IF YAYINLARI GRAMMAR PACK - 1 VERB TENSES
İÇİNDEKİLER 1.
VERB TENSES: ............................................................................................................................................................1
2.
SORU ÇÖZÜM YAKLAŞIMLARI: ..................................................................................................................................2
3.
PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE.............................................................................................................................................4
4.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE ..................................................................................................................................5
5.
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE ...........................................................................................................................................6
6.
PAST SIMPLE TENSE...................................................................................................................................................7
7.
PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE ........................................................................................................................................8
8.
PAST PERFECT TENSE .................................................................................................................................................8
9.
FUTURE TENSES (SIMPLE) ..........................................................................................................................................9
10.
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE & FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE ........................................................................9
11.
REVISION TEST ..................................................................................................................................................... 10
IF YAYINLARI - GRAMMAR PACK – 1 | VERB TENSES
1. VERB TENSES: Verb Tense dediğimiz zaman öncelikli olarak İngilizce’de var olan time ve tense algısına bakmak gerekmektedir. PAST • • • •
PRESENT
Past Simple Tense Past Continuous Tense Past Perfect Tense Past Perfect Continuous Tense
• •
• • • • • •
Present Simple Tense Present Continuos Tense Future Tense Future Continuous Tense Future Perfect Tense Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Present Perfect Tense Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Görüldüğü üzere iki zaman dilimi vardır. Tense olarak ifade ettiğimizi kullanımlar ise bu iki zaman diliminin içinde yer almaktadırlar.
1
IF YAYINLARI - GRAMMAR PACK – 1 | VERB TENSES
2. SORU ÇÖZÜM YAKLAŞIMLARI: Öncelikli olarak bilinmeli ki; tense sorularının çözülmesi sadece verb tenses konusunun iyi bilinmesiyle değil yanında yer alan MODALS, PASSIVES gibi diğer ana konularının da bilinmesini gerektirebilir. A. Her soru zaman uyumu isteyecek diye bir kural yoktur. Time Clause içerisinde yer alan bağlaçlar haricinde yer alan bağlaçlar ile birbirine bağlanan cümlelerde ZAMAN UYUMU olmayabilir. After
As soon as
•
By the time
•
Before
•
When
•
While
•
As
Just as
2
Until
Bu bağlaçlar ile zaman uyumu aranmalıdır.
Bu bağlaçlar hem present hem de past tenselerle kullanılabilirler.
Bu bağlaçlar TAMAMI yanlarına WILL / WOULD almazlar. Bu bağlaçlar present tenselerle kullanıldıklarında; karşı cümlelerine PRESENT PERFECT TENSE almazlar.
WHEN / WHILE / AS haricinde sol tarafta yer alan diğer bağlaçlar beraberindeki cümlede CONTINUOUS TENSE almazlar. [Continuous ile Gerund birbirine karıştırılmasın.]
Once
Now that B. Tense kullanım esnekliği: İngilizce’de tense kullanımı katı kurallara bağlı değildir. Yani illa ki kural gereği bir zaman bağlacından sonra belli bir zaman gelmek zorunda değildir. Aşağıdaki açıklamalara bakalım. Future Perfect
Present Perfect Past Perfect
•
Bu tenselerin seçeneklerde yer alması gereken durumlarda yoklarsa eğer; yapılacak şey bunların muadili olan tenseleri aramak olacaktır. Yani; SIMPLE FUTURE | SIMPLE PRESENT | SIMPLE PAST
C. Zaman zarfları: İngilizce yer alan zaman zarfları tek bir zamanla kullanılabilir şeklinde bir sınırlandırma yapılamaz. Örnek olarak PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE zaman zarfları rahatlıkla Past Tense ve hatta Future Tenselerde de kullanılabilir.
IF YAYINLARI - GRAMMAR PACK – 1 | VERB TENSES D. Noun Clauses & Relative Clauses: Ana cümleye bağlanan Noun Clauses için isim veya nesne görevindeki; Relative Clauses için de sıfat görevinde kullanılan cümlecikler için de ana cümleyle aralarında bir zaman uyumu aramak zorunlu değildir. NOUN CLAUSES
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
“Most of the local people think that recent mayor was supposed to leave his position because of the infrastructure system crises in winter last year.”
The woman whose daughter was killed last year has moved another city.
E. Soru kökünde yer alan cümle ve cümlecikleri ayırmak: Soruları cevaplandırırken öncelikle olarak cümle yapısal olarak iki ayrılacak şekilde ele alınmalıdır. In September 2003, the National Book Foundation ---- that Stephen King ---- the recipient of a ‘lifetime award’. (YDS – 2014 ) A) would be announcing / is to be
3
B) announces / has to be
C) had announced / used to be
D) had been announcing / has been E) announced / would be
IF YAYINLARI - GRAMMAR PACK – 1 | VERB TENSES
3. PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE A. Present Simple Tense sınavlarda daha ziyade BİLİMSEL doğruluk içeren anlatımlar şeklinde gelmektedir. B. Eğer soruda tense göndermesi yapan bir zaman zarfı yok ise, bununla birlikte cümle bilimden ve genel doğrulardan bahseder ve/veya çoğul bir özne ile başlıyorsa kullanılabilir.
The Earth --- more solar energy in one hour than the whole world ---- year. (2011 - LYS5) A) has received / will be consuming B) is receiving / is consuming C) received / would consume D) receives / could consume
E) had received / consumed
The wolves that ---- in Ethiopia some 100,000 years ago ---- into a separate and rare species. (2010 - LYS5) A) had arrived / will have evolved B) arrive / will evolve
4
C) were arriving / had evolved D) have arrived / evolved
Adjective Clause eklemesi
E) arrived / have evolved
C. Sınavda yeralan cümleler ORTAYA SONUÇ KOYAN GELİŞMELERi de içerebilir. İşte bu cümle yapılarında daha ziyade PRESENT PERFECT TENSE tercih edilmelidir. Böylesi durumların kullanımına dikkat edelim. Seçeneklerin ilk kısmında iki tense’yi birden gördüğümüz durumlarda cevap genel olarak ikinci kısımdan çıkmaktadır. D.
From fossil analysis it ---- that, at the dawn of the Cambrian period, which was 542 million years ago, there ---- a dramatic increase in animal diversity. A) had been established / has occurred B) has been established / occurred C) was established / occurs
D) is to be established / had occurred
E) would be established / would have occurred
Ancak öncelik sonralık durumlarının vurgulandığı yerlerde yanında mutlak Past Simple tense ile kullanılır.
IF YAYINLARI - GRAMMAR PACK – 1 | VERB TENSES
4. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE A. Present Continuous Tense akademik sınavlarda daha ziyade aşağıdaki anlamlarıyla kullanılır. i)
Artış ve azalma durumları;
•
The interest rates in Turkey are decreasing day by day thanks to logical economy management.
ii)
Şikâyet ve problem bildirimleri; (always, constantly ve benzer kullanımlarda şikayetlenme bildirir.)
•
Fossil fuel energy plants are contaminating environment more than Nuclear power plants do.
iii) “Bu aralar “ anlamıyla kullanımı; [nowadays – these days – this …. ] •
5
Government is trying to balance two neighbor countries political pressuse this week.
IF YAYINLARI - GRAMMAR PACK – 1 | VERB TENSES
5. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE A. Deneyimlerimizden ve tekrarlama ihtimali olan ve kesin tarih ifadesi olmaksızın sayısal olarak belirtilmiş olayların anlatımları Istanbul has been sieged many times by many different nations.
Turkish Parliaments have been expired five times in throughout the history. Orhan Pamuk ---- so many novels, some of which, like My name is Red, ---- into 24 languages. A) wrote / were translated
B) will write / are translated
C) has written / have been translated
D) writes / were translated
E) would write / had been translated
B. Özel zaman zarflarıyla; For*
6
Since*
•
They have been married for two months.
•
In October 1994, Israel and Jordan signed a peace treaty that formally ended the state of war that had been between the countries since 1948.
•
so far / (up) until now
• •
Recently / Lately* FOR IN DURING OVER
the last / past
•
They have built very modern houses since I left my home town.
There's been no explanation about bombing from government so far. They have recently been taking German lessons.
FOR*, ifadesi past simple tense içinde de kullanılabilir.
*Since diğer tenselerle de kullanılmaktadır ama bu durumda anlam olarak -DEN DOLAYI şeklinde kullanılmaktadır. *past simple tense de short time ago anlamıyla da kullanılabilir.
Istanbul Gold Exchange Office explained that the course of gold has changed “dramatically” in the last five years.
IF YAYINLARI - GRAMMAR PACK – 1 | VERB TENSES
6. PAST SIMPLE TENSE A. Kesin zaman ifade eden TARİH referansları varsa;
In September 2003, the National Book Foundation ---- that Stephen King ---- the recipient of a ‘lifetime award’. (YDS – 2014 ) A) would be announcing / is to be B) announces / has to be
C) had announced / used to be
D) had been announcing / has been
E) announced / would be
B. Özne olarak ifadeler bellirli kişi ya da kurumları işaret ediyorsa; C. Geçmişe dair referans kelimeler varsa;
The first English immigrants to what is now the United States ---- the Atlantic long after colonies ---- in Mexico and South America. A) would be crossing / must have been established
7
B) had crossed / were established
C) will be crossing / have been established D) cross / are established
E) crossed / had been established D. Açıklanmamış ama THE article içeren referans noun varsa;
IF YAYINLARI - GRAMMAR PACK – 1 | VERB TENSES
7. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE A. İki olayın ana denk gelmesiyle ortaya çıkan parallel zaman kullanımını ifade eder. Özellikle dikkat edilmesi gereken 3 tane bağlaç vardır. Yalnız bu bağlaçları ikinci kullanımlarıyla karıştırmamak gerekir. • WHILE
-ken
JUST AS (even as)
-ken
AS
•
-ken
•
Zaman bağlacı olarak
While soldiers were climbing the fortress, others tried to fire the gate. The building collapsed just as he arrived
As I was jogging in the street, I ran into my friend.
-ken (zıtlık) / whereas* gibi (benzerlik)
Diğer anlamıyla •
•
One person wants out, while the other wants the relationship to continue. Just as Aksaray, Antalya has many historical tourist attractions.
gibi – olarak - because
B. This time + geçmiş zaman referans kelimesi. (FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE KULLANIMI GİBİ) This time yesterday, we were fishing by the lake.
8. PAST PERFECT TENSE
8
A. Past Perfect Tense, geçmiş olaylar arasında öncelik sonralık ilişkisi kurarken kullanılır.
B. Past Perfect Tense, kullanılabilen tüm ifadelerde PAST SIMPLE TENSE de tercih edilebilir.
C. Past Perfect Tense, ancak yanında yer alan bir PAST SIMPLE TENSE ile kullanılabilir. Yani Past Perfect Tense’i kafamıza göre kullanma şansımız yoktur!
D. Geçmişte belli bir nokta referans alınmak kaydıyla o zamandan önce yapılan ya da en son o zamana kadar yapılan eylemlerin anlatımında kullanılır. By
•
By the time
•
As soon as / After
•
When
Until*
•
•
By end of 1945, the USA had bombed (bombed) three different Japan location including Nagazaki. By the time Jane arrived we had waited (waited) for 3 hours.
When Christophe Colombo reached the new continent, America, for European civilization, it had been (was) home of many local tribes for thousands of years. Berlin was formally divided into two parts as soon as Berlin wall construction had been completed. Greece had been under rule of the Ottomans until 1826, in which it gained its freedom.
IF YAYINLARI - GRAMMAR PACK – 1 | VERB TENSES
9. FUTURE TENSES (SIMPLE) A. Zaman bağlaçlarının yanında WILL kullanımı yoktur.
B. Intend, hope gibi fiiller içinde WILL barındırır. O yüzden will ile takip edilmezler.
C. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE kullanabilmek için gelecekte belli bir nokta ya da zaman aralığına ya da aynı anda yapılan iki eyleme dikkat çekmek gerekir. This time next month, we will be saluting Russian flag in our school garden.
I will be giving a speech on recent foreign policies between five and six pm this evening. I will be flying to New York when you receive the offers.
10. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE & FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE A. Future Perfect Tense ile F.P. Continuous arasında bir fark yoktur. B. Her iki tense de TAMAMLANMIŞLIK anlamı taşımaktadır.
C. Future Perfect Tense aşağıdaki ifadelerle beraber kullanılmaya bayılır. By
9
By the time Until
• • •
Human will have begun to live on the moon by 2100.
US troops will have arrived in Mosul by the time ISIS terrorists decide to move towards there.
New king will have been chosen until neighbor kingdoms learn previous one has died.
IF YAYINLARI - GRAMMAR PACK – 1 | VERB TENSES
11. REVISION TEST 1. Turkish TV soap operas ---- so popular in the Arabic World that the shows ---- a boom in tourism from the Middle East to Turkey. (LYS5/13)
A) B) C) D) E)
have become / are driving became / will drive had become / have driven become / had driven will become / were driving
2. Previous standards of data collection in biology ---- typically limited to what ---interesting for some future experiment in the same laboratory. (LYS5/13)
10
A) B) C) D) E)
are / must be had been / can be were / might be have been / used to be will be / could be
A) B) C) D) E)
had described / should rise up described / would have risen up have described / rises up would describe / will rise up were describing / has been rising up
3. Tourists visiting China ---- Mount Lushan as a magnificent mountain that ---- out of the water. (LYS5/12-6)
4. The origins of Western cooking ---- ideas about diet and nutrition that ---- during the 17th century. (LYS5/12-7) A) B) C) D) E)
might be traced / have appeared must be traced / appear have to be traced / were appearing can be traced / appeared could be traced / are appearing
A) B) C) D) E)
began / was had begun / had been has begun / has been would begin / would be was beginning / could be
5. Bessie Smith, who ---- her stage career in the 1910s as a dancer and singer, ---- the most well-known blues singer of the 1920s. (LYS5/12-8)
6. The wolves that ---- in Ethiopia some 100,000 years ago ---- into a separate and rare species. (LYS5/10-6)
A) B) C) D) E)
had arrived / will have evolved arrive / will evolve were arriving / had evolved have arrived / evolved arrived / have evolved
A) B) C) D) E)
had been writing / does not match are writing / will not be matched had written / are not matching have been writing / has not been matched wrote / had not been matched
A) B) C) D) E)
is / would have seen had been / would see would be / has seen will be / may have seen has been / saw
A) B) C) D) E)
are / can be written have been / were written were / could have been written had been / were written may be / have been written
A) B) C) D) E)
came / happened comes / to happen will come / will happen may come / happening had come / to have happened
7. People in England ---- books about Turkey since the 15th century, but unfortunately an increase in quantity ---- by an increase in quality. (LYS5/10-7)
8. It ---- weeks since Harry ---- his mother looking so relaxed and happy. (LYS5/10-8)
9. Most of the writers of grammars of English ---teachers, but some early grammar books of English ---- by men such as playwrights, scientists or philosophers. (LYS5/10-9)
10. Evil ---- when good people allow bad things ----. (LYS5/09-11)
IF YAYINLARI - GRAMMAR PACK – 1 | VERB TENSES 11. Before he ---- in museums, he ---- law in hopes of becoming a specialist in the legal aspects of antiquities. (LYS5/09-12) A) B) C) D) E)
will work / has studied works / would study worked / had studied had worked / was studying has worked / studied
12. The interviewer ---- during her interview with the retired politician that he still ---- the dynamic presence that had once inspired the entire country. (LYS5/09-13) A) B) C) D) E)
11
was realizing / had will realize / would have realizes / is having has realized / will have realized / had
13. Pirates ---- a threat since ancient times; in fact, even hundreds of years ago, they ---- in the Mediterranean Sea in search of valuable cargo. (LYS5/09-14) A) B) C) D) E)
would have been / had sailed had been / have been sailing have been / were sailing were / had been sailing would be / have been sailing
14. Scientists fear that if we ---- to use our natural resources so unwisely, we ---- them up completely by the end of this century. (LYS5/09-15) A) B) C) D) E)
have continued / have used are continuing / are using continued / had used had continued / would have used continue / will have used
15. From fossil analysis it ---- that, at the dawn of the Cambrian period, which was 542 million years ago, there ---- a dramatic increase in animal diversity. (LYS5/08-14) A) B) C) D) E)
had been established / has occurred has been established / occurred was established / occurs is to be established / had occurred would be established / would have occurred
16. One of the great advances of astronomy over recent years ---- the discovery of planets outside our solar system, and it is the first real clue that we ---- alone in the universe. (LYS5/08-12)
A) B) C) D) E)
is going to be / mustn’t be is / were not had been / will not be was / would not be has been / may not be
A) B) C) D) E)
had developed / began has developed / has begun develops / was to begin developed / had begun was developing / would begin
A) B) C) D) E)
fail / get have failed / had got failed / have got will fail / are getting will have failed / got
A) B) C) D) E)
has occurred / was to lead would have occurred / led occurred / has led could occur / had led had occurred / may have led
A) B) C) D) E)
spans / didn't occur spanned / hasn't occurred has spanned / could not occur must span / hadn't occurred was spanning / shouldn't have occurred
17. It was during Queen Victoria’s reign (18371901) that there ---- a more democratic system of government, which ---- with the Reform Bill of 1832. (LYS5/08-13)
18. Often it is only when people ---- to do their job that they ---- our attention. (LYS5/08-14)
19. The nuclear accident that ---- at the Chernobyl reactor in April, 1986, ---- to new fears about the safety of nuclear reactors. (LYS5/08-15)
20. Liberalism ---- the better part of the last four centuries, though the word of it ---- until the 19th century. (FK)
IF YAYINLARI - GRAMMAR PACK – 1 | VERB TENSES 21. Korea, which ---- by the Red Army following the Soviet Union's entry into the war against Japan, ---- at the 38th parallel on the orders of the U.S. War Department. (FK) A) B) C) D) E)
was occupied / would be divided had been occupied / was divided would be occupied / may have been divided must have been occupied / was divided could be occupied / had been divided
22. Most historians of English literature ---- the beginning of the Romantic Period as 1798 in which Wordsworth ---- English poetry by publishing Lyrical Ballads. (FK) A) B) C) D) E)
marked / had changed are marking /could change had marked / was changing may mark / must have changed mark / changed
A) B) C) D) E)
would sign / has existed might have signed / existed signed / had existed could sign / would exist had signed/ existed
23. In October 1994, Israel and Jordan ---- a peace treaty that formally ended the state of war that ---- between the countries since 1948. (FK)
12