SCOPH NEWSLETTER
Public health advocacy Nov 2020 to Jan 2021
IFMSA EGYPT - SCOPH NEWSLETTER
1st Edition
CONTENTS
03 04
13 18
NEWSLETTER TEAM
NATIONAL UPDATES 04 NPO - Mr. Hamdy Shaheen 05 NPO GA - Ms. Menna Tarek 06 NPO DA CB - Ms. Mai Elhenidy 08 NPO DA ME - Ms. Nada Moustafa 09 NCDs NC - Mr. Omar Hesham 10 AMR NC - Mr. Abdelrahman Al-Gaafary 11 MH NC - Ms. Sarah Dawood 12 Climate Change NIC - Ms. Rania Harhira
ACHIEVEMENTS 13 WAAW workshop 14 SWGs 15 Pre-Winter Camp XI - BGH Workshop 16 Winter Camp XI
ARTICLES 19 Advocacy: Be the CHANGE! 23 Health promotion and disease prevention 25 Health Behavior: Why do people make unhealthy choices? 27 How to make a Thanos? 30 Addiction 33 Traffic accident and road safety 35 Analgesics abuse 37 ADHD, BPD, and entertainment education 39 Nutritional education for pediatrics
IFMSA EGYPT - SCOPH NEWSLETTER
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NEWSLETTER TEAM
Nada Moustafa (NPO DA ME) Coordinator
Designers
Samira Yasser
Proofreaders
Ahmed El-Ameen
Dana Tarek
Rafik Fouad
Scientific Team
Mai El-Henidy
Mohamed Karem
Nermeen Yousef
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Menna Ayman
Saif Ali
02 03
NATIONAL UPDATES
NPO Mr. Hamdy Shahin INITIATED
FOLLOW UP
In collaboration with SCs and RSD creating COVID-19 Awareness team to reduce the delay of our response for any update. Climate change and health national initiative and selection of national initiative coordinator. Provide a webinar about climate change.
The work with WHO in Antimicrobial resistance collaboration and coordinate AMR TOT with the WHO. On Greenish partnership on climate change and health.
CREATED & COORDINATED Winter camp-XI sessions and follow up with the session teams and the assistants. BGH workshop in the preWC-XI and follow up with the sessions team. NPO -Annual working plan in collaboration with the assistants. Click here to take a look at the (SCOPH AWP).
LOCAL COMMITTEES Visited 3 LCs "OSSS-O6U, MSSA-Mansoura, AMSA-Azhar". Attended webinars for 4 LCs.
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02 04
NATIONAL UPDATES
NPO GA Ms. Menna Tarek ATTENDED Antimicrobial resistance TOT with WHO. BGH workshop in the preWC-XI.
CONDUCTED Two sessions in Winter Camp XI. SCOPH 101 session in AMSAAswan.
OTHER UPDATES In collaboration with the other assistants, updating SCOPH database and creating LPOs contacts & national team contacts sheets. Situation analysis of SCOPH strategic plan, SCOPH exchange regulations and SCOPH congress. Finalizing "SCOPH Scoring System" & "Reporting system" in collaboration with NPO-DAs.
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02 05
NATIONAL UPDATES
NPO-DA-CB Ms. Mai El-Henidy SCOPH WEEKEND Providing about 80 SCOPH members with 7 hours training on 4 different sessions “ Annual working plan and proposal writing, Professional files, leadership and team dynamics and health emergency”.
CREATED LPOs needs assessment and analysis of their needs in order to be met throughout the year. Created and analyzed the call for inputs for winter camp-XI sessions topics.
OPENED THE CALL FOR LPOs Manual and followed up the work with the selected team. Updating SCOPH manual then followed up the work with the selected team.
BGH Created bridging Gaps in health “BGH” workshop proposal for the prewinter Camp-XI. Trainer at Bridging gaps in Health workshop. Follow up with the BGH graduates in their graduation sessions in the winter camp sessions and side events.
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NATIONAL UPDATES OTHER UPDATES Participated in updating SCOPH projects' database. Conducted a session in LPOs weekend. Participation in Winter camp-XI sessions team conducting a session. Attended Antimicrobial resistance TOT with WHO. LC visit to MSSA-Mansoura. LPOs movie night. Finalized PHLT “Health emergency” proposal with coordination of the NPO and got it approved.
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02 07
NATIONAL UPDATES
NPO-DA-ME Ms. Nada Moustafa CREATED Outlined proposal for climate change and health initiative. SCOPH tracking sheet and providing 11 international opportunities with 471 applications from IFMSA-Egypt. LPOs, Local coordinators and LCs tracking sheet to monitor their participation. SCOPH members needs assessment and analysis of the responses to meet their needs throughout the year. The agenda for SCOPH world days.
OTHER UPDATES Participated in updating SCOPH projects' database. Updated SCOPH trainers database. Opened the call for SCOPH Course “From zero to hero” and followed up the work with the selected team. Trainer at Bridging gaps in Health workshop. Attended Winter camp-XI.
FOLLOW UP With COVID-19 Awareness team. With the BGH graduates in their graduation session in the winter camp sessions and side events.
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02 08
NATIONAL UPDATES
NCDs National Coordinator Mr. Omar Hesham FINALIZED NCDs national proposal.
NATIONAL WORKSHOPS On “Diabetes mellitus” for around 100 SCOPH members in collaboration with NCDs Alliance and Arab institute for continuing professional development on World Diabetes mellitus day celebration 14/11/2020. On “Diabetes mellitus” for around 40 members in collaboration with Arab institute for continuing professional development on World Diabetes mellitus day celebration 14/11/2020.
ONLINE CAMPAIGNS Celebrating world diabetes day on 14th November 2020. 10 LCs participated in the World diabetes day Video competition and the winners were PMSA Port Said for the best short video and MSSA Mansoura for the best animation video.
PMSA-Port Said
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MSSA-Mansoura
02 09
NATIONAL UPDATES
AMR National Coordinator Mr. Abdelrahman Al-Gaafary UPDATES Finalized AMR national proposal. Established a video competition among the LCs with the participation of 15 LCs. Attended 4 Webinars with BSSS-Benha, BMSA-Beni Sweif & OSSS-O6U, MSSA-Mansoura ,and HMSA-Helwan & DMSA-Damietta. One LC Visit to ZMSSA-Zagazig
ONLINE CAMPAIGN Celebrating World Antibiotic Awareness Week [WAAW].
NATIONAL WORKSHOPS IFMSA-Egypt in collaboration with World Health Organization (WHO) & Food Agriculture Organization (FAO) conducted antimicrobial resistance TOT on 19th November 2020 attended by 14 IFMSA-Egypt members that took place in Cairo Marriott Hotel.
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AGENDA
10
02
NATIONAL UPDATES
Mental Health NC Ms. Sarah Dawood NATIONAL WORKSHOPS National workshop on “Mental health and psychological support with a focus on COVID-19” for around 22 members in collaboration with UNICEF & national population council. Collaborated with SCORA to conduct national conjoined webinar with adolescence health project on 5th of January to raise awareness about adolescents’ mental health for more than 120 IFMSA-Egypt members.
AGENDA
MENTAL HEALTH VIRTUAL TOT Building the capacity of 30 IFMSA-Egypt members in mental health online TOT that was conducted from 18th to 25th, providing them with the knowledge about mental health and soft skills needed to graduate Mental health qualified trainers.
AGENDA
OTHER UPDATES Attended 6 local online webinar with "KMSA-Kafrelsheik, BMSA-Beni Sweif, ZMSA-Zagazig, AAMSS- Azhar assuit, BSSS-Benha ,and MSSAMenoufia" Participated in the National celebration video of International Day of People with Disabilities. Attended International Series of webinars ” Mental Health Barriers In EMR” Finalize Mental health national proposal
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02
NATIONAL UPDATES Climate Change National Initiative Coordinator Ms. Rania Harhira FINALIZED Climate change and health national initiative concept note.
CREATED Climate change needs assessment: It's an online form filled by SCOPH members from 9 to 15 January 2021 to assess their needs, ask for their inputs, thoughts and expectations for the initiative to meet their needs and reach the best outcomes.
CONDUCTED National webinar on 23,24 January 2021 to build the capacity of our IFMSA-EGYPT members empowering them with knowledge about climate change.
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02
ACHIEVEMENTS IFMSA-EGYPT COLLABORATION WITH WHO, FAO, ENNSSA & EPSF IN WORLD ANTIMICROBIAL AWARENESS WEEK WORKSHOP
WaaW
Conduct workshop on 19th November 2020 in Cairo Marriott Hotel and Omar Khayyam Casino, Cairo that was attended by 14 IFMSA-Egypt members to build their knowledge on Antimicrobial resistance, AMR stewardship, AMR during the pandemic to promote one health approach. Supply the LCs with materials to be disseminated to several medical students, University students, school students and the public.
Conduct physical awareness campaigns in 18 LCs during World Antimicrobial Awareness Week [WAAW]: 11 physical campaigns for university students, 5 for the public and 3 for school students with a total impact of 13,823 public & 442 medical students.
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02
ACHIEVEMENTS
SWGs
SMALL WORKING GROUPS Creating 4 SWGs which consist of 22 members “14 LPOs, 8 general members” representing 17 LCs.
SCOPH Manual Moustafa Naguib, Salma Kandel, Doha Ibrahim, Salma Moatamed, Mohamed Nour
LPOs Manual Yara El-Sawy, Reem Halawa, Hazem El-Masry, Jessie Elyak, Aya Al-Rawi
SCOPH Course Mariam Alaa, Menna Afifi, Rania Harhira, Jessie Elyak, Mohamed Hatem, Samaa Salah
COVID-19
Awareness Team Sara Yahia, Ashraqet El-Nashar, Menna Ehab, Salma Qattawy, Samira Yasser, Noha Abdelhadi
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02
ACHIEVEMENTS
PRE-WINTER CAMP XI NATIONAL WORKSHOP
Pre-winter Camp
A 4-day national workshop, as contribution in IFMSA-Egypt priority social determinant of Health, was held discussing various topics in Bridging Gaps in Health as Social determinants of health, health system, Sustainable development goals, Global Health and health literacy. A total of 29 participants representing IFMSA-Egypt, PMSAPalestine, LeMSIC-Lebanon, and QMSA-Qatar graduated as facilitators from this national workshop.
Watch the sessions!
Check out the trainers!
Check out the agenda!
BGH GRADUATES
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02
ACHIEVEMENTS
WINTER CAMP XI Winter camp XI
Check out the survival kit!
Check out the WC XI newsletter!
IFMSA-Egypt Winter camp is a major capacity-building event held throughout the year, and Winter camp XI was special as it was the first-ever virtual winter camp. IFMSA-Egypt SCOPH participated in Winter camp XI through 3-days sessions in SCOPH sessions as well as simulation and conjoined sessions with other Committees in Wintercamp side events that took place from 5th February to 10th of February.
9
Check out the agenda!
Watch the sessions!
Engaging Sessions
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Check out the newsletter to know more about the sessions in detail!
16
02
IFMSA-Egypt SCOPH participated in the Winter Camp XI side events with 5 sessions: 2 side events and 3 conjoint sessions with other committees as a contribution to IFMSA-Egypt's national priority “Social determinant of health”.
2
Side Events
UHC Simulation (In Their Shoes)
Participants learned about how a person's social and income status, as well as the county health system, can affect one's health through stimulation of different groups each representing different strata of different socioeconomic levels and health systems state, each of them experiences what it's like to be in their shoes and have different health choices due to different circumstances through different scenarios displayed, where participants got the chance to act them out.
Environment and health: two sides of the same coin The session delved into the consequences of climate change & Damage to the surrounding environment, From Air pollution causing COPD to Food & water Scarcity to loss of infrastructure, increase in a natural disasters, and threatened health security. All of this was discussed in relevance to our theme event, enlightening our participants of the importance of preserving the home we live in. Our beloved earth.
3
Conjoint Sessions
&
&
&
UHC & Rule of Law
UHC & SRHR
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Social Determinants of Health
Check out the newsletter to know more about the sessions in detail!
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02
ARTICLES
01
Advocacy: Be the CHANGE!
04
02 Health promotion and disease prevention
Health Behavior: Why do people make unhealthy choices?
05 Addiction
How to make a Thanos?
07
Analgesics abuse
03 06 Traffic accident and road safety
08 ADHD, BPD, and entertainment education
09 Nutritional education for pediatrics
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02
01
ADVOCACY: Be the change The Global Charter for the Public's Health, what is it? What are its components? And what does it have to do with us?
The Declaration of Alma-Ata on Primary Health Care in 1978 and the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion in 1986 had a major influence on improving health throughout the
world.
To
continue
furthering
the
development of global public health, the World
Federation
of
Public
Health
Associations (WFPHA) drafted The Global Charter
for
the
Public's
Health
(herein
Charter). The intention of the Charter is to take the next step in providing a succinct and practical implementation guideline to public health associations. It is a document that ought to be taught in public health faculties and used to develop strategic approaches by public health associations around the world. The Global Charter for the Public's Health provides new insights into the direction of public health and provides guidance for both ‘services’ (a group of core services Protection, Prevention and Promotion) and ‘functions’ (a group of enabler functions Governance,
Advocacy,
Capacity
and
Information).
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02
Now let’s get into each one of its components: 1- Protection: international health
regulation
and
coordination; health impact assessment; communicable disease control; emergency preparedness; occupational health; environmental health; climate change and sustainability.
2- Prevention: primary prevention:
vaccination;
secondary prevention: screening; tertiary prevention: evidence-based, community-based, integrated, personcentered quality healthcare and rehabilitation; healthcare management and planning.
3- Promotion: inequalities;
environmental
determinants; social and economic determinants; resilience; behavior and health literacy; life-course; healthy settings.
4- Governance: public health legislation; health and cross-sector policy; strategy; financing; organization; assurance: transparency, accountability and audit.
5- Capacity: workforce development
for
public
health, health workers and wider workforce; workforce planning: numbers, resources, infrastructure; standards, curriculum, accreditation; capabilities, teaching and training.
6- Information: surveillance,
monitoring
and
evaluation; monitoring of health determinants; research and evidence; risk and innovation; dissemination and uptake
7- Advocacy: leadership and ethics; health equity; social-mobilization and solidarity; education of the public; peoplecentered approach; voluntary community sector engagement; communications; sustainable development.
The Global Charter for the Public's Health provides new insights into the direction of public health and provides guidance for both ‘services’ (a group of core services - Protection, Prevention and Promotion) and ‘functions’ (a group of enabler functions - Governance, Advocacy, Capacity and Information).
IFMSA EGYPT - SCOPH NEWSLETTER
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1. Leadership and ethics Providing leadership at international, national and local levels. Vision and direction setting. Strategic communication. Identifying risks and priorities. Influencing partners and planners. Management and leadership skills. Mobilising change. Professional and ethical values. Public
health
advocacy
consists
of
the
strategic actions to raise levels of familiarity with an issue and promote health and access to quality health care and public health services through influencing others to change opinions, initiate positive change and address the underlying factors that contribute to a healthier community at the individual and community levels., be it at the
individual
affecting
(e.g.
health)
or
personal
behaviors
population
level,
including for policy and legislation. It often involves building partnerships and solidarity with
other
organizations
to
achieve
common goals. When trying to gain political commitment, acceptance
and
policy
support,
systems
support
social for
a
particular public health goal or programme, a
combination
of
individual
and
social
actions may be used to try to affect change. This is one way of understanding Health Advocacy and to get a clear perspective of that, it’s important to know its components
2. Community engagement and empowerment Empowerment of professionals, organisations and communities. Community engagement and development, including civic engagement and volunteerism. Building partnerships and networks to promote collaborative working with other sectors and mobilising partners to influence the wider determinants of health. Enhancing social inclusion of minority groups/those experiencing discrimination. Building social resilience, community assets and social capital that enhance community trust and reciprocity. Orientating services around the multiple needs of communities. Communications: Internal and external plans, including focusing on purpose and message, audience, medium and method. Dissemination. Monitoring uptake and outcomes.
as well;
IFMSA EGYPT - SCOPH NEWSLETTER
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3. Sustainable development Public health functions support wider economic, social and environmental outcomes as well as providing health benefits (e.g. promoting safer roads, increasing active transport, making urban spaces greener, promoting healthy eating, promoting smoke-free cookstoves). Sustainability measures in health settings include reducing waste, local procurement and energy efficiency and are often costsaving.
The adoption of a health advocacy model can focus on an educational dimension when it identifies emerging public health issues
that
require
action.
It
encompasses gathering information on existing
practices
related
to
public
health, related legislation monitoring and providing regulations
feedback
on
how
impact
local
specific
groups
and
communities. It may also help guide health
policy
reforms.
Often,
health
advocacy is carried out using mass and multimedia, direct political lobbying and community materialize
mobilization. within
an
through
public
health
patients’
organizations,
It
may
institution
or
associations, private
sector
and NGOs. All health professionals have a major responsibility to act as advocates for public health at all levels in society.
IFMSA EGYPT - SCOPH NEWSLETTER
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02
&
Health Promotion Disease Prevention Health Promotion
Health promotion is the process that tackles fundamental causes and determinants of illness, thus enabling people to gain more
control over and improve their health. It is a collective effort of individuals, groups, institutions, and communities to implement various cost-effective social and environmental interventions and strategies to enhance individual and community health and wellbeing. Health promotion has five key elements: Good Governance Strengthening governance is done by rendering health a key element in all government policies because a wide range of factors outside the health sectors affects health, making health services accessible and feasible. Health Literacy People should
acquire
the
knowledge,
skills,
and
opportunities to play an active role in strengthening their health, participate in community action for health, and push governments to fulfill their responsibilities. Healthy Settings Originating from WHO Health for All strategy, The key principles of the Healthy Settings approach are community engagement, partnership, empowerment, and equity. Social mobilization All societal and personal influences cooperate to raise awareness of and demand for health care and to assist resources and services delivery. Healthy cities Competent, dedicated leadership is vital to healthy urban planning and the implementation of preventive measures in communities and primary health care facilities.
IFMSA EGYPT - SCOPH NEWSLETTER
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Disease Prevention Disease prevention is population-based and individual-based interventions that aim to decrease the burden of diseases and associated risk factors. There are three categories of prevention: primary, secondary and tertiary.
ry prevention Intervention that is done before the disease manifest or health effects occur in healthy individuals through: Routine vaccinations, immunization, and post-exposure prophylaxis after exposure to a communicable disease Improving lifestyle habits (poor eating habits, tobacco use) Prohibiting substances use and mandating safe and healthy practices The provision of information and consultation on behavioral and medical health risks Nutritional and food supplementation Oral and dental hygiene education
ry prevention Early detection of disease in its earliest stages through population-based screening programmes, targeting healthy-appearing individuals with subclinical forms of the disease: Routine screening for major forms of cancer (e.g. mammography) Regular blood pressure testing Screening programs for congenital malformations Preventive drug therapies of proven effectiveness Provision of chemo-prophylactic agents to control risk factors Daily, low-dose aspirins and/or diet and exercise programs to prevent further heart attacks or strokes Modified work to suit injured or ill workers
ry prevention Managing disease after diagnosis to slow or stop disease progression, reduce its severity, soften the impact of ongoing injuries, and help people manage chronic, often-complex health problems, and injuries chemotherapy, rehabilitation, and screening for complications cardiac or stroke rehabilitation programs chronic disease management programs support groups that allow members to exchange strategies for living well and vocational rehabilitation programs to retrain workers for jobs
IFMSA EGYPT - SCOPH NEWSLETTER
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03
HEALTH BEHAVIOR
Why do people make unhealthy choices? Lifestyle and behaviour What may we be thinking about when we say health behavior? It may be: Unhealthy
weight,
consumption
of
over-
energy-dense
food and drink Physical
inactivity,
inconvenient
opportunities to undertake active travel Substance through
misuse alcohol
whether or
illicit
substances Risky sexual behaviors such as unprotected
sex
or
having
multiple concurrent partners
SO, what might drive such behaviors? AND
why
undertake
do
so
many
so
many
people
of
these
behaviors?
Why? There are multiple reasons why
It is sometimes difficult to understand
people
why people make unhealthy choices.
behaviors, some of these reasons are
For example, there’s been evidence for
weather complicated. Some behaviors
years to tell us that smoking is harmful
are done for recreational purposes or
to
just to keep pace with society and
our
including
health. health
However,
people
professionals
still
choose
to
carry
out
such
friends.
make the choice to engage in this
Behaviors are not easily controlled by
behavior. Another example, no one
an on and off switch but rather they
ignores the fact that a high calories
are
diet influences obesity, however, our
multidimensional
fridges are still full of unhealthy food.
how easy or difficult it is to carry them
more
complex which
and
influences
out.
IFMSA EGYPT - SCOPH NEWSLETTER
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Behavior and Public Health During the past years, the public health
field
was
focusing
on
preventing illness and maintaining good health by changing individuals’ lifestyles via behavioral changes. The WHO
defines
Health-related
Behaviour as actions and habits that relate
to
health
maintenance,
restoration, and improvement which correspond to the three levels of disease prevention. Behaviors within this
definition
include
medical
service usage (e.g., physician visits, vaccination, screening), compliance
Thus diagnosis allows the doctor to
with medical regimens (e.g., dietary,
rectify the patient's health behavior,
diabetic, antihypertensive regimens),
by
and self-directed health behaviors
along with medication.
diet
&
lifestyle
improvements
(e.g., diet, exercise, smoking, alcohol consumption).
These actions for improvement of health can be taken at the individual,
Health maintenance in the context of
interpersonal,
health
many
community and policy levels. Thus,
activities that we can do to make
health behavior can be defined as
sure that we stay healthy, often these
actions
are in the form of primary prevention,
frequency, intensity, and duration.
but sometimes it doesn’t work and
Which
fall
interpersonal,
behavior:
into
there
secondary
are
and
tertiary
categories.
taken occur
community support
One of the main examples of health maintenance
is
going
for
checkups
with at
a the
measurable individual,
organizational, and
primary,
policy
levels
secondary,
to and
tertiary prevention of disease.
annual
checkups with your physician. Annual
organizational,
provide
To sum up, behaviors concerning an
health
may
be
health-promoting
opportunity to diagnose cases that
ones or health risking behaviors that
may
warning
ultimately play a role in either better
symptoms, eg: Hypertension which is
health & wellbeing or susceptibility to
asymptomatic in its early stages.
illnesses.
not
show
any
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04
CLIMATE CHANGE: HOW TO MAKE A THANOS?
Earth’s climate has changed over the past century. The atmosphere and oceans have warmed, sea levels have risen, and glaciers and ice sheets have decreased in size. The best available evidence indicates that greenhouse
Belief VS Behavior
gas emissions from human activities
Do you think that it is axiomatic
and behaviors are the main cause.
(undeniable/
to
Continuous increases in greenhouse
behave as you believe? Then let’s
gases will produce further warming
take a look at these questions:
and other changes in Earth’s physical
unquestionable)
Do you know that plastic bags
environment and ecosystems. Climate
are harmful to the environment?
change has impacts on ecosystems,
Do you know that car fumes
coastal systems, fire regimes, food and
contribute to climate change?
water security, health, infrastructure
I think the answer is 𝗬𝗘𝗦.
and human security. The impacts will vary from one region to another and, in
Okay let’s take a look at those: Do you use alternatives to plastic bags (paper bags for example)? Do you walk / bike instead of using cars? The answer is probably 𝗡𝗢 So, as you see, you can behave in a way different from what you believe.
the short term, can be both positive and
negative.
impacts
of
intensify
and
In
the
climate interact
future, change with
the will other
stresses. If greenhouse gas emissions continue to be high, it is likely that the human-induced component of climate change will exceed the capacity of some countries to adapt.
𝘐𝘵 𝘪𝘴 𝘤𝘭𝘦𝘢𝘳 𝘵𝘩𝘢𝘵 𝘤𝘭𝘪𝘮𝘢𝘵𝘦 𝘤𝘩𝘢𝘯𝘨𝘦 𝘪𝘴 𝘢 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘣𝘭𝘦𝘮, 𝘴𝘰 𝘸𝘩𝘢𝘵 𝘪𝘴 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘴𝘰𝘭𝘶𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯? The solution is to modify people’s behavior. In this article, we will learn how
to
make
a
Thanos
(Balance
Keeper).
IFMSA EGYPT - SCOPH NEWSLETTER
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WHAT WORKS? Your target audience
Choosing a credible and respected
Behavior change experts suggest that
speaker
before you begin designing a program
The credibility and respectability of the
for
speaker are more important than the
a
target
audience
“Give
up
everything you think you know about
content presented.
them.
has no awareness of climate change,
You
will
audience them.
need to Find
responsibilities,
to
work
If your audience
research
your
then they will decide what they think
effectively
with
is true and false based on what they
about
their
think of the speaker.
out
values,
must trust the speaker and see them
behaviours, what they are unhappy
as someone worth listening to before
about, the obstacles they face, how
they will hear what they are actually
they
saying.
perceive
aspirations,
The audience
climate
change
and
what they feel confident and not so
Whom should you pick as a
speaker? A scientist? A celebrity? It
confident doing. Conducting surveys
all
comes
down
to
your
target
or informal focus groups are some
audience and whom they respect and
ways in which you can achieve this.
perceive as credible.
Create visual images When discussing the threats of climate change make sure they are easy for the audience to visualize. People are more concerned about threats that can be easily imagined and often discount threats that are too general
Social Norms
or distant (e.g. rising sea levels). Using
When a new idea arrives, most people
visuals wherever possible can help to
look to others (particularly influential
avoid this problem.
figures in society)
Keep it personal If I’m living in Minya, why should I really be concerned about sea levels rising in Alexandria? Audiences want to know how climate change relates to them.
Wherever possible show the
audience how this issue will affect them, their children, their house, their pocket, their leisure activities, their street, their region, their country, etc.
IFMSA EGYPT - SCOPH NEWSLETTER
for guidance and
clues on how to behave. When they do this they are looking to see what the social norm is. Social norms teach us how most people around us behave and also alert us to what is punished and sanctioned in society. “Norms are a powerful tool for conservation. No one wants to be the sucker, conserving and using less when their neighbors aren’t”.
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WHAT DOESN'T WORK? “The best way to know what to do is to know what to avoid .” Pure information campaigns Many
behavior
programs
There is a belief that you can change
with
behaviors by showing people how their
information. However, these programs
actions can save or earn them money.
fail
research
Research suggests that this idea is
information
overrated and alone may not lead to
bombard
participants
eventually.
indicates
change
Monetary rewards
that
Why?
As
pure
campaigns have minimal effect on
behavior change.
behavioral changes (i.e. having a high level of awareness of climate change
Telling people what to do
does not necessarily translate into a
Think of a time someone told you what
concern or taking personal action).
to do. How did you react? You probably
Nevertheless, information remains the
didn’t like it much. For this reason, we
main pillar for communicating both;
must avoid telling an audience what to
the
the
do at all costs. It is far more effective
presence of a practical solution. All of
for people to request information and
which helps in identifying the costs of
voluntarily change their behavior.
problems'
existence
and
inaction and the benefits of taking action.
Once
the
audience
fully
comprehends the information given they feel the sense of urgency to adjust
their
environment. must
actions
to
However,
therefore
be
help
the
information
combined
with
other practical strategies to keep the audience engaged and prevent them
Poorly targeted programs If you are trying to close down a coalfired power plant, would you speak to a group of preschool children? What about a group of climate skeptics? It is important to target your program to the
right
audience
to
obtain
the
desired behavior change.
from boring out.
Finally, life is hard and difficult. But when you change your attitude, you change your behavior. When your behavior changes, so do your results.
“The Climate Change Needs A Behavior Change”
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29
05 ADDICTION A choice or a disease, it doesn’t matter.
Addiction
is
a
critical
problem that our society has been facing over the last decade, but when it comes to the term “addiction” most people think it’s all about substance use and lack of willpower,
but
in
fact,
addiction includes a lot of other aspects, before diving into
it
let’s
see
what
addiction really is. Addiction is the inability to stop doing something even though
it
psychological
causes
and
physical
harm. And by “Something” I mean
anything,
it
doesn’t
matter if it’s a chemical or behavioral
addiction,
anything may be addictive at some point. Social
Media
addiction,
caffeine
addiction,
internet
gaming addiction….. we’re all addicted
to
something
without even knowing.
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30
Now
let’s
see
how
addiction really works... in order to get to know its
mechanism
it’s
important to know that addiction
includes
4
elements, starting from the
reward
system,
going through craving &
tolerance,
disinterest
in
Figure 1
other that tempted you to try it the first
activities then finally loss of control.
time, your brain continues to release Addiction interferes with the brain
more dopamine as you continue to use
functions, particularly in the reward
a substance or engage in a habit. It
system, when you do something you
eventually
find enjoyable, whether that’s hanging
already has plenty of dopamine and
out with your best friend, drinking a
begins creating less in response to
bottle of wine, or using cocaine, this
regular
reward
system still needs the same amount of
system
neurotransmitter
releases dopamine
the along
realises
triggers,
that
but
your
your
brain
reward
dopamine to function as it should.
with other chemicals, dopamine is a neurotransmitter present in regions of
Eventually, to balance what your brain
the brain that regulate movement,
isn't releasing, you'll need to consume
emotion, motivation, and feelings of
more
pleasure. When activated at normal
termed as “Tolerance”.
of
the
substance,
which
is
levels, this system rewards our natural behaviors, overstimulating the system
Craving
with
associated with disinterest in other
drugs,
euphoric
however,
effects,
which
produces strongly
activities.
&
tolerance
You
usually
are start
usually losing
reinforce the behavior of drug use,
interest in hobbies and other activities
teaching the user to repeat it. Figure.1
as an addiction develops, this occurs when your brain no longer produces
Cravings
for
the
substance
or
enough
dopamine
in
reaction
to
behaviour can be triggered by the
natural stimuli such as drawing or
urge to feel euphoria again, especially
eating.
when you encounter the same triggers
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31
Finally you face loss of control, as
Finally, we all must know that the
addiction
by
an
American Medical Association (AMA)
use
of
has classified addiction as a disease in
substances or specific behaviours, this
1987, then latest studies have shown
can lead to a loss of employment,
that
health
diseases, such as heart disease, both
inability
is to
characterised control
problems,
the
and
relationship
problems, among other things.
addiction
disrupt
the
is
a
lot
normal,
like
other
healthy
functioning of the underlying organ, As a result, you may decide to stop
have serious harmful consequences,
using the substance or engaging in
and are preventable and treatable, but
the behaviour, only to find that despite
if left untreated, can last a lifetime.
your best efforts, you continue to fall
Figure.2
short. Going back to our title, “Addiction is a choice or a disease?” Individuals drink or
use
drugs
for
the
first
time
voluntarily, and they assume they can regulate their consumption. To reach the same degree of pleasure and satisfaction as when they first started, more and more alcohol or drugs are required over time as mentioned in the tolerance part above. Individuals can no longer choose not to use drugs or alcohol on their own, even if it means losing everything they ever believed in.
Figure 2
That’s why addiction issues should be addressed to everyone and especially for us as future physicians to help people understand what they’re going
“An intelligent person can rationalize anything, a wise person doesn't try.” ― Jen Knox
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through, how to treat it and how to prevent it in the first place.
Addiction is not curable but treatable!
32
06 TRAFFIC ACCIDENT & ROAD SAFETY
"Did you hear the news? Lily had a road accident!" Sadly, Lily having a road accident is not a special case; there is an annual loss of approximately 1.3 million individuals because of road traffic crashes. Not only do traffic accidents cost lives but also money. Indeed, Road traffic crashes cost most countries 3% of their gross domestic product. Also, traffic accidents have indirect costs because of the loss of productivity, damage to vehicles and property, reduced quality of life, etc. But why are road accidents a common thing? There are various causes behind this problem:
speeding;
distraction;
driving
under the influence of alcohol and other psychoactive
substances;
nonuse
of
motorcycle helmets, seatbelts, and child restraints; unsafe road infrastructure; unsafe vehicles; inadequate post-crash care; and inadequate law enforcement of traffic laws. Risk
factors
include,
low
socioeconomic
status, being a male, and being at the age of 5 - 29 years old.
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33
02
Several measures should be taken
Reducing
to reduce road accidents such as
implementing road safety measures
law
requires involvement from multiple
enforcement,
making
road
road
sectors
expanding the data on the quality of
health, education, and actions that
road
address the safety of roads, vehicles,
safety,
improving
improving
considering during
vehicles
infrastructure,
road
safety
land-use
and
features transport
planning, improving post-crash care for victims of road crashes, raising public awareness, and continuous monitoring and evaluation. A
particular
improving
advancement
vehicle
safety
is
and
road
as
transport,
and
safety a priority in policy making, safety,
such
accidents
users.
police,
Furthermore,
noticeable improvement may take a huge amount of time- up to decadesto occur. Nonetheless, with continuous effort and investment in time, we will reach the day in which a road accident will be an uncommon thing.
in the
Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS).
Unlike
seat
belts
and
airbags that minimize damage and offer
protection
during
a
car
accident, the ADAS prevents a car accident from occurring in the first place. Most of the ADAS techniques such as lane departure avoidance, lane keeping assistance (LKA), and side warning assistance (SWA) can assist the drivers by alerting them in time, assisting in decision making, and
reducing
How
does
products
driver ADAS
use
workloads.
work?
ADAS
vision-based
techniques to detect front lanes and evaluate the driver's performance. The lane detection system should spot
inaccurate
detections
and
modify the detection and tracking algorithms
and
parameters
"Did you hear the news? Lily had a road accident!"
accordingly.
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02 34
07
ANALGESICS Abuse
The analgesic syndrome accounts for
within the internal structures of the
widespread morbidity and mortality.
kidney. It is caused by long-term use of
It
analgesics (pain medicines), especially
comprises
renal
disease,
hypertension, peptic ulcer, anemia,
over-the-counter
and recurrent headache.
contain phenacetin or acetaminophen,
Epidemiological and clinical evidence
and
gathered
from
drugs such as aspirin or ibuprofen). In
societies
display
many
Western
unsupervised
nonsteroidal
(OTC)
drugs
that
anti-inflammatory
small animals, papillary necrosis
(a
consumption of compound analgesic
disorder of the kidneys in which all or
preparations,
part of the renal papillae die.
particularly
those the
The renal papillae are the areas where
causation of the majority of cases.
the openings of the collecting ducts
Laboratory experiments so far have
enter the kidney and where urine flows
ailed
into
containing
to
satisfactory
phenacetin,
in
produce
an
entirely
model
of
clinical
analgesic nephropathy (damage
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the
ureters)
results
from
prolonged feeding with large doses of aspirin and a number of other anti-
35
inflammatory
agents
more
readily
adequately
documented.
On
the
than when phenacetin, paracetamol
contrary, there is much evidence that
or phenazone is given alone.
the
combination
as
such
has
no
The apparently conflicting deductive
influence whatsoever. The cause of the
and
experimental
may
be
nephrotoxicity is most likely the pain-
indicated
by
killing mechanism, i.e. the antagonism
preliminary observations, salicylates
to prostaglandins; the most potent
enhance the toxicity of phenacetin
prostaglandin-antagonists,
derivatives.
steroidal
reconciled
if,
data
as
the
anti-inflammatory
nondrugs,
In planning a program of prevention
whether used in combination or singly,
for
also
the
central
analgesic
syndrome,
aetiological
role
of
the non-
most
frequently
cause
renal
pathology.
narcotic drug dependency must be
The second issue, is the safety of
recognized.
combination
As
the
analgesics
to
painkilling
drugs
in
which addiction commonly occurs are
comparison
the compound powders and tablets,
substances, is intimately bound up
or those containing a stimulant, these
with the advantages of the former with
preparations should be available only
respect to both activity and the ratio of
in circumstances where their use can
the activity-side effect.
be
The third
monitored.
unsupervised
issue,
that
abuse,
of
single
should
be
unwarranted
recast in a broader context. The central
consumption of analgesics should be
element here is not the painkilling
checked by urinary testing for drug
drug but rather the labile personality
metabolites. Because the underlying
of the user in conjunction with a more
problem of analgesic dependency is
or less stressful environment in which
behavioral
in
a wide variety of drugs and stimulants
the
are available and taken for better
origin
and
Suspected
with
and
rather
environmental than
medical,
physician must combine forces with
"coping".
the
Finally, To a great extent analgesics,
social
engineer
to
devise
a
definitive solution for this condition.
abuse
Three
important
issues
addressed
in
any
determine
whether
can
be
prevented
by
must
be
information (i.e. social medicine). In a
attempt
to
broader perspective, man experiences
combination
considerable difficulty adapting to the
painkillers play a role in analgesic
sweeping
nephropathy.
ideological changes of recent decades,
The first issue, namely that of a causal
and this transition contributes in no
link between the combination itself
small
and
(rapid
problem. It should be a priority of the
deterioration in the kidney function
government to find remedies for this
due to toxic effects of medications
state of affairs.
nephrotoxicity
social,
measure
technological
to
the
and
analgesics
and chemicals), has never been
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36
08
ADHD, BPD & Entertainment Education
We all know that social media has
methods of learning by high school
an impact on all aspects of life,
students. As they motivate student
including
engagement
health
knowledge
and
and
improve
communication between peers and
behaviour.
educators encouraging the growth of The use of social media to spread
collaborative learning environments,
health information is now a widely
and self-learning methods.
used cost-effective approach that allows
access
of
innumerable
Social
media
can
also
numbers of people to an unlimited
relationships
amount
and aid in advocating for health
of
knowledge.
Through
among
bolster
social media, we can send messages
policy,
in multiple languages with different
planning,
content
populations
specialists can use social media to
including those who are hard to
publish media tools, guidelines, and
reach. Additionally, ordinary people
best practices.
can exchange health information
However, the use of social media has
and advice via various platforms
its negative consequences notably
including Facebook, YouTube, and
spreading misinformation.
to
different
through
including and
its
stakeholders development,
reform.
Healthcare
various
modalities (e.g., text, image, video, and
gif).
facilitate
Social the
networks
adoption
of
also health
behaviors through homophily and clustering, in other words, social reinforcement, especially when the behavior
is
difficult,
costly,
or
unfamiliar. Furthermore, Facebook and Twitter have been identified as preferred
IFMSA EGYPT - SCOPH NEWSLETTER
37
When searching for information, users are not likely able to differentiate among
advertising,
entertainment,
news content, and public and private information. possibly
Adolescents
have
abilities
do
to
not
critically
assess information or evaluation of its resources. Thus,
young
teachers
users
and/or
should
responsible
consult adults
who can identify potential dangers and choose
appropriate
interventions.
Media platforms such as YouTube can be
used
associated
to
sustain
with
the
certain
stigma health
conditions. Moreover, social media is not likely to be a suitable option for population subgroups including the elderly; the physically and cognitively disabled; and those with low text, technical, and eHealth literacy. Lack of controls on who posts or distributes information leads to an inability to identify
potential
hoaxes
and
misinformation.
Examples of social media role in spreading awareness on health topics include the Ramadan show: "khali balak men zizi" " "ﺧﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ زﻳﺰى which demonstrated the life on Attention Deficit hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) students and Hana who featured a women with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) and her continuous irrational decisions.
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38
18
09
NUTRITIONAL EDUCATION FOR PEDIATRICS What is Nutrition Education? Nutrition education is a set of learning experiences designed to assist in healthy eating choices and other nutrition-related behavior. It includes any combination of educational strategies, accompanied by environmental supports, designed to facilitate voluntary adoption of food choices and other food and nutrition-related behaviors conducive to health and well-being. Nutrition education is delivered through multiple venues and involves activities at the individual, community, and policy levels. Nutrition Education also critically looks at issues such as food security, food literacy, and food sustainability. In 1969, a recommendation from the White House Conference on Food, Nutrition, and Health stated that nutrition education should be part of school curriculums. It was authorized under the Children Nutrition Act. In 1978, the Nutrition Education and Training (NET) program was created.
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39
What is the role of Nutrition Education?
making healthy eating decisions.
Nutrition
home,
education
healthy-eating
promotes
the
school
environment
cultural,
such
and
as
social
exercise
environments, there may be a lack of
nutrition
visible desired behavior changes. The
educators takes place in colleges,
National Center for Health Statistics
universities and schools, government
October 2017 data brief, found that
agencies,
extension,
the prevalence of obesity among
communications and public relations
youth ages 2-19 has increased from
firms, the food industry, voluntary
13.9 to 18.5 percent from 1999 to 2016.
behaviors.
and
However, due to influences outside of
The
work
of
cooperative
and service organizations and with other reliable places of nutrition and health
education
information.
Nutrition education is a mechanism to enhance awareness, as a means to self-efficacy, surrounding the trigger of healthy behaviors.
& what is its role in colleges? Dangerous eating behaviors such as: missing
meals,
overly
restricting
carbs, cutting out entire food groups, skipping meals, going gluten-free, eating no fat at all, trading meals for shakes or bars, working out too long
What is the role of Nutrition Education in Schools?
and too intensely, and eating too much protein combined with a diet consisting of foods high in sodium,
Nutrition education programs within
cholesterol
schools try to create behaviors that
college students' dietary habits can
prevent
potentially
potentially
developing
current and future health. A typical
students
becoming
from
obese,
and
saturated
negatively
affect
fats, their
diabetes and cardiovascular issues,
college
and
contain enough vitamins, minerals, or
forming
negative
emotional
student's
diet
does
not
issues by educating students on the
fiber.
aspects
consumption of fruit and vegetables,
of
a
emphasizing
the
healthy
diet,
consumption
of
lower fat dairy options and both fruits
Limited
in
both
the
research has shown that enrollment in
a
university
nutrition
class,
and vegetables. As most children eat
emphasizing
between one and two of their meals
fruits and vegetables and certain
at
dietary habits that prevent chronic
school,
education
school-based
nutrition
programs
offer
the
consumption
of
disease significantly increased the
opportunities for students to practice
IFMSA EGYPT - SCOPH NEWSLETTER
40
students' consumption of fruits and
companies such as soda and candy
vegetables
companies
baseline
compared
to
their
allow
vending
levels.
machines and other products as well
Childhood obesity is a public health
and has created a monopoly in public
concern. Recent estimates indicate
schools.
that 17% of youth aged 2 to 19 years in
Nutrition-based policies use trickle-
the United States were obese from
down
methods:
2011
state,
local,
to
education,
consumption
that
2012.
Besides
nutrition
environmental
factors
and
federal,
regional,
school
district
policies. Teachers have a more direct
such as a decrease in physical activity
influence
and an increase in energy intake have
There are not a lot of studies that
led to more sedentary children.
show
This increase in body mass index has
policies affect the teachers in the
led
schools they are meant to influence.
to
syndrome,
hypertension, and
type
metabolic 2
on
how
nutrition nutrition
education. education
diabetes
among other chronic diseases. Poor nutrition habits and lack of physical activity have led to this increase in obesity that leads from childhood to adulthood. A lack of funding and insufficient resources have led to poor
nutrition
funding
has
education. led
to
Lack
of
schools
developing contracts with private
How is technology used to educate people about proper nutrition?
Fooya, a mobile health App by FriendsLearn is designed for children, to improve their awareness about healthy eating, while reinforcing the role of physical activity on health. It has been shown to have positive health outcomes through underlying methods of neuropsychology, health coaching and cognitive behavior therapy, as observed during randomized and controlled clinical trials conducted by researchers at the Baylor College of Medicine Children's Nutrition Research Center.
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41
SCOPHeroes Public Health Advocates
"Sometimes it's better to go against the crowd and feel alone, than to agree and have a false sense of belonging."
NOV 2020 - FEB 2021 SCOPH NEWSLETTER IFMSA-EGYPT
