Modeling and Simulation Study for Solid Particles Detection in Gas–Oil Gas Pipelines Using Field Free Line in Magnetic Particle Imaging and Its Hardware Realization
Abstract: This paper suggests a new magnetic particle imaging (MPI) technique for 2-D 2 tomographic imaging to detect the presence of flowing solid particles (i.e., black powder, which consist of paramagnetic nanoparticles) passing through gas–oil gas pipelines. The hardware consists of a ring of a modified Halbach array of 24 permanent magnets, in addition to two surrounding Helmholtz coil pairs, and a receiving coil, which are evenly distributed across a cross section of the probe. With the application of static and dynamically moving drive fields, the MPI utilizes the full benefit of superparam superparamagnetic agnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) by providing a linear response when they are exposed to a relatively low magnetic field and no response when they are saturated. The scanning of region of interest with the field-free free line (FFL) instead of the fiel field-free free point (FFP) is motivated by the fact that a high-intensity intensity dc current is required for FFP, which is not tolerated in oil–gas gas pipelines where the maximal current should not exceed few amperes. With the presence of an oscillatory magnetic field, SPION SPIONss react with a nonlinear magnetization response, which is further measured by the receiving coil. A 2-D 2 image reconstruction is then performed using the frequency-based frequency image reconstruction process. The hardware design, specifically the sizing of permanent magnets with regard to their relative position and dimensions, was refined following an optimization technique based on the particle swarm optimization