Neil Armstrong
Hugo F. Mora ValdĂŠs
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‘‘Es un pequeño paso para un hombre, pero un gran salto para la humanidad.’’
Neil Armstrong
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Index: Who was him? ............................................................................................................................... 4 First years: ..................................................................................................................................... 5 Service in the army:....................................................................................................................... 6 University and Marriage:............................................................................................................... 7 Test Pilot........................................................................................................................................ 8 Astronaut:.................................................................................................................................... 10 Gemini Program: ......................................................................................................................... 11 Gemini 5: ................................................................................................................................. 11 Gemini 8: ................................................................................................................................. 12 Gemini 11: ............................................................................................................................... 13 Apolo Program: ........................................................................................................................... 14 Apolo 11: ................................................................................................................................. 15 Flight to the moon:...................................................................................................................... 16 First moon ride: ........................................................................................................................... 17 Return to Earth:........................................................................................................................... 19 University professor: ................................................................................................................... 19 Commissions from NASA:............................................................................................................ 20 Challenger: .................................................................................................................................. 21 Participants: ................................................................................................................................ 22 Business activities: ...................................................................................................................... 24 Expedition to the North Pole: ..................................................................................................... 24 Film and TV: ................................................................................................................................. 25 Death: .......................................................................................................................................... 27 The Legacy: .................................................................................................................................. 28 Boy Scout:.................................................................................................................................... 29 Bibliography: ............................................................................................................................... 31
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Who was him? Neil Alden Armstrong, he born the 5th August 1930 in Wapakoneta, Ohio and died the 25th August 2012 in Cincinnati, Ohio. He was an-American astronaut and the first human being to tread the moon. He was also an aerospace engineer, military pilot, test pilot and university professor. When he set foot on the lunar surface on July 21, 1969, he pronounced this famous phrase: "It is a small step for a man, but a great leap for humanity.
Armstrong
graduated
in
aeronautical
engineering from Purdue University, where he studied under a Holloway Plan grant from the United States Navy. In 1949 he joined the US Navy and the following year became a naval aviator. He entered combat in the Korean War as pilot of jet fighters Grumman F9F Panther aircraft
Armstrong en la Luna.
carrier USS Essex and in September 1951 his plane was damaged by anti-aircraft fire during a bombing at low altitude, so he had to eject the device. After the war, he completed his studies at Purdue and began working as a test pilot at the High Speed Flight Center of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), located at Edwards Air Force Base, California. There he was pilot of the Century Series project fighters and flew seven times on the North American X-15 rocket plane. He also participated in the Man in Space Soonest programs of the United States Air Force and in the Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar manned space flight, both focused on bringing a human being into space Neil Armstrong joined the body of NASA astronauts in the second group of the space agency, which was selected in 1962. He made his first space flight as commander of the Gemini 8 in March 1966, which became the first Civil astronaut in flying into space. During this mission with the pilot David Scott performed the first coupling of two spacecraft, but this had to be aborted because Armstrong used part of the fuel of the reentry to prevent a dangerous turn caused by a blocked propeller. The second and last space flight of Armstrong was as commander of the Apollo 11 mission, the first manned moon landing. During training for the mission, he was forced to eject himself from a second moon landing investigation vehicle before crashing. In July of 1969, Armstrong and the lunar module pilot Buzz Aldrin descended to the surface of the Moon and walked through it for two and a half hours while Michael Collins waited for them orbiting in the Command and Service Module. The three astronauts were awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Richard Nixon. In 1978, President Jimmy Carter awarded him the Space Medal of Honor from Congress and in 2009 he was awarded the Gold Medal of the United States Congress. After leaving NASA in 1971, Armstrong accepted a teaching position in the Department of Aerospace Engineering at the University of Cincinnati, where he taught until 1979. He collaborated in the investigation of the Apollo 13 accident and was part of the Rogers Commission that investigated the sinister of the space shuttle Challenger in 1986.
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First years: Neil Armstrong was born on August 5, 1930 in Wapakoneta, in Auglaize County, Ohio. Son of Stephen Koenig Armstrong and Viola Louise Engel, was of Scottish, Irish and German family descent and had two sisters, June and Dean. Stephen Armstrong worked as an auditor for the government of Ohio and therefore the family moved continuously throughout the state since the birth of Neil and came to live in twenty different locations. Armstrong's love for flying was born then, when his father took him with only two years to see the Cleveland Air Races. On July 20, 1936, when he was five years old, he experienced his first flight in Warren (Ohio), when he and the Blume High School
his father flew in a Ford Trimotor, a plane nicknamed Tin
Goose ("Ganzo de hojalata"). The last change of housing of the father of the family took place in 1944, when the family returned to the birthplace of Neil, Wapakoneta. Armstrong studied at the Blume High School in this town and attended flight piloting lessons at the Wapakoneta aerodrome. He obtained a student flight certificate for his 16th birthday and made his first solo flight a few days later, in August of 1946, before even having a driving license1. Armstrong was very active as a Boy Scout and managed to achieve the rank of Eagle Scout - Eagle Scout - the highest of all. On July 18, 1969, while He flew to the Moon aboard the Columbia, sent greetings to the Scouts. Among the few personal items he brought with him to the Moon and brought back was the World Scout Badge. In 1947, at the age of seventeen, Armstrong began studying aeronautical engineering at Purdue University. He was the second member of his family to attend college. He was also accepted into the prestigious Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), but an uncle who had studied at MIT dissuaded him from enrolling there by telling him that it was not necessary to travel so far to have a good education. His tuition was paid by a Holloway Plan scholarship, whose beneficiaries committed to study for two years at the university, two years of flight training and one year of service in the Navy as an aviator, and then complete another two years to complete higher education. He did not participate in naval science courses did he join the Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps in Purdue.
1
license = Express statement made by a person, especially with legal authority, to allow a certain thing to be done.
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Service in the army: Armstrong was called up at age eighteen on January 26, 1949 by the Navy. He entered the Pensacola air base to begin pilot training. After passing the medical tests, he entered the Navy as a midshipman on February 24, 1949. The naval pilot training was performed on the North American T-6 Texan training aircraft, at the controls of which he made his first solo flight on September 9, 1949. On March 2, 1950, he made his first landing on an aircraft carrier over the USS Cabot, a feat he compared to his first solo flight. He was then assigned to the Naval Air Station Corpus Christi (Texas) to train piloting the Grumman F8F Bearcat, training that culminated with the landing on the USS Wright aircraft carrier. On August 16, 1950, a few days after his twentieth birthday, Armstrong received a letter informing him that he was fully qualified as a naval aviator. His mother and sister attended his graduation ceremony on August 23, 1950.His first destination was the 7th Fleet Air Service Squadron at the Naval Air Base in San Diego. Two months later he was assigned to
USS Cabot
Fighter Squadron, equipped with jet planes, and made his first flight in this type of aircraft on January 5, 1951 aboard a F9F-2B Panther. On June 5, 1951, he was promoted to lieutenant and two days later landed for the first time on an aircraft carrier at the controls of a jet plane, on the USS Essex. At the end of the month, the Essex sailed with the VF-51 on board to Korea, where their embarked fighters would carry out ground attacks. At the end of July the VF-51 carried out an attack training at Naval Air Station in Barbers Point, Hawaii.19Neil Armstrong entered combat for the first time in the Korean War on August 29, 1951 while escorting a reconnaissance aircraft that flew over Sŏngjin. Five days later, on September 3, he flew in an armed reconnaissance over a facility of transport and storage located south of the town of Majon-ni, in the west of Wŏnsan. While bombarding at low altitude at 560 km / h, Armstrong's F9F Panther fighter was hit by antiaircraft artillery and, in its attempts to regain control of the aircraft, crashed into a post at a height of six meters that started a meter of the right wing of the Panther.21 Armstrong managed to fly back to friendly territory, but due to the loss of a wing, the only option he had was to eject from the plane. He thought about jumping from the fighter over the sea and waiting for the rescue by the helicopters of the army, and for that he flew towards an airfield near Pohang, but his Armstrong pilota el S-116 (izquierda)
parachute was dragged back to the ground. A companion of
his school of flight He picked it up in a Jeep vehicle. It is unknown what happened to the remains of his hunt, the F9F-2 BuNo. Armstrong flew in a total of 78 missions on Korea that added 121 flying hours, one third of these in the month of January 1952. He was awarded the Air Medal for twenty combat missions and with the Golden Star for another twenty, as well as with the Service Medal in Korea and the Combat Star. After completing his combat missions in the Essex, he was assigned in May 1952 to a transport squadron, the VR-32.
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The pilot left the Navy on August 23, 1952, aged twenty-two, and went to the reserve, where he was promoted to lieutenant on May 9, 1953. He continued to fly as a reservist, on the VF-724 at the station Naval Air from Glenview, Illinois, and then with VF-773 from Naval Air Station Los Alamitos, California. He remained in the reserve for eight years, until he resigned his post on October 21, 1960.
University and Marriage: After serving in the Navy and the Korean War, Neil Armstrong returned to Purdue University. There he obtained his best grades in the following four semesters, because although before his military service he had taken some average grades, his grades ended up being high. On his return, he belonged to the Phi Delta Theta fraternity and lived in his house. Fraternidad. He wrote and co-directed two musicals as part of his student obligations, one of them with his girlfriend Joanne Alford. He was president of the Purdue Flight Club and flew on the aircraft of the club, an Aeronca and two Piper, from the nearby Aretz Airport in Lafayette (Indiana). Flying in the Aeronca towards Wapakoneta in 1954 caused him damage
Joanne Alford
during a forced landing on an agricultural land, so the device had to be towed in a truck back to Lafayette. He was also a member of the National Honor Band of the fraternity Kappa Psi30 and played the baritone bombardment in the marching band of Purdue University. Armstrong graduated in aeronautical engineering in January 1955. 26 Years later, in 1970, he completed his master's degree in aerospace engineering from the University of Southern California. Throughout his life he was named honorary Doctor by several universities. Armstrong met Janet Elizabeth Shearon, who was specializing in home economics, at a party organized by the Alpha Chi Omega fraternity. The couple did not remember how they got engaged, except that it happened while Armstrong worked at the Propulsion Flight Laboratory. Lewis of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). They were married on January 28, 1958 in the Congregational Church of Wilmette, Illinois. When he moved to Edwards Air Force Base in California, he lived in the singles accommodation at the base and Janet in the Westwood district of Los Angeles. After six months, the couple moved to a house in the Antelope Valley. Janet never finished her studies, something she regretted later. The marriage had three children: Eric, Karen and Mark. In June 1961, Karen was diagnosed with a malignant tumor in the brainstem.
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An X-ray treatment stopped his growth, but his health deteriorated to the point of not being able to walk or talk. Karen died on January 28, 1962 at only two years of age due to pneumonia related to her weak health.
Test Pilot After graduating from Purdue, Armstrong decide to become a test pilot. It was presented at the High Speed Flight Station that the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics had at Edwards Air Force Base.36 Although there were no seats for new pilots there, it submitted its request to the Flight Laboratory. Lewis propulsion from Cleveland, where Armstrong made his first test flight on March 1, 1955. The pilot was only there two months before a position at the High Speed Flight Station, which he returned to work for, became vacant. on July 11, 1955. On his first day at the Edwards base, Armstrong was commissioned to pilot tracking aircraft during the premiere of experimental modified bombers. He also piloted those modified bombers, aboard one of which had one of his first incidents. On March 22, 1956, Armstrong acted as co-pilot of Stan Butchart in a Boeing B-29 Superfortress38 that had a Douglas D-558-2 Skyrocket
D-558-2 Skyrocket
rocket attached to its belly. While ascending to 9100 meters, one of the B-29 engines failed and left them without enough power to launch the Skyrocket. They had to maintain a speed of 335 km / h to release it and also the B-29 could not land with the rocket plane attached to its belly. Therefore, both decided to lower the nose of the bomber to plummet, gained speed and released the test ship, but at that time the engine broke down. His remains damaged two other engines and one had to be stopped, despite which the pilots slowly descended in circles and landed safely. Armstrong worked as a pilot of the Century Series fighters and flew in aircraft such as the North American F-100 Super Saber, the McDonnell F-101 Voodoo, the Lockheed F-104 Starfighter, the Republic F-105 Thunderchief and the Convair F-106 Delta Dart. He also piloted Douglas DC-3, Lockheed T-33 McDonnell F-101 Voodoo
Shooting Star, North American F-86 Saber, McDonnell
Douglas F-4 Phantom II, Douglas F5D Skylancer, Boeing B-29 Superfortress, Boeing B-47 Stratojet and Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker, as well as being one of the eight elite pilots of the NASA Paresev glider research program. Armstrong's first flight at the controls of a rocket plane took place on August 15, 1957, at Bell X- 1B, with which it climbed to an altitude of 18.3 km. The front landing gear broke on landing, a common failure on that model. Armstrong then flew seven times on another experimental rocket plane, the North American X-15. On his penultimate
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flight on this aircraft, he reached an altitude of 63.2 km. He became an employee of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, better known by its acronym NASA, when it was founded on October 1, 1958 and absorbed the NACA. Armstrong was involved in several incidents at the Edwards base that were well remembered by his colleagues. The first happened during his sixth flight on X-15, on April 20, 1962, in which he wanted to test a self-tuning control system. It was flying at an altitude of 63 km, the highest it reached in that rocket plane, but the nose of the aircraft rose too much during the descent, bounced off the atmosphere and climbed again to 43 km. At this altitude the air is so thin that the aerodynamic surfaces have almost no effect. He flew past the runway at a speed of Mach 3 (3200 km / h) at 30 km altitude and moved 64 km south of the Edwards X-15
base. After descending enough, he turned around to the
landing area and barely managed to land without hitting several trees at the end of the runway. It was the flight of an-X-15 of more duration and the one that moved further away from the track. Four days later, Armstrong was involved in a second incident, his only flight with General Chuck Yeager. His job, at the controls of a Lockheed T-33 Shooting Star, was to evaluate the dry lake of the Smith ranch as an emergency landing site for the X-15. In his autobiography, Yeager wrote that he knew that the bottom of the lake was not suitable for landing because of recent rains, but Armstrong insisted on doing so anyway. While trying to take and take off, the wheels got stuck and they had to stay there to wait for the rescue. However, Neil Armstrong told a different version, according to which the general at no time tried to dissuade him and also had previously made a successful landing in the eastern part of the lake. After this first success, Yeager asked him to do it again but more slowly, with the result described. After being immobilized, the general gave a fit of laughter. On May 21, 1962, Armstrong was implicated in what within the Edwards base was known as "The Nellis Affair." That day he had to fly on a Lockheed F-104 Starfighter fighter to inspect the Delamar dry lake in southern Nevada, once again as a place for emergency landings. Upon arriving at the site, he miscalculated the altitude and did not notice that the landing gear was not fully deployed. When touching ground, the train began to retreat and Armstrong put the fighter to maximum power to return to rise, but the ventral fin and the door of the landing gear hit the ground, damaging the radio and causing the exit of oleohidráulico fluid. Unable to communicate by radio, Armstrong flew south to Nellis Air Force Base, passed the control tower and waved the fighter's wings, the signal for a radioless approach. The loss of the hydraulic fluid caused the hook to be released and when it landed it hooked a cable attached to a chain and dragged it along the track. It took thirty minutes to clear the landing area and Armstrong phoned the Edwards base for someone to pick him up. It fell to Milt Thompson, who went after him
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on a Lockheed F-104B fighter, the only available two-seater, which coincidentally was a device he had never flown on. Thompson arrived at Nellis with great difficulties and there a strong wind forced him to land abruptly, with which the left wheel burst and the track had to be closed again. From Edwards, a second rescue pilot, Bill Dana, was sent in a T-33 Shooting Star, who also made a dangerous landing. Those responsible for Nellis decided that they had already been too many problems and that it was better to look for a transport by land for the three test pilots to return to their base. Many of the Edwards base test pilots praised Armstrong's skills as an engineer. Milt Thompson said he was "technically the most capable of the first X-15 pilots" and Bill Dana said that Armstrong "had a brain that absorbed things like a sponge." In total, Neil Armstrong flew seven times in the X-15 experimental rocket plane between November 1960 and July 1962. On board one of these devices it climbed to an altitude of 63.2 km and reached a maximum speed of Mach 5.74 (6420 km per hour). While working at the Dryden Flight Research Center he completed 2400 flight hours. Throughout his career, Armstrong piloted more than 200 different aircraft models.
Astronaut: In 1958 Armstrong had been selected by the program of the Air Force of the United States to take a man to the space (Man in Space Soonest), but the Agency of Advanced Projects of Investigation (ARPA) canceled its financing the 1 of August of 1958 and on November 5 of that year it was replaced by the Mercury Project, a civil project launched by NASA. As a civilian test pilot at NASA, Armstrong could not be chosen as one of his astronauts at that time because the selection was restricted to military test pilots. In November 1960, he was chosen as a member of the group of pilot pilots of the military spacecraft Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar and on March 15, 1962 was selected by the Air Mercury Project
Force as one of the seven engineer pilots who could fly into space when
this device became a reality. In April 1962, NASA announced that it was beginning the search for the components of a second group of astronauts for the Gemini Program, a spacecraft project with two crew members. On this occasion, the selection was open to qualified civilian test pilots. Armstrong visited the 21st Century Exposition in Seattle in May 1962 and there he attended a conference on space exploration that was co-sponsored by NASA. After returning from Seattle on June 4, he submitted himself as an astronaut candidate, but his application arrived one week after June 1, 1962, the deadline for admission. Dick Day, who had worked with Armstrong at the Edwards base, saw that his request had arrived late and put it in with the others before anyone realized it. At the end of June, Armstrong was submitted to the Brooks Air Force base in San Antonio, Texas, to a medical examination that many aspiring astronauts described as painful and sometimes seemingly meaningless. Deke Slayton, Chief of the Astronaut Office, called Armstrong on September 13, 1962 and asked him if he would be interested in joining the NASA astronaut corps and he
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accepted without hesitation. The selection was kept secret until three days later, although some newspapers had already announced from the beginning of that year that he could become "the first civilian astronaut”. Indeed, Armstrong was, along with Elliot See, one of the two civilian pilots chosen for the second group. Compared to Mercury Project astronauts, the new recruits 2 were younger and had better academic credentials.
Gemini Program: The Gemini Program was the second manned space program in the United States, developed in the early 1960s in the framework of the space race with the Soviet Union. The project began in 1965 after the US space agency NASA finalized its first space flight program: the pioneering Mercury project, which had managed to put the first American astronauts into Earth orbit. The Gemini program, unlike its predecessor and its subsequent continuation with the Apollo Program, did not produce much euphoria in public opinion even though the developments reached in this project would be of vital importance for the development of future Apollo missions and the goal to take the human being to the Moon.
Gemini 5: On February 8, 1965, NASA announced that Armstrong and See were the backup crew of the Gemini 5 mission, with Armstrong as commander, while the titular pair were Gordon Cooper and Charles Conrad.60 The purpose of the mission was to practice a space meeting and develop procedures and equipment for a long trip of seven days, something necessary to fly to the Moon. With two other flights in preparation Gemini 3 and Gemini 4-, there were six crews competing for time in the simulator, which caused a delay in Gemini 5, which did not take off until August 21. Armstrong and See saw the launch from Cape Kennedy and then flew to the Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston. This mission was generally successful, despite a problem with the fuel cells that forced Cooper and Conrad to practice a "ghost encounter”, that is, they executed the maneuver3 without an objective.
Gemini 5 rocket
2 3
Recruits = person for military service until he finishes basic instruction. (recluta) Maneuver = Movement or operation that is done when handling any type of vehicle. ( maniobra )
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Gemini 8: The names of the crew members of the Gemini 8 were announced on September 20, 1965: Armstrong would be pilot commander and David Scott pilot. See was assigned as commander of the Gemini 9. Scott was the first of the third group of astronauts whose members had been announced on October 18, 1963. Henceforth, each Gemini mission would be commanded by a member of Armstrong's group and piloted by a member of Scott's group. On this occasion, Conrad would be the backing of Armstrong and Gordon that of Scott. Neil Armstrong became the first American civilian to fly into space, because three years before Valentina Tereshkova had been the first civilian and the first woman in flying beyond the atmosphere aboard the Vostok 6, launched on June 16, 1963. Armstrong would also be the last of his Armstrong and Gordon
group to travel into space, as Elliot See died in the accident of a
Northrop T-training aircraft. Talon on February 28, 1966, in which his partner Charles Bassett also lost his life; both were replaced by Thomas P. Stafford and Eugene Cernan. The Gemini 8 was launched on March 16, 1966. It was the sixth manned space flight of the Gemini program of NASA and the most complex until then because it included the encounter and coupling with the unmanned vehicle Agena and also the second extravehicular activity (EVA) that had been done until then, that Scott should carry out. In total, it was planned that the mission would last 75 hours, 55 of them in orbit. After the Agena takeoff at 10 a.m. EST, the Titan II rocket carrying Armstrong and Scott took off at 11:41 a.m. and put them in an orbit from which they could pursue the Agena. The encounter and Gemini 8
first docking between two spacecraft was completed successfully. Contact with the crew was intermittent due to the lack of monitoring stations covering the totality of its orbits. Without communication with the Earth, the coupled ships began to roll and Armstrong tried to correct it with the orbital maneuver system of the Gemini. They uncoupled following the advice given to them by the Mission Control Center, but the turn increased dramatically to the point of turning around every second, which meant that the problem was in Gemini's own systems. Armstrong decided that all they could do was activate the reentry control system and turn off the orbital maneuver. The rules of the mission dictated that once the reentry control was activated, the spacecraft would have to return to Earth at the first opportunity and so it was. The Gemini 8 amerized in the Western Pacific Ocean
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a thousand kilometers south of Yokosuka, Japan. Then it was suspected that a damaged cable could cause a jam of one of the thrusters in the ignition position. Walter Cunningham, of the astronaut office, publicly stated that Armstrong and Scott had ignored the failure procedures in this incident and that the commander could have saved the mission if he had turned on only one of the two rings of the re-entry control system, saving thus the rest of the objectives of the mission. These criticisms were unfounded, because there were no such breakdown procedures and it was also only possible to activate the two rings at the same time. Gene Kranz wrote: "The crew reacted according to their training, and they did it wrong because we did not train them well.» The planners and controllers of the mission had failed to realize that when two ships are coupled, they should be considered as one. Kranz considered this the main lesson. Armstrong himself was depressed by the mission's interruption, which canceled most of its objectives and deprived Scott of his spacewalk. The Agena was later used as a coupling target by the Gemini 10. Armstrong was awarded the Outstanding Service Medal by NASA77 and Scott with the Cross of Distinguished Flight of the Air Force. Armstrong also received a salary increase of 678 dollars, with which his remuneration became 21,653 dollars per year (equivalent to $ 163 319 in 2017), which made him the NASA's best-paid astronaut.
Gemini 11: Armstrong's last assignment in the Gemini program was as reserve pilot commander of the Gemini 11, something that was announced two days after the Gemini 8 splash. After training for two space flights, Armstrong knew the systems and their task was mostly teaching for reserve pilot, rookie William Anders. The launch of this new Gemini mission took place on September 12, 1966 with Pete Conrad and Dick Gordon on board, who successfully completed the objectives while Armstrong It fulfilled functions of capsule communicator (CAPCOM) .After the flight, President Lyndon B. Johnson asked Neil Armstrong and his wife to participate in a goodwill tour of South America for 24 days. On this tour, which also included Dick Gordon and
CAPCOM
George Low with their wives, as well as other officials of the US government, visited eleven countries and fourteen large cities. In Paraguay, Armstrong impressed the dignitaries4 by greeting them in a local language, the Guarani, while in Brazil he recalled the feats of the pioneer of aviation Alberto Santos Dumont, born in that country.
4
Dignitaries = Person who has a high charge.
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Apolo Program: On January 27, 1967, the day of the fire with fatal consequences of Apollo 1, Armstrong was in Washington DC with Gordon Cooper, Dick Gordon, James A. Lovell and Scott Carpenter for the signing of the Treaty on Outer Space of the UN. The astronauts chatted with the dignitaries there until 6:45 p.m., when Carpenter left for the airport and the rest returned to the Georgetown Inn, where each of them found a message to be telephoned to the Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston. During these phone calls they heard about the deaths of the three Apollo 1 astronauts, Gus Grissom, Ed White and Roger Chaffee. Armstrong and his companions spent the rest of the night drinking whiskey and talking about the tragedy. On April 5, 1967, the date on which the
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result of the fire investigation on Apollo 1 was made public, Armstrong and seventeen other astronauts met with Deke Slayton. The first thing he said to them was: "The boys who will fly in the first lunar missions are the ones in this room”. According to Eugene Cernan, Armstrong showed no reaction to that announcement because it did not surprise him, the men who they were there, they were all veterans of the Gemini project and therefore the only people who could fly in the lunar missions. Slayton informed them of the planned missions and named Armstrong a member of the reserve crew of Apollo 9, which was then planned to be a test in the Earth's intermediate circular orbit of the lunar module and the command and service module. The crew list was officially announced on November 20, 1967. His companions were to be Lovell and Buzz Aldrin, crew members of the Gemini 12. After several delays in the design and construction of the Lunar Module, Apollo 8 and 9 exchanged their In that way, based on the normal rotation scheme, Armstrong would command Apollo 11. However, there would be a change. Michael Collins, a Grissom, White y Chaffee posan frente a su vehículo espacial.
crew member of Apollo 8, began having leg problems and
doctors diagnosed the problem as bone growth between his fifth and sixth vertebrae that required surgery. Thus, Lovell took his place as an Apollo crew member. 8 and when he recovered, Collins joined the crew headed by Armstrong.To give the astronauts experience in the type of flight the lunar module was going to develop, NASA commissioned the Bell Aircraft Corporation to build several lunar research vehicles (LLRVs), then supplemented by three vehicles Lunar Training (LLTV). Nicknamed "Flying Somers", these vehicles simulated the low gravity of the Moon, only one sixth that the terrestrial, using a turbofan engine to support the weight of the same on Earth, which was much
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higher than it would have on the Moon. On May 6, 1968, thirty meters high, the Armstrong LLRV failed and began to roll. The pilot was able to eject just intime, because if he had done so only a second later his parachute would not have opened. The only damage he suffered was that he bit his tongue. The LLRV was completely destroyed. Despite being on the verge of death, Armstrong was convinced that the moon landings would not have been successful without the experience that these training vehicles gave to the astronauts. In addition to the use of LLRVs, NASA began training for the lunar landing in a simulator once the Apollo 10 mission was completed. Aldrin and Armstrong worked with the instructors to prepare the most likely incidents that could occur during the actual moon landing. Both only had time to participate in a geological expedition, to the western mountains of Texas. The journalists found them there and filled the area with cars and a helicopter, which made it difficult for the astronauts to attend to the explanations of the geologists. They also received geology lessons at NASA facilities.
Apolo 11: After being the reserve of the commander of Apollo 8, which had been orbited the Moon, on December 23, 1968 Deke Slayton offered Armstrong to be commander of Apollo 11. In a meeting that was not made public until the publication of the biography of the astronaut in 2005, Slayton told Armstrong that although the planned crew was as commander, Buzz Aldrin as pilot of the lunar module and Michael Collins as pilot of the command module, offered him the possibility of replacing Aldrin with Jim Lovell. After thinking about it for a day, Armstrong told Slayton that he would stay with Aldrin, with whom he had no difficulty working and thought that Lovell deserved to be commander of his own mission. The pilot of the module was lunar in practice the lowest ranking member and Armstrong did not want Lovell, who had commanded the Gemini12, out of the
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less important crew member of Apollo 11. The crew of Apollo 11 was officially announced on January 9, 1969, composed by Armstrong, Collins and Aldrin, while Lovell, William Anders and Fred Haise replace the crew. According to Chris Kraft, in a meeting in March of 1969, in which he was with Slayton, George Low and Bob Gilruth, in Armstrong's book, in the first person in the attempt of the Moon, in the decision of the managers of the POT. They looked like a man with little ego. In a press conference held on April 4, 1969, it is explained that the reason why Armstrong would be the first to descend the lunar design: the hatch opened inward on the right side and that makes it difficult for the pilot of the module [Aldrin] come out first. At the time of their meeting, the four men will not know anything about the location of the hatch. Nobody knew about this meeting Until Kraft published his book in 2001.96 97 Ways to overcome this inconvenience, but I do not know if they were considered then. Slayton added: "Secondly, based on the protocol, I assumed that the commander must be the first crew member to leave. Bob Gilruth [director of the Manned Spacecraft Center] said my decision».
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Flight to the moon: A Saturn V rocket launched Apollo 11 from Launch Complex 39 at the John F. Kennedy Space Center on July 16, 1969 at 13:32:00 UTC (09:32:00 local time). His wife Janet and her two children watched from a yacht moored on the nearby Banana River. During the launch of Apollo 11 into space, Armstrong's heart came at a rate of 110 beats per minute. The astronaut thought that the first phase was very noisy, much more than the takeoff of the Gemini 8 with the Titan II rocket. The Apollo command capsule was also much more spacious and the possibility of moving more freely offered to the crew was perhaps the reason why none of his three astronauts suffered the syndrome of spatial adaptation, something that previous astronauts did. Armstrong was especially happy because he did not suffer from motion sickness, which was prone to suffer as a child, nor
Apollo 11
the usual nausea after prolonged periods of aerial acrobatics. The objective of Apollo 11 was to rest on the Moon safely, although not necessarily at a specific point. Three minutes after starting the descent on our natural satellite, Armstrong noticed from the lunar module, named Eagle by himself, that they passed over lunar craters about two seconds earlier than expected, which meant they would land several kilometers beyond of the intended point.103 While the Eagle's radar Armstrong en la luna.
detection
detected
the
surface,
several
computer error alarms appeared. The first was the alarm code 1202, whose significance was unknown to both Armstrong and Aldrin despite their exhaustive training. Soon the capsule communicator Charles M. Duke contacted them from Houston to tell them not to worry, that this alarm only indicated an excess of multitasking in the Apollo navigation computer. According to Buzz Aldrin in the documentary In the Shadow of the Moon, that multitasking occurred because he decided to leave the docking radar on during the moon landing, even though this was not planned. Therefore, the computer began to process unnecessary radar data, did not have time to execute all the tasks and dropped the lower priority ones. Aldrin stated that he did it with the purpose of facilitating the coupling with the command capsule in case it was necessary to abort the landing, without realizing that it could cause the excess of multitasking. When Armstrong noticed that he was heading towards a landing area that was considered unsafe, he took the control manual of the lunar module and searched in the most suitable area, which we have more time than
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expected and what no simulation had predicted. Therefore, the Mission Control Center worries that the Lunar Module will run out of fuel. After having placed the module on the lunar surface, Aldrin and Armstrong have had about forty seconds of fuel, including twenty seconds. During the trainings, Armstrong had landed the LLTV several times under the second quince for the fuel and therefore he trusted the lunar module would survive a descent of fifteen meters if necessary. Analysis after the mission will show that at the time of the landing they had fuel left for 45 or 50 seconds. The landing took place several seconds after 20:17:40 UTC on July 20, 1969. At that time, one of the three 170 cm probes of the Eagle module will receive a contact in contact with the surface of the Moon and a panel of Illuminated Lights, after which Aldrin exclaimed «Contact Light». Armstrong turned off the engine and said "Off." Once the module settled on the lunar surface, Aldrin commented "Ok, engine stop", and a series of checks are listed below. After a ten-second pause, Duque recognized the moon landing with the words "We copied you down, Eagle." Armstrong announced the successful moon landing maneuver at the Mission Control Center and around the world with the following words: "Houston, here the Tranquility Base. The eagle has landed». The two astronauts hold it in the hand and with the slaps on the back before resuming the numerous checks of the tasks that have to be taken into account. After Armstrong confirmed the landing, Duke again thanked him and answered the anxiety of the flight controllers: "Roger, Tranquility. We copy you on earth. You have a lot of guys about to turn blue. We breathe again. Thank you very much. " Over the past year, Armstrong's heart beat between 100 and 150 beats per minute.
First moon ride: Although NASA's official flight plan provided for a rest period for crew members before their extravehicular activity, Armstrong requested that the lunar walk be advanced early in the afternoon, Houston time. Once the astronauts were ready to leave, the Eagle was depressurized, the hatch was opened and Armstrong headed first outward. When he reached the bottom of the ladder, he said: "I am going to get off the moon module now.» Then he turned and posed his left boot on the lunar surface at 2:56 UTC on July 21, 1969, after which he famously said: "It is a small step for a man, but a great leap for the humanity "(in English:" That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind "). Neil Armstrong prepared those famous words on his own. At a post-mission press conference, he said he had
El primer paseo sobre la Luna
chosen that phrase just before leaving the lunar module. In an-interview for Esquire magazine in 1983 he
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explained: "Always I knew there was a chance of returning to Earth, but I thought that the chances of a successful takeoff of the Moon were fifty percent. Most people did not know how difficult the mission was, so it seemed to me that it did not make much sense to think of something to say if we had to abort the moon landing. " In 2012 his brother Dean Armstrong claimed that Neil had taught a note in which he had sketched the phrase months before the trip, although the historian Andrew Chaikin, who had interviewed Armstrong in 1988 for his book A Man on the Moon, refuted in 2013 defending that the astronaut thought about those words spontaneously during the mission. When Armstrong Made his proclamation, the Voz de América radio station was broadcast live by the BBC and many other networks around the world. It is estimated that the global audience at that time was 530 million listeners, at a time when the world population was just over 3,600 million people. About twenty minutes after the first step, Aldrin joined his partner on
lunar module
the surface of the natural satellite and it is said in the second human being to set foot on the Moon. Both have performed various tasks to investigate how much a person will cost on the lunar surface. One of the first things they did was discover a plaque commemorating 5 their flight, in addition to the flag of the United States. The flag used in that mission had a metal horizontal bar to keep it clearly visible, but because that bar was not as wide as the flag since it had been heavily folded and packaged for the trip, at all times it looked wavy, as if the wind, nonexistent on the moon, shaking. President Richard Nixon said a few words to the astronauts by telephone from the White House for a minute and then Armstrong answered him for a minute. Throughout the extensive photographic record of Apollo 11 There are only five photographs in which Armstrong appears partially, which is due in the mission, planned in the millimeter, he assigned most of the photographic tasks, which are carried out with a single camera Hasselblad specially modified. After helping to place the Apollo packets of experiments on the lunar surface, Armstrong walked around what is now known as East Crater, 59 meters east of the lunar module, the farthest point of the module that the members of the module ventured into. Apollo 11. Armstrong's last task was to remind Aldrin to leave there a small package with objects commemorating the deceased Soviet cosmonauts Yuri Gagarin and Vladimir Komarov, as well as Grissom, White and Chaffee, who died in the fire of Apollo 1 in 1967. The total time of the first lunar walk was about two and a half hours, the shortest of the six Apollo missions that brought human beings to the Moon. Each Apollo mission was increasing the number of astronauts'
5
commemorating = celebrate a ceremony to remind a person or an event.
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Return to Earth: After returning to the interior of the lunar module, they closed and sealed the hatch. As they prepared to take off from the moon, they both noticed that with their bulky suits they had broken the ignition switch for the ascent engine. Using a ballpoint pen, they pressed the circuit breaker to activate the takeoff sequence. The module left the lunar surface and continued to meet and mate with the command and service module that orbited the Moon, called Columbia, and on which Michael Collins was waiting. The
Valentina Tereshkova
three astronauts returned to Earth and sank in the Pacific Ocean on July 24, where they were picked up by the USS Hornet aircraft carrier. After spending a quarantine of eighteen days, during which he made sure that they brought no infections or diseases from his space adventure, the three members of Apollo 11, already world famous, embarked on a tour called "The Great Leap" throughout the United States and many countries around the world for 45 days. Armstrong also participated in the show of the United Service Organizations led by the comedian Bob Hope, during which he visited the US troops deployed in Vietnam.In May 1970, Neil Armstrong traveled to the Soviet Union to give a talk at the 13th annual conference of the International Space Research Committee. He arrived in the city of Leningrad, Poland and went to Moscow, where I met the President of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union, Alekséi Kosygin. There was the western primer that saw the supersonic plane. Tupolev Tu-144 and you took to visit the Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center. At the end of the day, a video of the recent launch of Soyuz 9, a mission that at that time still remained in orbit and in the state it was in. Andrián Nikoláyev, the husband of the one who had been his hostess, the pioneer astronaut Valentina Tereshkova.
University professor: Armstrong announced shortly after the Apollo 11 mission that he had no plans to travel back to space. He was appointed Assistant Associate Administrator of Aeronautics at the Office of Advanced Research and Technology, part of the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). However, he remained in this position for only one year and in 1971 he completely resigned from holding any position within NASA. He accepted a teaching position in the Department of Aerospace Engineering at the University of Cincinnati, a university he chose among Offers from many others, including the one that was his alma mater, Purdue, because he had a small aerospace department. He hoped that faculty members would not be bothered by the fact that he would enter the
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teaching position with only a master's degree from the University of Southern California. Armstrong had begun working on that master's degree years ago while he was stationed at the base. Edwards and completed it after Apollo 11 by presenting a report on various aspects of the lunar mission, rather than a thesis on hypersonic flight simulation. At the University of Cincinnati he worked as a professor of Aerospace Engineering. He had a heavy burden of work and taught essential subjects of the engineering career. Armstrong created two new subjects at the university: aircraft design and experimental flight mechanics. He was considered a good teacher, and very demanding with his students. For university research activities it did not work with NASA for apparent favoritism, a decision he later regretted. After eight years as a teacher, he resigned his job in 1980, when the university became an independent municipal institution in the center of state studies, in which the bureaucracy increased. He did not want to be part of the collective bargaining group of the faculty, for what they have taught in a multimedia day. According to Armstrong, he had the same workload but with half the salary. In 1979, less than 10% of their income. The employees of the university did not know the reason for their departure.
Commissions from NASA: NASA Orders In 1970, after the explosion that forced the abortion6 of the Apollo 13 moon landing, Armstrong was part of the commission of investigation of the accident led by Edgar Cortright, for which he elaborated a detailed chronology of the flight. It was assumed that the 28 volt switch of a thermostat in an oxygen tank had been replaced by another version of 65 volts, which caused an explosion in the tank. Cortright recommended a redesign of the entire tank, which would cost 40 million dollars. Several managers of NASA, in addition to Armstrong himself, opposed the recommendation of the report to redesign the oxygen tanks since the source of the explosion had been the thermostat switch. However, the tanks ended up being redesigned. In 1986 President Ronald Reagan asked Armstrong to be part of the Rogers Commission that was to investigate the loss of the space shuttle Challenger, which had exploded shortly after takeoff and had cost the lives of seven astronauts. Armstrong was named vice president of the commission, in charge of the operational part of the commission. He had to conduct private interviews with various contacts he had developed during his years at NASA to help determine the causes of the tragedy. From his position, he tried to make the final recommendations of the committee only nine because he was convinced that if they proposed many more, NASA would not
Michael Collins, el presidente George W. Bush, Neil Armstrong y Buzz Aldrin durante la celebración del 35.º Aniversario del Apolo 11
6
Abortion = Interrupt an action or process before the end or completion.
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comply with them. Also, President Reagan appointed Neil Armstrong as a member of a commission of fourteen members that had to develop a plan to make a US civil space flight a reality. That commission was chaired by Thomas O. Paine, a former administrator of NASA with whom Armstrong had worked during the Apollo program. The group published a book entitled Pioneers of the Space Border: the report of the National Commission on Space, in which they recommended establishing a permanent lunar base for 2006 and sending human beings to the planet Mars by 2015. These proposals were mostly ignored to give priority to the clarification of the Challenger disaster. In 2003, Armstrong and his wife attended the Mass in honor of the seven astronauts who died in the accident of the space shuttle Columbia, to which they were invited by President George W. Bush.
Challenger: The accident of the space shuttle The passenger occurred on Tuesday, January 28, 1986, when the space shuttle The Challenger (STS-51-L mission) disintegrated 73 seconds after launch, 2 causing the death of the seven crew members -Francis "Dick" Scobee, Michael J. Smith, Ronald McNair, Ellison Onizuka, Gregory Jarvis, Judith Resnik and Christa McAuliffe.3 The ship disintegrated over the Atlantic, off the coast of central Florida (United States) 11:38 EST (16:38 UTC) .3 It has been qualified as the most serious accident in the conquest of space.4The disintegration of the entire vehicle began after an O-ring of its right solid accelerator rocket (SRB) failed to fail during takeoff. The failure of the O-ring caused the opening of a gap, the use of pressurized hot gas inside the engine of the solid rocket went outside and is accounted for by the adjacent structure of the connection with the SRB and the external fuel tank. This caused the separation of the subsequent connection of the SRB. The aerodynamic forces quickly destroyed the orbiter. The crew compartment and other fragments of the ship were finally recovered from the ocean floor after a long search and rescue operation. Although the exact moment in which the crew members died is not known, it is known that some survived the initial rupture of the ship. However, the emergency device emergency shuttle and the astronauts did not survive the impact of the shuttle against the surface of the ocean. Ronald Reagan, a special commission appointed by the president of the United States, Ronald Reagan. The commission determined that the organizational culture of NASA and the decision-making system contributed to the improvement of the accident.5 Since 1977, the directors of NASA had an understanding of the design of the accelerator rockets of the contractor Morton Thiokol had a defect in the O-rings, 6 but they had not solved it
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properly. Also ignore the advertisements of the engineers about the dangerous ones in the launch caused by the high temperatures of the morning and not as informed as their superiors of these concerns. The Rogers Commission made nine recommendations to NASA that they must put into practice before continuing with the shuttle flights. Approximately 17% of employees witnessed the live launch due to the presence on the crew of Christa McAuliffe, the first teacher in space and the member Professor of the Project in Space. Media coverage of the accident was extensive: a study that revealed that 85% of the interviewed states had heard the news during the hour after the accident. The Challenger accident has been used as a case study in many discussions about engineering ethics and safety.
Participants:
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Ellison Onizuka
Physicist
Christa McAuliffe
Teacher
Ellison Onizuka
Astronaut
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Francis Scobee
Pilot
Judith Resnik
Electrical Engineer
Michael Smith
Astronaut
Gregory Jarvis
Engineer
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Business activities: After his retirement from NASA in 1971, Armstrong acted as spokesman for several companies. The first was the car manufacturer Chrysler, in one of the advertisements from January 1979. Armstrong believed that the vehicle manufacturer had a powerful engineering division and knew he was in financial difficulties. After having an image of other companies, such as General Time Corporation and the Bankers Association of America. He became spokesman for US companies. In addition to his work as a spokesperson, he was on the boards of several companies. The first company he joined was Gates Learjet as chairman of its technical committee. He piloted some of his new and experimental jet aircraft, and even a new altitude record for this type of aircraft. In 1973 he became a member of the board of Cincinnati Gas & Electric Company, a company interested in nuclear energy and wishing to increase its technical capacity. In addition, he was part of the board of directors of Taft Broadcasting, a media company based in Cincinnati. Armstrong joined Thiokol's board of directors in 1989, after participating in the Rogers Commission. The Challenger shuttle disintegrated due to a problem with the solid accelerating rockets that Thiokol had made. When he left teaching at the University of Cincinnati, he was named president of Cardwell International Ltd., a company that manufactured drilling rigs. Armstrong also joined other boards of aerospace companies, first on United Airlines since 1978 and then at Eaton Corporation, an energy management company, since 1980. Sistemas AIL. The former astronaut retired in 2002 as chairman of the board of the EDO corporation, dedicated to manufacturing defense and intelligence products and which had merged with AYL Systems.
Expedition to the North Pole: In 1985 professional expeditionary Mike Dunn organized a trip to take those who were then the greatest explorers to the North Pole. The group included Armstrong, the mountaineer Edmund Hillary, the first person to climb Mount Everest, the aviator Steve Fossett and the climber Patrick Morrow. The game reached its destination on April 6, 1985. Armstrong said he was curious to see what the North Pole was like from the ground because he had only observed it from the Moon.
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Armstrong wanted it to be a private adventure and was not informed the means of communication of the trip.
Film and TV: Between 1991 and 1993 Armstrong presented a documentary series on aviation history for the television channel A & E, entitled First flights with Neil Armstrong. In 2010, he gave voice to dr. Jack Morrow, a character in the animated film Quantum Quest: A Cassini Space Odyssey, an adventure film and science fiction for educational purposes funded by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
Private Life: Armstrong's family described him as "a reluctant American hero." John Glenn, the first American to orbit the Earth, recalled the astronaut's humility: "He never believed that he had to sell himself." Glenn told CNN that Armstrong "was a humble person, and that's how it was after stepping on the moon." Unlike other ancient astronauts, who built a career in politics after leaving NASA (In the case of Senators John Glenn and Harrison Schmitt), Armstrong did not want to join any of the political parties of any sign that came in contact with him. Their political leanings favored the decentralization of federal government powers in favor of the different states of the United States. Likewise, Armstrong was opposed to US interventionism abroad, because he did not believe that his country had to act as "the police of the world”. When Armstrong wanted to join a local
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Familia de Neil Armstrong
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Methodist church to lead a boy scout troop in the late 1950s, he said his religious affiliation was deism. Later, his mother said that his son's religious ideas caused him grief. and distress because she was more of a believer. At the beginning of the 1980s, Armstrong was the victim of a hoax that claimed to have converted to islam after hearing the Adhan, the Muslims' call to prayer, while walking through Moon. The Indonesian singer Suhaemi wrote a song entitled Gema Suara Adzan di Bulan - "The resounding sound of the call to prayer on the moon" - in which he described the supposed conversion of Neil Armstrong. Another similar hoax spread through Egypt and Malaysia. In March 1983, the United States Department of State responded by sending a message to American embassies and consulates in Muslim countries that the famous astronaut had not converted to islam. This lie occasionally reemerged in John Glenn
the following three decades. Part of the
confusion was due to the similarity of the names of the American town in which Armstrong lived, Lebanon (Ohio), with the country Lebanon, a country of Muslim majority that in English is called precisely Lebanon. In 1972, Armstrong visited the town of Langholm in Scotland, the traditional headquarters of the Armstrong clan; A few years ago, and still in force, it forced him to take anyone. Armstrong to be located in the villa. In the fall of 1979 Armstrong was working on his farm in the town of Lebanon, Ohio, when he jumped from a trailer of a grain truck his wedding ring was hooked on the wheel and the arrangement of his ring finger. He picked up his finger, dried it and put it on the ice, after which he reinserted himself in a surgical operation at the Jewish Hospital in Louisville, Kentucky. In February 1991, a year later After his mother's fall, Armstrong suffered a mild heart attack while skiing with friends in Aspen, Colorado. Neil Armstrong married on January 28, 1956 with his first wife, Janet Shearon. After 38 years of marriage, the couple divorced in 1994. He had known in 1992, during the golf tournament, in second place, Carol Held Knight, fifteen years younger than him. She said she spoke very little with him in their first meeting, but two weeks later. Once Armstrong showed up at her house to help her. It was published on June 12, 1994 in Ohio and then a second ceremony was held at the San Ysidro Ranch in California. The marriage in Indian Hill, Ohio of 1994, the first man on the moon refused to get more, it was said that the articles with his signature were sold for large sums of money that were also made many forgeries of his rubric. The use of the name, the image and the famous phrase of Armstrong caused some problems to the old
Visita de Armstrong a su universidad. astronaut. When the television network was founded in 1981, its downward image of the lunar module was used last year as the problem of the chain, but he refused. In 1994, the identification card manufacturer was asked. the quote "a little step" in a Christmas ornament. The issue was settled out of court for a sum of money that Armstrong donated to Purdue University. In May 2005, Armstrong was
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embroiled in an unusual legal dispute with his hairdresser for twenty years, Mark Sizemore. This item has been sold by the famous astronaut and a collector for $ 3000, however, Armstrong knew or gave his permission. He threatened to take legal action if he did not recover the time or donated the proceeds to a charity that Armstrong chose. Unable to recover what he had sold, he decided to make a donation to a charitable organization.
Death: On August 7, 2012, Armstrong was subjected to coronary artery bypass surgery at a Cincinnati hospital to relieve his clogged coronary arteries. Although it was reported that he was recovering well, complications arose in his state while he was inhospital and died on August 25, at 82 years of age.180 When the death of the legendary astronaut was known, the White House disseminated a statement in which he claimed that Neil Armstrong was "among the greatest American heroes, not only of his time, but of all time." That statement also said that Armstrong had fulfilled the aspirations of the American people and that it had materialized "a moment of human progress that would never be forgotten”. His family also issued a statement describing Armstrong as "a reluctant American hero, who had served his nation proudly as a naval pilot, test pilot and astronaut. While we mourn his loss, we also celebrate his extraordinary life with the hope that he will serve as an example for young people around the world Lanzamiento al mar de las cenizas de Neil Armstrong to work hard to fulfill their dreams, to be willing to explore and overcome their limits, and also to serve a cause selflessly. bigger than themselves. For all those who ask how they can honor Neil Armstrong, we have a simple answer. Honor your example of service and modesty, and the next time you walk out on a clear night and see the Moon smile at you, think of Neil Armstrong and guide him in the eye. "Armstrong's companion on the Apollo 11 mission, Buzz Aldrin, said: "I know there are millions of people like me, mourning a true American hero and the best pilot I've ever met. I was hoping that on July 20, 2019 Neil, Mike and I would be together to celebrate the 50th Anniversary of our moon landing ... Unfortunately, it will not be like that. " Michael Collins said of Armstrong:" He was the best, and I will miss it terribly. " Charles Bolden, administrator of NASA, commented:" As long as there are history books, Neil Armstrong will be in them, remembered for having taken the first small step of humanity in a world beyond the world. our». On September 13, 2012, a mass was celebrated in honor of the astronaut in the National Cathedral of Washington, one of whose windows with stained glass windows is inspired by Apollo 11 and has a lunar rock embedded in the middle of its stained glass windows.188 Among the attendees there were famous astronauts and authorities, several of whom delivered panegyrics in which they recalled some stories of Armstrong's life that illustrated his humility, courage and companionship. Singer Diana
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Krall performed the song Fly Me to the Moon. President Barack Obama also ordered that all flags be flown at half-staff on the day of his funeral. Armstrong's remains were incinerated and his ashes were thrown at Sea in the Atlantic Ocean during a ceremony held on board the USS Philippine Sea Navy cruiser.
The Legacy: Neil Armstrong received many honors and accolades, such as the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the Congressional Space Medal of Honor, the Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophy, the Sylvanus Thayer Award, the Collier Trophy of the National Aeronautics Association or the Medal of Honor. Gold of the Congress of the United States. The astronaut is also part of the Aerospace Honors Walk, the National Aviation Hall of Fame and the United States Astronaut Hall of Fame. Armstrong and eleven other partners involved in the Apollo 11 mission received in 1999 the Langley Gold Medal awarded by the Smithsonian Institution. The lunar
Armstrong con el presidente Barack Obama (2009)
crater Armstrong, 50 km from the landing site of Apollo 11, and the asteroid (6469) Armstrong were named in his honor. Throughout the United States there are more than a dozen secondary schools and institutes named the first man to set foot on the Moon. Likewise, the streets, buildings, schools and other places named after Armstrong or Apollo 11 are innumerable. All over the world. In October 2004, Purdue University announced that it was going to call Armstrong Engineering Hall its new engineering building, which was inaugurated in 2007 with the presence of Neil Armstrong and fourteen other astronauts who had studied in the same institution. In his birthplace, Wapakoneta, there is the Armstrong Air and Space Museum and the airport of New Knoxville (Ohio), which is the place where he took his first flight classes, is called at present in honor of the astronaut. In 2005 the authoritative biography of Armstrong, entitled First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong (The First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong), written by James R. Hansen, was published. For many years, the astronaut declined7 several offers of writers who wanted to write his official biography, such as Stephen Ambrose and James A. Michener, but finally agreed to be written by Hansen after reading other biographies written by him. The book has been adapted to the cinema in the movie First Man (2018), directed by the Oscar winner Damien Chazelle and starring Ryan Gosling in the role of Armstrong.In a survey conducted in 2010 by the Space Foundation, Armstrong was chosen number one as the most
7
declined = deny a request or instance
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popular space hero and in 2013 Flying magazine also placed it at the top of its list of «51 Heroes of Aviation». Journalists often asked Armstrong for his opinion on the future of space flights. In 2005 he said that a manned mission to the planet Mars would be simpler than the lunar challenge in the 1960s: "Although the questions and difficulties are many, I suspect that they are not as many as the ones we faced at the beginning of the program. Apollo in 1961». In 2010, he expressed unusual public criticism of the decision to cancel the launch of Ares I and the Constellation Project. In an open letter also signed by Apolo veterans Jim Lovell and Gene Cernan, he said: "For the United States, the nation leader in space exploration for
Pelicula basada en la vida de Armstrong (2018)
half a century, lacking a transport to low Earth orbit and exploration capacity to go beyond Earth's orbit, destines our country to move to a second or third plane. " Armstrong also He commented in public about his initial concerns about the mission of Apollo 11, as when he believed that they had only a fifty percent chance of returning from the Moon: "I was euphoric, ecstatic and extremely surprised that we would have succeeded." November 2010, with eighty years, Armstrong said in a speech during the Science and Technology Summit in The Hague, The Netherlands, that He would serve as commander of a mission to Mars if they asked him to. In September 2012, the United States Navy announced that it was going to build an oceanographic vessel called RV Neil Armstrong. The ship, which was christened on March 28, 2014 and delivered to the Navy on September 23, 2015, is a modern oceanographic research platform operated by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
Boy Scout: Neil Armstrong was closely linked to the Boy Scouts of America, where he earned the highest distinction Eagle Scout (Eagle Scout) in his youth. In fact, as an adult he was recognized by the Boy Scouts with the Distinguished Eagle Scout and Silver Buffalo. On July 18, 1969, while flying to the Moon, he greeted the scouts with this phrase: "I would like to say hello to all my fellow Scouts from Farragut State Park in Idaho, who will celebrate the National Jamboree this week; Apollo 11 sends you the best wishes». From Houston they replied: "Thanks Apollo 11. We are sure that even if they do not hear this, they will know it on the news and they will surely appreciate it." Among the few grams of personal effects that could be carried during the trip was the world scout badge and wanted to certify it in writing in a historical document.
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Emblem of Naval Aviator astronaut
Two-Star Air Medal | Presidential summons of Unity
Presidential Medal of Freedom
Congress Space Medal of Honor
Distinguished Service Medal of NASA
Service Medal in the National defense
Service Medal in Korea with a star
Medal of the Reserve of the Armed forces
Korean Medal of the United Nations
Service Medal of the Korean War
Presidential summons of Unity From Korea
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Bibliography: https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong - Primeros_años https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong - Servicio_en_la_Armada https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong - Universidad_y_matrimonio https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong - Piloto_de_pruebas https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong - Astronauta https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong - Programa_Gemini https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong - Gemini_5 https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong - Gemini_8 https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong - Gemini_11 https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong - Programa_Apolo https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong - Apolo_11 https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong - Vuelo_a_la_Luna https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong - Primer_paseo_por_la_Luna https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong - Regreso_a_la_Tierra https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong - Profesor_universitario https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong - Encargos_de_la_NASA https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siniestro_del_transbordador_espacial_Challenger https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong - Actividades_de_negocio https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong - Expedición_al_Polo_Norte https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong - Cine_y_televisión https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong - Vida_discreta https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong - Vida_privada https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong - Fallecimiento https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong - Legado https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong - Boy_Scout https://www.nasa.gov/
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