250,000 300,000 100,000 70,000 377,500 100,000 300,000 100,000 300,000 200,000 1,100,000 155,000 240,000 1,200,000 300,000 149,500 42,400 180,000 6,157,670

Total Cost 500,000 75,000 38,000 227,420 100,000 130,000 75,000 30,000 500,000 800,000 167,000 87,500 500,000 125,000 600,000 300,000 600,000 334,300 2,200,000 220,785 240,000 1,200,000 600,000 300,000 53,000 225,000 10,228,005

IDB GROUP SUPPORT TO THE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE SECTOR (1990–2002)

Table D. IDB Global Credit Operations for Micro and Small Enterprises (1990–2002) through December 2002 (in US$ thousands) Country 1 Uruguay 2 Colombia 3 Ecuador 4 Argentina 5 Guatemala 6 Costa Rica 7 Paraguay 8 Chile 9 El Salvador 10 Nicaragua 11 Peru 12 Paraguay 13 Peru 14 Bolivia 15 Argentina 16 Brazil 17 Brazil Total

Name of Project

No.

Year

Amount

Total Cost

Global Credit Program for Small and Micro Enterprises Global Credit Program for Microenterprises Credit Program for Microenterprises Global Credit Program for Small and Micro Enterprises National Program for Guatemalan Microenterprise Global Credit for Microenterprises Global Credit Program for Microenterprises Global Credit Program for Microenterprises Global Credit for Microenterprises Nonconventional Credit Program Global Credit Program for Microenterprises Global Credit for Microenterprises II Global Credit Program for Microenterprises II Support to Small and Micro Enterprises Global Credit Program to Small and Micro Enterprises II BNDES SME Support Program Microenterprise Credit

UR-0033 CO-0086 EC-0110 AR-0213 GU-0072 CR-0016 PR-0013 CH-0033 ES-0037 NI-0035 PE-0035 PR-0094 PE-0189 BO-0171 AR-0127 BR-0331 BR-0301

1990 1990 1990 1991 1992 1992 1992 1992 1993 1993 1995 1997 1998 1998 1999 2001 2002

7,000 14,000 16,200 45,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 12,000 23,979 23,600 25,000 20,056 30,000 15,000 100,000 900,000 30,000 1,291,835

10,000 20,000 18,000 60,000 12,500 14,300 12,000 20,000 30,000 29,500 35,700 22,056 42,860 18,750 200,000 1,800,000 60,000 2,405,666

Total Cost

Table E. IDB Enterprise Consultancy Programs (1996–2002) through December 2002 (in US$ thousands)

1 2 3 4 5 6

Country

Name of Project

No.

Year

Amount

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Uruguay Jamaica Paraguay

Enterprise Development Support Program Support to Small and Micro Enterprises* Market Expansion Program* Pilot Project To Increase Cattle Raising Competitiveness Agricultural Support Services Diversification and Technological Improvement of Small Farm Producers Agricultural Services Program Agro-enterprise Restructuring SME Enterprise Development Productive Rural Recovery Program Support to Competitive Food and Agriculture Transition Sustainable Farming Development Program Competitiveness Promotion Program

AR-0144 BO-0171 BR-0270 UR-0137 JA-0111

1996 1998 2001 2000 2000

100,000 20,000 500 7,600 14,000

200,000 25,000 300,000 10,900 20,000

PR-0084 BO-0176 ES-0119 PR-0100 NI-0159 DR-0138 CR0142 PN-0145

2000 2000 2001 2001 2002 2002 2002 2002

10,000 34,000 25,000 10,000 60,000 55,000 14,400 7,000 357,500

12,500 44,000 31,250 12,500 68,000 61,110 17,600 10,000 812,860

7 Bolivia 8 El Salvador 9 Paraguay 10 Nicaragua 11 Dominican Rep. 12 Costa Rica 13 Panama Total

* Global loans for these projects appear in Tables C and D.

IDB GROUP SUPPORT TO THE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE SECTOR (1990–2002)

Table F. IDB Human Resources Development Programs (1992–2002) through December 2002 (in US$ thousands) Country

Name of Project

No.

Year

Amount

Total Cost

1 Chile 2 Argentina 3 Paraguay 4 Mexico 5 Panama 6 Brazil 7 Dominican Rep. 8 Mexico 9 Belize 10 Regional 11 Mexico 12 Guatemala 13 Panama 14 Bolivia 15 Brazil Total

Worker Training Program Production and Transformation Support Professional Education Program** Labor Market Modernization Project II Tourism Sector Support Program Professional Education Sector Reform Worker Reform and Training Program Labor Market Modernization Program, Phase II Tourism Development Project Sustainable Development Program of the Mayan World Active Labor Market Policies Labor Market Program Training System and Jobs Development Sustainable Tourism Development Program PRODETUR Northeast Region II

CH-0024 AR-0062 PR-0038 ME-0186 PN-0120 BR-0247 DR-0134 ME-0118 BL-0012 AT-1203 ME-0233 GU-0158 PN-0125 BO-0174 BR-0323

1992 1994 1994 1996 1997 1997 1999 2000 2000 2000 2001 2002 2002 2002 2002

40,000 144,000 20,745 250,000 2,500 250,000 16,900 200,000 11,000 1,292 300,000 10,000 8,400 10,000 240,000 1,254,837

80,000 221,000 20,745 416,700 2,500 500,000 21,100 433,300 14,000 1,442 600,000 10,000 8,400 12,500 400,000 2,329,187

Total Cost

** This project was co-financed by the MIF (MIF/AT-30).

Table G. IDB Innovation and Technology Development Programs (1990–2002) through December 2002 (in US$ thousands) Country

Name of Project

No.

Year

Amount

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Venezuela Uruguay Chile Argentina Mexico Brazil Colombia Panama Argentina Guatemala Venezuela Chile Uruguay Panama

VE-0054 UR-0095 CH-0022 AR-0141 ME-0041 BR-0164 CO-0134 PN-0109 AR-0171 GU-0135 VE-0112 CH-160 UR-0110

1990 1991 1992 1993 1993 1995 1996 1998 1999 1999 1999 2000 2000

47,000 35,000 67,618 95,000 180,100 160,000 100,000 14,200 140,000 10,700 100,000 100,000 30,000

47,000 50,000 182,900 190,000 300,000 320,000 219,000 24,900 280,000 13,900 200,000 200,000 60,000

15 16

Venezuela Nicaragua Total

Science and Technology Program Science and Technology Development Program Science and Technology Program Technology Modernization Program Science and Technology Program Science and Technology Program Scientific Research and Technological Development Productive Sector Support Program Technology Modernization Program II Technology Innovation Support Program Science and Technology Program Development and Technology Innovation Program Technology Development Program Program to Establish Center for Science, Technology, and Innovation Farming Technology Program Technology Innovation Support

PN-0134 VE-0125 NI-0147

2000 2,001 2,001

3,300 22,500 6,790 1,112,208

5,300 45,000 9,460 2,147,460

IDB GROUP SUPPORT TO THE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE SECTOR (1990–2002)

Table H. IIC Net Active Portfolio (1990–2002) (After repayments and cancellations) through December 2002 (in US$ thousands) Name of Project GEMINA SUBSOLE GRANJAS MARINAS FRESH CATCH AQUAMAR QUIMPAC VASOS VENEZOLANOS UNIVA FEPADE/ISEADE BIF SULEASING BANCO DE BOGOTÁ TECNOFIL ALE ABCO TERNOR SINERSA SLP AUREOS PROBA, L.P. Total (2002): No. of loans and capital CAFÉ SOLUBLE TORRY & RODRÍGUEZ FALCON INVERTEC PESQUERA II STANDARD SEAFOOD BRAZILIAN SECTS II BRAZILIAN MTGES II BIOFILM AMÉRICA BANCO SANTOS PUBLICIDAD SARMIENTO CARMITEL EMHOSA CAMINO A LAS SIERRAS MABET SANTHER II CIFI BCO. DESARROLLO EQUITY Total (2001): No. of loans and capital

Loan

Capital

Loan and Capital

$1,000 $7,000 $1,500 $1,000 $5,000 $10,000 $5,000 $10,000 $4,380 $2,000 $10,000 $10,000 $5,000 $6,000 $5,000 $3,000 $6,000 $20,000 $0 $0

$0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $3,000 $6,000

$1,000 $7,000 $1,500 $1,000 $5,000 $10,000 $5,000 $10,000 $4,380 $2,000 $10,000 $10,000 $5,000 $6,000 $5,000 $3,000 $6,000 $20,000 $3,000 $6,000

$111,880 18

$9,000 2

$120,880 20

$2,400 $325 $5,000 $4,000 $10,000 $10,000 $5,000 $7,000 $5,000 $6,000 $6,500 $6,000 $3,600 $4,000 $3,500 $8,000 $0 $0

$0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $10,000 $10,000

$2,400 $325 $5,000 $4,000 $10,000 $10,000 $5,000 $7,000 $5,000 $6,000 $6,500 $6,000 $3,600 $4,000 $3,500 $8,000 $10,000 $10,000

$86,325 16

$20,000 2

$106,325 18 (Chart continues on the following page)

IDB GROUP SUPPORT TO THE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE SECTOR (1990–2002)

Table H. (continued) (After repayments and cancellations) through December 2002 (in US$ thousands) Name of Project BANCO DEL DESARROLLO AL BRAZILIAN MORTGAGES BRAZILIAN SECURITIES SFI POPULAR IMPROSA DEL TRÓPICO HOSPITAL ABC ZIP BUENA VISTA CONDICEL TIRLEY UDEMAN ALMER DELTA LEASING CEA L.A.C.P., L.P. NEGOCIOS REGIONALES MULTINDFUND ADVENT II

Loan

Capital

Loan and Capital

$10,000 $200 $10,300 $1,000 $10,000 $6,000 $3,000 $10,000 $7,500 $4,000 $900 $4,300 $10,000 $7,000 $0 $0 $0 $0

$0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $1,000 $4,000 $4,000 $8,000 $10,000

$10,000 $200 $10,300 $1,000 $10,000 $6,000 $3,000 $10,000 $7,500 $4,000 $900 $4,300 $10,000 $8,000 $4,000 $4,000 $8,000 $10,000

Total (2000): No. of loans and capital

$84,200 14

$27,000 5

$111,200 19

LAAD INVERTEC FOODS BANCO RÍO BANCO DE OCCIDENTE FICENSA BAJÍO REPUBLIC PLG BAPSA II BANCENTRO II BCO. UNO BANCO FICOHSA BGA II BANCO BISA BANCO MERCANTIL CARIBBEAN FUND COMPASS FUND

$7,675 $5,000 $10,000 $5,030 $1,520 $922 $5,390 $15,000 $6,601 $6,000 $2,185 $4,584 $1,250 $10,000 $10,000 $0 $0

$0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $7,500 $10,000

$7,675 $5,000 $10,000 $5,030 $1,520 $922 $5,390 $15,000 $6,601 $6,000 $2,185 $4,584 $1,250 $10,000 $10,000 $7,500 $10,000

Total (1999): No. of loans and capital

$91,158 15

$17,500 2

$108,658 17

IDB GROUP SUPPORT TO THE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE SECTOR (1990–2002)

Name of Project BANCO ECONÓMICO BISA GALICIA II MULTIBANCO FINANCIERA DELTA II NBK BANK BANCO DEL NUEVO MUNDO BANCREDITO BANCO INTERFIN, S.A. BANCO INDUSTRIAL LEASECORP CABCORP COFISESA (MELO) DESLER ARLEI TROPIGAS CBPF SCUDDER LATIN POWER II WESTPHERE II Total (1998): No. of loans and capital SAN JACINTO INVERSIONES SELVA II BANCENTRO INJEPET DOMINION NONWOVENS ZIP CHOLOMA—II CIT(HOLIDAY INN) INV MALECÓN DE LA RESERVA HIDRONIHUIL MG-FIEE BANEX/PE LATIN HEALTH CARE ESSENTIAL SERVICES NEWBRIDGE ANDEAN LEASING BOLÍVAR BPEF I S.A. PRIVATE EQUITY FUND Total (1997): No. of loans and capital BUYATTI PASA INTERCONTINENTAL LEASING MORA MERCO FLUVIAL

Loan

Capital

Loan and Capital

$7,000 $4,000 $10,000 $5,000 $4,000 $4,550 $8,787 $7,500 $6,000 $1,100 $4,185 $10,000 $6,528 $4,179 $8,000 $7,000 $0 $0 $0

$0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $5,000 $7,000 $10,000

$7,000 $4,000 $10,000 $5,000 $4,000 $4,550 $8,787 $7,500 $6,000 $1,100 $4,185 $10,000 $6,528 $4,179 $8,000 $7,000 $5,000 $7,000 $10,000

$97,829 16

$22,000 3

$119,829 19

$4,000 $4,750 $3,300 $8,000 $9,752 $1,500 $5,100 $6,500 $10,000 $0 $1,552 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0

$0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $98 $3,000 $4,950 $5,000 $5,013 $6,000 $9,724 $10,000

$4,000 $4,750 $3,300 $8,000 $9,752 $1,500 $5,100 $6,500 $10,000 $98 $4,552 $4,950 $5,000 $5,013 $6,000 $9,724 $10,000

$54,454 10

$43,785 8

$98,240 18

$4,000 $5,000 $2,500 $2,500 $3,000

$0 $0 $0 $0 $0

$4,000 $5,000 $2,500 $2,500 $3,000 (Chart continues on the following page)

IDB GROUP SUPPORT TO THE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE SECTOR (1990–2002)

Table H. (continued) (After repayments and cancellations) through December 2002 (in US$ thousands) Name of Project

Loan

Capital

WATERFIELDS CHRISTIANSON II BON APPETIT MPEF BOZANO INVERTEC PESQUERA

$1,000 $655 $0 $0 $0 $5,000

$0 $1,476 $2,000 $3,000 $3,963 $5,000

$1,000 $2,130 $2,000 $3,000 $3,963 $10,000

$23,655 8

$15,439 5

$39,094 13

SAGEMULLER—II CAIF BRAZILIAN EQUITY

$0 $0 $0

$2,000 $3,000 $5,000

Total (1995): No. of loans and capital

$0 —

$10,000 3

TAHUAMANU BCN WALL STREET CITIZENS BANK BANCO MERCANTIL/DR CORFIOCCIDENTE SIGMA CONELECTRICAS SANTIAGO ADVENT FICEN PESQUERA DIAMANTE FONDELEC

$1,600 $6,000 $3,500 $559 $1,500 $1,410 $4,000 $3,000 $0 $2,000 $2,000 $0

$0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $54 $286 $800 $5,000

$1,600 $6,000 $3,500 $559 $1,500 $1,410 $4,000 $3,000 $54 $2,286 $2,800 $5,000

Total (1994): No. of loans and capital

$25,569 10

$6,139 4

$31,708 14

$4,600 $2,100 $4,800 $1,000 $4,300 $5,000 $3,500 $2,354 $3,000 $5,000 $5,000 $4,200 $6,000

$0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0

$4,600 $2,100 $4,800 $1,000 $4,300 $5,000 $3,500 $2,354 $3,000 $5,000 $5,000 $4,200 $6,000

Total (1996): No. of loans and capital

SAGEMULLER ECUAPLANTATION PROMAR PRODUPESA LAMITECH (Colissin) EMB BGA (formerly Bancahsa) LEASING COLMENA FINANCIERA DELTA FLEMING WILLMOR CLARION SUITES (Quality) PLATANAR

Loan and Capital

IDB GROUP SUPPORT TO THE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE SECTOR (1990–2002)

Name of Project

Loan

Capital

SANTHER VELOX/VINSA ACUICOLAS COIN BANCO MAYORISTA PCR MINERA YOLANDA ADVENT

$8,000 $6,000 $1,892 $3,000 $4,000 $7,000 $0

$0 $430 $564 $997 $1,000 $2,000 $5,000

$8,000 $6,430 $2,455 $3,997 $5,000 $9,000 $5,000

$80,746 19

$9,990 6

$90,735 25

$800 $6,000 $5,000 $10,000 $7,503 $7,986 $10,000 $6,000 $8,000 $4,000 $2,000 $8,000 $8,000 $4,500 $1,000 $3,000 $1,915 $6,000 $2,000 $0

$0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $300 $400 $500 $550 $839 $942 $2,000

$800 $6,000 $5,000 $10,000 $7,503 $7,986 $10,000 $6,000 $8,000 $4,000 $2,000 $8,000 $8,000 $4,800 $1,400 $3,500 $2,465 $6,839 $2,942 $2,000

$101,705 19

$5,531 7

$107,236 26

$1,350 $3,750 $3,200 $3,738 $6,880 $5,822 $5,500 $1,600 $800 $1,500 $2,000 $1,717 $1,400 $2,500

$0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $384 $500 $598 $684 $750

$1,350 $3,750 $3,200 $3,738 $6,880 $5,822 $5,500 $1,600 $800 $1,884 $2,500 $2,315 $2,084 $3,250

Total (1993): No. of loans and capital EBA AURORA PARANA CITRUS, S.A. GALICIA I BANCEN COFINORTE ITAMARATI SURINVEST BCO SANTANDER INTERCONTINENTAL BHN IMPSAT/COLOMBIA GUANACASTE GRALADO CAMPA BANEX/CR EL GAVILAN TRIPESCA FINAGRO FOFIP Total (1992): No. of loans and capital TIERRA FRÍA MANDIOCA CHRISTIANSON BAPSA BMC BBA IEQSA TIERRA GFM AYSEN BANCO MERCANTIL/NI D.F.L. SERLIPSA GRANJA MORO

Loan and Capital

(Chart continues on the following page)

IDB GROUP SUPPORT TO THE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE SECTOR (1990–2002)

Table H. (continued) (After repayments and cancellations) through December 2002 (in US$ thousands) Name of Project

Loan

Capital

ZF MONTEVIDEO UNION STAR ERA AVIC CFD OPCAP

$3,400 $5,153 $2,750 $0 $0 $0

$875 $1,122 $1,250 $2,000 $2,955 $3,000

$4,275 $6,275 $4,000 $2,000 $2,955 $3,000

$53,060 17

$14,118 11

$67,178 28

$4,875 $3,000 $2,500 $1,420 $2,000 $1,500 $4,000 $1,848 $900 $1,250 $0 $3,000 $2,000

$0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $842 $860 $969 $1,325 $1,372 $3,000

$4,875 $3,000 $2,500 $1,420 $2,000 $1,500 $4,000 $2,690 $1,760 $2,219 $1,325 $4,372 $5,000

Total (1990): No. of loans and capital

$28,293 12

$8,367 6

$36,660 18

Total (1990–2002): No. of loans and capital

$838,872 174

$208,870 64

$1,047,742 238

Total (1991): No. of loans and capital SERFIN VERSAGRUP ZIP CHOLOMA ZF SAN ISIDRO CARTOPEL EMFISA ALFA QUARTZ CMI SOLUBEL ENGEMAQ BANCOSOL IMPSAT PRC-I

Loan and Capital

IDB GROUP SUPPORT TO THE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE SECTOR (1990–2002)

Table I. Multilateral Investment Fund Operations To Support SME (1994–2002) through December 2002 (in US$ thousands)

Country

MIF/AT No.

Name of Project

Year

MIF

Other Source

Total

174 19 75 76 101 110 153 155 183 196 197 215

1994 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1997 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998

5,000 6,000 2,279 3,975 3,500 3,000 3,250 4,000 3,000 5,000 4,000 4,900

5,000 16,300 2,000 6,025 3,927 11,000 3,250 4,000 4,500 10,000 11,000 3,700

10,000 22,300 4,279 10,000 7,427 14,000 6,500 8,000 7,500 15,000 15,000 8,600

217 244 247 259 274

1998 1999 1999 1999 1999

10,000 4,000 3,000 10,000 6,000

10,000 4,000 7,666 24,000 14,000

20,000 8,000 10,666 34,000 20,000

306 309 265-1

1999 1999 1999

7,500 4,000 10,170

3,000 8,000 10,120

10,500 12,000 20,290

340 347 356 370 377

2000 2000 2000 2000 2000

3,300 5,000 4,500 3,000 10,000

7,366 10,000 9,000 6,500 25,000

10,666 15,000 13,500 9,500 35,000

382 410 412 435 472 486 490 509

2000 2001 2001 2001 2002 2002 2002 2002

3,372 5,000 6,000 3,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 4,000 161,746

1,628 7,000 9,000 12,000 10,000 16,000 9,000 8,000 291,982

5,000 12,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 20,000 12,000 12,000 453,728

FINANCIAL SERVICES

1 Mexico 2 Chile 3 Regional 4 Regional 5 Peru 6 Chile 7 Regional 8 Mexico 9 Mexico 10 Brazil 11 Regional 12 Bolivia 13 Regional 14 15 16 17 18

Mexico Brazil Regional Argentina Regional

19 Mexico 20 Regional 21 Brazil 22 Mexico 23 Brazil 24 Chile 25 Regional 26 Trinidad and Tobago 27 Brazil 28 Brazil 29 Brazil 30 Uruguay 31 Brazil 32 Brazil 33 Mexico

Investments Funds Productive Projects Development Fund (BANAMEX) Technology Transfer and Investment Fund Investment in Energy and Services Enterprises (E&CO-LAC) Environmental Fund (CA) Capital Venture Fund Small Enterprises Technology Development Risk Fund Development for Environment Services Enterprises Investment Fund for Small Environment Sector Businesses Venture Capital Fund for Agroindustry (AGROSEED) Development of Technology-based Enterprises Equity Investment in the Southern Cone Environment Bolivia Risk Capital Investment Fund for Small Enterprises and National RC Promotion Capital Development Fund in Guanajuato Capital Investment Fund for Technology Industries Investment Fund for the Caribbean Basin SME Equity Fund Central American Investment Fund in Small Enterprises (FOCIPE) Capital and High-risk Capital Investment in Small Enterprises Mechanism for Cofinancing and Promoting Small Enterprises Capital Investment Fund for Emerging Technology-based Enterprises in Santa Catarina ZN Low-Capitalization Investment Fund MVP TechFund for Emerging Software Companies Regional Projects Investment Fund Clean Technologies Fund Dynamic Venture Capital Fund Enterprise Remittance Fund Venture Capital Fund for Small Enterprises in Northeast Brazil Investment Fund for Emerging Technology Enterprises SME Fund Latin Tech Innovation Investech II - Río Bravo Chihuahua Fund Subtotal

(Chart continues on the following page)

IDB GROUP SUPPORT TO THE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE SECTOR (1990â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2002)

Table I. (continued) through December 2002 (in US$ thousands)

Country

MIF/AT No.

Name of Project

Year

MIF

Other Source

Total

178 300 357 367 403 408 417 507

1998 1999 2000 2000 2001 2001 2001 2002

3,500 1,800 815 1,750 886 990 1,200 2,186 13,127

3,500 900 1,560 3,974 1,014 975 700 1,284 13,907

7,000 2,700 2,375 5,724 1,900 1,965 1,900 3,470 27,034

20 35 36 37 58

1994 1995 1995 1995 1995

2,070 2,491 8,475 5,967 2,918

688 701 2,908 1,228 832

2,758 3,192 11,383 7,195 3,750

70 111 128 133 148

1996 1997 1997 1997 1997

1,920 1,400 1,768 1,325 2,000

640 535 978 1,155 2,000

2,560 1,935 2,746 2,480 4,000

161 172 185 209 245 255 258 266 268 271 297 299

1998 1998 1998 1998 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999

1,500 1,950 610 2,100 1,400 1,585 1,579 1,700 842 1,266 1,000 2,000

1,000 1,950 380 900 930 680 682 850 562 834 430 2,000

2,500 3,900 990 3,000 2,330 2,265 2,261 2,550 1,404 2,100 1,430 4,000

321 358 360 372 380

2000 2000 2000 2000 2000

850 2,000 1,700 850 1,500

370 6,560 1,700 363 1,500

1,220 8,560 3,400 1,213 3,000

ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT SERVICES

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Brazil Regional Peru Regional Regional Uruguay Panama Regional

1 2 3 4 5 6

El Salvador Costa Rica Argentina Colombia Peru Dominican Republic Panama Mexico Uruguay Chile Guatemala

7 8 9 10 11

12 Uruguay 13 Uruguay 14 Bolivia 15 Nicaragua 16 Guatemala 17 Regional 18 Honduras 19 Peru 20 Uruguay 21 Bolivia 22 Argentina 23 El Salvador 24 25 26 27

Mexico Argentina El Salvador Colombia

Enterprise Initiative Incubator Technologies Support Institutional Capacity Development for New Enterprises Promotion of Youth Enterprise Initiative Enterprise Initiative and Venture Capital Training for Young Entrepreneurs Program To Create Technology Enterprises Support To Technology Businesses Acceleration Enterprise Training through Formal Education System

Technical Assistance SME Productivity and Competitiveness Development Small Enterprise Competitiveness Program Network Program of Business Services Centers Program To Establish Business Development Centers Business Development Center Competitiveness Support to Dominican Agriculture Agroindustry Services Support Jalisco Productivity Center Program To Improve Competitiveness of Agricultural SMEs Program for Small Enterprise Competitiveness Technical Assistance for Non-traditional Agricultural Producers Strengthening of Small Business Owners Pilot Program for New Exporters (NEX) Small Enterprise Support Strengthening of Enterprise Services Market Enterprise Services Pilot Project Marketing Program for Small Coffee Producers Support To Productive Sector and Small Enterprises Investment Promotion for Small Enterprises Business Intergration Program Artesan Development Program Guidance for Small Business Owners Support for Development of Micro and Small Enterprises in El Salvador Productive Integration Support Program Market Diversification Program of Small Enterprise Exports Support Program for Agribusiness Competitiveness Internet Exporter Information (Market Intelligence)

IDB GROUP SUPPORT TO THE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE SECTOR (1990–2002)

Country 28 Bolivia 29 Uruguay 30 Argentina 31 Peru 32 Regional 33 Honduras 34 Regional

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Peru Chile Regional Costa Rica Venezuela Costa Rica Brazil Mexico Colombia Peru

11 El Salvador 12 Nicaragua 13

El Salvador

14 15

Regional Uruguay

Panama

17 18

Colombia Peru

Panama

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

Regional Argentina Brazil Jamaica Guatemala Nicaragua Brazil Venezuela Ecuador

Name of Project Improving Small Enterprise Competitiveness Business Development Program for the Software Industry Small Enterprise Support in Non-traditional Sectors Competitiveness Development in Artesan Sector Business Development Services for Small Producers Strengthening the Export Sector Improving Competition and Role of the Small Enterprise

MIF/AT No. 407 409 423 445 451 464 487

Technological Development and Quality Improvement Technology Transfer and Dissemination Program 98 Small Business Technologies Development 110 Documentation System for the Caribbean Tourist Industry 168 Support for SME Biodiversity Employment 211 Competitive Capacity of SMEs 164-1 Support Program for Software Sector Competitiveness 256 Business Model Development for Renewable Energy 293 Implementation of ISO 14001 Model in SMEs 303 Introduction of Regulations for Quality and Environmental Management 305 Training Model for Implementing Environmental Management Systems 318 Project To Promote Cleaner Production Processes 333 Program To Improve SME Competitiveness by Using Quality and Food Security Management Standards 344 Strengthening Quality and Food Security Management Systems for Small and Medium Enterprises 345 Clean Technologies Fund 377 Strengthening SME Competitive Capacity in Uruguay Using ISO Rules 381 Environmental Management Instruments and Enterprise Participation in Clean Production 383 Clean Technologies Environmental Management 385 Program To Improve Quality Control of Small and Medium Enterprises 373-1 Improving the Business Environment for Environmental Enterprises 389 SME Quality Management 393 Quality and Certification Standards 396 “Río Digital” Information Technologies Program 413 Implementing HACCP Quality and Environment Systems in SMEs 424 ISO 9000 & 14000 for Construction Sector SMEs 426 Improving SME Quality in the Tourism Sector 433 Technology Transfer and Agribusiness Support 439 SME Competitiveness Using ISO 9000 Regulations 446 Improving Competitiveness of Micro and Small Enterprises in the Textile Sector 448

Other Source

Total

652 891 830 650 496 728 1,684 60,697

440 729 620 350 298 312 787 36,892

1,092 1,620 1,450 1,000 794 1,040 2,471 97,589

1996 1996 1998 1998 1998 1999 1999 1999

1,316 3,000 2,200 1,670 1,797 1,500 2,250 395

649 3,000 1,700 1,230 1,041 1,000 2,250 395

1,965 6,000 3,900 2,900 2,838 2,500 4,500 790

1999

1,231

1,214

2,445

2000 2000

469 749

633 317

1,102 1,066

2000

674

338

1,012

2000 2000

735 1,000

479 1,000

1,214 2,000

2000

1,452

978

2,430

2000 2000

1,213 1,423

519 948

1,732 2,371

2000

1,062

740

1,802

2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001

582 2,289 1,637 860 800 560 825 1,600 1,209

255 1,543 1,563 586 580 367 355 1,600 805

837 3,832 3,200 1,446 1,380 927 1,180 3,200 2,014

2001

659

434

1,093

Year

MIF

2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2002 2002

(Chart continues on the following page)

IDB GROUP SUPPORT TO THE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE SECTOR (1990–2002)

Table I. (continued) through December 2002 (in US$ thousands)

29 30

Country

Name of Project

Panama Regional

Electronics Trade Development Innovation Program for SME Electronics Trade and Development

1 Uruguay 2 Paraguay 3 Mexico 4 Bolivia 5 Peru 6 Regional 7 Paraguay 8 Regional 9 Nicaragua 10 Peru 11 Peru 12 Colombia 13 Argentina 14 Regional 15 Haiti 16 Regional 17 Chile 18 Costa Rica 19 Nicaragua 20 21

Guyana El Salvador

22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

Bolivia Belize Peru Honduras Regional Paraguay El Salvador Regional Argentina Regional Regional Brazil

Human Resources Development Youth Training and Enterprise Development Program Worker Training Program Technical Training for the Electronics Industry Youth Enterprise Training Project Training Modernization in the Fishery Sector Management Training Program Mid-level Management Training Nontraditional Training for Caribbean Women Training Program for Agroenterprise Development in León Support Program to the Instituto de Formación Bancaria Tourism Sector Training in Ayacucho Technical Training for the Paper Industry Human Resources Management System Training on Labor Union Pension Business Initiative on Private Training for Professional Development Human Resources Training in MERCOSUR Agriculture Sector Labor Competition Certification Project Workshops Network for Youth Tourism Training Private Initiative for Human Resources Development in the Construction Sector Market Development of Microenterprise Training Services Pilot Program To Support Small Enterprises and Municipalities Agricultural Enterprise Training Support to Create an Ecotourism Training Program Interactive Distance Learning System Competitiveness Program in the Garment Industry Financial Analyst Training for SMEs Construction Sector Competitiveness Intermediary Labor Services Youth Work Program: Technology in the Workplace Labor Mediation Program in the Private Sector Support to Financial Intelligence Units in South America Labor Market and Information System for PPP Training Ecotourism Certification Program

MIF/AT No.

Other Source

Year

MIF

Total

506

2002

622

379

1,001

471-1

2002

5,000 40,779

3,000 29,898

8,000 70,677

9 30 56 72 77 103 92-1 118 131 158 160 179 182 206

1994 1994 1995 1995 1996 1996 1996 1997 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998

2,500 3,503 2,000 3,000 3,000 3,750 1,450 1,650 1,200 1,300 1,600 1,900 1,000 2,364

— 2,797 800 854 2,360 3,100 863 775 400 700 700 4,168 1,000 1,240

2,500 6,300 2,800 3,854 5,360 6,850 2,313 2,425 1,600 2,000 2,300 6,068 2,000 3,604

291 292 294 295

1999 1999 1999 1999

2,000 3,800 1,900 685

850 2,600 2,025 285

2,850 6,400 3,925 970

298 301

1999 1999

1,022 900

666 533

1,688 1,433

330 331 343 348 355-1 390 399 419 420 434 468 485 496

2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2002 2002 2002

1,400 1,200 700 1,000 1,100 760 840 1,634 10,000 1,750 1,320 1,400 1,675 65,303

600 545 300 700 797 725 472 699 13,750 1,710 573 600 1,675 49,862

2,000 1,745 1,000 1,700 1,897 1,485 1,312 2,333 23,750 3,460 1,893 2,000 3,350 115,165

IDB GROUP SUPPORT TO THE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE SECTOR (1990–2002)

Country

Mexico

2 3

Ecuador Honduras

4 5 6

Mexico Colombia Ecuador

7 Colombia 8 Colombia 9 Argentina 10 Brazil 11 Peru

Name of Project Regional Competitiveness Human Resources Investment for Regional Enterprise Development in Nueva Vizcaya Development and Support to Private Local Initiatives MIC—Enterprise Networks and Integration of Production Chains Capital and Risk Capital Investment To Support SMEs Agribusiness Project for Isabella Grape Support to Local Participation in the Tourism Sector of Galápagos Clothing Industry Training in Eje Cafetalero Promotion of Cooperative Enterprises Local Development and Small Business Competitiveness Development of Industrial Districts Strengthening of Alpaca Marketing Channels

MIF/AT No.

Year

MIF

Other Source

Total

139-1 242

1997 1999

1,259 1,940

1,090 1,060

2,349 3,000

249 309 371

1999 1999 2000

700 1,370 1,112

690 1,370 740

1,390 2,740 1,852

425 467 469 479 482 488

2001 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002

300 1,100 1,077 1,860 2,075 470 13,263

127 750 738 1,480 2,030 310 10,385

427 1,850 1,815 3,340 4,105 780 23,648

193,169

140,944

334,113

Subtotal

IMPROVEMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND REGULATORY AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

1 Peru 2 Colombia 3 Uruguay 4 Panama 5 Honduras 6 Ecuador 7 Costa Rica 8 Guatemala 9 Brazil 10 Chile 11 Paraguay 12 Venezuela 13 Nicaragua 14 Guyana 15 Trinidad and Tobago 16 Argentina 17 Mexico 18

1 2 3

Conflict Resolution Alternatives Alternative Systems for Conflict Resolution Mediation and Arbitration Program Mediation and Arbitration Program Mediation and Arbitration Program Mediation and Arbitration Program Mediation and Arbitration Program Mediation and Arbitration Program Center for Business Mediation and Arbitration Alternative Conflict Resolution Methods Business Mediation and Arbitration Center for Business Mediation and Arbitration Mediation and Arbitration Program Alternative Mechanisms for Resolving Property Disputes Strengthening Property Rights Systems

22 43 61 107 113 105 99 204 235 232 257 262 286 289

1994 1995 1995 1996 1996 1996 1996 1998 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999

1,470 1,220 835 270 497 720 374 450 1,599 650 1,200 729 982 940

— 588 845 200 277 328 172 200 1,741 663 500 771 687 415

1,470 1,808 1,680 470 774 1,048 546 650 3,340 1,313 1,700 1,500 1,669 1,355

317 322

2000 2000

384 1,000

206 1,508

590 2,508

Bolivia

Alternative Conflict Resolution Systems National Network for Mediation and Arbitration Strengthening the System of Alternative Methods To Solve Trade Conflicts Business Conciliation and Arbitration

341 364

2000 2000

1,352 300 14,972

879 201 10,181

2,231 501 25,153

Bolivia Ecuador Argentina

Internationalization and Reform of Financial Markets Modernization of International Trade Trade Modernization Restructuring System of Guarantees

23 57 66

1994 1995 1995

744 690 610

185 286 610

929 976 1,220

(Chart continues on the following page)

IDB GROUP SUPPORT TO THE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE SECTOR (1990â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2002)

Table I. (continued) through December 2002 (in US$ thousands)

Country 4 Haiti 5 Peru 6 Ecuador 7 Bolivia 8 Bahamas 9 Colombia 10 Peru 11 Peru 12 Peru 13 Nicaragua 14 Regional 15 16 17

1 2 3 4 5

Regional Brazil Belize

Reform of Guarantee Operations Trade Modernization Strengthening Supervision of Credit Cooperative Supervision of Banking Activities Strengthening Credit Cooperative System Strengthening Credit Cooperative System Strengthening Supervisory Capacity of Banks and Securities Strengthening Credit Cooperatives Strengthening Rural Savings and Loan Institutions Strengthening External Auditing of the Private Sector Customs Measures To Facilitate International Business in Latin America and the Caribbean Eliminating Technical Trade Barriers Institutional Framework for Promoting Venture Capital Institutional Capacity for Trade and Investment

Colombia Costa Rica Bolivia Venezuela Paraguay

Simplification of Procedures Rationalization of Administrative Procedures One-Stop Shop for Formalizing Micro and Small Business Simplifying Regulations for Small Enterprises Comprehensive Information Service for Enterprise Owners Simplification of Export Procedures

Subtotal TOTAL FOMIN

Name of Project

MIF/AT No.

Year

MIF

Other Source

Total

67 84 156 169 201 216 275 276 277 296-1

1995 1995 1998 1998 1998 1998 1999 1999 1999 1999

650 680 706 1,200 660 1,415 1,000 1,000 1,500 923

35 0 525 700 440 945 667 660 1,000 475

685 680 1,231 1,900 1,100 2,360 1,667 1,660 2,500 1,398

342 391 394 501

2000 2001 2001 2002

3,000 1,671 1,122 490 18,061

2,000 1,164 3,773 210 13,675

5,000 2,835 4,895 700 31,736

368 406 492 494 508

2000 2001 2002 2002 2002

1,900 660 914 800 700 3,074

1,200 300 383 800 300 1,783

3,100 960 1,297 1,600 1,000 4,857

36,107

25,639

61,746

391,022

458,565

849,587

ANNEX III IDB Group Publications on SMEs The IDB Group has produced publications in specific SME-related areas, such as local development, enterprise initiative, support strategies and policies, SME statistics, financing, innovation and technology development, enterprise cooperation networks, quality assurance systems, and information technologies. Below are some of the most recent publications in these areas.

Support Strategies and Policies Berry, Albert, Small Business Policies Assessment, Washington, D.C., 2002 (available in Spanish only). Inter-American Development Bank, Enterprise Development Strategy: Small and Medium Enterprise (GN-1885), Washington, D.C., July 1995. Gatto, Francisco and Llisterri, Juan José, Guía metodológica para la preparación de estrategias de desarrollo empresarial y de la pequeña y mediana empresa, SME-MIF97, Washington, D.C., May 1997. Llisterri, Juan José and Angelelli, Pablo, Guía operativa para preparar programas de competitividad para la pequeña y mediana empresa, Washington, D.C., 2002. Oldsman, Eric, Making Business Development Work: Lessons from the Enterprise Development Center in Rafaela, Argentina, SME-101, E, Washington, D.C., April 2000. Perotti, Omar, Asociaciones público-privadas en el desarrollo local: El caso de Rafaela y su proyección provincial, Washington, D.C., May 1999. Small and Medium Enterprise Advisory Group, IDB Group Support for Small and Medium Enterprise: Strategy and Activities (1990–1999), Special Report, SDS/SME, Washington, D.C., January 2000.

Financing Castellanos, Jorge, The Financial Supervision of Loan Guarantors, Washington, D.C., November 1996. DFC Group, The Access of Small and Medium Enterprises to Financial Services, Washington, D.C., 2002 (available in Spanish only). Gudger, Michael, Sustainability of Credit Guarantee Systems, Washington, D.C., November 1996. Hatakeyama, Michiko, Yamamori, Masami, and Nakamura, Hisami, Credit Guarantee Systems for Small and Medium Enterprises in Some Asian Countries, Washington, D.C., November 1996. Holden, Paul, Collateral Without Consequence: Some Causes and Effects of Financial Underdevelopment in Latin America, Washington, D.C., November 1996. Levitsky, Jacob, Best Practice in Credit Guarantee Schemes, Washington, D.C., November 1996. Levitsky, Jacob and Llisterri, Juan José, Credit Guarantee Systems: International Experiences and Lessons for Latin America and the Caribbean, SME, Washington, D.C., November 1996. Llorens, Juan Luis, Loan Guarantee Systems for SMEs in Europe, Washington, D.C., November 1996. Marulanda de García, Beatriz, National Guarantee Fund of Colombia, Washington, D.C., November 1996.

IDB GROUP SUPPORT TO THE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE SECTOR (1990–2002)

Oehring, Eckart, The FUNDES Experience with Guarantee Systems in Latin America: Model, Results and Prospects, Washington, D.C., November 1996. Vogel, Robert and Adams, Dale, Costs and Benefits of Loan Guarantee Programs, Washington, D.C., November 1996.

Enterprise Development Services Agnes, Franco, La experiencia peruana en la promoción de servicios de desarrollo empresarial para las pequeñas y medianas empresas, Washington, D.C., May 1999. Arrau, Patricio, Evaluation of CORFO´s CUBOS-SME Program: 1991–1995, Washington, D.C., noviembre de 1996. Alberti, J. P., Soler, S., and Castagnola, J. L., Lecciones operativas para promover mercados de servicios de desarrollo empresarial a través de bonos y fondos compartidos, Washington, D.C., 2002. Domínguez, Ricardo, Promoción y reestructuración de pequeñas y medianas empresas en Canadá, España, Italia y Japón, MIF96-102, Washington, D.C., June 1996. Holden, Paul, From Intervention to Empowerment: A New Approach to Assisting SMEs in Latin America, Washington, D.C., October 1998. Rivas, Gonzalo, Definición de un papel adecuado para el Estado, Washington, D.C., May 1999. Román, Enrique, Desarrollo de ventajas competitivas para las PyME chilenas: El experimento CEPRINET, Washington, D.C., May 1999.

Innovation and Technology Development Abeledo, Carlos and Llisterri, Juan José, Mesa redonda sobre difusión, asimilación y uso de la tecnología en las empresas: Introducción y conclusión, Washington, D.C., February 1998. Angelelli, Pablo and Gligo Sáenz, Nicolo, Apoyo a la innovación tecnológica en América Central: La experiencia del fondo para la modernización tecnológica y empresarial de Panamá, Washington, D.C., 2002. Chang Yang, Jih, El ITRI y el desarrollo industrial de Taiwán, la experiencia de un centro de servicio tecnológico, Washington, D.C., February 1998. Chaparro, Fernando, Logros alcanzados y desafíos futuros en el fomento de la innovación y el cambio tecnológico: El caso de Colombia, Washington, D.C., February 1998. Chudnovsky, Daniel, La política tecnológica y las PyME: Fundamentos, objetivos y desafíos, Washington, D.C., February 1998. Gligo Sáenz, Nicolo, Análisis y propuestas para la difusión de Internet en las pequeñas y medianas empresas latinoamericanas, Washington, D.C., September 1999. _______. Lecciones para el fomento del uso de Internet en las pequeñas y medianas empresas, Working Paper, Washington, D.C., February 2000. Katz, Jorge, Crecimiento, cambios estructurales y evolución de la productividad laboral en la industria manufacturera latinoamericana en el período 1970–1996, Washington, D.C., February 1998. López-Reyes, Capacitación y tecnología: la experiencia de ITESM, Washington, D.C., February 1998. MIF/SME, Facilitando la competitividad empresarial en Latinoamérica y el Caribe mediante las normas ISO del sistema de gestión, Washington, D.C., November 1999. Mullin, James, Centros tecnológicos y la necesidades de las PyME, Washington, D.C., February 1998.

IDB GROUP SUPPORT TO THE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE SECTOR (1990–2002)

Nelson, Richard, El ambiente cambiante para aprender de los demás, Washington, D.C., February 1998. Teubal, Morris, Alternativas de política para financiar el desarrollo tecnológico de las empresas, Washington, D.C., February 1998.

Entrepreneurship Kantis, Hugo, Masahiko, Ishida, and Masahiko, Komori, Empresarialid en economías emergentes: Creación y desarrollo de nuevas empresas en América Latina y el Este de Asia, Washington, D.C., 2002. Weeks, Julie R. and Seiler, Danielle, Actividad empresarial de la mujer en América Latina, Washington, D.C., 2002.

Networks and Local Development Alburquerque, Francisco, Servicios empresariales y desarrollo local: Reseña comparativa, Washington, D.C., May 1999. Alburquerque, Francisco, del Castillo, Jaime, and Llorens, Juan Luis, Local Economic Development Case Studies in Latin America, Washington, D.C., 2002. Berry, Albert, SME Competitiveness: The Power of Networking and Subcontracting, Washington, D.C., January 1997. Llisterri, Juan José, Competitividad y desarrollo económico local: Nuevas oportunidades, Working Paper, SDS/SME, Washington, D.C., October 2000.

SME Statistics Llorens, J. L, van der Host, R., and Isusi, I., Compilación de estadísticas de las PyME en 18 países de América Latina y el Caribe, Washington, D.C., June 1999. To obtain additional information on IDB Group publications related to SMEs, please visit us online at www.iadb.org/sds/sme

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