MICRO CLIMATES
Architecture for physical well-being By Ifrah Asif B.Arch, National University of Science and Technology, 2012 A THESIS
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
BACHELORS IN ARCHITECTURE Department of Architecture School of Art, Design and Architecture (SADA) NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ISLAMABAD 2017
Dedicated to my family and my best friend, Hadia Azed, without their continuous support this thesis would not have been possible
I would like to thank all my mentors who guided me throughout this thesis and all my friends who helped me
ABSTRACT This thesis presents research on the integration and transfer of knowledge from the field of urban micro-climatology into the filed of architecture design. The main research question is: How can the design of urban neighborhoods contribute to micro-climates that support physical well-being?. The thesis proposes a framework for identifying and analyzing ‘Microclimate Moderators’ in master planning, public space design and architectonics level. The research further examines the vernacular architecture of Multan and identifies the micro-climates existing in the vernacular Mutlan which can form precedents for design principles and for developing an archetype that is sensitive to its climate and context.
Keywords Micro-climate, vernacular architecture, physical well being, micro-climate moderators
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. • • • • • •
Micro-climates Physical well-being Micro-climate moderators Thesis statement Research Question Objectives Rationale
2. • • •
Regional Micro-climates Belapur Housing, Charles Correa Anguri Bagh, Yasmeen Lari Walled city of Multan
3. •
Micro climates in Multan Multan housing analysis
4.
Micro-climates on site
5.
Design process
6.
Outcome
CHAPTER 01
MICRO-CLIMATES
Micro-Climates An urban micro-climate is the distinctive climate in a small-scale urban area, and is constituted by the influence of the built environment on the larger scale climatic conditions. The atmospheric variables in a micro-climate can deviate substantially from the conditions prevailing over a larger area. In other words: the design of a city and its components sets the conditions for its micro-climates. This influence on climate is one of the main reasons man started building; buildings – however primitive – provide shelter from the elements. Before the age of fossil energy use and building services man developed various passive building techniques to mitigate the negative effects of climate and utilize the positive effects. Examples of such climate-sensitive vernacular architecture can still be found around the world (Olgyay, 1963). In hot-arid climates dense layouts provide shading of buildings and outdoor spaces and large thermal masses attenuate the large diurnal temperature curve. Shaded courtyards with ponds and vegetation provide cooling. Furthermore, shelter from high winds is required in winter, but cooling breezes should be promoted during the warmer months. The above examples from vernacular design show that urban design and architecture influence microclimates and therewith also the physical well-being of human beings.
Physical well-being The World Health Organization defines health as ‘a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity’. This definition includes aspects of well-being that are universal and quantifiable (the absence of disease) as well as aspects that are very diffuse and different for everyone, such as happiness.
Micro-climate moderators The design elements which control the micro-climate have been placed into three categories according to their characteristics; 1. Master Planning • Orientation • Network of large public spaces • Street pattern • Wind Channeling • Network of water bodies 2. Public space design • Street profile • Paving • Strategic vegetation • Courtyards 3. Architectonics • Building line • Building materials • Wind Catchers • Thresholds
Thesis Statement Micro-climate responsive design approaches for architecture in Multan studying the geographical, climatic and cultural aspects of particularly Multan region and leading to design analysis and guidelines for Architecture planning. The research explores design methodologies, building materials, construction techniques that enlighten the practice of architecture to achieve comfortable living spaces for people Research Question How can the design of urban neighborhoods contribute to micro-climates that support physical well-being? Objectives • Defining a framework for research and analysis of micro-climates in urban neighborhoods • Analyzing micro-climates in the vernacular environments of Multan • • •
Examining the contemporary neighborhoods and micro-climates they form. Creating an urban neighborhood with comfortable micro climates Designing a sustainable archetype for housing that is sensitive to its climate and context
Rationale Typically newly built dwellings operate on climate control systems that rely heavily on fossil energy and operate rather indifferent to dynamic climatic conditions. Alternatively, one could benefit from renewable energy resources in the immediate environment such as direct solar radiation, daylight, natural air flows, passive cooling, etc. By using the energy potential of the immediate environment, a comfortable and a healthy environment can be created that contributes to the reduction of energy consumption.
CHAPTER 02
REGIONAL MICRO-CLIMATES
This chapter analyzes architectural projects based on the framework defined in the previous chapter by identifying the ‘micro-climate moderators’ in each project. The identification and analyses of these moderators gives architectural and planning precedents in designing favorable micro climates.
PRECEDENT Belapur Housing, India Chalres Correa
OBJECTIVE To study the formation of micro-climates at a master planning level A macro analysis of dwellings and the micro-climates they form when grouped together. Micro climate moderators: Network of large public spaces Street pattern Courtyards Paving Thresholds
2.
Anguri Bagh, Lahore Yasmeen Lari
A meso analysis of regional designed neighborhoods. Identifying micro-climate moderators: Orientation Street Pattern Network of large public spaces Courtyards Street profile
3.
Walled City of Multan
Analysis of vernacular environments and the micro climates they form Micro-climate moderators: Network of large public spaces Street pattern Courtyards Street profile Building line Wind Channellings Wind Chambers
1.
Belapur Housing, India- Charles Correa Context Description: The Belapur Housing in Navi Mumbai by Charles Correa focuses on the malleability of individual dwellings and user participation. It demonstrates further possibilities of the high-density, low -rise principle, based on courtyard unit shared by a group of seven incremental houses which, multiply, grow into community spaces and eventually into a fully-fledged project to accommodate 600 families. More akin to the layout of an Indian village, the six-hectare site showcases Correa’s skills as a site-planner and manufacturer of urban patterns, with clusters of various scales repeated to form a neighborhood with a clear hierarchy of private and community spaces. An adaptation of traditional Indian settlements and using local and environmentally responsive forms of construction, Belapur allows families with varying incomes to live in high-density urban housing, while carefully preserving human scale and comfort. This project is based on clusters of between seven and twelve pairs of houses, with an internal courtyard at their core. These clusters are themselves clustered in an increasing hierarchy up to the largest neighborhood spaces where schools and other community activities are located. There are two principal types of house, and space around each allows occupants to extend as their family income and needs increase. (RIBA)
Analysis: The project uses one overriding principle: each unit is on its on individual site to allow for expansion. The scheme caters for a wide range of income groups, from the lowest to middle income groups, up to upper income levels. This spatial hierarchy (courtyard to threshold) continues until one reaches the largest neighborhood spaces where schools and other similar facilities are located. (Correa) Belapur makes a statement which combines those principles Correa believed to be most important in housing, namely: Equity, Incrementality, Pluralism, having Open-to-Sky spaces and Disaggregation of spaces to allow for participation in forming one’s own environment, and to facilitate income generating activities.
Analyzing Micro-climate Moderators: Network of large public spaces The non linear organization of clusters around communal spaces gives a network of large public spaces which form communal nodes and flexible spaces for public engagement. These spaces when combined with strategic vegetation and passive cooling strategies can moderate the micro-climate of the neighborhood which allows for possibility for outdoor activities.
Street pattern Usually high density housing is organized along a linear corridor, in Belapur Housing a cluster pattern was used which upon repetition forms non linear intricate streets
Analyzing Micro-climate Moderators:
Courtyards The courtyard formed by the non linear organization of units acts as a communal space for a cluster.
Paving The paving design of the courtyard reduces the radiant heat of the open space, allows rain water to seep in the ground and cool the ambient temperature. Thresholds Thresholds are the in-between spaces which act as a point of entry and blur the boundaries between public and private spaces. The way these in-between spaces are designed, conceived, constructed and used, directly affects the quality of life within these spaces. In hot humid climates these in-between spaces provide comfortable small spaces to sit. These thresholds have going on, in them, a whole range of daily activities, children are playing games, babies are being washed, clothes are being cleaned and hung out, vegetables are being cleaned. In the morning, people will come out and sit there, and everyone can walk by and see what’s happening. So even this notion of privacy and publicness needs to be kind of redefined, of what’s private and what’s public. These thresholds serve as a transition place between the public and the private.
Anguri Bagh Housing- Yasmeen Lari, Lahore Introduction Anguri bagh is the first and the only one implemented of a proposed six-phase low-cost housing development within the urban fabric of Lahore. In the local context, the planning and design of the housing units and their common facilities have proven to be the most practical, useful and desirable by local standards. Units were designed in a compact arrangement with strong emphasis for the continued progression of the existing social pattern and cultural practice of the people. The project comprises 787 low-cost dwelling units arranged in 14 clusters of single, two-storey, and threestorey blocks. The project attempts to provide a large number of low-cost, one- and two-room housing units based on the living pattern of the urban poor of Lahore.
Orientation It is important to consider the local climate during the first stage of building design. That is, an energy conscious design, which results in an energy efficient building, has to be based on the local climate. Susie (2011) supported that in any building, the shape and the orientation of the building should be first defined considering the climate of the area, the wind, the temperature and the solar radiation. On the other hand, Oral and Yilmaz (2002) advocated that the most important design parameters affecting indoor thermal comfort and energy conservation on the building scale are orientation, building form, optical and thermo physical properties of the building envelope. These factors are of major concern in order to achieve the reduction and control of solar radiation as well as provision of natural ventilation and natural cooling of the external building surfaces by evaporative cooling (Susie, 2011). The master plan of anguri bagh has been oriented so that buildings form compact clusters and are cooled through shared shade. Climatically, the housing is designed in a manner so that the buildings are shaded by each other in the intense heat of summer. Also open to sky spaces allow people to sit out in the sun during the cold winters.
Network of large public spaces The master plan of Anguri bagh has been designed around a network of large public spaces which form communal neighborhood spaces. With strategic vegetation, pathways, and public spaces design these outdoor spaces provide opportunities for communal interactions under comfortable micro climate in hot arid climates.
Street pattern Pedestrian street with overhead walkways serve as outdoor living space for the residents The narrowness of the streets and arrangement of buildings simply defines the surrounding space for alternate uses and users. Compacted streets and buildings makes walking easier. Narrowed street pattern was a deliberate climate adaptive mechanism that enables shadow casting which cools the frontages for sitting and walking comfortability The streets are connected to larger public spaces which makes a network of pedestrian pathways in the neighborhood which open into those public spaces
Walled City Multan The walled city of Multan is an example of the model of the Islamic and Indo-Islamic city, specifically designed to protect the privacy of the house and defend against difficult climatic conditions for many months of the year. It is attached to the ground and to its morphology according to a system of growing intimacy, leading from the busy street bazaar to the private cul-de-sac location. The precedent of the walled city of Multan explores how people adapt to the climatic and physical conditions of the environment they live in, through the ways in which people build their houses. The research aims to examine how people choose the sites and habitats, by respecting the forces of nature and considering ways to cope with, instead of fighting against, constraints of the environment.
Network of large public spaces
Street profile
The courtyard features as an open space in the
In hot climates, the vernacular dwellings are
middle of three or four building blocks and in some
built close to one another in order to shade the
locations, multiple courtyards are found in large
adjacent dwelling, courtyard or the street from
house compounds. Courtyards serve as a modifier of
the hot summer Sun. The streets are narrow,
micro climate to the living habitat
interconnecting, almost like a maze, and shaded, which allows them to be walkable.
Wind Channeling The major streets of the walled city are oriented towards the dominant wind directions of the region which makes the streets in the walled city breezy. The narrow street profile allows for hot air to rise up and an urban stack effect occurs within the walled city.
Wind Chambers It is mainly a scoop rising Above the building to collect stronger and cooler prevailing wind. Wind is Predominantly driven into large spaces below the chamber and then forced out Through openings in the top of a central hall. In addition to the cooling effect over the body as a result of wind flow, it also removes excess heat that is generated from Occupants.
CHAPTER 03
MICRO CLIMATES IN MULTAN
As populations grow and cities become more crowded than ever, public housing has become an increasingly important issue for governments around the world. However, social housing is no longer limited to characterless blocks of concrete. These days, the aim is often to provide low-cost housing to individuals and families who need it – while still affording them the dignity of well-designed and distinctive homes. As today’s metropolitan regions become more diverse and complex, they decline. Architecture has a central role to play in this dynamic context, both in the development of spatial strategies as part of urban policies and in the generation of new urban clusters and types. The city of Multan has been undergoing the process of urbanization. Due to this incessant growth of urban population and the city, other useful areas are shrinking such as arable lands, green belts etc. Housing developments which are insensitive to the context and climate have been sprawling over the agriculture land of Multan and is causing loss of arable land, green areas, pollution and degradation of environment ; all leading to unfavorable micro-climates forming in the region. The thesis focuses on these important changes to the contemporary urban condition and investigates how the integration of urban micro-climatology and architecture can provide an archetype for housing in the hot climate of Multan that is sensitive to the climate and context of the region. Most of the construction done in the field of architecture is on housing, yet we have very less precedents that contextualize the typology according to our environments, culture and climate and vernacular traditions. Due to rapid urbanization, there is fast growing need for housing complexes and apartment blocks to accommodate the mass population of growing cities. However, the discourse on social housing has not been or seldom questioned. So many low cost housing solutions perceive the problem as a simple one of trying to pile up as many dwelling units (cells) as possible on a given site, without any concern for the other spatial requirements of life. The environments which result are quite unusable; as the surrounding buildings get taller, the open-air spaces get more and more restricted in function. This thesis focuses on the discourse of social housing, contextualizing the typology in vernacular environments according to climates resulting in architecture that supports physical well-being of the people.
A typical housing development analyzed in Multan region does not include the existing site and the features it has to offer as part of the design process. The design that is built is result of repetition of a typical plan without any climatic or cultural logic. During the construction, the site which is arable land and has some green features to it is cleared out completely, the houses are built and green is added to the left over spaces and corners as fillers.
A typical housing development analyzed in Multan region does not include the existing site and the features it has to offer as part of the design process. The design that is built is result of repetition of a typical plan without any climatic of cultural logic. During the construction, the site which is arable land and has some green features to it is cleared out completely, the houses are built and green is added to the left over spaces and corners as fillers. Issues that plague urban environments, such as urban heat islands, pollution etc. are often caused by the disturbance or removal of natural systems and the benefit they provide. Conventional design practices perceive nature and development as being in opposition. However, sustainable sites seek to improve the quality of life of the site users and the surrounding communities by creating regenerative systems that protect and restore ecosystem services.
Philosophy Design Process
Conventional Site Sustainable Site Perceives nature and development as being Values nature and the ecosystem it proin opposition vides Site design is compartmentalized, landscape and buildings are viewed as separate entities. Somewhat homogeneous, replication of standard templates similar to site from other regions of the world Relies heavily on non-renewable resources that harm the environment and human health The building and landscape do not work together to reduce energy consumption
Building and landscape practitioners are all collectively involved in design process to optimize the performance of the site Design solutions grow from the place and represent local culture, materials, vegetation. Minimize energy consumption and use of fossil fuels.
Vegetation
Plant selection is based on site conditions and aesthetics
Maximizing the integration of all existing native vegetation into the site design
Water
Strongly relies on potable water for irriga- Captures rain water for re-use on site tion
Aesthetics Energy Landscape
The landscape creates favorable micro-climates that reduce the energy consumption of buildings and increase comfort of site users
The typical house plan which is not designed for the context, climate or the people creates a poor microclimate at individual house level relying heavily on mechanical systems. These individual houses when are repeated without a logic in the form of a housing development creates poor urban climatic conditions which results in environmental, social and functional issues.
Environmental issues • Urban heat islands formed due to reduction of arable and green land • Reduction of resources due to increased use of fossil fuels • Increase in heat levels due to lack of environment sensitive design • Pollution and waste. Social issues • Communal isolation • Gentrification • Houses not designed according to the lifestyle and needs of users. Functional issues • Architecture designed for aesthetic purposes rather than human well-being. • Lack of shaded communal gathering spaces • Lack of shaded walkways Landscape being just an aesthetic feature rather than acting as a micro-climate moderator to cool down the place and provide shade
Housing designed around major roads without enough landscape features resulting in urban heat islands
CHAPTER 04
MICRO CLIMATES ON SITE
Macro Context: Multan is a third largest city in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. It is located in the southern part of the province, and is steeped in history. It stretches from 30.2° North latitude to 71.45° East longitude and covers an area of approximately 3,721km² . It has a population of over 5 million, making it the sixth largest city in Pakistan. It is built just east of the Chenab River, more or less in the geographic center of the country. Under the Devolved Local Government System, Multan has been declared a City District, comprising of six Towns. 1. Bosan 2. Shah Rukne-Alam 3. Musa Pak Shaheed 4. Sher Shah 5. Shujaabad 6. Jalalpur Pirwala 7.
Evolution of Urban Form of Multan The Qila Kuhna Qasim Bagh Fort and Walled City were developed during Pre-Muslim & Muslim periods up to 1848 AD. During British period the Cantonment was developed on western side of the Walled city and the area between Cantt. & Walled City was gradually filled in. At the time of the independence in 1947, total built up area of Multan city was only about 30 Sq.Km. During initial 15 years upto 1960 the area was almost got doubled. The Multan Improvement Trust (MIT) & Multan Development Authority launched various housing scheme projects during 1960’s upto 1980’s and a large University Campus was established on east of Bosan Road which not only guided city’s future growth pattern but also led to substantial increase in built up area of the city. Multan continued to experience unprecedented growth in the post-independence era along all its intra city radial roads in an uncontrolled and unregulated manner. The main radial corridors where most of the linear growth/ sprawl took place are Khanewal Road, Bosan Road, Lodhran Bahawalpur Road and Muzaffargarh/ Sher Shah Road. As a result of this sprawling of the city towards the suburbs without proper landscape conservation plan, the agricultural land and green space of Multan has decreased immensely causing various environmental urban issues resulting in poor urban micro-climate of the city.
Introduction The thesis explores the relation of the built environment with the climate, natural landscape and human activities, using design as a tool to create better micro-climatic conditions. The site chosen for the research is within the city of Multan. Southern Punjab is known for its extreme weather conditions. Multan city with its extremely hot and dry climate as a context for the research would provide the project with required challenging conditions to experiment with and design using passive techniques.
Site selection criteria It can be expected that when the construction of a housing development occurs, the context in which it is being placed plays a role in shaping the form and function of the scheme. The factors of proximity to public transit, climate patterns, topography, landscape features and natural conservation and the demographics and expected residents are taken into consideration in the selection of the site. The major deciding factor for the selection of site is the close proximity (1/2 km) to public transportation i.e. Metro bus. The site is adjacent to Bosan Road, one of the major roads of Multan city. The biggest university of Multan (Bahaudin Zikriya University) lies within ½ km radius of the site. The project aims to explore the relation of architecture with the natural environment: Sun, wind, light, natural landscape. Therefore a site which offers some kind of existing landscape elements was preferred over a site close to the city center.
Buch Villas
Bosan Road Site
Bahaudin Zikriya University
Metro Station
Climate Temperature District Multan lies in Warm Composite zone3, where the climate is dry hot in summer and cold in winter. The hottest months are May, June, July and August. The heat and dust of Multan are proverbial. Day temperature in the summer months between May and September is high but the nights are comparatively cool. The highest day temperature is recorded in the months of May, and June. The winter is pleasant. The coldest months are the latter half of December and January. The maximum and minimum mean temperatures in summer are 42 and 29 degree centigrade whereas in winter it is 21.0 and 4.5 degree centigrade respectively.
Wind The dominant wind direction in Multan region is South-west in summers and North-east in winters. The summer months May to October receive summer winds, which if cooled down with design strategies can help in passive cooling of buildings.
Flora and Fauna The principle trees of the District are the Jand (Prosopis spicigera), Karril (Capparis aphylla), Farash (Taxarix articulata), kikar (Acacia arbica), Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo), Beri (Zizyphus jujaba), Malberrry or toot (Morus maraceae), Bohar (Fucus indica), Sirin (Albizzia lebbek), Amb (Mangifera indica), Nim (Melia indica), Piple (Ficus religiosa), Dates or Khajji (Phenix doctylifera), and Bhan (Populus euphratica).
Chapter 05
DESIGN PROCESS
5.1 Introduction The thesis explores the relation of the built environment with the climate, natural landscape and human activities, using design moderators as tools to create better micro-climatic conditions. The site analysis documented the existing micro-climates on the site; water features, pre-dominant winds in the micro context, solar path, road network and green buffers, which formed basis for design decisions for the master plan. The design process is the iterations of situating moderators on site, overlapping of moderators with the site, climate and social constraints to develop a master plan.
5.2 Design Translation 5.2.1 Thesis statement into physical form/space oriented The research investigated the design of urban neighborhoods that produce micro-climates which support physical well-being, the process involved understanding the micro-climate moderators, researching and analyzing them through foreign and local case studies, identifying the moderators in the context of Multan and then situating them on the site based on conclusions drawn from research and analysis. 5.2.2
Design Brief
The research analyzes foreign and local housing projects based on the micro-climates they form and how those micro-climates affect the life of their inhabitants. Through the analysis of these case studies along with the vernacular case studies from walled city Multan, a framework is developed which identifies major moderators in master plan necessary to create a comfortable micro climate within a site. Multan housing plans are then critiqued based on the frame work and a new housing complex is proposed which is based on these micro-climate moderators, overlapped with existing site features to develop a complex master plan that is specific to the site, context and the people inhabiting it. 5.2.3
Design Development Process
The design process involved developing a master plan through repeating units and overlapping micro-climate moderators; orientation, wind channeling, network of large public spaces, street patterns and site features.
Design Development Process
The design process started by identifying the micro climate moderators on site and developing a master plan around them. Developing a housing neighborhood along Bosan Road through netwok of large public spaces as green spaces, street pattern and staggering units in East-West direction. East-West elongated building groups spaced in North South direction maximize shared shade of buildings and solar access in winter. Solar analysis was conducted on the first iteration of master plan to map the shaded areas. The results of solar analysis dictated the next iteration of master plan.
Master Plan iteration 1
Converging Ventilation corridors in dominant summer wind directions to maximize wind access in hot climate.Formation of network of large public spaces with green zones to cool the incoming winds. Formation of courtyards within the masterplan, developing hierarchy within the plan
Master Plan iteration 2,3
Overlapping layers of micro-climate moderators; Network of large public spaces, street patterns pedestrian pathways, while orienting the master plan in dominant wind directions to passive cool the houses. Units are staggering to facilitate wind flow. Solar analysis was conducted to map the sun movement and solar access through the master plan.
Master Plan iteration 4
Developing Dense Urban Patterns by forming building blocks arranged around network of large public spaces oriented according to pre-dominant summer wind patterns and sun paths
Creating wind channels through staggering the units along the summer wind axis, overlapped with road network and public activity in alternate channels. formation of a central road network that acts as the major axis through the site. Developing a major vehicular axis with public activity (park and mosque) situated in the central position, units aligned with the summer wind patterns to channel the incoming air, overlapped with water bodies and green buffer which cool the hot summer wind to moderate the micro-climate
Orienting the units along the wind corridors with green belts . Master Plan iteration 5
Overlapping of micro-climate moderators and masterplan iterations resulted in a new more complex master plan. Formation of refined clusters. Addition of network of water bodies.
Master Plan iteration 5,6,7,8
Performing sand tests on the unit masses in various directions and on the developed master plan to document the wind movement Identifying dead zones in the master plan which do not receive sufficient amount of wind.
Sand tests on the developed masterplan to document wind movements. The dead zones dictate the next iteration in the masterplan
Spatial Connections Developing a major vehicular axis with public activity (park and mosque) situated in the central position, units aligned with the summer wind patterns to channel the incoming air, overlapped with water bodies and green buffer which cool the hot summer wind to moderate the micro-climate
Chapter 06 Design Outcome
6.1 Introduction The final design outcome is a complex master plan of urban neighborhood that is contextualized for the harsh climatic conditions of Multan City based on the research parameters, case study analysis and design iterations. 6.2 Design Description 6.2.1 Justification The research aim was to design urban neighborhoods that form micro-climates which support physical well-being of its inhabitants. The research analyzed local and foreign case studies, documented vernacular architecture and its micro-climates in the context of Multan, challenged the contemporary forms of spatial planning, zoning and land use by highlighting missing moderators in contemporary urban master plans and an extensive iterative process leading to complex urban master plan which incorporates passive techniques that help in sustainable environmental cooling systems in the context of Multan. 6.2.2 The unique element of intervention A framework for the development of an urban master plan in the context of Multan which is sensitive to the harsh climatic conditions of the region. The framework based on the micro-climate moderators which lead to design principles and design interventions in the master plan. 6.2.3 Final Design Design of Micro-Climates at Master Planning level, Public Space Design level and designing Architectonics.
6.3 Conclusion The result of the thesis is an urban master plan which can become a model for further housing developments in the context of Multan. The master plan is contextualized for the harsh climatic conditions and, socio-cultural patterns of Multan region which bring layers of sensitivity to the design.
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