Definition of Terms

(IGOs) such as the UN. Majority of these NGOs are also nonprofit organizations, and though not affiliated with governments, NGOs nonetheless work with different governments and international entities in providing technical expertise and accessing funding for local programs (Karns, n.d.).

In terms of FBOs, as mentioned earlier, these fall within CSOs (Tomlinson, 2013, and VanDyck, 2017). In fact, earlier literature has also used the term “religious nongovernmental organizations.” Despite FBOs being a “subcategory” in terms of the CSO and NGO world, FBOs nonetheless remain complex and evolving due to changing organizational structures and various forms of faith expression, in addition to whether these FBOs provide certain services or not (Tadros, 2010). However, as the main FBOs in this study are PAGHILOM and Project SOW, the authors consider Tadros’ (2010) narrowed definition regarding service-providing FBOs as apt which is that “as a civil society organization of a religious character or mandate engaged in various kinds of service delivery.”

Lastly, though the current context might not allow the filing and litigation of legal cases on behalf of survivors, this could assist in the gradual readiness of these stakeholders once political conditions would permit them to opt for legal action and financial reparation. Consequently, legal actions could be more feasible due to the growing network this research seeks to foster. It is this network that would enable survivors to naturally grow into their roles as human rights advocates, as they are encouraged and empowered.

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To ensure that the understanding of the readers and the researchers are the same, the key terms used frequently all throughout the study are defined as follows:

Asset. Refers to capital with a positive value, it could be in a tangible or intangible form such as human, financial, or social capital (Sampson & Bean, 2006 as cited in Homan, 2011 p.40)

Bio-psycho-social-spiritual impacts. For the purpose of this research, this refers to the disruptions that the surviving families experience on the biological, psychological, social, and spiritual dimensions of their life after the victims were killed through extrajudicial killings (Sumalsy, 2002).

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Bio-psycho-social-spiritual needs. For the purpose of this research, this refers to the biological, psychologica, social, and spiritual needs of the surviving families that arise as a result of the EJK incident (Gale et al., 2019).

Buy-bust operation. Refers to entrapment plan police authority organized to capture drug-related criminals by setting-up fake transactions with illegal drug-sellers (Ayala, 2017).

Coping. Refers to an individual’s adaptation to manage their negative emotions brought by various stressors (APA Dictionary of Psychology, 2014). Additionally, the researchers defined coping as the short-term process they underwent to manage to survive and deal with the aftermath of the incident.

Coping Mechanism. Refers to the activities an individual does to manage the trauma and/or stress they experience, in such a way that their well-being is stabilized and the negative emotions are managed (Good Therapy, n.d.).

Drug raid. Refers to unexpected police operations with the objective of making arrests and/or confiscating items related to illegal drugs (Collins Dictionary, n.d).

Empowerment. Refers to the development of assets and capabilities of people. Some of the indications that marginalized sectors are being empowered are the ability to participate, negotiate, influence, and demand accountability from agencies that are responsible for providing services for that particular sector, or for the people in general (Jayakarani et al., 2012).

Extrajudicial Killing (EJK) or Extrajudicial Executions. Due to the historic commissions of EJK throughout history, and particularly in the Philippines, the researchers agree with what veteran lawyer Theodore Te (2019) describes as a “general and all-encompassing” definition of EJK stated in Republic Act 11188 Section 5(1):

Extrajudicial killings refer to all acts and omissions of State actors that constitute violation of the general recognition of the right to life embodied in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the United Nations Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the UNCRC and similar other human rights treaties to which the Philippines is a State party.

Further contextualizing the definition to fit the purpose of this research, the incidents of EJK presented in this study were all committed under the guise of WoD. Related literature agrees with the Philippine definition that, in the absence of deliberate order, the government could still be held accountable of EJK if it responds with complicity or acquiescence despite the presence of unlawful and deliberate killings (Amnesty International, 2017). Consequently, these executions might either be carried out by State

forces or by non-state groups that the government fails to investigate and prosecute despite its main role as duty bearer (Amnesty International, 2017).

Extrajudicial Killing (EJK) Surviving Families/Surviving Family Members/ Survivors.

This research would make use of this phrase to serve as a key term in this study, and would make use of the APA definition of “family” below, and further contextualize it to stand for family members of EJK victims who have been “left behind” after their deaths. This phrase was also used by Human Rights Watch in their annual report (2020). There are variants of this term but stand for the same principle of the “living” or “surviving” family members who have outlived, or at times born after the incident. Some examples are “families of EJK victims” and “EJK families.”

Extrajudicial Killing (EJK) Victim. This study would also use this term referring to a person who has been killed or executed during an extrajudicial killing by state or non-state actors (eg. Vigilante Groups) under President Rodrigo Duterte in the Philippines. This is for the purpose of a more focused discussion However, extrajudicial killings have been happening even prior to Pres. Duterte’s term as president (Te, 2019 & Amnesty International, 2017).

Family. Refers to a kinship unit consisting of a group of individuals unified by blood or by marital, adoptive, or other intimate ties (APA Dictionary of Psychology, 2014).

Grief. Refers to painful emotional experiences that a person deeply feels after a significant loss, usually a death of a family member or a loved ones (APA Dictionary of Psychology, 2014).

Grieving. Pertains to the individual’s personal experience of deep sorrow and longing to after losing someone or something they loved (Mulemi, 2017). Additionally, for the purpose of this research, grieving also focuses on the surviving families’ emotional outbursts and ways of letting their thoughts and emotions out.

Human Rights. Refers to rights that are “inherent to all human beings regardless of race, religion, gender, sex, color, nationality, ethnicity, language, or any other status (Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights [OHCHR], 2019).”

Human Rights Advocate/Defender. Refers to a person who acts, whether in a professional or informal manner, to promote and protect human rights through various activities (OHCHR, 2019).

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Human Rights Violation. Shall refer to two kinds of violations:

(1) Violations intentionally perpetrated by the State; in this research, the Philippine government. When the State engages in human rights violations, various actors or agents can be involved such as police, judges, prosecutors, government officials, etc. (Human Rights Careers, 2020).

(2) Violations as a result of the State failing to protect or prevent the violation. It occurs when there is a conflict between individuals or groups within a society. If the State does nothing to intervene and protect vulnerable people and groups, it is considered a participant in the violations (Human Rights Careers, 2020).

Illegal Drugs. Refers to drugs that did not go to legal and/or proper medical procedure to be produced, distributed, or consumed (Market Business News, 2019).

Intervention. Refers to planned action conducted to improve one’s well-being (Merriam Webster, n.d.).

Justice. Refers to the fair outcome and right resolution after going through informal negotiation or legal process (APA Dictionary of Psychology, 2014).

Litigation. Refers to the legal process of resolving conflicts and disagreement (Merriam Webster, n.d).

Palit-ulo. Refers to the involvement of police authority, or persons believed to be policemen, threatening a drug suspect with jail or death unless the suspect points to another suspect they could arrest or kill – a head in exchange for someone else’s (Talabong, 2020).

Perpetrator. Refers to someone who has committed a crime or harmful act (Cambridge Dictionary, n.d.).

Police operations. Refers to activities conducted by police authority to keep the law and order, and ultimately to protect citizens from dangers, crimes, and disorder in society (ScienceDirect, 2015).

Recovery. Recovery generally pertains to the individuals’ capacity to reclaim their lives, overcome traumatic events, and healthily manage their thoughts and feelings (Manitoba Trauma Information and Education Centre, n.d.). Additionally, for the purpose of this study, the researchers defined Recovery as the long-term process which facilitates healing from the incident such that they can reclaim their lives and become fully-functioning.

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Reparation. Refers to any act of indemnifications, be it monetary or otherwise, that a government is accountable to fulfill to make amend to its wrongdoings (Dictionary.com, n.d.). For the purpose of this research, reparation shall also refer to any action done to repair any kind of damage, legal or non-legal.

Riding-in-Tandem. Refers to crimes committed by individuals or a pair of people riding on a motorcycle (Tan, 2014). For the purpose of this research, this pertains to the mode of arrangement that the suspects for EJK used to execute the crime and flee from the scene.

Security. Refers to freedom from danger, risk, doubt, anxiety, or fear (thefreedictionary. com, n.d).

Social functioning. Defined as the individual’s ability or lack of it to perform roles and tasks expected to them by different individuals, their immediate social environment, and society (Law Insider, 2013).

State agent. Refers to any officer or employee of a State agency with paid compensation, in whole or in part, from State funds and whose activities does not include any volunteer works without compensation (Law Insider, 2013).

Support system. Refers to various systems such as individuals, a network of people or groups that provide the affected individual or groups with practical or psychosocial support (Merriam Webster, n.d).

Trauma. Refers to any disturbing experience resulting in significant fear, feeling of helplessness, dissociation, confusion, or other disruptive thoughts and emotions that are intense enough to have a long-lasting negative effect on a person’s functioning (APA Dictionary of Psychology, 2014).

Urban Poor. Refers to individuals or families residing in metropolitan areas with earnings that are below the poverty line. Most of the time, they are part of the marginalized sectors of society that struggle to attain the minimum needs to experience living decently. They also usually settle on state-owned properties; such as garbage sites, cemeteries, sidewalks, or on private lands (Presidential Commission for the Urban Poor, 2018).

War on Drugs (WoD). Refers to Philppine President Rodrigo Duterte’s promise of largescale crackdown on drug lords, drug dealers and addicts in his term that resulted in increased cases on extrajudicial killings (Xu, 2016).

Well-being. Refers to the individual’s holistic state that encompasses their health and life’s satisfaction, and capacity to manage daily stress (Davis, 2019).