March 2015 condenser

THE OFFICIAL MAGAZINE OF THE AMMONIA REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY n MARCH 2015

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MARCH 2015

CONDENSER STAFF Publisher

David Rule

Editor-In-Chief

Andrea Fischer

Creative Director Bill Ellis

Staff Writer Rob Duca

Director of Sales Eileen McKeown

Technical Director Eric Smith

International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration 1001 North Fairfax Street, Suite 503 Alexandria, VA 22314 www.iiar.org Phone: 703-312-4200 Fax: 703-312-0065

The Case for CO2

The use of CO2 as a refrigerant has grown in recent years, thanks to market demand spurred by a combination of environmental regulatory actions and technology advances in microprocessor controls and valve design.

COVER STORY

While CO2 systems are still more expensive than conventional refrigerants in the commercial world, proponents of CO2 say the technology is ready to be embraced by retailers and end users alike as a way to alleviate regulatory and corporate pressure to find an environmentally friendly alternative to refrigerants with high global warming potential.

4 Chairman’s Message 6 President’s Message 13 Government Relations 18 2015 IIAR Industrial Refrigeration

www.iiar.org

38 U.S. Chemical Safety Board

Issues Bulletin on Hydraulic Shock

40 Regulatory News 41

ARF News

Conference & Exhibition

42 Global View

30 Lesson Learned

44 Safety

32 The Codes and Standards Conundrum

46 From the Technical Department

36 Tech Paper Roundup

48

Technical Paper

A Publication of the International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration | March 2015 | CONDENSER |

3

chairman’s MESSAGE MARCOS BRAZ

ur IIAR Annual Conference and Exhibition in San Diego is finally here!

The conference team has prepared a tremendous program for those of you attending this year, and while this is the last annual meeting during my term as Chairman, this year’s conference represents just the beginning of many exciting developments for IIAR and its members.

is doing incredible work, including within several regions in India, with the aim of continued international advocacy, government relations and membership growth.

In addition to International chapter development we are also working with local organizations in Colombia in May 2015 and Mexico in October 2015 to host regional seminars in those nations.

These seminars are part of our contin-

This year’s conference represents just the beginning of many exciting developments for IIAR and its members.

We met many important goals in 2014, and we will now build on those achievements in the year ahead and beyond.

The pending completion and release of the IIAR-2/ ANSI Standard and ongoing standards work such as the recent approval of the IIAR-4 and IIAR-8 standards, as well as relationship building efforts with government representatives, set a solid foundation for a number of new objectives as we look to the future.

The IIAR continues to build a strong international association profile and credibility that enables us to extend our global reach.

I am extremely happy to announce that our very first International Chapter was recently founded in Costa Rica with support of new local members and government. The Chapter will represent IIAR in the Central America and Caribbean. We are also in advanced negotiations with representatives in Peru and Ecuador to start chapters in those countries as well.

Our International committee with tremendous support from IIAR’s Staff 4|

ued support to international alliances with other important organizations that support natural refrigerants.

These joint ventures will enable us to share information and best practices as we also learn from our colleagues in these countries.

These programs are made possible by the hard work of our Committees that are supporting these efforts. We truly are encouraged by these developments that will help us take our membership-building efforts to the next level as we move forward.

IIAR continues to focus on providing our members with the safety standards, regulatory support, industry technology trends and other member services that are necessary to operate an ammonia system in today’s environment.

Each opportunity for sharing knowledge and information, such as our upcoming conference, and international seminars, is a chance for us to build and strengthen the resources we have available for our members.

Through our vast library of IIAR Technical Bulletins, IIAR Ammonia Data Book, the recent introduction of

CONDENSER | March 2015 | A Publication of the International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration

Technical Paper compendiums and of course our IIAR Standards, we are developing the world’s largest and best information resource for our membership and the industry in general.

One of the best parts of being IIAR’s Chairman over the past year has been the opportunity to be part of the great work of our Committees.

The IIAR-2 standard is now working its way through the public review process and will become an ANSI certified document.

This process, along with the recent approval of the IIAR-4 and IIAR-8 standards is a testament to the hard work, knowledge and professionalism of our industry volunteers.

If you have volunteered on any one of our member committees, please accept my warmest and sincere thank you!

I would like to take this opportunity to personally thank each one of our Board of Directors and Executive Committee for your valuable insight of the organization, collaboration and dynamic participation throughout the year, while giving us your time and expertise so generously.

Without our volunteers we wouldn’t be where we are today, ready for the future as the most progressive, globally recognized and leading advocate for the safe, reliable and efficient use of ammonia and other natural refrigerants.

I would also like to encourage you to join in this excellent work as both a member and committee volunteer.

To all of our members, friends and colleagues, it has truly been an honor to serve as your Chairman.

I am looking forward to seeing many of you at the conference. And beyond that, I’m looking forward to seeing where the achievements of the past few years take us as we move towards the future of our industry. n www.iiar.org

president’s MESSAGE

BY DAVE RULE

his issue of the Condenser marks the end of the last member year, and the beginning of a new one. It also marks our annual conference, where we come together from all corners of our industry to talk about the trends and technology shaping our business – at IIAR’s Annual Industrial Refrigeration Conference and Exhibition.

Whether you’re a longtime IIAR member, a first time attendee or a committee member dedicating your time and attention to one of our many projects, your contribution to this industry, and at this conference is vital.

It’s an exciting time for our industry, a time of change. As regulations and technologies evolve at a breakneck pace, we’re seeing new opportunities and applications for refrigeration grow like never before.

We are truly an industry in transition. And while all corners of our business world are expanding, we’re seeing the impact of three central trends on our business environment.

First, CO2 technologies, long considered something of an outlier from a technology perspective, are moving into the mainstream, and opening the door in new commercial arenas, such as supermarkets.

Second, new, low-charge systems are also expanding our marketplace, but in an entirely different way, by introducing new industrial and commercial applications for ammonia that allow us to operate more efficiently and below some federal regulatory thresholds such as those set out under the process safety management and risk management programs.

Third, the phase out of R-22 here in the United States, and the broader F-gas phase out currently underway in the European Union, is starting to 6|

heavily influence decision processes in the commercial and industrial market.

Propelled by regulatory change and environmentalism, and fueled by our industry’s relentless development of new, ever safer and more efficient technologies, an unmistakable trend has emerged.

The world is moving towards natural refrigerants. I’ll use this month’s column to lay out the goals your organization is working hard to meet and the initiatives we’re taking in this new membership year.

The face of our industry will look very different in even five years, and that means that now is a critical time for IIAR to take a leadership position, especially when it comes to our primary mission, which is guiding the industry in standards development and code adoption.

I’m happy to report to you that your staff, volunteer leadership and committee members have risen to that challenge. In the last year, we’ve made incredible progress on the development of IIAR-2, the most comprehensive safety standard for ammonia in the world.

IIAR-2 is already having an impact on changes in building codes and construction standards, and we’ve submitted changes to the IMC and UMC to reflect this new body of safety information.

IIAR-2 is truly our industry’s flagship standard, and it’s just the tip of the iceberg. We’re rounding out this effort with an entirely new suite of IIAR standards. This year, your staff is hard at work creating several new member tools and services.

First, is a dedicated website portal to deliver support to our end-user community. This portal will feature access to customized IIAR information and resources for this important

CONDENSER | March 2015 | A Publication of the International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration

membership sector. Similarly, this year, we launched a website portal for our regulatory community – to provide easy access to essential industry standards, guidelines and training materials for OSHA and the EPA. And, to facilitate easy access for all of our members to the publications and services that make IIAR the technical authority of this industry, we’re excited to announce that we’ll launch a new IIAR member app in just a few months.

Meanwhile, we’re continuing our strong commitment to advocacy and education. On the advocacy side, IIAR has re-committed to a 5-year formal alliance with OSHA, which the agency considers one of its most successful industry programs.

And finally, on the education front, we began work in partnership with RETA to identify ways to grow our industry’s pool of new talent. By developing a community college-level curriculum that can be delivered by schools across the nation, we hope to prepare the next generation for a career in our industry with a core refrigeration program.

I’ve mentioned some big goals that IIAR is moving forward to meet.

We’ve set the bar high, and all of these exciting projects take a significant effort from your staff to realize.

These projects also depend on the hard work of our volunteer committee members and board leaders, who often put their dedication to this organization before their own professional and personal obligations.

That dedication has put us in a stronger position than ever to pursue the new opportunities, more global mindset and important transitions that are setting the stage to make this new member year more exciting than ever. n www.iiar.org

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The use of CO2 as a refrigerant has grown in recent years, thanks to market demand spurred by a combination of environmental regulatory actions and technology advances in microprocessor controls and valve design.

While CO2 systems are still more expensive than conventional refrigerants in the commercial world, proponents of CO2 say the technology is ready to be embraced by retailers and end users alike as a way to alleviate regulatory and corporate pressure to find an environmentally friendly alternative to refrigerants with high global warming potential.

“Because of pressure to meet environmental goals, the market, and our industry is looking at how we can use natural refrigerants like CO2 again in the mainstream,” said Scott Martin, Director of Sustainable Technologies for Hillphoenix.

8|

“There is a real movement in our industry to seriously consider CO2,” said Dan O’Brien, Vice President of Sales and Marketing for Zero Zone. “As big global companies have said they’re going to be green – and utilize refrigerants with low global warming potential – credibility for CO2 is building.”

Both Hillphoenix and Zero Zone manufacture CO2 systems for the commercial and industrial markets, where each company said they’re seeing an increased interest in CO2 projects in sectors as varied as grocery, pharmaceutical and cold storage.

U.S. companies, Target, Coca Cola, Nestlé and Red Bull, as well as Canadian food retailers Sobeys and Loblaws, are among several retailers who have made formal corporate commitments to natural refrigerants.

CONDENSER | March 2015 | A Publication of the International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration

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As costs mount for retailers caught in a seemingly never-ending cycle of system upgrades or replacements – to accommodate new phase-outs of refrigerants deemed environmentally unfriendly by the EPA – CO2 is emerging as an attractive solution with the potential of solving operational challenges.

“In my career, R12 and 502 has been replaced by 22, which has been replaced by 404A, which was replaced by 407 and now 407 is about to be replaced by a new series of refrigerants released later this year. That’s five sets of refrigerants, and each one of those changes comes with development work you have to do to make them work in a system,” said Martin. “Supermarkets are building stores every day, so all of a sudden, you have this large install base, and you’re starting to look at . . . when do I convert this store to a next generation refrigerant that takes me out of this cycle?”

“That’s where CO2 comes in. It’s a refrigerant that is never going to be taxed or regulated because it’s environmentally benign,” he said.

Expense is still a major decision factor for this type of customer, but other factors, such as the potential to deal with regulatory pressure and boost corporate environmental image, are also starting to play a big role in the decision making process, said O’Brien.

“Our customers are now at the point where they’re making decisions according to factors that justify natural refrigerants, and even though CO2 may mean investing a little bit more money, the other payoffs are attractive,” he said. “In some cases, company policy and philosophy is outweighing and becoming more important than the initial cost of building these systems.”

“In the commercial market, we’re seeing customers trying CO2. Among large grocery retailers in the U.S., they want to do one or two stores. They’re not making a large commitment yet, but they want to understand it and be ready.”

That’s a sentiment echoed by Bent Wiencke, Manager, Refrigeration Engineering for Nestlé USA. “There’s a lot of end user interest in CO2 and the end user market is absolutely assessing CO2 as a viable alternative to conventional ammonia systems. But this needs to be evaluated on a case10 |

by-case basis and weighed against other technical solutions providing a high degree of safety and possibly less complexity. An example is, low charge ammonia systems and the use of brines as a secondary refrigerant.”

“CO2 technology still has its challenges finding its marketplace in smaller applications where it’s competing with commercial HVAC and chiller equipment,” he said. “This is predominantly here in the U.S. and Canada where we see a significantly lower price level of commercial equip-

ment when compared to Europe, and currently no legislative pressure exists to phase out HFC refrigerants” at the same level as in Europe.

Wiencke added that, “Purely from a cost standpoint, CO2 systems still have a long journey ahead before they can compete. Without legislative pressure or corporate mandates to switch to natural refrigerants, [that journey] may even get a tad longer.”

As for what it will take to spur widespread adoption, only time will tell, as the sector works towards a

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CONDENSER | March 2015 | A Publication of the International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration

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critical mass of projects that it hopes will increase the pool of suppliers, and buyers, enough to bring manufacturing costs down. To see what could happen in the U.S. CO2 market may mean looking no further than Europe.

Momentum behind the use of CO2 as a refrigerant started building there as early as 2000, when European countries began imposing taxes on HFCs and HCFCs to deter their use,

While the pool of CO2 component suppliers is increasing in the U.S., it still hasn’t gotten big enough, or specialized enough, to start bringing down the cost of manufacturing the systems, a hurdle many see as the last big barrier to growth in this country. said Andre Patenaude, the director of CO2 business development for Emerson Climate Technologies, a refrigeration engineering and design consultant.

The taxes drove the commercial supermarket sector to look for and start developing technology that would make CO2 a good option for modern systems and requirements, and it has been growing for several years, he added.

“Three years ago there were about 1,000 transcritical CO2 systems in Europe; about a year ago there were 3,000, and now there are probably 5,000 to 6,000 systems,” he said.

“It’s growing there, and I believe it’s safe to say the U.S. will have a similar pattern, depending, of course, on how much legislation drives it. But it’s already in supermarkets without creating major issues, so I think it’s a trend that’s taking off,” he said.

To realize that kind of growth here in the United States, the market will www.iiar.org

need more component suppliers and an update to the codes and standards that describe CO2 systems and their use.

While the pool of CO2 component suppliers is increasing in the U.S., it still hasn’t gotten big enough, or specialized enough, to start bringing down the cost of manufacturing the systems, a hurdle many see as the last big barrier to growth in this country.

“There are more suppliers than there used to be that are making components that we use for CO2 systems, but a lot of the components

we use are unique and special for CO2,” said Hillphoenix’s Martin. “In the beginning there were only one or two suppliers, but now that number has tripled or more, and that’s driving down the cost of components, which is driving down the cost of systems.”

“There’s just starting to be enough volume now to make CO2 systems efficient enough to produce,” he said.

“This sector is hitting its stride, but it took this long for volume to build to the point that this even looks economically feasible.”

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COVE R

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From that perspective, growth may be a volume game, but it’s also a complexity game, said Zero Zone’s O’Brien.

“One of the things we’ve seen in systems we’ve built is that we end up dealing with the reality that a lot of equipment manufacturers haven’t optimized the equipment they’re selling specifically for CO2 systems,” he said. “We don’t have a lot of equipment available yet that is designed to

Such an investment could be seen as one that would benefit the industry in general, as industrial refrigeration looks to the codes and standards that have the potential to spur growth for all natural refrigerants. address the unique properties of CO2.

That means we’re not able to take full advantage of the capabilities of CO2 systems [as an industry] as we may in the future. It will take an investment from the equipment manufacturers and others that are building these systems to truly realize the potential of CO2.”

Such an investment could be seen as one that would benefit the industry in general, as industrial refrigeration looks to the codes and standards that have the potential to spur growth for all natural refrigerants.

“Our regulations here still impose some pretty significant requirements around pressure” in CO2 systems, said Mark Dutton, Segment Manager for Cold Storage, Heatcraft Kysor/ Warren. “We look forward to the opportunity to harmonize U.S. standards with the broader international standards driven from Europe. That will help reduce system cost and improve component availability.”

12 |

Heatcraft Kysor/ Warren manufactures CO2 systems and components for the commercial and industrial markets.

IIAR President Dave Rule agreed with Dutton, saying, “The lack of updated CO2 standards has the potential to hinder the growth of CO2 in the U.S. market.” Rule added that IIAR will focus attention on the development of standards for CO2 systems in the coming year.

And that effort will be a big step forward for CO2 system manufacturers, especially in the commercial applications world, said Zero Zone’s O’Brien, adding that new standards will also facilitate the development of better training resources to help solve another growth problem faced by the sector – the shortage of operators who know and are comfortable with CO2 systems.

“What’s exciting at this stage is that for so long CO2 has been discussed as an attractive technology option, and for so long, the standard response for not putting CO2 out there in the systems we use today has been: ‘we don’t have the people who know how to handle CO2, or we don’t have the components to build the systems.’

That’s not necessarily the case anymore,” he said.

“Those problems are becoming less and less of a reality as more of these systems are being installed.

We’re seeing CO2 systems gaining a foothold in new applications and we’re installing them in places we haven’t commonly used them before.

The growth of CO2 is just a matter of time and project volume.” n

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CONDENSER | March 2015 | A Publication of the International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration

EPA Issues Enforcement Alert on Anhydrous Ammonia

I

government

n February 2015, the Environmental Protection Agency issued an enforcement alert entitled: “Anhydrous Ammonia at Refrigeration Facilities Under Scrutiny by U.S. EPA.” The EPA’s Office of Civil Enforcement issues alerts such as this periodically to highlight areas where the agency is placing enforcement priority.

According to EPA, “evidence gathered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) indicates that some refrigeration facilities may be failing to properly manage hazardous chemicals, including anhydrous ammonia, as

RELATIONS

BY LOWELL RANDEL, IIAR GOVERNMENT RELATIONS DIRECTOR

• Submit to EPA a written Risk Management Plan, which is a summary of the Program, updating the plan every five years or as changes occur.

Facilities that have processes from which worst-case releases could reach the public, or where accidental releases within the past five years have resulted in certain offsite impacts have additional requirements. For example, owners and operators of Program 3 processes must: • Conduct an analysis to identify and resolve hazards associated with the process, which must be updated every five years.

EPA inspectors tend to lean on their experience with RMP when using the General Duty Clause, so facilities under 10,000 pounds will benefit from proactively determining how they are addressing recognized hazards. required by the Clean Air Act (CAA) Section 112(r).” The alert is intended to inform the industry that companies must take responsibility to prevent accidental releases of dangerous chemicals like anhydrous ammonia through compliance with CAA’s Chemical Accident Prevention Program. EPA cites a number of recent releases and enforcement cases as a reason for issuing the alert.

For facilities with over 10,000 pounds of ammonia, the primary regulation EPA uses is the Risk Management Program. The alert reminds facilities subject to RMP that they must: • Analyze the worst-case release scenario to determine the potential effects of a release of an extremely hazardous substance.

• Complete a five-year accident history.

• Coordinate response actions with the local emergency response agencies. www.iiar.org

• Have a release prevention program, with requirements to: n compile process safety information about the chemicals, equipment, and applicable industry standards, and ensure compliance with such industry standards, n use safe operating procedures, n train employees, n maintain equipment, n conduct compliance audits every three years, n investigate accidents, n manage changes that could affect a process, n perform pre-startup review, n have an employee participation plan, n prevent accidents from hot work, and

n

have a program to manage contractors who are working on or around a process.

The alert also discusses the role that the EPA’s General Duty Clause plays in regulating refrigeration facilities with less than 10,000 pounds of ammonia.

The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 includes Section 112(r)(1), which defines EPA’s General Duty Clause: “…The owners and operators of stationary sources producing, processing, handling or storing such substances [i.e., a chemical in 40 CFR part 68 or any other extremely hazardous substance] have a general duty [in the same manner and to the same extent as the general duty clause in the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)] to identify hazards which may result from (such) releases using appropriate hazard assessment techniques, to design and maintain a safe facility taking such steps as are necessary to prevent releases, and to minimize the consequences of accidental releases which do occur.”

While facilities with less than 10,000 pounds of ammonia do not need to file a formal Risk Management Plan, EPA, through its General Duty Clause, expects facilities to: • Determine if, and under what circumstances, a release could occur.

• Put in place procedures and controls to prevent a release.

• Implement a plan of action should a release occur.

EPA’s General Duty Clause is very broad in its application and there are few details provided on how to comply. EPA has published some guidance on how inspectors are to apply the General Duty Clause in the document entitled “Guidance for Implementation of the General Duty Clause Clean Air Act Section 112(r)(1). This document outlines three steps that can help demonstrate compliance: continued on page 14

A Publication of the International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration | March 2015 | CONDENSER |

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government

RELATIONS EPA Issues Enforcement Alert on Anhydrous Ammonia

• Adopt or follow any relevant industry codes, practices, or consensus standards.

• Be aware of unique circumstances of your facility which may require a tailored accident prevention program.

• Be aware of accidents and other

the General Duty Clause, so facilities under 10,000 pounds will benefit from proactively determining how they are addressing recognized hazards. There have been reports of EPA inspectors citing facilities under the General Duty Clause and pulling from RMP

There have been reports of EPA inspectors citing facilities under the General Duty Clause and pulling from RMP standards to make their case for meeting the General Duty Clause. incidents in your industry that indicate potential hazards.

Industry members have reported that EPA is increasing the use of its General Duty Clause authority to bring citations in ammonia refrigeration facilities. EPA inspectors tend to lean on their experience with RMP when using

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standards to make their case for meeting the General Duty Clause. This is particularly true for companies with multiple facilities, some of which are regulated under RMP. Inspectors will assert that the company should be readily aware of hazards because some of their facilities are subject to RMP.

CONDENSER | March 2015 | A Publication of the International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration

In cases of both RMP and the General Duty Clause, the EPA alert recognizes the role of industry standards such as those developed by IIAR to help facilities comply with regulations. In addition to IIAR standards, IIAR also publishes Process Safety Management and Risk Management Program Guidelines and the Ammonia Refrigeration Management (ARM) manual to assist members with compliance. The ARM manual is specifically designed for facilities with less than 10,000 pounds of ammonia, while the PSM & RMP Guidelines provides compliance resources for facilities with more than 10,000 pounds.

Finally, the EPA enforcement alert discusses lessons learned from recent inspections of ammonia refrigeration systems.

The list below highlights areas where EPA is placing enforcement emphasis in the ammonia refrigeration industry: • Identifying the hazards that a facility’s refrigeration systems present is crucial. continued on page 16

www.iiar.org

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RELATIONS EPA Issues Enforcement Alert on Anhydrous Ammonia

Part of this analysis should include understanding the gap between the safety requirements of new industry codes and standards and the standards to which the facility was built and developing a plan to address safety deficiencies. In some cases, that plan must include making facility upgrades.

• Preventive maintenance is the standard for the industry. The maintenance program, including inspections, should be documented.

• Gathering sufficient information

Inspectors will assert that the company should be readily aware of hazards because some of their facilities are subject to RMP. about the piping and equipment is crucial so that facilities understand the hazards associated with their refrigeration system and can develop a proper maintenance program.

• Refrigeration systems that are missing key controls, such as emergency shutoff valves, because they were not built to industry codes and standards in effect at the time of construction need to be upgraded.

• Halting corrosion of pipes and equipment should be a priority.

• Hammering and shaking of equipment and pipes risks breakage and ammonia releases.

• Defrosting is important. Ice buildup can impede access to important equipment and dangerously weigh down piping.

• Adequate ventilation in a safe location is required for machinery rooms.

• Ability to shut down the system without entering the machinery room is necessary.

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• Ammonia pressure relief devices should not be located where they could spray ammonia onto people.

• A trained operator is critical to running an ammonia refrigeration system.

• A well-maintained closed loop system should limit accidents occurring during startup.

This list provides important insight into the types of issues EPA inspectors will be examining when inspecting

ammonia refrigeration facilities. IIAR members are encouraged to review the list and ensure their RMP programs and ARM programs (in facilities with less than 10,000 pounds) are being actively implemented to address these hazards. IIAR has been in contact with EPA regarding the enforcement alert and will be meeting with key officials to further discuss the alert and its implications on the industry. n

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CONDENSER | March 2015 | A Publication of the International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration

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A Publication of the International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration | March 2015 | CONDENSER |

17

Welcome to San Diego and the 2015 IIAR Industrial Refrigeration Conference & Exhibition!

It’s time again for the industrial refrigeration industry’s largest conference and we think this will be one of the best and most informative programs we’ve ever produced. I’d like to take this opportunity to welcome all attendees to the 2015 IIAR Industrial Refrigeration Conference & Exhibition.

If this is your first conference we are so glad to have you with us. If you are a long-time IIAR member who has attended before, welcome back! Beautiful, sunny San Diego is an ideal place to learn about the latest equipment, products, services and technologies that our industry has to offer.

As always, the IIAR Technical Program is the core of the conference. The series of presentations will include rigorously peer reviewed technical paper presentations, experiential workshops, and interactive panels on topics ranging from global refrigerant trends to low charge ammonia systems.

The IIAR conference draws refrigeration professionals from all across the United States and increasingly from around the world.

This international gathering of the key decisionmakers in our industry is the perfect opportunity to network and learn from colleagues from all corners of the globe.

This year the conference will feature an international program with paper presentations in Portuguese, Spanish, and Mandarin.

In addition, all technical papers presented in English will be offered with simultaneous interpretation in Spanish and all international language presentations will be offered with simultaneous

18 |

interpretation in English. With our ever expanding global reach, we’re expecting to deliver the broadest and most comprehensive update on technologies that are important to you.

We are also introducing the IIAR CO2: Design and Application in Industrial Refrigeration educational program.

This one-of-a-kind condensed learning experience is designed to instruct attendees on the basic engineering principles needed to design a variety of energy efficient CO2 systems. We’ve been fortunate to have acknowledged leaders in this field share their understanding and their design methodology with our attendees.

I would like to thank each and every company who provided the important financial support for IIAR through their participation at this conference and to send a special thank you to all the companies that encourage and support the essential volunteer work of our members.

And of course, thanks also go out to our members whose participation and collaboration in exchanging information, experience and expertise make this conference such an incredible learning event – paper authors, workshop presenters and panel participants who develop the presentations are all an integral part of making this such a great conference.

Welcome to San Diego, and enjoy the conference!

Best Regards, Mark Stencel 2015 Conference Chair

CONDENSER | March 2015 | A Publication of the International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration

www.iiar.org

2015 IIAR CONFERENCE SPONSORS BALTIMORE AIRCOIL COMPANY Morning Coffee Break Wednesday, March 25

Luggage Tags

Exhibit Hall Wi-Fi

CO2 Education Program Sunday, March 22

Petco Park Cheeseburger Station Monday, March 23

Afternoon Coffee Break – Tuesday, March 24

Bookstore

Lunch Exhibit Hall – Monday, March 23 Craft Beer Lounge Petco Park

Petco Park Ball Caps Meeting Bags

Continental Breakfast Tuesday, March 24

Pocket Program Notepads Conference App Continental Breakfast – Monday, March 23 Badge Lanyards

Morning Coffee Break – Monday, March 23

Chairman's Reception – Sunday, March 22

Morning Coffee Break – Tuesday, March 24

Charging Station

Water Bottles

Afternoon Coffee Break – Monday, March 23

Keynote Speaker First Timer's Reception – Sunday, March 22

www.iiar.org

Hotel Room Keys

Hot Dog Station Petco Park – Monday, March 23

A Publication of the International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration | March 2015 | CONDENSER |

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EXHIBITOR EXHIBITOR LISTING LISTING Hilton Hilton SanSan Diego Diego Bayfront Bayfront • San • San Diego, Diego, CA CA • March • March 22-25, 22-25, 20152015

EXHIBITOR LISTING Hilton San Diego Bayfront • San Diego, CA • March 22-25, 2015

n SUBHEAD n SUBHEAD IIAR IIAR IIAR 2014 2014 2014 INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION REFRIGERATION REFRIGERATION CONFERENCE CONFERENCE CONFERENCE &&HEAVY & HEAVY HEAVY EQUIPMENT EQUIPMENT EQUIPMENT SHOW SHOW SHOW SUBHEAD SUBHEAD

APCCO . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #323#323 Air Conditioning, Air Conditioning, Heating, Heating, and and APCCO A. Blasquez A. Blasquez E. E. APCCO is a Design is a Design Build Build Industrial Industrial Refrigeration Refrigeration Institute.

Institute. . Booth . Booth #1 #1APCCO Refrigeracion Refrigeracion Industrial Industrial Refrigeration Refrigeration Contractor Contractor providing providing The Conditioning, Air Conditioning, Heating, Heating, and and S.A. S.A. de C.V. de C.V. . . . . .. .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #308#308The Air Engineering, Construction, Construction, Refrigeration Institute Institute (AHRI)(AHRI) is the istrade the trade Engineering, A. Blasquez A. Blasquez E. Refrigeracion E. Refrigeracion (ABE) (ABE) is the is theRefrigeration Maintenance, Compliance Compliance Services, Services, association representing representing manufacturers manufacturers Maintenance, largestlargest ammonia ammonia refrigeration refrigeration contractor contractorassociation Insulation, Parts Sales Parts Sales and Compressors and Compressors of HVACR and water and water heating heating equipment equipmentInsulation, company company in Latin in America, Latin America, specializing specializing of HVACR Rebuilding Rebuilding for a wide for a wide rangerange of of the global the global industry, industry, with awith a in refrigeration in refrigeration systems systems for breweries, for breweries, withinwithin Industrial, Industrial, Food Food and Beverage and Beverage facilities. facilities. performance performance certification certification program program beverages beverages food and foodcold and storage cold storage covering covering 40+ products, 40+ products, including including industries. industries.

ABE - ABE your - refrigeration your refrigeration APR APR Plastic Plastic Fabricating, Fabricating, unit Coolers. unit Coolers. partner partner in Mexico. in Mexico.

Inc. .Inc. . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #17 #17 APR Plastic Fabricating Fabricating is a leading is a leading LavalLaval . . . . .. .. .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #415#415APR Plastic AAIM AAIM Controls Controls . . . . .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #309#309Alfa Alfa manufacturer and distributor and distributor of custom of custom Alfa Laval is a leading is a leading manufacturer manufacturer manufacturer From From starters starters and drives and drives to PLCtosystems PLC systems Alfa Laval designed and fabricated and fabricated plasticplastic tanks,tanks, of compact of compact and efficient and efficient semi-welded, semi-welded, designed and microprocessor and microprocessor designs, designs, AAIMAAIM secondary secondary containment containment systems, systems, gasketed, brazed brazed and AlfaNova and AlfaNova 100%100%liners,liners, Controls Controls has the hasexpertise the expertise for allfor your all your gasketed, and process tanks tanks for theformetal the metal finishing finishing stainless steel plate steel plate heat exchangers, heat exchangers, as asand process automation automation requirements requirements with over with 90 over 90 stainless and waste treatment treatment industries. industries. well shell-and-tube as shell-and-tube heat exchangers. heat exchangers. and waste years years of combined of combined refrigeration refrigeration controls controlswell as experience. experience.

APSM APSM . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #621#621 American American Industrial Industrial provides provides PSM software PSM software and services and services Refrigeration . . . . .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #600#600APSMAPSM Acuren Acuren . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #408#408Refrigeration for effective for effective compliance compliance management. management.

We build Confidence Confidence by delivering by delivering Acuren’s Acuren’s industry-leading industry-leading mechanical mechanical We build solutions solutions to help to our helppartners our partners integrity integrity services services for ammonia for ammonia refrigeration refrigerationqualityquality Armstrong Armstrong succeed. succeed.

American American Industrial Industrial systems systems include; include; Corrosion Corrosion UnderUnder International International . . . Booth . . . Booth #208/210 #208/210 Refrigeration, a Corval a Corval GroupGroup company, company, Insulation Insulation Scanning Scanning (CUI),(CUI), Computerized ComputerizedRefrigeration, Armstrong Armstrong provides provides intelligent intelligent systemsystem specializes in the indesign, the design, installation installation Radiography Radiography (CR), (CR), API Tank API and TankVessel and Vessel specializes solutions solutions that improve that improve utility performance, utility performance, and service of turnkey of turnkey industrial industrial Inspections, Inspections, and our andexclusive our exclusive inspection inspectionand service lower lower energyenergy consumption, consumption, and reduce and reduce refrigeration refrigeration systems. systems. data management data management system, system, DMAPS. DMAPS. environmental environmental emissions emissions while while providing providing an “enjoyable an “enjoyable experience.” experience.”

Ammonia Ammonia Refrigeration Refrigeration Advanced Advanced Energy Energy Foundation (ARF).

(ARF). . . . . . Booth . . . Booth #14 #14 Control Control . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #10 #10Foundation ASTI ASTI . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #9 #9 ARF isARF a non-profit is a non-profit research research and and Advanced Advanced Energy Energy Control Control (AEC)(AEC) is is ASTI was ASTIestablished was established in 1991 in 1991 in in education foundation foundation organized organized by by an automation an automation controls controls company company that that education recognition recognition of theoflong the standing long standing members of IIAR. of The IIAR.goal The of goal theof the specializes specializes in the inlatest the latest technology technology for for members need need for training for training in the insafe thehandling safe handling Foundation is to support is to support research research industrial industrial refrigeration refrigeration controlcontrol with an with an Foundation of ammonia. of ammonia.

ASTI offers ASTI offers training training in in and educational and educational effortsefforts in industrial in industrial emphasis emphasis on energy on energy management. management. accordance accordance with OSHA with OSHA Standard Standard refrigeration, refrigeration, particularly particularly in the inarea the area 1910.120(q) 1910.120(q) – emergency – emergency response response Airfoil Airfoil Impellers.

Impellers. . . . . . Booth . . . Booth #218#218 of ammonia of ammonia and natural and natural refrigerants. refrigerants. to hazardous to hazardous substance substance release. release.

Cast aluminum Cast aluminum fan blades, fan blades, machine machine Analytical Analytical Technology, Technology, room room exhaust exhaust fans, product fans, product coolercooler Azane Azane Inc. .Inc. . . . .. .. .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #622#622 . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #420#420 fans, blast fans, freezer blast freezer fans, and fans,general and general Inc. .Inc. AzaneAzane is a world-leading is a world-leading manufacturer manufacturer ATI designs ATI designs and manufactures and manufactures a a ventilation ventilation fans. fans. of lowofcharge low charge ammonia ammonia cooling cooling complete complete line ofline ammonia of ammonia gas detectors gas detectors solutions. solutions.

Their range Their range of lowofcharge low charge Airgas Airgas . . . . .. .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #300/302 #300/302 both fixed both fixed and portable and portable and additionally and additionally ammonia ammonia packages packages are suitable are suitable for for AirgasAirgas Specialty Specialty Products Products offers offers gas detectors gas detectors for 32forother 32 other toxic and toxic and temperature temperature controlled controlled storage, storage, process process anhydrous anhydrous ammonia, ammonia, pump-outs, pump-outs, field field combustible combustible gases.gases. cooling cooling and HVAC and HVAC applications. applications. service, service, safetysafety video,video, safetysafety training, training, and Cold and Cold Flow Sampler Flow Sampler (for determining (for determining waterwater in ammonia). in ammonia).

IIAR 2014 INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION CONFERENCE & HEAVY EQUIP SUBHEAD

A. Blasquez E. Refrigeracion Industrial S.A. de C.V. . . . . . . . . Booth #308 A. Blasquez E. Refrigeracion (ABE) is the largest ammonia refrigeration contractor company in Latin America, specializing in refrigeration systems for breweries, beverages food and cold storage industries. ABE - your refrigeration partner in Mexico.

Air Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute. . Booth #1 The Air Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) is the trade association representing manufacturers of HVACR and water heating equipment within the global industry, with a performance certification program covering 40+ products, including unit Coolers.

AAIM Controls . . . . . . Booth #309 From starters and drives to PLC systems and microprocessor designs, AAIM Controls has the expertise for all your automation requirements with over 90 years of combined refrigeration controls experience.

Alfa Laval . . . . . . . . . Booth #415 Alfa Laval is a leading manufacturer of compact and efficient semi-welded, gasketed, brazed and AlfaNova 100% stainless steel plate heat exchangers, as well as shell-and-tube heat exchangers.

Acuren . . . . . . . . . . . . Booth #408 Acuren’s industry-leading mechanical integrity services for ammonia refrigeration 20 systems include; Corrosion Under

American Industrial Refrigeration . . . . . . . Booth #600 We build Confidence by delivering quality solutions to help our partners succeed. American Industrial

| CONDENSER | March 2015 | A Publication of the International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration

APCCO . . . . . . . . .

APCCO is a Design B Refrigeration Contracto Engineering, Construc Maintenance, Compli Insulation, Parts Sales Rebuilding for a wide Industrial, Food and B

APR Plastic Fabric Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . .

APR Plastic Fabricating manufacturer and distr designed and fabricat liners, secondary conta and process tanks for and waste treatment in

APSM . . . . . . . . . .

APSM provides PSM so for effective complianc Armstrong www.iiar.org

EXHIBITOR LISTING EXHIBITOR EXHIBITOR LISTING LISTING Hilton San Diego Bayfront IIAR • San IIAR 2015 Diego, 2015 INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIAL CA • March REFRIGERATION REFRIGERATION 22-25, 2015 CONFERENCE CONFERENCE & EXHIBITION & EXHIBITION

EXHIBITOR L IIAR 2015 INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION CONFERENCE

n EQUIPMENT n SUBHEAD n SUBHEAD IIAR IIAR 2014 IIAR 2014 INDUSTRIAL 2014 INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION REFRIGERATION REFRIGERATION CONFERENCE CONFERENCE CONFERENCE & HEAVY & HEAVY & HEAVY EQUIPMENT EQUIPMENT SHOW SHOW SHOW SUBHEAD SUBHEAD SUBHEAD SUBHEAD

APCCOChester-Jensen . . .Chester-Jensen . . . . . . . . . .Booth . . . .. #323 . Booth . . . Booth #105#105 Air#707 Conditioning, Cal Therm Cal Therm Heating, and A. Blasquez Bacharach, Bacharach, E. Inc. .Inc. . . . .. . Booth . . . Booth #707 APCCO is a Chester-Jensen Design Build manufactures Industrial manufactures air agitated air agitated Insulation Insulation Institute. . . . . .. .. .. ..Booth .. .. . Booth . #1 . . Booth #404 #404Chester-Jensen Refrigeracion Fixed Fixed continuous Industrial continuous monitors monitors for thefor theRefrigeration Refrigeration ice builders, ice Contractor builders, instant providing instant chillers, chillers, plate plate heat heat The Air Cal-Therm Conditioning, Cal-Therm Insulation Heating, Insulation is aand full is a service full service S.A. de detection C.V. detection . .of. .gases . of . . gases .including Booth including #308 ammonia, ammonia, Engineering, exchangers Construction, and other and other heat transfer heat transfer Refrigeration mechanical mechanical Instituteinsulation (AHRI) insulation is contractor the trade contractor based based exchangers A. Blasquez CO, E. Co2, CO, Refrigeracion Co2, CFCs,CFCs, HFCs, (ABE) HFCs, CH4 is the CH4 and and Maintenance, equipment.

Compliance Services, association in Southern representing in Southern California. manufacturers California.

For theForpast the 40 past 40 equipment. largest ammonia more more featuring refrigeration featuring multiple multiple contractor alarm,alarm, sensorsensor Insulation, of HVACR and years ourwater company ourheating company hasequipment serviced has serviced clients clients Parts Sales and Compressors company and in relay Latin and America, relay configurations. configurations. specializing From From one toone to years CIMCO CIMCO Refrigeration, Refrigeration, Rebuilding for a wide range of the in the global inRefrigeration, the industry, Refrigeration, with Food a Food & Beverage & Beverage in refrigeration 64 points, 64systems points, the units for thebreweries, are unitsideal are ideal for chillers, forwithin chillers, Inc. .Inc. . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #204#204 / 206/ 206 Industrial, Food and Beverage facilities. performance producers, certification and Chemical and program Chemical segments. segments. beverages walk-in food walk-in freezers, and freezers, coldpublic storage public spaces, spaces, physical physicalproducers, CIMCO CIMCO Refrigeration Refrigeration specializes specializes in in coveringWe 40+ continually We products, continually strive including strive to exceed to exceed the the industries. plants ABE plants in- your commercial in refrigeration commercial and industrial and industrial APR Plastic the engineering, the Fabricating, engineering, design, design, manufacture, manufacture, unit Coolers. clientsclients expectations expectations while while delivering delivering partner applications. in Mexico. applications.

Inc. . . installation, . . . .installation, . . . . and . . . service .and . . Booth service of industrial, #17 of industrial, Insulation Insulation Systems Systems that deliver that deliver optimum optimum APR Plastic process Fabricating process cooling, cooling, isand a leading recreational and recreational Alfa Laval . . . . . . . . . Booth #415 AAIM Baltimore Controls Baltimore . .Aircoil . . . .Aircoil Booth Company #309 Company energy energy efficiency, efficiency, and quality and quality at a at a manufacturer refrigeration refrigeration and distributor systems. systems. ofWith custom With key locations key locations Alfa Laval is a leading manufacturer From starters (BAC) and (BAC) . .drives . . .. .. to .. ..PLC .. . Booth . systems . . Booth #201/203 #201/203 competitive competitive price.price. designed across andacross fabricated NorthNorth America plastic America and tanks, around and around and efficient semi-welded, and microprocessor BAC is BAC a worldwide is designs, a worldwide manufacturer AAIMmanufacturer of of compact of liners, secondary the world, the world, containment we provide we provide systems, uniqueunique cooling cooling gasketed, Calibration brazed Calibration and AlfaNova 100% Controlsheat has transfer the heatexpertise transfer and ice and forthermal all iceyour thermal storage storage and#224 process solutions tanks solutions to for meet the to our meet metal client’s our finishing client’s needs.needs. stainlessTechnologies steelTechnologies plate heat exchangers, . . . . .. .. .. . Booth . as . . Booth #224 automation products. requirements products.

BAC’sBAC’s products with over products include 90 include shell-and-tube heatTechnologies exchangers.

Calibration Technologies is a is a and waste treatment industries. years ofevaporative combined evaporative refrigeration condensers, condensers, controls cooling coolingwell as Calibration Colmac Colmac Coil Manufacturing, Coil Manufacturing, manufacturer of gasofdetection gas detection experience. towers, towers, closedclosed circuitcircuit cooling cooling towers, towers, manufacturer APSM Inc. . . . .Inc. . . . .. .. .. . Booth . . .Booth Booth #516/518/520 #621 #516/518/520 American Industrial equipment, equipment, specializing specializing in Ammonia. in Ammonia. ice thermal ice thermal storage storage systems systems and and APSM provides From From itsPSM newly itssoftware newly opened opened and second services second factoryfactory in in Refrigeration . . . . . . . Booth #600 Acuren . . . . . . . . . . . . Booth #408 CTI’s CTI’s engineers engineers and technicians and technicians equipment equipment controls. controls. for effective Illinois, compliance Illinois, Colmac Colmac ismanagement. supplying is supplying its Aircoil™ its Aircoil™ We build Confidence by delivering Acuren’s industry-leading mechanical have have over 30 overyears 30 years of experience of experience in in and custom and custom aluminum, aluminum, stainless, stainless, and and quality solutions to help our partners integrity Bassett services Bassett forMechanical, ammonia Mechanical, refrigeration Armstrong systemsystem design, design, sales sales and field and service. field service. galvanized galvanized steel evaporators steel evaporators to Midwest to Midwest succeed. systems Inc. include; .Inc. . . Corrosion . .. .. .. .. .. .. Under .. .. .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #124 #124 American Industrial International . . . Booth #208/210 Calibration Calibration Technologies Technologies provides provides and Eastern and Eastern markets. markets. a Corval Group company, Insulation Bassett Scanning Bassett Mechanical (CUI), Mechanical Computerized a leader a leader in custom in Refrigeration, custom provides intelligent system detection detection for NH3, for NH3, CO2,CO2, CO, H2S, CO, Armstrong H2S, specializes in the design, installation Radiography mechanical mechanical (CR), API contracting Tank contracting andservice Vessel service and and solutions Concepts that improve Concepts and utilityand Designs, performance, Designs, H2, O2, H2, CH4, O2, CH4, R22 and R22more and more in a in a and service of turnkey industrial Inspections, engineering and engineering our throughout exclusive throughout inspection the United the United lower energy Inc. .Inc. consumption, . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. and .. .. .. reduce .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #117#117 varietyvariety of industries of industries including including cold cold data management States.States.

Our system, expert Our expert engineering, DMAPS. engineering, refrigeration systems. environmental Concepts Concepts emissions and Designs and whileDesigns providing is a premier is a premier storage, storage, food processing, food processing, sea vessels, sea vessels, technical technical and field and management field management make make an “enjoyable supplier supplier experience.” of dehumidification of dehumidification systems systems Ammonia chemical Refrigeration chemical plantsplants and many and many others.others.

Advanced Energy us your us single your single sourcesource provider provider for for for humidity for humidity and condensation and condensation control. control.

Foundation (ARF). . . . . Booth #14 Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . Booth #10 ASTI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Booth #9 CAMCO Lubricants Lubricants . . Booth . . Booth #605 #605 project project planning, planning, design, design, installation installation CAMCO Dehumidification Dehumidification provides provides a permanent a permanent ARF is a non-profit research and Advanced Energy Control (AEC) is ASTI was established in 1991 in Nationally Nationally knownknown for both for the bothCAMCO the CAMCO and service. and service. solution solution to avoid to avoid contamination contamination hazards hazards education foundation organized by an automation controls company that of the long standing 717 series 717 series ammonia ammonia refrigeration refrigeration oil recognition oil in compliance in compliance with the withUSDA the USDA zero zero members specializes Bitzer inBitzer the US, latest Inc. US, technology Inc. . . . . .. .. .Booth for . . . Booth # 519 # 519 of IIAR. The goal of the and for and high for quality high quality food-grade food-grade lubes need lubes for training in the safe handling tolerance. tolerance. is to support research industrialBITZER refrigeration BITZER is a leading iscontrol a leading manufacturer withmanufacturer an of Foundation of of ammonia. ASTI offers training in for allfor airall compressors, air compressors, gear, gear, hydraulic, hydraulic, and educational efforts in industrial emphasis Ammonia on Ammonia energy Screw management.

Screw Compressors Compressors and and accordance Coolwith Cool AirOSHA Air Standard vacuum, vacuum, and grease and grease applications. applications. refrigeration, particularly in the area semi-hermetic semi-hermetic reciprocating reciprocating CO2 CO2 1910.120(q) Incorporated Incorporated – emergency . . .response . .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #602#602 Airfoil Impellers. . . . . Booth #218 ammonia Century and Century natural Refrigeration, Refrigeration, refrigerants.

Compressors Compressors for both for subcritical both subcritical and ofand to hazardous For over For substance 30 overyears, 30release. years, Cool Cool Air Air Cast aluminum fan blades, machine a Division a Division of RAE of RAE trans critical trans critical applications. applications.

BITZERBITZER Incorporated Incorporated has provided has provided qualityquality Analytical Technology, room exhaust fans, product cooler Azane Corporation . . . . .. .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #419 #419Inc. . . . . . . . . . Booth #622 also manufactures also manufactures high efficiency, high efficiency, low low Corporation ammonia ammonia leak detection leak detection systems systems and and Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Booth #420 fans, blast freezer fans, and general Century Refrigeration Refrigeration is the isleader the leader in Azane in is a world-leading manufacturer charge charge Ammonia Ammonia Compressor Compressor Packages PackagesCentury equipment. equipment.

PleasePlease reviewreview our new our new ATI designs and manufactures a ventilation fans. of low charge ammonia cooling Comdustrial™ Comdustrial™ Refrigeration Refrigeration Systems: Systems: at its Oakwood, at its Oakwood, Georgia Georgia factory. factory. website website @ www.coolairinc.com @ www.coolairinc.com for allfor all complete line of ammonia gas detectors Their range of low charge The ideal The ideal balance balance of commercial of commercial andsolutions. and Airgas . . . . . . . . Booth #300/302 our product our product line and linecalibration and calibration videos. videos. both fixed and portable and additionally ammonia packages are suitable for industrial industrial refrigeration refrigeration markets. markets.

We We Airgas Specialty Products offers gas detectors for 32 other toxic and controlled storage, process offer flexibility offer flexibility in design in design surrounded surrounded bytemperature by anhydrous ammonia, pump-outs, field combustible gases. cooling and HVAC applications. durability durability in construction. in construction. service, safety video, safety training, and Cold Flow Sampler (for determining water in ammonia).

n SUBHEAD PMENT IIAR SHOW 2014 INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION CONFERENCE & HEAVY EQUIPn SUBHEAD

. . . . Booth #323 Inc. . . . . . Booth #707 Bacharach, Build Industrial Fixed continuous monitors for the or providing detection of gases including ammonia, ction, CO, Co2, CFCs, HFCs, CH4 and iance Services, more featuring multiple alarm, sensor and Compressors and relay configurations. From one to range of64 points, the units are ideal for chillers, Beveragewalk-in facilities. freezers, public spaces, physical plants in commercial and industrial cating, applications. . . . . . Booth #17 g is a leading Baltimore Aircoil Company ributor of(BAC) custom . . . . . . . . . Booth #201/203 ted plasticBAC tanks, is a worldwide manufacturer of ainment heat systems, transfer and ice thermal storage the metalproducts. finishingBAC’s products include ndustries.evaporative condensers, cooling towers, closed circuit cooling towers, . . . . Booth #621 ice thermal storage systems and oftware and services equipment controls. ce management.

Bassett Mechanical, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Booth #124 www.iiar.org

Cal Therm Insulation. . . . . . . . . . Booth #404 Cal-Therm Insulation is a full service mechanical insulation contractor based in Southern California. For the past 40 years our company has serviced clients in the Refrigeration, Food & Beverage producers, and Chemical segments.

We continually strive to exceed the clients expectations while delivering Insulation Systems that deliver optimum energy efficiency, and quality at a competitive price.

Calibration Technologies . . . . . . . Booth #224 Calibration Technologies is a manufacturer of gas detection equipment, specializing in Ammonia.

CTI’s engineers and technicians have over 30 years of experience in system design, sales and field service.

Chester-Jensen .

Chester-Jensen manuf ice builders, instant c exchangers and othe equipment.

CIMCO Refrigera Inc. . . . . . . . . . . B CIMCO Refrigeration the engineering, desi installation, and servi process cooling, and refrigeration systems. across North America the world, we provid solutions to meet our

Colmac Coil Man Inc. . . . . . . . Boot From its newly opene Illinois, Colmac is sup and custom aluminum 21 galvanized steel evap

A Publication of the International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration | March 2015 | CONDENSER |

EXHIBITOR EXHIBITOR LISTING LISTING Hilton Hilton SanSan Diego Diego Bayfront Bayfront • San • San Diego, Diego, CA CA • March • March 22-25, 22-25, 20152015

EXHIBITOR LISTING Hilton San Diego Bayfront • San Diego, CA • March 22-25, 2015

n SUBHEAD n SUBHEAD IIAR IIAR IIAR 2014 2014 2014 INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION REFRIGERATION REFRIGERATION CONFERENCE CONFERENCE CONFERENCE &&HEAVY & HEAVY HEAVY EQUIPMENT EQUIPMENT EQUIPMENT SHOW SHOW SHOW SUBHEAD SUBHEAD

eurammon eurammon . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #12 #12 Design Design Ready Ready Cornell Cornell Pump Pump eurammon is a joint is a initiative joint initiative by leading by leading Controls Controls . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #522#522eurammon Company Company . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #700#700 globalglobal companies, companies, institutions, institutions, and and DRC is DRC a control is a control panelpanel builder builder and and Cornell Cornell Pump Pump presents presents the latest the latest individuals committed committed to increasing to increasing the usethe use wire harness wire harness provider provider with extensive with extensive individuals innovations innovations in refrigerant in refrigerant pumpspumps of natural refrigerants. refrigerants. eurammon eurammon has anhas an experience experience supporting supporting OEM OEM customers. customers. of natural including including their new their high-pressure, new high-pressure, excellent globalglobal network network of co-operation of co-operation Through Through operational operational excellence excellence and and excellent low-speed low-speed 2.5 CBH. 2.5 CBH. Cornell Cornell also also agreements with international with international associations. associations. automation, we reduce we reduce costs,costs, improve improve agreements manufactures manufactures high quality high quality glycolglycol and and automation, quality, quality, and shorten and shorten delivery delivery times times for for chillerchiller pumps. pumps.

EVAPCO, EVAPCO, Inc. .Inc. . . Booth . . . Booth #311/313 #311/313 our OEM our OEM customers. customers.

EVAPCO EVAPCO is a leading is a leading supplier supplier of of Cyrus Cyrus Shank Shank . . . . .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #708#708 refrigeration products products and systems; and systems; Draeger Safety, Safety, Inc. .Inc. Booth . Booth #325#325refrigeration The Cyrus The Cyrus ShankShank Company Company manufactures manufacturesDraeger including including AHRI AHRI certified certified evaporators, evaporators, Draeger offers offers a full a line fullofline fireofand fire and and sells andindustry-leading sells industry-leading relief valves relief valves Draeger condensers, condensers, hygienic hygienic air handlers, air handlers, gas detection equipment equipment for thefor the and other and other products products for theforrefrigeration the refrigeration gas detection packaged refrigeration refrigeration systems, systems, waterwater ammonia industry. industry.

The Draeger The Draeger SensorSensor packaged industry industry such as such relief as valves, relief valves, shut-offshut-off ammonia treatment, treatment, ASMEASME vesselsvessels and recirculators, and recirculators, the foundation for success for success in the in the valves, valves, boltedbolted bonnet bonnet shut-offshut-off valves, valves, is the isfoundation manufactured manufactured in 20 in facilities 20 facilities located located in 10 in 10 ammonia ammonia industry industry market. market.

With With our our flanged flanged valves, valves, expansion expansion valves, valves, countries.

Our mission Our mission is to offer is toinnovative offer innovative new advanced product product line, Draeger line, Draeger is is countries. needlepoint needlepoint valves,valves, checkcheck valves,valves, three- three- new advanced solutions solutions whichwhich make make life simpler, life simpler, more more for your for gas yourdetection gas detection needs.needs. way valves, way valves, line valves, line valves, purgepurge valves, valves, readyready reliable reliable and more and more sustainable sustainable for you. for you. manifolds, manifolds, brass brass valves, valves, etc. etc.

DualTemp DualTemp Companies, Companies, of Ohio, of Ohio, Inc. .Inc. . . Booth . . . Booth # 113# 113 Inc. .Inc. . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #425#425ExtolExtol Danfoss Danfoss . . . . .. ..Booth . . . .Booth # 523# & 523 525 & 525 Extol fabricates Extol fabricates and disributes and disributes Providers in the infinest the finest of design, of design, Danfoss’ Danfoss’ complete complete line ofline refrigeration of refrigeration Providers STYROFOAM , isocyanurate, , isocyanurate, construction, installation, installation, service, service, and and STYROFOAM valvesvalves and electronic and electronic controllers controllers includes includesconstruction, cellular glass,glass, perlite, perlite, and phenolic and phenolic supplies for theforindustrial the industrial refrigeration refrigeration cellular assembled assembled valve valve stations stations in oneinshared one shared supplies insulation insulation for piping for piping equipment. equipment. market. market.

Dual-Temp Dual-Temp also provides also provides housing housing and weld-in and weld-in motorized, motorized, solenoid solenoid Coplete valve valve system, system, contoured contoured equipment, training, training, and supplies and supplies to to Coplete and control and control valvesvalves designed designed to 754 to psg.

754 psg.equipment, heads, heads, fittings, fittings, PVC, PVC, aluminum, aluminum, meet all meet your all safety your safety requirement. requirement.

DEEM, DEEM, LLC. LLC. . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #11 #11 vapor,vapor, and weather and weather barrierbarrier caulkscaulks Dyplast Products, Products, BasedBased in Indianapolis, in Indianapolis, Indiana Indiana – DEEM – DEEMDyplast and coatings. and coatings.

Extol also Extolprovides also provides . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #607#607 has over has 1,200 over 1,200 employees employees in ninein (9) nine (9) LLC .LLC specification specification assistance. assistance.

Extol offers Extol offers Dyplast Products, Products, LLC isLLC a premier is a premier states states serving serving clientsclients with industrial/ with industrial/ Dyplast materials materials for refrigeration for refrigeration chilledchilled water,water, manufacturer manufacturer or ISO-CI or ISO-CI polyiso polyiso rigid rigid commercial commercial refrigeration refrigeration requirements requirements for for steamsteam and process and process systems. systems. insulation foamsfoams used as used mechanical as mechanical the pharmaceutical, the pharmaceutical, food & food beverage & beverage insulation Farley’s pipe insulation pipe insulation in the in refrigeration the refrigeration market. market.Farley’s and cold and storage cold storage marketplace. marketplace.

Frigeration Frigeration . . . . .. . Booth . . . Booth #200/202 #200/202 Mechanical Mechanical and electrical and electrical services services EcoClear EcoClear . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #710#710 Farley’s Farley’s S.R.P.S.R.P. Inc. — Inc. AKA —/ AKA DBA / DBA are also arepart alsoofpart ourofskill ourset skill along set along with with EcoClear EcoClear is a professional is a professional coil cleaning coil cleaning Farley’s Farley’s Frigeration: Frigeration: FamilyFamily owned owned designdesign engineering engineering and process and process piping. piping. and energy and energy savings savings company company that that and operated, and operated, industrial industrial refrigeration refrigeration specializes specializes in cleaning in cleaning chillers, chillers, cooling cooling DeltaDelta Tee Tee contractor/parts contractor/parts supplier. supplier.

Our Mission: Our Mission: towers, towers, and evaporators/condensers. and evaporators/condensers.

International, International, Inc. .Inc. . . Booth . . . Booth #219#219 To support To support and provide and provide the highest the highest EcoClear EcoClear has serviced has serviced a wide a wide varietyvariety of of Delta Delta Tee manufactures Tee manufactures heat heat qualityquality of parts, of parts, equipment equipment and service and service clients, clients, helping helping them save them up save to up 20% to on 20% on exchangers, exchangers, pressure pressure vesselsvessels and and while while offering offering very competitive very competitive prices.prices. their energy their energy cost. As cost. a final As a step finalinstep the in the systems, systems, complete complete capabilities capabilities in in All delivered All delivered efficiently efficiently by friendly, by friendly, cleaning process, process, EcoClear EcoClear applies applies a a designing designing and manufacturing and manufacturing shell and shell and cleaning qualified qualified personnel personnel with“Farley’s with“Farley’s coating that ensures that ensures equipment equipment runs atruns a at a tube heat tube exchangers heat exchangers for refrigeration, for refrigeration, coating personal personal touch touch service service guarantee” guarantee” rate ofrate efficiency of efficiency between between cleanings. cleanings. air conditioning, air conditioning, chem-process, chem-process, food food higherhigher Providing Providing “Getability” “Getability” Since Since 1978.

1978. and other and other applications. applications.

IIAR 2014 INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION CONFERENCE & HEAVY EQUIP SUBHEAD

Cornell Pump Company . . . . . . . . . . Booth #700 Cornell Pump presents the latest innovations in refrigerant pumps including their new high-pressure, low-speed 2.5 CBH. Cornell also manufactures high quality glycol and chiller pumps.

Cyrus Shank . . . . . . . Booth #708 The Cyrus Shank Company manufactures and sells industry-leading relief valves and other products for the refrigeration industry such as relief valves, shut-off valves, bolted bonnet shut-off valves, flanged valves, expansion valves, needlepoint valves, check valves, threeway valves, line valves, purge valves, manifolds, brass valves, etc.

Danfoss . . . . . .Booth # 523 & 525 Danfoss’ complete line of refrigeration 22 valves and electronic controllers includes

Design Ready Controls . . . . . . . . . . . Booth #522 DRC is a control panel builder and wire harness provider with extensive experience supporting OEM customers.

Through operational excellence and automation, we reduce costs, improve quality, and shorten delivery times for our OEM customers.

Draeger Safety, Inc. . Booth #325 Draeger offers a full line of fire and gas detection equipment for the ammonia industry. The Draeger Sensor is the foundation for success in the ammonia industry market. With our new advanced product line, Draeger is ready for your gas detection needs.

DualTemp Companies, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Booth #425 Providers in the finest of design, construction, installation, service, and

| CONDENSER | March 2015 | A Publication of the International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration

eurammon. . . . . . eurammon is a joint in global companies, ins individuals committed to of natural refrigerants. excellent global netwo agreements with interna

EVAPCO, Inc. . . .

EVAPCO is a leading refrigeration products including AHRI certifie condensers, hygienic a packaged refrigeration treatment, ASME vessel manufactured in 20 fac countries. Our mission i solutions which make reliable and more sust

Extol of Ohio, Inc. Extol fabricates and di STYROFOAM , isocya www.iiar.org

EXHIBITOR LISTING EXHIBITOR EXHIBITOR LISTING LISTING Hilton San Diego Bayfront IIAR • San IIAR 2015 Diego, 2015 INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIAL CA • March REFRIGERATION REFRIGERATION 22-25, 2015 CONFERENCE CONFERENCE & EXHIBITION & EXHIBITION

EXHIBITOR L IIAR 2015 INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION CONFERENCE

n EQUIPMENT n SUBHEAD n SUBHEAD IIAR IIAR 2014 IIAR 2014 INDUSTRIAL 2014 INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION REFRIGERATION REFRIGERATION CONFERENCE CONFERENCE CONFERENCE & HEAVY & HEAVY & HEAVY EQUIPMENT EQUIPMENT SHOW SHOW SHOW SUBHEAD SUBHEAD SUBHEAD SUBHEAD

. . . . Phillips . . .& . .Co.. . & Booth #12 H.A.H.A. Phillips Co.. . . Booth . . Booth #220#220 DesignGCAP, Ready GCAP, LLC (Garden LLC (Garden City City eurammon CornellFreije-RSC Pump Freije-RSC Engineered Engineered eurammon is Phillips a manufactures joint initiative by leading manufactures liquid liquid level level Controls . .Ammonia . . . . .Program) . . . .Program) Booth. #522 Booth . Booth #712 #712Phillips Company Solutions .Solutions . . . . . . . . .. ..Booth .. .. .. .. #700 . Booth . . . Booth #216 #216Ammonia companies, institutions, andsight controls, controls, valves, valves, Level Eye Level Eye glasses, sight glasses, control Garden City panel Ammonia City builder Ammonia and Program Program is global is Cornell Freije-RSC PumpFreije-RSC presents Engineered the Engineered latestSolutions Solutions is an DRC is anis aGarden individuals committed toASME increasing the use injectors, injectors, ASME pressure pressure vessels, vessels, gas- gasthe world's provider the world's largest with largest industrial extensive industrial technical technical innovations organization inorganization refrigerant with pumps 50 withplus 50years plus years of wire of harness of natural refrigerants. eurammon hasrecirculation an powered powered and pumped and pumped recirculation experience supporting OEM customers. school school involved involved in training in training over 2,000 over 2,000 including experience theirexperience new in high-pressure, the inindustry. the industry.

Specializing Specializing excellentsystems, global network co-operation systems, PHE chillers, PHEofchillers, the Anhydrator the Anhydrator Through operational excellence and engineers, operators, technicians, technicians, engineers, low-speed in Food 2.5 in CBH. Food Process, Process, Cornell Foodalso Food Distribution Distribution and and operators, with international associations. system cleaner cleaner and PUR andair PUR purger. air purger. automation, we costs,yearly. improve and managers andreduce managers yearly.

We have We have the agreements the system manufactures Pharmaceutical Pharmaceutical high quality Industries. glycol Industries. and Capabilities Capabilities is the isdistributor the distributor for Danfoss for Danfoss IR IR quality, largest and shorten delivery largest hands-on hands-on labs times inlabs thefor inindustry. the industry. PhillipsPhillips chiller pumps. include include Refrigeration, Refrigeration, Insulated Insulated Panels, Panels, EVAPCO, Inc. . . . Booth #311/313 products products for theforUStheand USCanada. and Canada. our OEM customers.

GCAP GCAP specializes specializes in industrial in industrial Mechanical, Mechanical, Plumbing, Plumbing, Electrical, Electrical, EVAPCO is a leading supplier of Cyrus Shank . . . . . . . Booth #708 ammonia ammonia refrigeration, refrigeration, industrial industrial Engineering Engineering and Service. and Service. refrigeration products and systems; Hansen Hansen Technologies Technologies Draeger Safety, Inc. . Booth #325 The Cyrus Shank Company manufactures CO2 CO2 refrigeration, refrigeration, steamsteam boilers, boilers, including AHRI certified.evaporators, Corporation Corporation . . . .Booth . . . Booth #401/ #401/ 403 403 Draeger offers a full line of fire and and sellsFrick industry-leading Frick

by Johnson

by Johnson relief valves and PSM/RMP and PSM/RMP compliance compliance training training condensers, hygienic air handlers, Hansen Hansen Technologies Technologies offers offers innovative innovative gas detection equipment for the and other Controls products Controls .for . . the Booth . .refrigeration . Booth #301/303/305 #301/303/305 and services. and services. packaged refrigeration systems, water industrial industrial refrigeration refrigeration solutions solutions to meet to meet industry. The Draeger Sensor industry Full suchline Full as of relief line refrigerant of valves, refrigerant equipment shut-off equipment for ammonia for treatment, ASME and recirculators, your application yourvessels application needs, needs, including: including: multi multi forHeat success in the GEA GEA Heat Exchangers,Inc., Exchangers,Inc., valves, bolted most applications. most bonnet applications. shut-off Rotary valves, Rotary ScrewScrewis the foundation manufactured in 20 stations, facilities located inshut-off, 10pressurestations, controls, controls, shut-off, pressureammonia industry market.

PHE PHE Division.

Division. . With . . . .. .our . .. . Booth . . . Booth #322 #322valve valve flanged Compressor valves, Compressor expansion Packages Packages valves, and Packaged and Packaged Ourand mission to offer innovative relief relief solenoid andis solenoid valves, valves, regulators, regulators, new advanced product line, Draeger is of countries.

GEA PHE GEA Systems PHE Systems -manufacturer -manufacturer of needlepoint Chillers valves, Chillers withcheck VSD, with valves, VSD, Condensers, Condensers, threewhich make auto-purgers, life simpler, pumps, auto-purgers, level more controls level controls and and ready for yourFlatPlate gas detection needs.

FlatPlate heat exchangers heat exchangers perfectperfect for solutions for pumps, way valves, Evaporators, line Evaporators, valves, AcuAir purge AcuAir Hygienic valves, Hygienic Air Air reliable and more sustainable for you. safety detection detection systems. systems. ammonia refrigeration refrigeration applications applications with withsafety manifolds, Handlers, brass Handlers, valves, Vessels, Vessels, etc.

Heat Heat Exchangers, Exchangers, ammonia DualTemp Companies, flow rate flowup rate to up 1,645 to 1,645 tons. Products tons. Products Controls, Controls, and Replacement and Replacement Parts. Parts.

Extol of Ohio, Inc. . . . Booth # 113 Hantemp Hantemp Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Booth #425 Danfoss . . . . . .Booth # 523 & 525 meet ASME/CRN meet ASME/CRN requirements requirements Extol fabricates and disributes Corporation Corporation . . . . .. .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #521#521 Providers in the finest of design, Danfoss’Gamma complete Gamma Graphic line ofGraphic refrigeration manufactured manufactured in York, in York, PA. PA. STYROFOAM , isocyanurate, Stainless Stainless Steel long-neck, Steel long-neck, two and twothree and three construction, installation, service, and valves and Services electronic Services . . controllers . . .. .. .. .. .. ..includes .. . Booth . . . Booth #411 #411 glass,ball perlite, phenolic way valves balland valves with optional with optional controlcontrol for the industrial refrigeration GEA Refrigeration Refrigeration North North cellular way assembled Gamma valve Gamma Graphics stations Graphics inprovides one provides shared non- non-suppliesGEA insulation for motors piping equipment. motors and lock-out and lock-out tag-outtag-out features. features.

Dual-Temp America America .also . . .provides .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #318/320 #318/320 housingdestructive and weld-in destructive testing motorized, testing (NDT)(NDT) solenoid services services on market. on CopleteAlso valvestainless system, contoured Also stainless steel level steel controls level controls for for equipment, training, and piston supplies to Screw and piston and compressors, compressors, and control ammonia valves ammonia refrigeration designed refrigeration to piping.

754 psg. piping.

We are We are Screw heads, fittings, PVC, ammonia ammonia andaluminum, other and other liquids. liquids. your refrigeration safety requirement. systemsystem controls, controls, package package able to able identify to identify corrosion corrosion on wet onorwetmeet or allrefrigeration DEEM, LLC. . . . . . . . . . . Booth #11 vapor, and weather barrier caulks & process systems, systems, chiller,chiller, freezing freezing saturated saturated insulation insulation without without havinghaving to to & process Hench Hench Control, Control, Inc. .Inc. . Booth . . Booth #406#406 Dyplast Products, Based in Indianapolis, Indiana – DEEM and coatings. Extol also provides systems, ice systems. ice systems.

Parts service, Parts service, cut holes cut holes or breach or breach the vapor the vapor barrierbarrier on onsystems, HenchHench ControlControl is a manufacturer is a manufacturer and service and service LLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Booth #607 has over 1,200 employees in nine (9) specification assistance. Extol offers preventive & predictive & predictive maintenance maintenance pipingpiping in anyinway. any way.

We also Weprovide also provide preventive provider provider of modular of modular energyenergy management management Dyplast Products, LLC is a premier states serving clients with industrial/ materials for refrigeration chilled water, compressor compressor rebuilds, rebuilds, and training. and training. conventional conventional ultrasonic ultrasonic inspection inspection systems systems for industrial for industrial refrigeration refrigeration whichwhich manufacturer or ISO-CI polyiso rigid commercial refrigeration requirements for steam and process systems. services services on ammonia on ammonia vessels. vessels. quantifiably cut energy cut energy cost, improve cost, improve insulation as mechanical Gffoams Piping Gf used Piping System System . . . Booth . . . Booth #625#625quantifiably the pharmaceutical, food & beverage Farley’s profitability profitability and significantly and significantly reduce reduce the the COOl-FIT COOl-FIT in the ABS refrigeration Plus ABSisPlus complete is market. complete pre- preand cold Garden storage Garden marketplace.

City City Community Community pipe insulation Frigeration . . . .footprint . Booth #200/202 footprint for thefor environment. the environment. industrial plasticplastic pipingpiping systemsystem for glycol for glycolCO2 CO2 Mechanical College and College electrical . . . . .. .. ..services .. .. .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #418#418industrial EcoClear . . . . . . . . . . . Booth #710 Farley’s S.R.P. Inc. — AKA / DBA and secondary cooling cooling pipingpiping systems. systems. are alsoAmmonia part Ammonia of our Refrigeration, skillRefrigeration, set along Boiler, withBoiler, PSM/PSM/ and secondary Henry Henry Technologies Technologies . Booth . Booth #101#101 EcoClear is a professional coil cleaning It is UV It isresistant, UV resistant, vapor-tight, vapor-tight, and 100% andFarley’s 100% Frigeration: Family owned design engineering RMP, RMP, Adv RETA Adv andRETA Prep, process Prep, “Hand-On” piping.

“Hand-On” Heat Exchangers, Heat Exchangers, Condensers, Condensers, Chillers, Chillers, and energy savings company that water-tight and requires and requires minimum minimumand operated, industrial refrigeration Ammonia Ammonia Refrigeration Refrigeration training training since since water-tight Pressure Pressure Vessels Vessels & HVAC/Refrigeration & HVAC/Refrigeration specializes in cleaning chillers, cooling Delta Tee contractor/parts supplier. Our Mission: installation time. time.

1996, 1996, 4 ½ Day 4 ½Format-Earn Day Format-Earn College College installation Components.

Components.

HenryHenry Technologies Technologies Ltd. Ltd. towers, and evaporators/condensers.

International, Inc. . . . Booth #219 To support and provide the highest Credit-CreditDegree Degree Opportunities Opportunities Conforms Conforms takes pride in providing in providing high quality high quality HEX/HEX/ EcoClear hasGrundfos serviced of #109, Grundfos . . a. .wide .. .. . Booth .variety . . Booth #109, 111 111takes pride Delta Tee manufactures heat quality of parts, equipment and service to OSHA to OSHA & EPA&regulations.

EPA regulations. ourtoglobal our global partners partners in industrial in industrial clients, helping them save up 20% on Innovative PV to PV Pumping Pumping Solutions Solutions for to todayfor todayInnovative exchangers, pressure vessels and while offering very competitive prices. and commercial and commercial applications. applications.

Customer Customer their energy cost. aforfinal step in the thinking thinking forAstomorrow. tomorrow.

Grundfos Grundfos systems, complete capabilities in All delivered efficiently by friendly, Satisfaction, Satisfaction, Quality Quality Designs, Designs, Product Product cleaningoffers process, EcoClear applies aline ofline of offers the industry’s the industry’s broadest broadest designing and manufacturing shell and qualified personnel with“Farley’s Quality and On andTime On Deliveries Time Deliveries are our are our coating Refrigerant/CO2 that ensures equipment runs at Energy a Efficient Refrigerant/CO2 Pump,Pump, Energy EfficientQuality tube heat exchangers for refrigeration, personal touch service guarantee” primary goals.goals.

Let Henry Let Henry Technologies Technologies Ltd. Ltd. higher rate of efficiency between cleanings.

Pumps, Pumps, Pumping Pumping Systems Systems and Controls. and Controls. primary air conditioning, chem-process, food Providing “Getability” Since 1978. be a partner be a partner to yourtofuture your future success. success. and other applications.

n SUBHEAD PMENT IIAR SHOW 2014 INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION CONFERENCE & HEAVY EQUIPn SUBHEAD

. . . . . Booth #12 Engineered Freije-RSC nitiative bySolutions leading . . . . . . . . . . Booth #216 stitutions, Freije-RSC and Engineered Solutions is an o increasing the use with 50 plus years of organization . eurammon has an in the industry. Specializing experience ork of co-operation in Food Process, Food Distribution and ational associations.

Pharmaceutical Industries. Capabilities include Refrigeration, Insulated Panels, Booth #311/313 Mechanical, Plumbing, Electrical, supplier of Engineering and Service. and systems; ed evaporators, Frick by Johnson air handlers, Controls . . . Booth #301/303/305 n systems,Fullwater line of refrigerant equipment for els and recirculators, most applications. Rotary Screw cilities located in 10 Packages and Packaged Compressor is to offerChillers innovative with VSD, Condensers, life simpler, more AcuAir Hygienic Air Evaporators, tainable Handlers, for you. Vessels, Heat Exchangers, Controls, and Replacement Parts. . . . . Booth # 113 isributes Gamma Graphic anurate, Services . . . . . . . . . . . Booth #411 www.iiar.org

GCAP, LLC (Garden City Ammonia Program) . Booth #712 Garden City Ammonia Program is the world's largest industrial technical school involved in training over 2,000 operators, technicians, engineers, and managers yearly. We have the largest hands-on labs in the industry.

GCAP specializes in industrial ammonia refrigeration, industrial CO2 refrigeration, steam boilers, and PSM/RMP compliance training and services.

GEA Heat Exchangers,Inc., PHE Division. . . . . . . . Booth #322 GEA PHE Systems -manufacturer of FlatPlate heat exchangers perfect for ammonia refrigeration applications with flow rate up to 1,645 tons. Products meet ASME/CRN requirements manufactured in York, PA.

H.A. Phillips & Co Phillips manufactures controls, valves, Leve injectors, ASME pres powered and pumpe systems, PHE chillers, system cleaner and P Phillips is the distribut products for the US a

Hansen Technolo Corporation . . . .

Hansen Technologies industrial refrigeration your application need valve stations, contro relief and solenoid va pumps, auto-purgers, safety detection syste

Hantemp Corporation ....

23 Stainless Steel long-ne

A Publication of the International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration | March 2015 | CONDENSER |

EXHIBITOR EXHIBITOR LISTING LISTING Hilton Hilton SanSan Diego Diego Bayfront Bayfront • San • San Diego, Diego, CA CA • March • March 22-25, 22-25, 20152015

EXHIBITOR LISTING Hilton San Diego Bayfront • San Diego, CA • March 22-25, 2015

n SUBHEAD n SUBHEAD IIAR IIAR IIAR 2014 2014 2014 INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION REFRIGERATION REFRIGERATION CONFERENCE CONFERENCE CONFERENCE &&HEAVY & HEAVY HEAVY EQUIPMENT EQUIPMENT EQUIPMENT SHOW SHOW SHOW SUBHEAD SUBHEAD

Insul-Therm Insul-Therm Intl., Intl., Inc. . Inc. . Booth . . Booth #603#603 Hermetic Hermetic Pumps Pumps . . . . . Booth . . . Booth #405#405Howden Howden Compressors, Compressors, Insul-Therm International International is a leader is a leader Hermetic Hermetic has been has been dedicated dedicated to to Inc. .Inc. . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #500/502 #500/502Insul-Therm the fabrication and distribution and distribution of of the development the development and production and production of of Howden Howden Compressors Compressors offers offers the most the most in the infabrication insulation products products for refrigeration for refrigeration and and complete complete rangerange of screw of screw compressors compressors insulation hermetically hermetically sealedsealed pumps. pumps.

BasedBased process systems. systems.

Our product Our product offerings offerings available available in the inworld the world for virtually for virtually any any process on ouronexperience our experience in chemical, in chemical, include TRYMER™ TRYMER™ , STYROFOAM™ , STYROFOAM™ , , compressor compressor application-refrigeration application-refrigeration to to include petrochemical petrochemical and process and process industry industry SARAN™ , foamglas, , foamglas, MylarMylar and many and many gas relinquifation, gas relinquifation, gas compression gas compression or or SARAN™ we designed we designed canned canned motormotor pumpspumps other other lines. lines. cryogenics, cryogenics, and more. and more. specifically specifically for refrigerant for refrigerant services. services.

IIAR 2014 INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION CONFERENCE & HEAVY EQUIP SUBHEAD

Hermetic Pumps . . . . Booth #405 Hermetic has been dedicated to the development and production of hermetically sealed pumps. Based on our experience in chemical, petrochemical and process industry we designed canned motor pumps specifically for refrigerant services.

Howden Compressors, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . Booth #500/502 Howden Compressors offers the most complete range of screw compressors available in the world for virtually any compressor application-refrigeration to gas relinquifation, gas compression or cryogenics, and more.

Insul-Therm Intl., I Insul-Therm Internationa in the fabrication and insulation products for process systems. Our p include TRYMER™ , S SARAN™ , foamglas, other lines.

Hill Brothers Chemical Company . . . . . . . . . . Booth #623 Hill Brothers has supplied anhydrous ammonia to the refrigeration industry, as well as other industrial ammonia users.

From tank truck, mini bulk and cylinder delivery to storage tanks, equipment, and evaluation services, Hill Brothers is your complete ammonia supplier.

Industrial Consultants, LLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Booth #306 Industrial Consultants - your compliance connection for OSHA and EPA related training and services including HAZMAT, refrigeration, PSM/RMP, lockout/tagout, confined space and incident command.

Integrated Circuit Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . .

We build hand-crafter control panels and sys the industrial refrigerat set us apart from the c control systems work.

Industrial Refrigeration Technical College. . . . Booth #319 Industrial Refrigeration Technical College (IRTC) has become the premier Ammonia and CO2 Industrial Refrigeration training facility. IRTC has a live state of the art

Interstate Chemica Company, Inc. . . .

INERSTATE Chemical manufacturer of INERT heat transfer fluids. The include ethylene glyco

Integrated Integrated Circuit Circuit Systems, Systems, Industrial Industrial Consultants, Consultants, Hill Brothers Hill Brothers Chemical Chemical . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .Booth . . . Booth # 421# 421 . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #306#306Inc. .Inc. Company Company . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #623#623LLC .LLC We build hand-crafter, hand-crafter, custom-made custom-made UL UL Industrial Consultants Consultants - your -compliance your compliance We build Hill Brothers Hill Brothers has supplied has supplied anhydrous anhydrous Industrial panelspanels and systems and systems primarily primarily for for connection for OSHA for OSHA and EPA andrelated EPA related controlcontrol ammonia ammonia to thetorefrigeration the refrigeration industry, industry, as asconnection the industrial refrigeration refrigeration arena.arena.

WhatWhat training and services and services including including HAZMAT, HAZMAT,the industrial well as well other as other industrial industrial ammonia ammonia users.users. training apart us apart from the fromcompetition; the competition; our our refrigeration, PSM/RMP, PSM/RMP, lockout/tagout, lockout/tagout,set us set From From tank truck, tank truck, mini bulk miniand bulkcylinder and cylinder refrigeration, systems systems work.work.

No Exceptions.

No Exceptions. confined spacespace and incident and incident command. command. controlcontrol delivery delivery to storage to storage tanks,tanks, equipment, equipment, confined and evaluation and evaluation services, services, Hill Brothers Hill Brothers is is Interstate Interstate Chemical Chemical Industrial Industrial Refrigeration Refrigeration your complete your complete ammonia ammonia supplier. supplier.

Company, Inc. .Inc. . . . .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #103#103 Technical Technical College.

College. . . . Booth . . . Booth #319#319Company, INERSTATE Chemical Chemical Company Company is is Industrial Refrigeration Refrigeration Technical Technical College CollegeINERSTATE Hillphoenix Hillphoenix . . . . .. .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #624#624Industrial manufacturer of INERTCOOL of INERTCOOL industrial industrial has become has become the premier the premier Ammonia Ammoniamanufacturer Hill PHOENIX Hill PHOENIX specializes specializes in the indesign the design (IRTC)(IRTC) heat transfer fluids.fluids.

TheseThese fluids fluids and CO2 and CO2 Industrial Industrial Refrigeration Refrigeration training trainingheat transfer and manufacturing and manufacturing of halocarbon, of halocarbon, include ethylene ethylene glycol,glycol, ethanol ethanol and and facility. facility.

IRTC has IRTCahas live astate live of state theofartthe art include carbon carbon dioxide dioxide transcritical transcritical and and INTERCOOL BIOGREEN BIOGREEN mademade from from handshands on training on training lab that labfeatures that features VFD VFD INTERCOOL secondary secondary refrigeration refrigeration systems systems for for renewed renewed resources. resources. compressors, Quantum, Quantum, G-Force G-Force micro’s, micro’s, totallytotally commercial commercial warehousing warehousing and industrial and industrial compressors, VFD condensers, VFD condensers, VFD evaporators, VFD evaporators, hygienic hygienic refrigeration refrigeration applications. applications.

ISEL,ISEL, Inc. . Inc. . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #121#121 air unit, airliquid unit, liquid recirculation, recirculation, thermothermo siphonsiphon Isel is Isel a manufacturer is a manufacturer of industrial of industrial Honeywell Honeywell Analytics, Analytics, oil cooling, oil cooling, plate chiller, plate chiller, fallingfalling film water film water lubricants lubricants with an with expertise an expertise in ammonia in ammonia Inc. .Inc. . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #104/106 #104/106 chiller,chiller, auto purger, auto purger, and PLC andcontrols.

PLC controls. refrigerant-lubricant refrigerant-lubricant interaction. interaction.

It’s how It’s how Honeywell Honeywell Analytics Analytics manufactures manufactures we can wedeliver can deliver on your on expectations your expectations Industrial Service Service & & the industry's the industry's most complete most complete rangerange of of Industrial and provide the best theproducts best products and and Fabricators, Inc.. Inc.. . . . . . Booth . . . Booth #620#620and provide monitoring monitoring instrumentation instrumentation for ammonia for ammonia Fabricators, services possible. possible. and other and other refrigerant refrigerant gases.gases.

We offer We offer Industrial Industrial Service Service and Fabricators and Fabricators custom customservices fixed-installed fixed-installed units (Manning), units (Manning), portable portable designs designs and fabricates and fabricates pressure pressure vessels,vessels, tanks, tanks, ISN Software ISN Software services, services, controllers, controllers, service/support service/support and liquid and liquid recirculator recirculator assemblies. assemblies.

Products Products Corporation Corporation . . . . .. .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #711#711 second second to none. to none. include include recirculators, recirculators, receiver receiver intercoolers, intercoolers, ISN’s ISN’s onlineonline contractor contractor management management accumulators, accumulators, surge surge drumsdrums an oilan post. oil post. database, database, ISNetworld, ISNetworld, connects connects Houghton Houghton Chemical Chemical . . . Booth . . . Booth #3 #3 corporations corporations with safe, with safe, reliable, reliable, Innovative Innovative Refrigeration Refrigeration Houghton Houghton Chemical Chemical is a fourth is a fourth contractors and suppliers and suppliers from capitalfrom capitalSystems, Systems, Inc. .Inc. . . . .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #317#317contractors generation generation heat transfer heat transfer fluid fluid intensive industries. industries.

ISN collects ISN collects and and company. company.

We manufacture We manufacture inhibited inhibited Innovative Innovative Refrigeration Refrigeration Systems Systems specialize specializeintensive verifies verifies healthhealth and safety, and safety, procurement, procurement, glycols glycols including: including: propylene propylene (SAFE-(SAFEin customized in customized turnkey turnkey industrial industrial ® ® ® insurance, qualityquality and regulatory and regulatory T-THERM T-THERM refrigeration refrigeration systems. systems.

We design We design and and insurance, ), ethylene ), ethylene (WINTREX (WINTREX ), ®), information information from 58,000+ from 58,000+ contractors contractors computer-controlled computer-controlled ammonia ammonia biobased, biobased, and aluminum-safe and aluminum-safe glycols. glycols. build build and suppliers. and suppliers. refrigeration, large large tonnage tonnage FreonFreon Our personnel Our personnel are directly are directly available. available. refrigeration, systems systems and large and large CO2 CO2 systems systems for thefor the cold storage cold storage and food and process food process markets. markets.

Hillphoenix . . . . . . . . Booth #624 Hill PHOENIX specializes in the design and manufacturing of halocarbon, 24 carbon dioxide transcritical and

| CONDENSER | March 2015 | A Publication of the International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration

www.iiar.org

EXHIBITOR LISTING EXHIBITOR EXHIBITOR LISTING LISTING Hilton San Diego Bayfront IIAR • San IIAR 2015 Diego, 2015 INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIAL CA • March REFRIGERATION REFRIGERATION 22-25, 2015 CONFERENCE CONFERENCE & EXHIBITION & EXHIBITION

EXHIBITOR L IIAR 2015 INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION CONFERENCE

n EQUIPMENT n SUBHEAD n SUBHEAD IIAR IIAR 2014 IIAR 2014 INDUSTRIAL 2014 INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION REFRIGERATION REFRIGERATION CONFERENCE CONFERENCE CONFERENCE & HEAVY & HEAVY & HEAVY EQUIPMENT EQUIPMENT SHOW SHOW SHOW SUBHEAD SUBHEAD SUBHEAD SUBHEAD

Lanham Insulation, Insulation, Insul-Therm Intl., Inc.Inc. Isotherm, Isotherm, Inc.. . . .. .. #405 . Booth . . . Booth #407 #407Lanham Hermetic Pumps . . . Inc.. . .Booth Howden Compressors, LUDECA, LUDECA, Inc. . .. ..Booth . .. .. .. .#603 Booth . . . Booth #410#410 .. .. .. .. #500/502 .. .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #506 #506LUDECA, manufacturer manufacturer oftoheat of exchangers heat exchangers Insul-Therm International is aleading leader HermeticCustom has Custom been dedicated Inc. . . Inc. . . . .Inc. . . . .. .. ..Booth LUDECA, Inc. leading Inc. provider provider for for more For than more30 than years, 30the years, Lanham Insulation Insulation and pressure andand pressure vessels vessels with of innovative with innovative in the fabrication and Solutions distribution of including the development production HowdenFor Compressors offers mostLanham Maintenance Maintenance Solutions including Laser Laser has provided hasofprovided unparalleled unparalleled qualityquality andinsulation and Coupling design. design.

We pumps. serve We serve various various industries, industries, products for refrigeration andBelt complete range screw compressors hermetically sealed Based Coupling Shaft Shaft Alignment Alignment and and Belt reliability reliability in mechanical in insulation insulation services. services.Alignment process systems.

Our product offerings such as such industrial as industrial ammonia ammonia refrigeration, refrigeration, available in the world formechanical virtually any on our experience in chemical, Alignment tools; tools; vibration vibration analysis analysis and and inception, From inception, our expertise our expertise and pursuit andinclude pursuitbalancing TRYMER™ , STYROFOAM™ , services, food & food beverage &process beverage and chemical and chemical process. process.Fromapplication-refrigeration compressor to petrochemical and industry balancing equipment; equipment; software software services, of excellence of excellence have earned earned usortheustrust theSARAN™ trust and, foamglas, Mylar and many We hold We ASME holdmotor ASME “U” pumps and “U”“R” andstamps.

“R” stamps. gas relinquifation, gashave compression we designed canned training. and training. and and confidence andmore. confidence of ourofcustomers. our customers.

Theother Thelines. cryogenics, specifically for refrigerant services.

ITW ITW Insulation Insulation M&M M&M Refrigeration Refrigeration . . Booth . . Booth #402#402 Lanham Lanham team of team industry-leading of industry-leading insulation insulation Integrated Circuit Systems, Systems Systems . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #119 #119 Industrial Consultants, Hill Brothers Chemical M&MM&M Refrigeration Refrigeration manufactures manufactures professionals professionals focuses focuses exclusively exclusively on theon the ITW .Insulation ITW Systems supplies supplies TRYMER TRYMER Inc. . . both . . . .reciprocating . . . reciprocating . . . . . .and Booth # 421 LLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Booth #306 Company . . . Insulation . . . Systems . . . Booth #623 both rotary and rotary screwscrew complete complete success success of each of each project, project, to to We build hand-crafter, custom-made UL polyisocyanurate polyisocyanurate insulation pipe insulation and Industrial and Consultants - your compliance Hill Brothers has suppliedpipe anhydrous compressor compressor packages, packages, packaged packaged ensureensure the highest the highest levels levels of safety, of safety, quality, quality, control panels and systems primarily forvessels, XPS XPSrefrigeration insulation pipe insulation billets, billets, former ammonia to pipe the industry, asformerconnection for OSHA and EPA related refrigeration refrigeration systems, systems, pressure pressure vessels, and efficiency. and efficiency.

Our fundamental Our fundamental mission mission the industrial refrigeration arena.

What of Dow of Chemical Dow Chemical Company.

Company. training and services including HAZMAT, well as products other products industrial ammonia users. and microprocessor and microprocessor control control systems. systems. is to deliver is to deliver complete complete satisfaction satisfaction with with set us apart from the competition; our Additionally, Additionally, specializes ITWcylinder specializes in inrefrigeration, PSM/RMP, lockout/tagout, From tank truck, mini ITW bulk and superior superior qualityquality and value. and value.

Marking Marking Services Services control systems work. No Exceptions. aluminum and stainless and stainless steel jacketing, steel jacketing, confined space and incident command. deliveryaluminum to storage tanks, equipment, Incorporated Incorporated . . . . .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #703#703 Lanier Lanier Technical Technical sheets,sheets, and elbows. and Hill elbows. and evaluation services, Brothers is Interstate Chemical Industrial Refrigeration Marking Marking Services Services is youris partner your partner for for College College . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #702#702 your complete ammonia supplier.

Company, Inc.refrigeration . . . .refrigeration . . Booth Jamison Jamison DoorDoor Technical College. . . . Booth #319 ammonia ammonia pipe#103 labels, pipe labels, The Ammonia The Ammonia Refrigeration Refrigeration Program Program at at INERSTATE is materials Company Company .Booth . . . Booth #123/ #123/ 125 125 Refrigeration Technical College Industrial Hillphoenix . . . . . . . .. ..Booth #624 valveChemical valve tags and tagsCompany signage and signage materials and and LanierLanier Technical Technical College College in Oakwood in Oakwood manufacturer of INERTCOOL HCR/HCR/ Jamison Jamison Door will feature will feature(IRTC) has become the premier Ammonia Hill PHOENIX specializes in Door the design services. services.

In addition In addition toindustrial thetomanufacture the manufacture Georgia Georgia is dedicated is dedicated to providing to providing the the heat transfer fluids.

These fluids HCR Air HCR Door Air Door Technology Technology and BMP and BMP and CO2 Industrial Refrigeration training and manufacturing of halocarbon, of identification of identification products, products, we provide we provide ammonia ammonia refrigeration refrigeration industry industry with the with the include turnkey ethylene glycol, ethanol Rollup Door.

Door. and facility. IRTC has a live state of the art carbon Rollup dioxide transcritical turnkey services services for material for and material installation installation best, state-of-the-art, best, state-of-the-art, hands-on, hands-on, live system live system INTERCOOL BIOGREEN made from hands on training lab that features VFD secondary refrigeration systems for and P&ID and updates/creations.

P&ID updates/creations. training training in ammonia in ammonia refrigeration refrigeration systemsystem JAX JAX Refrigeration, Refrigeration, totally renewed resources. compressors, Quantum, G-Force micro’s, commercial warehousing and industrial operation, maintenance, maintenance, and support. and support. MIRO Inc. .Inc. . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #108#108operation, MIRO Industries, Industries, Inc . Inc Booth . Booth #115#115 VFD condensers, VFD evaporators, hygienic refrigeration applications.

ISEL, Inc. . .MIRO .Industries, . . . Industries, . . . .Inc. . Booth “We “We aim toaim freeze!!” to freeze!!”

- JAX Refrigeration, - JAX Refrigeration, MIRO provides Inc. #121 provides solutions solutions air unit, LEWA-Nikkiso liquid LEWA-Nikkiso recirculation, America, thermoAmerica, siphon Isel is a for manufacturer of industrial Inc. specializes Inc. specializes in the inengineering the engineering Honeywell Analytics, supporting for supporting rooftop rooftop pipe, pipe, conduit, conduit, Inc.plate .Inc. . . chiller, . .. .. .. ..falling .. .. .. ..film .. .. ..water . Booth . . . Booth #114#114 oil cooling, lubricants with anwalkway expertise in ammonia service, and parts and parts Inc. . . design, . . . .design, . .installation, . . . installation, Boothservice, #104/106 duct and duct and walkway systems systems that prevent that prevent Canned Canned motor seal-less seal-less pumpspumps for for chiller, auto purger, andmotor PLC controls. refrigerant-lubricant interaction. how of industrial of industrial refrigeration, refrigeration, HVACHVAC / / Honeywell Analytics manufactures damage damage to the toroof themembrane. roofIt’smembrane. ammonia ammonia refrigeration. refrigeration. we can deliver on your expectations mechanical, mechanical, process process systems. systems.

AtIndustrial JAX, Service & the industry's most complete range of At JAX, MRBraz MRBraz & Associates, & Associates, LogicLogic Technologies, “every “every systemsystem is a custom is aammonia custom system.” system.” and provide the best products and Fabricators, Inc..Technologies, . . . . Booth #620 monitoring instrumentation for PLLCPLLC . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #618#618 .Inc. . . .and .. .. ..Fabricators .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..custom . Booth . . . Booth #601 #601possible. services and other refrigerant gases. We offer IndustrialInc. Service Kathabar Kathabar – an –Alfa an Alfa Industrial Industrial refrigeration refrigeration engineering engineering Logic Logic Technologies, Technologies, industry’s thetanks, industry’s fixed-installed units (Manning), portable designs and fabricates pressure the vessels, ISN Software LavalLaval brand brand . . . . .. .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #417#417 for cold for storage cold storage and food and processing food processing foremost foremost leader leader in factory in factory automation automation services, controllers, service/support and liquid recirculator assemblies.

Products Corporation . Our . . . .design . . . design Booth #711is Kathabar, Kathabar, an Alfa anLaval Alfa Laval brand,brand, designs designs facilities. facilities.

Our approach approach is and computer and computer controls, controls, provides provides turnkey, turnkey, second to none. include recirculators, receiver intercoolers, ISN’s online contractor management and manufactures and manufactures liquid liquid and dry and dry environmentally environmentally friendly friendly and promotes and promotes state-of-art state-of-art automation automation systems for ammonia for ammonia accumulators, surge drums ansystems oil post. database, ISNetworld, connects desiccant desiccant dehumidification dehumidification systems for for Houghton Chemical . . . Booth #3systems energy energy efficiencies efficiencies with highest with highest centercenter of of formulization formulization and production, and production, and isand setting is setting corporations safe, reliable, a wide a wide rangeis range ofa applications, of applications, including including Innovative Refrigeration Houghton Chemical fourth safetywith safety to operate. to operate. the standard the standard for today’s for today’s automation. automation. contractors and suppliers from capitalindustrial, industrial, commercial, commercial, institutional, and and Systems, Inc. . . . . . . . Booth #317 generation heat transfer fluid institutional, Multi-Wing Multi-Wing America America . . Booth . . Booth #617#617 Logix Logix . . . . .. Systems .. .. .. .. .. ..specialize .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #324 #324 industries. ISN collects and intensive LEED LEED facilities. facilities. inhibited company.

We manufacture Innovative Refrigeration Multi-Wing Multi-Wing is North is North America's America's leading leading Logix Logix Refrigeration Refrigeration EnergyEnergy Management Management verifies health and safety, procurement, glycols including: propylene (SAFEin customized turnkey industrial K-FLEX K-FLEX USA USA . . . . .. .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #709#709 supplier supplier of high-performance of high-performance axial axial Systems Systems provide provide energy-efficient energy-efficient insurance, quality and regulatory T-THERM®), ethylene (WINTREX®), refrigeration systems.

We design and K-FLEXK-FLEX USA isUSA a leading is a leading manufacturer manufacturer flow fan flowblades, fan blades, producing producing 500, 500, 000 000 operation operation of refrigeration of ammonia refrigeration equipment equipment with with information from 58,000+ contractors build computer-controlled biobased, and aluminum-safe glycols. of elastomeric, of elastomeric, closedclosed cell insulation cell insulation units annually, units annually, specializing specializing in custom in custom documented documented savings savings up to up 40%. to 40%.

No and No suppliers. refrigeration, large tonnage Freon Our personnel are directly available. products products that are thateasy-to-use are easy-to-use and deliver and deliver solutions solutions for HVAC for HVAC and Refrigeration and Refrigeration refrigeration other CO2 refrigeration energyenergy management systems other and large systems for themanagement reliable reliable and lasting and lasting performances. performances. applications. applications. systemand system is easier is easier to usetooruse more or more capable. capable. cold storage food process markets.

n SUBHEAD PMENT IIAR SHOW 2014 INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION CONFERENCE & HEAVY EQUIPn SUBHEAD

Inc. . . Booth #603 Inc.. . . . . . . Booth #407 Isotherm, al is a leader Custom manufacturer of heat exchangers distribution andofpressure vessels with innovative refrigeration andWe serve various industries, design. product offerings such as industrial ammonia refrigeration, STYROFOAM™ , food & beverage and chemical process. , Mylar and Wemany hold ASME “U” and “R” stamps.

ITW Insulation Systems, Systems . . . . . . . . . . . Booth #119 . . . . Booth 421 Systems supplies TRYMER ITW#Insulation r, custom-made UL polyisocyanurate pipe insulation and stems primarily for insulation billets, former XPS pipe tion arena.

What of Dow Chemical Company. products competition; our Additionally, ITW specializes in No Exceptions. aluminum and stainless steel jacketing, sheets, and elbows. al . . . . Booth #103 Door Jamison Company is Company . . . . . . Booth #123/ 125 TCOOL industrial HCR/ Jamison Door will feature ese fluidsHCR Air Door Technology and BMP ol, ethanolRollup and Door. www.iiar.org

Lanham Insulation, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Booth #506 For more than 30 years, Lanham Insulation has provided unparalleled quality and reliability in mechanical insulation services.

From inception, our expertise and pursuit of excellence have earned us the trust and confidence of our customers. The Lanham team of industry-leading insulation professionals focuses exclusively on the complete success of each project, to ensure the highest levels of safety, quality, and efficiency. Our fundamental mission is to deliver complete satisfaction with superior quality and value.

Lanier Technical College . . . . . . . . . . . . Booth #702 The Ammonia Refrigeration Program at Lanier Technical College in Oakwood Georgia is dedicated to providing the ammonia refrigeration industry with the

LUDECA, Inc. . . .

LUDECA, Inc. leading Maintenance Solution Coupling Shaft Align Alignment tools; vibra balancing equipment and training.

M&M Refrigerati M&M Refrigeration m both reciprocating an compressor package refrigeration systems, and microprocessor c

Marking Services Incorporated . . .

Marking Services is y ammonia refrigeratio valve tags and signa services. In addition t of identification produ 25 turnkey services for m

A Publication of the International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration | March 2015 | CONDENSER |

EXHIBITOR EXHIBITOR LISTING LISTING Hilton Hilton SanSan Diego Diego Bayfront Bayfront • San • San Diego, Diego, CA CA • March • March 22-25, 22-25, 20152015

EXHIBITOR LISTING Hilton San Diego Bayfront • San Diego, CA • March 22-25, 2015

n SUBHEAD n SUBHEAD IIAR IIAR IIAR 2014 2014 2014 INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION REFRIGERATION REFRIGERATION CONFERENCE CONFERENCE CONFERENCE &&HEAVY & HEAVY HEAVY EQUIPMENT EQUIPMENT EQUIPMENT SHOW SHOW SHOW SUBHEAD SUBHEAD

Petrochem Insulation, Insulation, Owens Owens Corning Corning . . . . .. . Booth . . . Booth #304#304Petrochem MayekawaMayekawa. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #412#412 You have now have a choice a choice for your for XPS your XPS Inc. .Inc. MYCOM MYCOM . . . . .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #212/214 #212/214You now Petrochem is a single is a single sourcesource specialty specialty pipe insulation requirements requirements - Owens - Owens Petrochem The MYCOM The MYCOM TRUE TRUE TouchTouch compressor compressor pipe insulation contractor, providing providing mechanical mechanical Corning Corning FOAMULAR FOAMULAR type IV type XPSIVPipe XPS Pipe contractor, controlcontrol panelpanel complements complements the the insulation, metal metal structures, structures, scaffolding, scaffolding, Insulation.

Benefits Benefits include include exceptional exceptional insulation, industry industry leading leading efficiency efficiency of Mycom of Mycom Insulation. fireproofing, fireproofing, painting painting & coatings, & coatings, long-term long-term thermal thermal performance performance and and compressors compressors and superior and superior package package heat tracing and lead and and leadasbestos and asbestos moisture resistance, resistance, reduced reduced material material heat tracing designdesign by offering by offering features features such as such a as a moisture abatement abatement services services nationwide nationwide from from costs costs versusversus Type Type XIII XPS XIIIand XPSlong and long user friendly user friendly touch touch screenscreen interface, interface, regional regional offices. offices.

We’reWe’re a a service life. All life. of All thisofbrought this brought to youto you eleveneleven remoteremote panelpanel monitoring, monitoring, and aand USBa USB service certified MBE company.

MBE company. by thebysame the same trustedtrusted company company you can you can certified interface. interface. count count on foron FOAMULAR for FOAMULAR cold floor cold floor Phoenix Phoenix Air Systems.

Air Systems. . . Booth . . Booth #4 #4 North North Star Star Ice Equipment Ice Equipment applications. applications.

Manufacturers Manufacturers of hygienic of hygienic criticalcritical food food Corporation Corporation . . . . .. .. .. .. .Booth . . . Booth # 222# 222 industrial industrial and commercial and commercial HVACR HVACR Parker Hannifin Hannifin BoothBooth #507/509 #507/509gradegrade NorthNorth Star Ice StarEquipment Ice Equipment is a World is a World Parker and process air handling air handling and ammonia and ammonia Parker's Refrigerating Refrigerating Specialty Specialty Division Division and process LeaderLeader in Ice inTechnology.

Ice Technology.

We provide We provide Parker's refrigeration systems. systems.

Specialist Specialist in in manufactures manufactures one ofone theofmost the complete most complete refrigeration cooling cooling solutions solutions basedbased on large on large hygienic air units, air units, we have we have a quick a quick ship ship lines in lines industrial in industrial refrigeration; refrigeration; including includinghygienic volumes volumes of high of quality high quality flake ice flakebyice by (typically (typically 10-1310-13 week week lead time). lead time). state of state theofartthe flow art control flow control valves, valves, safetysafetysystemsystem designing designing and manufacturing and manufacturing a full a full relief,relief, service service and expansion and expansion valvesvalves and and rangerange of reliable of reliable and durable and durable ice ice Polyguard Polyguard Products, Products, systemsystem solutions. solutions. equipment. equipment.

Inc. .Inc. . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #704/705 #704/705 RG2400™ RG2400™ Corrosion Corrosion Gel ZeroPerm™, Gel ZeroPerm™, Mueller Mueller Olympic Olympic Engraving Engraving . . Booth . . Booth #116#116PaulPaul Barrier, Barrier, AlumaGuard AlumaGuard ™ Weather ™ Weather Company . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #508#508VaporVapor Specializing Specializing in industrial in industrial identification identification Company Barrier, Barrier, ZeroPerm™ ZeroPerm™ Ultra Vapor Ultra Vapor and and Paul Mueller will feature will feature their falling their falling solutions, solutions, Olympic Olympic Engraving Engraving provides provides Paul Mueller Weather Weather BarrierBarrier Membrane, Membrane, RG2400™ RG2400™ film chiller, film chiller, semi-welded semi-welded plate plate and and innovative innovative products products to thetoammonia the ammonia CSA Structural Steel Corrosion Steel Corrosion Protection.

Protection. frameframe heat exchanger, heat exchanger, brazed brazed plate plate CSA Structural refrigeration refrigeration industry industry including including pipe pipe heat exchanger heat exchanger and heat and recovery heat recovery markers, markers, signage signage and valve and valve tags. tags.

PROTEXUS, PROTEXUS, Inc. .Inc. . . . .. .Booth . . . Booth # 223# 223 equipment.

Exceptional Exceptional customer customer service, service, superior superior equipment.

PROTEXUS PROTEXUS specializes specializes in Compliance in Compliance quality, quality, and excellent and excellent value value is what is what our our Solutions for thefor Ammonia the Ammonia Refrigeration Refrigeration PermaTherm, PermaTherm, Inc. .Inc. . . Booth . . . Booth #321#321Solutions customers customers experience experience with every with every order.order.

Industry.

Five-year Five-year and Annual and Annual PermaTherm PermaTherm is a premier is a premier manufacturer manufacturer Industry.

Give Give us a try us and a tryyou'll and you'll be a customer be a customer Mechanical Integrity Integrity Inspections, Inspections, of pipe of insulation, pipe insulation, serving serving the ammonia the ammonia Mechanical for life. for life.

Compliance Audits,Audits, PHA, PHA, RMP, RMP, Training, Training, refrigeration refrigeration and cold and chain cold chain industry industry Compliance and Total and Compliance Total Compliance Solutions.

Solutions. for over for 20 overyears.

20 years.

As a leading As a leading designdesign NDT, NDT, Omega Omega Thermo Thermo Products, Products, manufacturer and supplier and supplier of rigid of pipe rigid pipe LLC .LLC . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #120#120manufacturer The PROS The PROS Company Company . Booth . Booth #130#130 insulation, insulation, PermaTherm PermaTherm has developed has developed Heat Heat exchangers/ exchangers/ evaporators, evaporators, PROfurbish PROfurbish (rebuild) (rebuild) screw screw compressors compressors and and a complete a complete pipe insulation pipe insulation systemsystem for for including including fallingfalling film chillers, film chillers, ice ice gear boxes. gear boxes.

All brands, All brands, makes,makes, and models. and models. the ammonia refrigeration refrigeration industry industry with with machines, machines, cooling cooling tables/ tables/ conveyor, conveyor, the ammonia Quote Quote Express Express . . . . .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #221#221 millions millions of linear of linear feet offeet trouble-free of trouble-free cooling cooling jackets, jackets, and specialized and specialized QuoteExpress CAD-BIMCAD-BIMEstimating Estimating pipe installed pipe installed throughout throughout the country. the country. QuoteExpress cooling/cryogenic cooling/cryogenic equipment. equipment. software is designed is designed for refrigeration for refrigeration The PermaTherm The PermaTherm pipe insulation pipe insulation systemsystem software contractors to automate to automate the preconstruction the preconstruction provides provides superior superior thermal thermal performance performance contractors process. process.

Our Cloud Our Cloud enabled enabled solution solution is is and environmental and environmental attributes, attributes, while while the fastest, most accurate most accurate way toway produce to produce yielding yielding tremendous tremendous savings savings at every at every the fastest, precise precise accurate accurate data. data.

Call 800-813Call 800-813phasephase of your of project! your project!

70207020 for more for more information. information.

IIAR 2014 INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION CONFERENCE & HEAVY EQUIP SUBHEAD

MayekawaMYCOM . . . . . . . Booth #212/214 The MYCOM TRUE Touch compressor control panel complements the industry leading efficiency of Mycom compressors and superior package design by offering features such as a user friendly touch screen interface, remote panel monitoring, and a USB interface.

North Star Ice Equipment Corporation . . . . . . . . Booth # 222 North Star Ice Equipment is a World Leader in Ice Technology. We provide cooling solutions based on large volumes of high quality flake ice by designing and manufacturing a full range of reliable and durable ice equipment.

Olympic Engraving . . Booth #116 26 Specializing in industrial identification

Owens Corning . . . . . Booth #304 You now have a choice for your XPS pipe insulation requirements - Owens Corning FOAMULAR type IV XPS Pipe Insulation. Benefits include exceptional long-term thermal performance and moisture resistance, reduced material costs versus Type XIII XPS and long service life. All of this brought to you by the same trusted company you can count on for FOAMULAR cold floor applications.

Parker Hannifin Booth #507/509 Parker's Refrigerating Specialty Division manufactures one of the most complete lines in industrial refrigeration; including state of the art flow control valves, safety relief, service and expansion valves and system solutions.

Paul Mueller Company . . . . . . . . . . Booth #508

| CONDENSER | March 2015 | A Publication of the International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration

Petrochem Insulat Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . .

Petrochem is a single s contractor, providing m insulation, metal structu fireproofing, painting & heat tracing and lead abatement services na eleven regional offices certified MBE compan

Phoenix Air Syste Manufacturers of hygie grade industrial and c and process air handl refrigeration systems. S hygienic air units, we system (typically 10-13

Polyguard Produc Inc. . . . . . . . . . . .

RG2400™ Corrosion Vapor Barrier, AlumaG www.iiar.org

EXHIBITOR LISTING EXHIBITOR EXHIBITOR LISTING LISTING Hilton San Diego Bayfront IIAR • San Diego, CA • March 22-25, 2015 IIAR 2015 2015 INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION REFRIGERATION CONFERENCE CONFERENCE & EXHIBITION & EXHIBITION

EXHIBITOR L IIAR 2015 INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION CONFERENCE

n EQUIPMENT n SUBHEAD n SUBHEAD IIAR IIAR 2014 IIAR 2014 INDUSTRIAL 2014 INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION REFRIGERATION REFRIGERATION CONFERENCE CONFERENCE CONFERENCE & HEAVY & HEAVY & HEAVY EQUIPMENT EQUIPMENT SHOW SHOW SHOW SUBHEAD SUBHEAD SUBHEAD SUBHEAD

Petrochem Insulation, Owens SCS Corning Tracer SCS Tracer . . . . . Booth #304 MayekawaRefrigeration Refrigeration Valves Valves & Systems & Systems Stellar.

Stellar. . . . . .. .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #207,#207, 209 209 Inc. . . Stellar . . . .Stellar .is. a. .fully . .a.integrated . . Booth #412design, You#315 now Environmental have Environmental a choice for. .your . . ..XPS .. . Booth . . . Booth #701 #701 MYCOM Corp. . .Corp. . (RVS) . . . .(RVS) Booth . . . . #212/214 .. .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #315 is fully integrated design, Petrochem is a singleconstruction source specialty pipe insulation Environmental Environmental requirements engineering engineering - Owens and consulting and consulting The MYCOM RVS isRVS a TRUE preferred is aTouch preferred supplier compressor supplier of innovative of innovative engineering, engineering, construction and and contractor, providing mechanical FOAMULAR services focusing focusing type on PSM IV on XPS &PSM RMP Pipe &compliance RMP compliance mechanical services firm that a control panel industrial industrial complements refrigeration refrigeration theproducts products Corningservices mechanical services firmprovides that provides a insulation, metal structures, scaffolding, Insulation. for ammonia Benefits for ammonia include refrigerated refrigerated exceptional facilities. facilities.

Consulting Consulting comprehensive range of self-performed industry including leading including efficiency factoryfactory assembled, of Mycom assembled, packaged packaged comprehensive range of self-performed fireproofing, painting &Stellar coatings, long-term thermal services include performance include PSM &PSM RMP and &development, RMP development, compressors recirculation and recirculation superior systems systems package and ASME and ASME pressure pressureservices services. services.

Stellar creates creates food processing food processing heat tracing and leadrefrigerated and asbestos moisture resistance, Compliance Audits, reduced Audits, Mechanical material Mechanical Integrity Integrity design by vessels offering vessels of all features of types all types and suchsizes. and as a sizes.

RVS, aRVS, a Compliance plants, plants, refrigerated warehouses, warehouses, and and abatement services nationwide Inspections, Type Inspections, XIIIOperator XPS Operator andTraining, long Training, OSHA/ OSHA/ user friendly subsidiary touch subsidiary of screen Evapco, ofinterface, Evapco, is committed is committed to coststo versus distribution distribution centers. centers.from eleven regional offices. We’re a service life.

EPA All Inspection EPA of Inspection this brought Assistance, Assistance, to you FacilityFacility Energy Energy remote panel providing providing monitoring, superior superior and technical a technical USBsupport support Summit Industrial Summit Industrial certified MBE company. the same Audits, trusted Audits, and overall company and overall consulting. you consulting. can interface. and the andhighest the highest qualityquality products products with by with Products . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Booth #422#422 Products . . . Booth count on for FOAMULAR cold floor fast, on-time fast, on-time shipments shipments to meet to your meet your Phoenix Air Systems. . . Products Booth SGS SGS Refrigeration, Refrigeration, Summit Industrial Products is a #4 North Star Ice Equipment Summit Industrial is a applications. construction construction schedule. schedule.

Manufacturers of hygienic critical foodlubricants Inc. .Inc. . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #604,#604, 606 606manufacturer of synthetic lubricants Corporation . . . . . . . . Booth # 222 manufacturer of synthetic andinclude commercial HVACR Refrigeration SGS Refrigeration Inc.#507/509 manufactures Inc. manufactures agradea industrial Parker Hannifin Booth whichwhich include several ammonia North Star IceRegal Equipment World several ammonia Regal . . . . .. .. .. is .. ..a. Booth . . . Booth #501,#501, 503 503SGS air handling and grade ammonia full Refrigerating line fullofline Industrial ofSpecialty Industrial Evaporators Division Evaporators and and and process refrigeration and food lubricants.

Leader in Ice Regal Technology.

We provide refrigeration food grade lubricants.

Regal is a leading is a leading manufacturer manufacturer of Parker's of refrigeration systems.

Specialist in and and Unit Coolers, Unit Product Product Coolers, Coolers, Special Special one Coolers, of the most complete Our ammonia refrigeration cooling electric solutions electric motors, based motors, mechanical on large mechanical and andmanufactures Our ammonia refrigeration hygienicfood air units, have a quick shipH1 Cooling Cooling Coils Coils underunder theincluding SGS/Krack the SGS/Krack lines in industrial refrigeration; grade lubricants are NSF volumeselectrical of high electrical quality motionmotion flake controls ice controls by and power and power food we grade lubricants are NSF H1 system (typically 10-13 week brand brand in Dixon, in Dixon, Illinois…

Illinois… state of Industrial the artIndustrial flow control valves, safety certified.

Summit also lead manufacturers designing andgeneration manufacturing a full30+ certified.

Summit alsotime). manufacturers generation products. products.

For For years, 30+ years, relief, service Proudly Proudly and Made expansion Made in the inUSA! valves the USA! and descalers/degreasers and oil/water range ofitsreliable and ice (formerly descalers/degreasers and oil/water leesport, its leesport, PAdurable facility PA facility (formerly RAM RAM Polyguard Products, system solutions. separators. equipment.

Motors) Motors) has served has served the refrigeration the refrigeration separators.

Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . Booth #704/705 Shambaugh Shambaugh and and Son,Son, industry industry with purpose with purpose built designs. built designs.

RG2400™ Corrosion Gel ZeroPerm™, L.P. .L.P. . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #307 #307Tanner Paul Mueller Industries, Olympic Engraving . . Booth #116 Tanner Industries, Vapor Barrier, Company Shambaughs .Shambaughs . . . . . Design-Build . . . .Design-Build Booth Refrigeration #508Refrigeration Inc. .Inc. .AlumaGuard . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .™ . .. .Weather . .. .. . Booth #423#423 Specializing in industrial identification . . . Booth Republic Republic Refrigeration, Refrigeration, Barrier, Full ZeroPerm™ Ultra anydrous Vapor and Division Division provides provides Low falling Temperature Low Temperature Paul 615 Mueller will feature their service anydrous ammonia solutions, Olympic provides Full service ammonia Inc. .Inc. . . . ..Engraving .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #611,#611, 613, 613, 615 Barrier Membrane, RG2400™ Ammonia Ammonia Refrigeration Refrigeration systems, systems, Fluid Weather Fluid distributor film chiller, semi-welded plate and for ammonia refrigeration. innovative products to refrigeration the ammonia distributor for ammonia refrigeration.

Industrial Industrial refrigeration systemsystem design, design, CSA Structural Steel Corrosion Protection.

Process, Process, Storage Storage Systems, Systems, Preventative Preventative exchanger, brazed plate Acknowledged for product qualityquality and and refrigeration industry including pipe Acknowledged for product modular modular packaged packaged refrigeration refrigeration frame heat Maintenance Maintenance and recovery Emergency and Emergency Ammonia Ammoniaservice heat exchanger and heat datingdating back back to 1890.

Storage markers,systems, signage andequipment valveskids, tags.skids, service to 1890.

Storage systems, equipment Process Process Safety Safety PROTEXUS, Inc. . . . . . Booth # 223 Refrigeration Refrigeration Service Service and Spare and Spare Parts Parts tanks tanks equipment. pump-out services and safety Exceptional customer service, pump-out services and safety Management Management and Risk andsuperior Management Risk Management PROTEXUS specializes in Compliance to clients to clients throughout throughout the U.S. the U.S. training.

Member NACD. quality, Services, and excellent is what our refrigeration sales sales training.

Member NACD. Services, pipe value installation, pipe installation, refrigeration Solutions for the Ammonia Refrigeration PermaTherm, Inc. . . . Booth #321 customers experience with controls, controls, controlcontrol andevery power and order. power wiring,wiring, parts, parts, Industry.TechCold Five-year and Annual Sinteco Americana Americana PermaTherm isSinteco a premier manufacturer TechCold Give usservice a try service and you'll be aintegrity, customer quality, quality, integrity, and performance. and performance.

Mechanical Integrity Inspections, Incorporated . .ammonia .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #112 #112International of pipe Incorporated insulation, serving. .the . . . . .. .. .. . Booth #609#609 International . . . Booth for life. We do We it right do it the rightfirst thetime! first time!

Audits, PHA, RMP,isTraining, Sinteco Sinteco manufactures special special air handling air Compliance handlingTechCold refrigeration and coldmanufactures chain industry TechCold International International on the is oncutting the cutting NDT, and Total Solutions. for 20 years. installation for As food a for leading industry food industry design processes. processes.

Omega Thermo edge edge of Compliance energy of energy saving saving industrial industrial RETA RETA . . . . ..Products, .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #2over #2installation ® ® manufacturer Sinteco Sinteco and Hygiene supplier Hygiene of rigid pipe LLC . . RETA . . . .RETA . . . .exists . .to. enhance Booth refrigeration controlcontrol technology, technology, with with exists to. .enhance the #120 professional the professional AHUs AHUs - stainless - stainless steel steel refrigeration The PROS Company . Booth #130 insulation, PermaTherm hasTextile developed Heat exchangers/ development development evaporators, of industrial of industrial refrigeration refrigeration a proven track record track record of delivering of delivering or polyester, or polyester, Textile air distribution air distribution ducts ducts a proven PROfurbish (rebuild) screw compressors and ® ® ® pipe insulation system including system falling system operators film operators chillers, andice technicians and techniciansa complete solutions solutions for over for 10 overyears 10 years on on Aertex Aertex and s.s. andAERMET s.s.

AERMET ,for and®,clean and clean controlcontrol gear boxes. All brands, makes, and models. the ammonia refrigeration industry with machines, through cooling through training tables/ training andconveyor, education and education eventsevents a global a global scale.scale.

By adopting By adopting an open an open roomsrooms special special product product & design. & design.

Quoteinfrastructure, Express . . non-proprietary . . . . non-proprietary Booth #221 millions of linear feet of trouble-free cooling focused jackets, focused on andsafe specialized onand safeefficient and efficient operation. operation. infrastructure, approach approach SmartWatt SmartWatt Energy, Energy, QuoteExpress Estimating pipe installed throughout the country. cooling/cryogenic equipment. toCAD-BIMindustrial refrigeration controls, to industrial refrigeration controls, Schneider Schneider Electric Electric . . . Booth . . . Booth #400#400Inc. .Inc. . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #122#122 softwareTechCold is designed forInternational refrigeration The PermaTherm pipe insulation system TechCold International offers offers cost- costSchneider Schneider Electric Electric manufactures manufactures industrial industrialSmartWatt SmartWatt Energy Energy worksworks with clients with clients contractors to effective automate thehelping preconstruction provides superior thermal performance solutions helping organizations effective solutions organizations refrigeration refrigeration solutions solutions including including AC AC throughout throughout the United the United States States to design to design and and process.reduce Our reduce Cloud enabled solutionand is and and environmental attributes, while energy consumption energy consumption motors, motors, variable variable speedspeed drivers, drivers, and and installinstall multi-measure multi-measure energy™ energy™ efficiency efficiency the fastest, most accurate way to produce yielding tremendous savings at every increase profitability. increase profitability. systemsystem controls controls specifically specifically designed designed for for projects. projects.

ClientsClients look tolook SmartWatt to SmartWatt to to precise accurate data. Call 800-813phase of your project! the industrial the industrial refrigeration refrigeration marketmarket focused focusedprovide provide large-scale large-scale savings savings through through turnkeyturnkey 7020 for more information. on control on control and energy and energy efficiencies. efficiencies. energy energy auditing, auditing, engineering, engineering, project project management and installed services. management and installed services.

n SUBHEAD PMENT IIAR SHOW 2014 INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION CONFERENCE & HEAVY EQUIPn SUBHEAD

tion, Refrigeration Valves & Systems . . . . Booth #412 Corp.

(RVS) . . . . . . . . Booth #315 source specialty RVS is a preferred supplier of innovative mechanical industrial refrigeration products ures, scaffolding, including factory assembled, packaged & coatings, recirculation systems and ASME pressure and asbestos vessels of all types and sizes. RVS, a ationwidesubsidiary from of Evapco, is committed to s. We’reproviding a superior technical support ny. and the highest quality products with fast, on-time shipments to meet your ems. . . Booth #4 construction schedule. enic critical food commercial HVACR Regal . . . . . . . . . Booth #501, 503 ling and Regal ammonia is a leading manufacturer of Specialistelectric in motors, mechanical and have a quick shipmotion controls and power electrical 3 week lead time). products. For 30+ years, generation its leesport, PA facility (formerly RAM cts, Motors) has served the refrigeration Booth #704/705 industry with purpose built designs.

Gel ZeroPerm™, Guard ™ Republic Weather Refrigeration, www.iiar.org

SCS Tracer Environmental . . . . . . Booth #701 Environmental engineering and consulting services focusing on PSM & RMP compliance for ammonia refrigerated facilities. Consulting services include PSM & RMP development, Compliance Audits, Mechanical Integrity Inspections, Operator Training, OSHA/ EPA Inspection Assistance, Facility Energy Audits, and overall consulting.

SGS Refrigeration, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . Booth #604, 606 SGS Refrigeration Inc. manufactures a full line of Industrial Evaporators and Unit Coolers, Product Coolers, Special Cooling Coils under the SGS/Krack Industrial brand in Dixon, Illinois…

Proudly Made in the USA! Shambaugh and Son, L.P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Booth #307 Shambaughs Design-Build Refrigeration

Stellar. . . . . . . . .

Stellar is a fully integr engineering, construc mechanical services f comprehensive range services. Stellar crea plants, refrigerated w distribution centers.

Summit Industria Products. . . . . . .

Summit Industrial Prod manufacturer of synth which include severa refrigeration and food Our ammonia refrige food grade lubricants certified. Summit also descalers/degreaser separators.

Tanner Industries 27 Inc. . . . . . . . . . . .

A Publication of the International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration | March 2015 | CONDENSER |

EXHIBITOR EXHIBITOR LISTING LISTING Hilton Hilton SanSan Diego Diego Bayfront Bayfront • San • San Diego, Diego, CA CA • March • March 22-25, 22-25, 20152015

EXHIBITOR LISTING Hilton San Diego Bayfront • San Diego, CA • March 22-25, 2015

n SUBHEAD n SUBHEAD IIAR IIAR IIAR 2014 2014 2014 INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION REFRIGERATION REFRIGERATION CONFERENCE CONFERENCE CONFERENCE &&HEAVY & HEAVY HEAVY EQUIPMENT EQUIPMENT EQUIPMENT SHOW SHOW SHOW SUBHEAD SUBHEAD

Teikoku Teikoku USA,USA, Inc. .Inc. . . Booth . . . Booth #424#424TycoTyco Fire Protection Fire Protection Wagner-Meinert, Wagner-Meinert, Teikoku Teikoku is the is world's the world's largestlargest manufacturer manufacturerProducts Products . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #505#505LLC .LLC . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #409#409 TycoProtection Fire Protection Products Products produces produces Wagner-Meinert, of seal-less, of seal-less, canned canned motormotor pumps, pumps, and and Tyco Fire Wagner-Meinert, LLC isLLC committed is committed to to fire protection solutions solutions for refrigerated for refrigerated exceeding exceeding expectations expectations by providing by providing the leading the leading supplier supplier of pumps of pumps to theto the fire protection and non-refrigerated storage storage facilities facilities complete complete customer customer satisfaction satisfaction through through refrigeration refrigeration industry. industry.

Our highly Our highly reliable reliableand non-refrigerated uncompromised integrity integrity and excellence and excellence and easy and to easy maintain to maintain pumpspumps are perfect are perfectas well asas well other as other types types of commercial, of commercial, uncompromised industrial, industrial, institutional, institutional, and residential and residential in engineering, in engineering, installation, installation, service service and and for pumping for pumping ammonia. ammonia. applications. applications. training training in refrigeration, in refrigeration, food process food process TGB TGB Insulation, Insulation, LLC .LLC . Booth . . Booth #706#706 and mechanical and mechanical integrity. integrity.

Vahterus Vahterus Oy .Oy . . . .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #524#524 We are Wea are Mechanical a Mechanical Insulation Insulation As theAsinventors the inventors of Plate of & Plate Shell & Heat Shell Heat Warrender, Warrender, Ltd.. Ltd.. . . . . . Booth . . . Booth #107#107 contractor contractor that specializes that specializes in in Exchanger (PSHE)(PSHE) technology, technology, with an with an Warrender, Warrender, Ltd. specializes Ltd. specializes in seal-less in seal-less Commercial Commercial and Industrial and Industrial insulation insulation Exchanger installed base base of >40,000 of >40,000 exchangers, exchangers,magnetic magnetic pump pump technology, technology, seal-less seal-less high high with awith strong a strong background background in industrial in industrial installed Vahterus Vahterus PSHE PSHE have have many many benefitss benefitss for for head,head, low NPSH low NPSH transfer transfer pumpspumps and and refrigeration. refrigeration. advanced advanced refrigeration refrigeration applications. applications. recirculation recirculation pumpspumps meet zero meet emissions zero emissions Th Witt Th Witt . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #619#619 compliance, compliance, while while offering offering any U.S. any or U.S. or Manufacturing Manufacturing Th. Witt Th. Kaltemaschinenfabrik Witt Kaltemaschinenfabrik GmbH GmbH VilterVilter International International industrial industrial motor motor specifications. specifications. . . . . .. .. .. .. .Booth . . . Booth # 510, # 510, 512, 512, 514 514 is a family is a family owned owned company company that has that has Vilter manufactures industrial industrial refrigeration refrigerationWEGWEG Electric Electric been been dedicated dedicated to industrial to industrial refrigeration refrigerationVilter manufactures reciprocating, reciprocating, singlesingle screw,screw, and twin and twin Corp.

Corp. . . . . .. .. .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #414,#414, 416 416 since since 1896.

1896.

We offer We refrigeration offer refrigeration compressors. compressors.

The Vilter The Vilter singlesingle WEGWEG Electric Electric Corp.Corp. is a leading is a leading globalglobal contractors contractors a reliable a reliable partnership partnership with with screwscrew screws' screws' low life-cycle low life-cycle costs costs and high and high supplier supplier of motors, of motors, drives,drives, controls, controls, systemsystem solutions solutions using using high quality high quality reliability are backed are backed by anby exclusive an exclusive generators, generators, and transformers and transformers with awith a components, components, such as such refrigerant as refrigerant pumpspumps reliability 15-year 15-year bearing bearing warranty. warranty. focus focus on quality, on quality, technology, technology, R&D, R&D, (with couple (with couple or hermetic or hermetic canned canned performance, performance, and customer and customer service. service. motor), motor), high side highfloat side regulators float regulators and and VaCom VaCom Technologies.

Technologies. . Booth . Booth #16 #16 automatic automatic oil return oil return systems. systems.

For theFor the VaCom VaCom Technologies Technologies is the isdomain the domain Westermeyer Westermeyer Industries, Industries, European European marketmarket we also weproduce also produce entire entire leaderleader in industrial in industrial refrigeration refrigeration controls controls Inc. .Inc. . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #413#413 pressure pressure vesselvessel units. units.

Our components Our components and energy and energy efficiency. efficiency.

VaCom’s VaCom’s Manufactures Manufactures components components for thefor the are produce are produce in Aachen, in Aachen, Germany Germany and and ® ® EnergyDashboard EnergyDashboard industrial and commercial and commercial refrigeration refrigeration is proven is proven to deliver to deliver industrial exported exported all over all the overworld. the world. industry.

Supplying Supplying products products such as: such as: deep,deep, persistent persistent energy energy savings savings with with industry.

Thermal Thermal Seal Seal Duct Duct Oil Separators, Accumulators, Accumulators, receivers, receivers, proactive proactive analysis analysis and collaborative, and collaborative, Oil Separators, Systems, Systems, Inc. .Inc. . . . .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #100#100continuous oil pots, oil Shell pots, and Shelltube andheat tubeexchangers, heat exchangers, continuous improvement. improvement.

Refrigeration Refrigeration Duct work.

Duct work. and level and detection level detection devices. devices.

VogtVogt Ice, LLC Ice, .LLC . . . .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #608#608 Therma-Stor, Therma-Stor, LLC . LLC . . . .. . Booth . . . Booth #15 #15Vogt Ice WingFan WingFan . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #205#205 Vogtmanufactures Ice manufactures Ice Makers, Ice Makers, Therma-Stor Therma-Stor LLC manufactures LLC manufactures heat heat Modular Modular axial axial fans fans Ice Storage, Ice Storage, Ice Delivery Ice Delivery Systems, Systems, reclaim reclaim (desuperheating) (desuperheating) waterwater heaters. heaters. and Plate and Water Plate Water Chillers.

Chillers.

The company The company ZeroZero ZoneZone . . . . .. .. .. .. .. . Booth . . . Booth #504#504 Therma-Stor's Therma-Stor's harness harness wastewaste heat ad heat ad is out isofout Louisville of Louisville Kentucky, Kentucky, we we Zero Zone Zero Zone designs designs and manufactures and manufactures utilizesutilizes it to heat it to water. heat water. have have been been manufacturing manufacturing for more for more qualityquality custom custom industrial industrial refrigeration refrigeration than 70 thanyears.

70 years. thermofin thermofin GmbH GmbH . . . . . Booth . . . Booth #225#225 solutions: solutions: chillers, chillers, FreonFreon and CO2 and CO2 ® ® thermofin thermofin basedbased systems, systems, liquid liquid overfeed overfeed and and produces produces finnedfinned heat exchangers heat exchangers related related equipment equipment for cold for storage, cold storage, for anfor application an application in refrigeration in refrigeration and and food processing, food processing, pharma, pharma, and other and other air-conditioning air-conditioning industry industry in commercial in commercial applications. applications. and industrial and industrial projects projects that fit that for all fit for kinds all of kinds of refrigerants refrigerants (HFC,(HFC, NH3,NH3, CO2,CO2, glycolglycol etc.). etc.).

n IIAR 2014 INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION CONFERENCE & HEAVY EQUIPM SUBHEAD

Teikoku USA, Inc. . . . Booth #424 Teikoku is the world's largest manufacturer of seal-less, canned motor pumps, and the leading supplier of pumps to the refrigeration industry. Our highly reliable and easy to maintain pumps are perfect for pumping ammonia.

TGB Insulation, LLC . . Booth #706 We are a Mechanical Insulation contractor that specializes in Commercial and Industrial insulation with a strong background in industrial refrigeration.

Th Witt . . . . . . . . . . . . Booth #619 Th. Witt Kaltemaschinenfabrik GmbH is a family owned company that has been dedicated to industrial refrigeration since 1896. We offer refrigeration contractors a reliable partnership with system28 solutions using high quality components, such as refrigerant pumps

Tyco Fire Protection Products. . . . . . . . . . . Booth #505 Tyco Fire Protection Products produces fire protection solutions for refrigerated and non-refrigerated storage facilities as well as other types of commercial, industrial, institutional, and residential applications.

Vahterus Oy . . . . . . . Booth #524 As the inventors of Plate & Shell Heat Exchanger (PSHE) technology, with an installed base of >40,000 exchangers, Vahterus PSHE have many benefitss for advanced refrigeration applications.

Vilter Manufacturing . . . . . . . . Booth # 510, 512, 514 Vilter manufactures industrial refrigeration reciprocating, single screw, and twin screw compressors. The Vilter single screws' low life-cycle costs and high reliability are backed by an exclusive

| CONDENSER | March 2015 | A Publication of the International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration

Wagner-Meinert, LLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wagner-Meinert, LLC is c exceeding expectations b complete customer satisfa uncompromised integrity in engineering, installatio training in refrigeration, fo and mechanical integrity.

Warrender, Ltd.. . . .

Warrender, Ltd. specializ magnetic pump technolog head, low NPSH transfer recirculation pumps meet compliance, while offerin International industrial moto

WEG Electric Corp. . . . . . . . . . Boo WEG Electric Corp. is a supplier of motors, drives generators, and transform www.iiar.org

EXHIBITOR LISTING Hilton San Diego Bayfront • San Diego, CA • March 22-25, 2015

IIAR2016ORLANDO

n SUBHEAD IIAR 2014 INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION CONFERENCE & HEAVY EQUIPMENT SHOW SUBHEAD

Teikoku USA, Inc. . . . Booth #424 Teikoku is the world's largest manufacturer of seal-less, canned motor pumps, and the leading supplier of pumps to the refrigeration industry. Our highly reliable and easy to maintain pumps are perfect for pumping ammonia.

Tyco Fire Protection Products . . . . . . . . . . . Booth #505 Tyco Fire Protection Products produces fire protection solutions for refrigerated and non-refrigerated storage facilities as well as other types of commercial, industrial, institutional, and residential applications.

Wagner-Meinert, LLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Booth #409 Wagner-Meinert, LLC is committed to exceeding expectations by providing complete customer satisfaction through uncompromised integrity and excellence in engineering, installation, service and training in refrigeration, food process and mechanical integrity.

Caribe Royale All-Suite Hotel and Convention Center March 20–23 MENT SHOW SUBHEAD TGB Insulation, LLC . . Booth #706 We are a Mechanical Insulation contractor that specializes in Commercial and Industrial insulation with a strong background in industrial refrigeration.

. . Booth #409 committed to Witt . . . . . . . . . . . . Booth #619 byThproviding Th. Witt Kaltemaschinenfabrik GmbH is a family owned company that has action through been dedicated to industrial refrigeration since excellence 1896. We offer refrigeration and contractors a reliable partnership with solutions on,system service andusing high quality components, such as refrigerant pumps (with process couple or hermetic canned ood motor), high side float regulators and . automatic oil return systems. For the European market we also produce entire pressure vessel units. Our components are produce in Aachen, Germany and exported all over the world.

. . Booth #107 zes in seal-less Thermal Seal Duct Inc. . . . . . . . Booth #100 gy,Systems, seal-less high Refrigeration Duct work. r Therma-Stor, pumps and LLC . . . . . Booth #15 Therma-Stor LLC manufactures heat reclaimemissions (desuperheating) water heaters. zero Therma-Stor's harness waste heat ad to heatorwater. ngutilizes anyitU.S. GmbH . . . . Booth #225 orthermofin specifications. thermofin produces finned heat exchangers

Vahterus Oy . . . . . . . Booth #524 As the inventors of Plate & Shell Heat Exchanger (PSHE) technology, with an installed base of >40,000 exchangers, Vahterus PSHE have many benefitss for advanced refrigeration applications.

Vilter Manufacturing . . . . . . . . Booth # 510, 512, 514 Vilter manufactures industrial refrigeration reciprocating, single screw, and twin screw compressors. The Vilter single screws' low life-cycle costs and high reliability are backed by an exclusive 15-year bearing warranty.

VaCom Technologies. . Booth #16 VaCom Technologies is the domain leader in industrial refrigeration controls and energy efficiency. VaCom’s EnergyDashboard® is proven to deliver deep, persistent energy savings with proactive analysis and collaborative, continuous improvement.

Vogt Ice, LLC . . . . . . . Booth #608 Vogt Ice manufactures Ice Makers, Ice Storage, Ice Delivery Systems, and Plate Water Chillers. The company is out of Louisville Kentucky, we have been manufacturing for more than 70 years.

®

for an application in refrigeration and air-conditioning industry in commercial and industrial projects that fit for all kinds of refrigerants (HFC, NH3, CO2, glycol etc.).

Warrender, Ltd.. . . . . Booth #107 Warrender, Ltd. specializes in seal-less magnetic pump technology, seal-less high head, low NPSH transfer pumps and recirculation pumps meet zero emissions compliance, while offering any U.S. or International industrial motor specifications.

WEG Electric Corp. . . . . . . . . . Booth #414, 416 WEG Electric Corp. is a leading global supplier of motors, drives, controls, generators, and transformers with a focus on quality, technology, R&D, performance, and customer service.

Westermeyer Industries, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Booth #413 Manufactures components for the industrial and commercial refrigeration industry. Supplying products such as: Oil Separators, Accumulators, receivers, oil pots, Shell and tube heat exchangers, and level detection devices.

WingFan . . . . . . . . . . Booth #205 Modular axial fans Zero Zone . . . . . . . . . Booth #504 Zero Zone designs and manufactures quality custom industrial refrigeration solutions: chillers, Freon and CO2 based systems, liquid overfeed and related equipment for cold storage, food processing, pharma, and other applications.

THE WORLD’S LARGEST MEETING DEDICATED

oth #414, 416 EXCLUSIVELY leading global s, controls, mers with a www.iiar.org

TO INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION

A Publication of the International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration | March 2015 | CONDENSER |

29

Never Stop Learning

BY KEM RUSSELL

ver several decades I have met and worked with many outstanding refrigeration operators and engineers. These refrigeration operators have been able to truly operate their systems in an efficient, effective, and safe manner while keeping any ammonia releases down to incidental levels. Likewise, many of the refrigeration engineers I’ve met have been people whose knowledge and experience made them people I could rely on for helpful and reliable input on ammonia system design and operation.

entire refrigeration system would be controlled by a computerized system.

After my review I asked, “Do you have any questions I can help with?”

The person looked at me and said, “Nope. I know ammonia.”

I was taken aback by that comment, and I thought to myself, “maybe I didn’t explain very well what this new system would be like, especially compared to what they had before.” The reality was that this person thought they already knew all there was to know about the operation of an ammonia refrigeration system, and they

We should be willing to continue to learn, to advance our knowledge, our understanding, our abilities, as well as keep us, the public and the environment safe.

I have also met some people whose outlook and attitude has been puzzling. Here are a few examples: In the mid-1980’s I was doing field checking during construction of a “state of the art” large ammonia system for a new food distribution center.

The company that would own and operate this new facility had been operating smaller and much older ammonia facilities.

In meeting with the refrigeration person who would be responsible for the operation of this new ammonia system, I briefly reviewed what would be involved in this “new” system. I told this person about the two-stage system that would be used, which was different than what they had previously operated.

I explained that the rooms and areas of the facility would be a combination of flooded and liquid recirculation temperature controlled zones, and the 30 |

didn’t need additional help or information to “do their job.”

Ever met someone like this? As it turned out, once the system was up and running, it was only a few months before this particular person left the company.

That employee could have easily been an asset to the company, due to all of their past experience, but they were not willing to learn, and move forward as things changed.

In another ammonia refrigeration facility, several different people were brought in to analyze what could be done to reduce the ever growing energy cost of the system operation.

Several different ideas were suggested. These included: use of frequency drives for condensers and ammonia pumps; addition of auto purgers; lowering of condensing pressure; increasing suction pressure; modifying line sizes where appropriate to reduce

CONDENSER | March 2015 | A Publication of the International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration

LESSON LEARNED?

pressure losses, and others. Several of these suggestions were taken, however, the one that would make the largest impact on energy use . . . increasing the suction pressure, was not.

Over many years the refrigeration operators found it much easier to just set the suction pressure low and let the system run.

Sound familiar? This method didn’t cause much concern in the past, only because energy cost was low. Now this type of operating procedure was having a significant impact on the facility profit due to much higher energy costs.

At yet another facility, the management had learned a small amount about the OSHA “Process Safety Management,” and EPA “Risk Management Program,” but chose to ignore these plans. The first time EPA visited the facility they found nothing in place, which resulted in a large fine and some legal discussions.

It was agreed with EPA that steps would be taken to put the programs in place. The head of refrigeration – along with a few other people – implied “We know how to do this. No problem,” and proceeded to put together what little they understood about all of the elements of these programs.

The next time EPA came to visit, I had the opportunity to sit in on the review of the program that had been developed.

I was surprised by what had and had not been put together, and I wondered, “how can this program be acceptable?”

I wasn’t the only one with these thoughts. The head of the EPA inspecwww.iiar.org

tion team was also amazed at what had not been accomplished, especially since the company had agreed in a legal settlement with EPA to get the program(s) properly developed and in place.

of these programs, nor did they look to obtain qualified help to assist in development of all of the program elements.

Several years ago at one of the IIAR Conferences, there was a very interesting speaker, named Sam Geist.

One of the important things these people do to stay on top of their game is to take the opportunity to be involved in organizations where they can both learn, and help others to learn.

The “We know how to do this. No problem,” attitude didn’t work, and another large fine was given.

Soon after this meeting, the head of refrigeration found it wise to seek employment opportunities elsewhere.

What happened? Those who said they knew what to do, didn’t.

Nor did they take any proactive steps to learn about the requirements

www.iiar.org

In one of his recent updates in his “Quick bites” website, a message stated: “Change is continuous. Improvement is continuous. Execution is continuous. No beginning, no end.”

No one is ever too old or too young to gain new knowledge. As much as we humans don’t like change, change will happen.

It is important that we stay in touch with what is happening in our industry.

Some past methods may still be appropriate for ammonia refrigeration systems.

But there are continual advances in material science, in equipment design, in control methodologies, and in regulations.

We should be willing to continue to learn, to advance our knowledge, our understanding, our abilities, as well as keep us, the public and the environment safe.

Again, there are many very knowledgeable people in the ammonia refrigeration industry. You may be one of them.

One of the important things these people do to stay on top of their game is to take the opportunity to be involved in organizations where they can both learn, and help others to learn. For myself, being involved in IIAR for many years I have learned not only by attending technical presentations, Workshops, Panels, and exhibitions at the annual IIAR meeting, but also from participating in various committees and task groups. In addition I have met and learned from some of our industry’s best leaders. You can too. n

A Publication of the International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration | March 2015 | CONDENSER |

31

The Codes and Standards Conundrum

BY BENT WIENCKE, ENGINEERING MANAGER REFRIGERATION, NESTLE USA

I

n discussions on which codes and standards should be adhered to, I am all too often reminded of Daniel Patrick Moynihan who is the former U.S. Senator attributed with saying “Everyone is entitled to his own opinion, but not to his own facts.”

Borrowing from this logic, the codes and standards we must adhere to should not be opinion, but they should instead be fact-based to ensure any scrutiny is passed and potential code violations avoided.

All too often, the common opinion in our industry is that we should simply follow the latest version of IIAR-2 and ASHRAE 15, and by doing so we are covered.

Not so fast, there is a little more to it than this. To get a handle on codes and standards, we must first gain a better understanding of the terms, commonly, loosely, and interchangeably used in these discussions.

First, let’s define what, exactly, a standard is.

“A standard is a document that applies collectively to codes, specifications, recommended practices, classifications, test methods, and guides, which have been prepared by a standards developing organization or group, and published in accordance with established procedures.” (Source: SES-1, “Recommended Practice for Standards Designation and Organization”) Now, let’s consider . . . what is a consensus standard?

“Consensus standards are standards developed through the cooperation of all parties who have an interest in participating in the development and/or use of the standards. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that an effort be made toward their resolution. Consensus implies more than the concept of a simple majority but not necessarily unanimity.” (Source: ANSI’s “Standards Management: A Handbook for Profit”) 1) From an understanding of standards, we can move to codes, and ask . . .what is a code?

“A code is a collection of mandatory standards, which has been codified by a governmental authority and thus become part of the law for the jurisdiction represented by that authority such as the Uniform Building Code and National Electrical Code.” (Source: ANSI’s “Standards Management: A Handbook for Profit”) 1) And finally, what is a model code?

A model code is, “(US) A proposed building code that is written and published by building-official associations (e.g., BOCA, ICBO, and SBCC); available for adoption by states, counties, and municipalities.” (Source: McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Architecture and Construction.)

Once we understand the basic definitions of codes and standards, it’s time to move on to the idea of compliance.

“Compliance is the adherence to rules, regulations, standards tests, or other re-

quirements.” (Source: ANSI’s “Standards Management: A Handbook for Profit”) And to understand compliance, we also have to understand conformance.

“Conformance is the state of having satisfied the requirements of some specific standard(s) and/or specification(s).

Conformance is used with respect to voluntary standards and specifications, whereas compliance is used with respect to mandatory standards and regulations.” (Source: ANSI’s “Standards Management: A Handbook for Profit”) Meanwhile, the phrase “authority having jurisdiction” is used in NFPA documents in a broad manner, since jurisdictions and approval agencies vary, as do their responsibilities.

Where public safety is primary, the authority having jurisdiction may be a federal, state, local, or other regional department or individual such as a fire chief; fire marshal; chief of a fire prevention bureau, labor department, or health department; building official; electrical inspector; or others having statutory authority.

“For insurance purposes, an insurance inspection department, rating bureau, or other insurance company representative may be the authority having jurisdiction. In many circumstances, the property owner or his or her designated agent assumes the role of the authority having jurisdiction; at government installations, the commanding officer or departmental official may be the authority having jurisdiction.”

(Source: NFPA 72: National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code Handbook, 2013) Given these definitions, noncompliance with specific code requirements should not automatically be considered a code violation. If noncompliance constitutes a code violation, it is for the authorities having jurisdiction and the attorneys to decide.

Where deviations or a potential for deviation exist, it may be possible to get a variance from the authorities having jurisdiction.

A variance is an official document allowing the owner and operator to take exception to certain code requirements and, if necessary, use alternate measures.

Consequently, adherence to a standard such as ANSI/IIAR-2 2014 only becomes continued on page 34

32 |

CONDENSER | March 2015 | A Publication of the International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration

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a regulatory requirement if the standard was adopted by the code that is in effect at the time the project was executed. Due to the code cycle, it is not uncommon for codes in effect to refer to standards that are six- to nine years old.

It is important to realize here that the owner and operator of a facility has the ultimate responsibility, and that all regulatory requirements are met.

Unless the installing contractor or A&E firm was willfully negligent, it is most often the owner and operator of a facility who carries the burden when noncompliance issues arise.

Authorities having jurisdiction in their participation in design review meetings and permit issuing activities do not carry any liability, and assume no responsibility.

Using an example, a hypothetical ABC Food Company is planning to build a new facility with an ammonia refrigeration system with a charge above 10,000 lbs of ammonia in Lebanon, KS located in Smith County, Kansas. When planning to build a new facility, or simply expand an existing system, a good starting point is to consult the CMD website with the following link: http://www.cmdgroup.com/ResourceCenter/Building-Codes/ The reader is encouraged to follow along using this link. This website provides useful information such as who the Authorities Having Jurisdiction are, contact information, the model codes adopted, and links to the AHJ websites. By visiting the AHJ website it can be determined if the AHJ adopted the model codes in its entirety or if modifications have been made and addendums have been issued.

The screenshot of the website appears on the upper right side of this page.

Scrolling further down this website, no other codes or code amendments apply to Smith County. The CMD website reveals that the 2006 IBC, IPC, IMC and IFC have been adopted without any amendments.

Obtaining a copy of the 2006 IMC reveals that chapter 11 is an entire paragraph dedicated to refrigeration with specific requirements including reference to the following standards: “1101.6 General. Refrigeration systems shall comply with the requirements of this code and, except as modified by this code, ASHRAE 15. Ammoniarefrigerating systems shall comply with this code and, except as modified by this code, ASHRAE 15 and lIAR-2.�

34 |

It is noteworthy to point out that IIAR 2-99 is referenced, a 16-year-old standard, and ASHRAE 15-2001, a 14 year old standard. Both the IFC 2006 and IBC 2006 make reference to the IMC, but also list additional requirements, such as emergency control systems, egress requirements and others.

In addition to visiting the above CMD

CONDENSER | March 2015 | A Publication of the International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration

website, it is always recommended to also consult with the Authorities Having Jurisdiction, ensuring that the CMD website is up to date and referencing the latest codes and amendments in effect.

If logic prevails, an end-user and contractor may be tempted to conform to the latest ASHRAE-15 and IIAR-2 revisions.

www.iiar.org

However, this may generate conflicts with current codes and local requirements. One example is the relief header termination.

IIAR-2 recommends discharging to the atmosphere, which is in conflict with numerous local requirements still requiring diffusion tanks. Another example is the removal of so-called fireman’s boxes, which was removed from IIAR-2 several years ago.

The before-mentioned examples are typical examples that require detailed code research, and possibly discussions with the Authorities Having Jurisdiction to ensure conformance.

And finally, this article wouldn’t do justice to the reader if OSHA isn’t included in this discussion.

If somebody – in the context of this article – asks the following question: “Is OSHA buying into this?” the answer would be “definitely maybe.”

In the United States all facilities are subject to EPA’s General Duty Clause requirements (Section 112(r)(l) of the Clean Air Act) and to the General Duty Clause in section 5(a)(1) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act (29 U.S.C. § 654(a)(1)). If the facility operates an ammonia refrigeration system with an ammonia charge above 10,000 pounds they are subject to OSHA’s Process

www.iiar.org

Safety Management (PSM) Standard (29 CFR 1910.119), the USEPA’s Risk Management Program (RM Program) Regulation (40 CFR Part 68).

With PSM being a performance standard, and not a prescriptive standard, the intent of this standard can best be described in the spirit of the following, by saying: “Say what you mean and mean what you say.”

Consequently, documenting which codes and standards a refrigeration system was designed and built to, is of utmost importance, regardless of whether the ammonia refrigeration system is covered under PSM/RM Program, or falls under the General Duty Clause.

Failure to properly document may lead OSHA to choose the specific RAGAGEP (Recognized and Generally Accepted Good Engineering Practice) requirements which apply to that facility, which could mean that they would enforce the latest IIAR standards and bulletins. Citations for nonconformance with the latest standards would most certainly follow. OSHA may also challenge an owner and operator by asking why safer technologies were not employed in the design of the refrigeration system.

As an example, IIAR2-99 still refers to an older method for sizing relief valve headers. It would be difficult to argue

that the older method is safer, or as safe, as the newer method referenced in the latest IIAR-2 revisions, as the rationale behind the new method is widely published. Concerning emergency ventilation requirements, it may be prudent to follow the latest IIAR-2 standard using 30 air changes per hour. In this case more is better and it may avoid any future conflicts, such as upgrading the ventilation system should the system be expanded or modified in the future. Consequently, using the above examples, an end user or owner would be ill-advised to not follow the latest standards. The employer should document that equipment complies with recognized and generally accepted good engineering practices.

The complexity of ensuring that applicable codes and standards are being adhered to stresses the importance of conducting detailed research, and clearly specifying the standards to be followed prior to the detailed design of the system, and most importantly, prior to installation. Failure to do so may result in OSHA citations and costly upgrades in the future.

In conclusion, prior to any new installation, expansion, or major modification, a detailed code research should be conducted. n

A Publication of the International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration | March 2015 | CONDENSER |

35

TECH PAPER

roundup

IIAR Technical Program Highlights Growth of Natural Refrigerants

T

he growth of natural refrigerants such as ammonia and CO2 in industrial and commercial facilities, and the regulatory restrictions that accompany their use will be a central topic of discussion in technical papers to be presented at this year’s IIAR Annual Conference in San Diego.

Rajan Rajendran of Emerson Climate Technologies will provide a summary of the variety of refrigerant options, both natural and synthetic, and what the future holds for ammonia and CO2.

Since the Montreal Protocol went into effect in 1989, resulting in the phase-out of ozone-depleting chemicals, ammonia has remained the standard refrigerant of choice for industrial applications. Technological advancements in electronics and software have made natural refrigerant systems even more efficient.

But, Rajendran points out, synthetic refrigerants will not disappear from the landscape.

“There was a time when people thought synthetic refrigerants in nonindustrial applications would be completely wiped out, but the chemical companies have figured out how to develop very low GWP (global warming potential) fluids,” he said. “While natural refrigerants will become more important, they are not going to replace all synthetics. Synthetic refrigerants are not going to give up their territory without a fight.”

As recently as five years ago, the airconditioning and refrigeration applications were dominated by a handful of refrigerants, including ammonia in large industrial systems. Today, CO2 as a refrigerant in stationary refrigeration has grown in usage and acceptance in Europe and Australia and is making inroads in North America.

Rajendran said that CO2 will play a major role in supermarket refrigeration, especially in cold climates where

36 |

the periods of trans-critical operation are limited to a few days in the year.

The cascade refrigeration system will also become common, he said.

Ammonia will continue to play a dominant role in industrial refrigeration, he added. Although the future will offer more refrigerant options than ever before, Rajendran cautions against making choices that could lead to “unintended negative consequences.”

“These are not black-and-white choices,” he said. “Many people are looking at natural refrigerants as a safe bet against government regulations.”

A proposal to amend the Montreal Protocol to regulate the GWP content of all synthetic refrigerants will lead to growth in the use of ammonia and CO2, he added.

Kurt Liebendorfer, vice president of Evapco, Inc., will address the issue of government regulations in a paper that explores the regulatory and code implications for low charge ammonia systems.

“Kurt’s paper ties in nicely with Rajan’s,” said Eric Smith, IIAR vice president and technical director. “Rajan makes the case that ammonia is a great option, and Kurt’s paper lays out the sticking points for what you have to overcome to implement an ammonia system. It gathers all the requirements from the codes, standards and regulatory agencies in one place for people to reference.”

OSHA, IIAR, ASHRAE and others have various regulations and standards related to the quantity of refrigerant in a system, along with specific actions or designs that must be followed, said Liebendorfer.

His paper identifies these regulated threshold quantities so that designers, contractors and end users can better understand the various threshold requirements. Liebendorfer calls his paper a “building block.”

“The demand for reduced ammonia charges is being driven by regulatory

CONDENSER | March 2015 | A Publication of the International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration

pressures,” he said. “So we need to know what the codes say and what the criteria are. Is some of that driven by the amount of ammonia in the system? I found that there isn’t much said that relates to charge quantity.

But maybe there should be. That’s why I’m presenting this paper.”

Liebendorfer points out that the current criteria are driven solely by ammonia safety. For instance, for every pound of ammonia release through a system’s highest capacity relief valve, a water diffusion tank must hold two gallons of water, with no current threshold quantity for the diffusion tank. “If you have a lowcharge system with 500 pounds of ammonia, is that a permissible threshold?” he asked. “There probably should be more threshold quantities that allow for the relaxation of certain requirements if you have low quantity ammonia, because there is less risk.”

In researching his paper, Liebendorfer was surprised to learn that there are not regulatory exemptions or allowances when designing a lowcharge system. “This paper is a blueprint for what designers must know to meet codes and regulations. The underlying theme is they pretty much have to do the same as larger charge systems,” he said. “But maybe there should be allowances. This paper is a tool to continue the dialogue.”

In related technical papers, Stefan Jensen of Scantec Refrigeration Technologies will present a case study on the operation of a cold storage facility with a direct expansion ammonia system, while John Ball, the former chief design engineer at Luke Air Conditioning, and Klaus Visser, the founding principal of KAV Consulting Pty Ltd., explore using evaporative condensing for CO2.

“The theme in all these papers is analyzing and implementing the use of natural refrigerants in the changing landscape of our industry,” Smith said. n www.iiar.org

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U.S. Chemical Safety Board Issues Bulletin on Hydraulic Shock The U.S. Safety Chemical Board, or CSB, issued a safety bulletin on Jan. 15 that provided recommendations for industries utilizing anhydrous ammonia in bulk refrigeration operations.

The bulletin focused on how to avoid a hazard called “hydraulic shock,” which is defined as a sudden, localized pressure surge in piping or equipment that often occurs when vapor and liquid ammonia are present in a single line and are disturbed by a sudden change in volume.

This abnormal transient condition results in a sharp pressure rise with the potential to cause catastrophic failure of piping, valves and other components.

In pointing out lessons to prevent hydraulic shock, the CSB report noted that it is vital to avoid a manual interruption of evaporators in defrost and to ensure that control systems are password protected so that only trained, authorized personnel have the authority to manually override the system.

38 |

The report also suggested that each evaporator coil in an ammonia refrigeration system should be controlled by a separate set of valves.

It went on to say that an emergency shutdown should be activated in the event of an ammonia release if the leak cannot immediately be isolated and controlled.

The report also stressed the danger of bypassing safety controls put in place to prevent an ammonia release.

“This issue really comes back to IIAR safety standards,” IIAR president Dave Rule said. “It’s always important to identify any procedures and standards that aren’t being followed correctly, which could result in ammonia accidents.”

However, IIAR said it does not agree with all of the conclusions reached in the CSB report, which was issued following a recent ammonia release resulting from hydraulic shock.

The report suggested that a freezer with four coils running on one bank of

CONDENSER | March 2015 | A Publication of the International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration

valves can cause hydraulic shock, and recommended that every evaporator have its own bank of valves.

“That might be good practice in very large, low-temperature scenarios, but it’s not necessarily a panacea,” said Eric Smith, IIAR vice president and technical director. “There are some instances where grouping evaporators is entirely appropriate.”

IIAR said it will continue gathering information on the CSB report and hopes to submit a response in the near future.

“It was good to have a report that gives an overview to help prevent this type of accident in the future,” Rule said.

“The goal is to have everyone working together for a safer industry by following IIAR standards. IIAR and the CSB are working toward the same goals in following appropriate safety standards and design guidelines, and by making sure operators are properly trained and adhering to the safety protocol.” n

www.iiar.org

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REGULATORY NEWS

R-22 Phase Out Begins in U.S. The recently issued U.S. government schedule for the phase out of R-22 is set to create opportunities for both the providers of natural refrigerants and for the developers of small charge technologies.

Those opportunities will become available as end users see “natural refrigerants as a more stable refrigerant choice for the future,” said Lowell Randel, IIAR’s Director of Government Relations.

Fostering the growth of those opportunities is the Environmental Protection Agency’s regulation that is steering the nation away from R-22.

That rule is designed to end R-22 use within the United States as quickly as possible, while providing industry some time to make the transition, he said.

R-22 is a hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC)-22 that has been used as a refrigerant because it has a relatively low ozone depletion potential, but now, even HCFs with low ozone depletion potentials are being banned under the Montreal Protocol, which seeks to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of sub-

stances responsible for ozone depletion, as well as those that have high global warming potential.

R-22 is a greenhouse gas that has a global warming potential 1,810 times as powerful as carbon dioxide.

As directed by the Montreal Protocol, in October 2014, the EPA issued its final rule —Protection of Stratospheric Ozone: Adjustments to the Allowance System for Controlling HCFC Production, Import and Export, 20152019 — that schedules the phase out of HCFC-22, which is mostly R-22.

The EPA developed the schedule for the phase out of R-22 in accordance with the Montreal treaty and the Clean Air Act, said Randel.

Once the EPA determined a baseline production level, the agency developed the schedule for the reduction of allowable amounts of R-22 that can be produced or imported from 2014 to 2020, so that by 2020, HCFC use is projected to decline by 99.5 percent below the baseline level.

Under the schedule, for 2015, the rule caps the production and import of R-22 at about 22 million pounds, which is a 29 million pound reduction from the 51 million pounds allowed in 2014.

For 2016, the cap is set at 18 million pounds of R-22; for 2017, 13 million pounds; for 2018, 9 million pounds; for 2019, 4 million pounds; and by 2020, the production and importation of R-22 is ended, according to the schedule.

The EPA’s phase out of R-22 is an aggressive schedule, and industry might find it to be more aggressive than expected, “but at this point, everyone knows that this is moving forward, so they are going to have to make their transition plans to match the schedule,” Randel said.

The rule does allow for the use of reclaimed R-22, but even that can become problematic as far as supply goes, according to Randel. R-22 that meets the reclamation standard can be recycled and reused, so it will remain an option, but limited supplies will increase its cost, he said.

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Eventually, organizations are going to have to make decisions on which refrigerant they use for the longer term, and that is where the opportunity exists for the producers of natural refrigerants.

“If you’re in the ammonia or CO2 business, you can expect that some of the organizations that are transitioning away from R-22 are going to make the leap to natural refrigerants,” he said.

Such decisions by organizations become more likely as the trend grows in Europe to move away from HFCs. And the EPA has indicated that the U.S. is probably going to phase out the use of such HFCs as well.

While organizations will be aware that HFCs are likely to be banned in U.S., they will also be aware that the EPA is not going to ban ammonia or CO2.

“From a policy perspective, organizations are going to end up saying natural is the more stable refrigerant,” Randel said.

The levels of how much ammonia or CO2 will be used in an organization’s refrigeration system will be determined by how large those refrigeration operations are, said Randel. In addition, because regulations for the safe use of ammonia

such as the EPA’s Risk Management Program and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s (OSHA) Process Safety Management are imposed on larger systems with over 10,000 pounds of ammonia, smaller charge systems that avoid those regulations are likely to become attractive to users, and that creates opportunities for those technologies.

The technologies that have been developed over the last few years make it possible for organizations to use smaller charges of ammonia and still maintain the level of refrigeration that is needed by a facility, he said. n

news IIAR Opens Search for New ARF Executive Director The International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration is looking for a new executive director for the Ammonia Refrigeration Foundation to lead the non-profit research and education organization toward continued growth and expansion.

“Having the right person in that role is critical,” said Bob Port, ARF chairman. “We will be reaching our goal for the endowment fund in the next year or two and we need to be utilizing the money that is available to fund research and scholarships under the leadership of a new Executive Director.”

ARF’s mission is to support research and educational efforts in industrial refrigeration, particularly in the area of ammonia and natural refrigerants.

ARF also funds industry scholarship programs and recognizes outstanding contributors to the industrial refrigeration profession.

“We’re at a point now where we can commit to research projects year in and year out and we’re driving toward developing an on-going, sustainable scholarship program,” Port said.

Tim Facius led ARF as executive director for the past two years, providing exceptional leadership during a time when the foundation’s endowment increased from $1.3 million to $2 million. In addition to expanding www.iiar.org

ARF’s activities and fundraising, Facius served as an invaluable resource for IIAR and was a motivating factor in the foundation’s growth, said Port.

“Tim gave the foundation direction,” Port said. “We need another person like him to step up and be that kind of leader, someone who will continue to drive our important goals forward.”

The executive director position is a volunteer position, and requires a two-year commitment of approximately ten hours per week. Key responsibilities include working with the ARF Board of Trustees to identify high-level donor prospects and to execute fundraising campaigns; working with IIAR staff to communicate the foundation’s mission to IIAR membership and the ARF board; overseeing financial management of the foundation; and coordinating monthly meetings of the ARF board.

“The foundation is in an extremely healthy condition,” Facius said. “Our $2 million endowment gives us a solid base and the flexibility to pursue the kind of research projects we feel are important.

There are also a lot of exciting things happening on the education side. We want the scholarship piece to be a bigger part of our overall work. We’re moving towards a new scholarship program, which would mean more of a balance

between scientific research and bringing in young talent to the industry.”

Facius said he is proud to have installed structure, discipline, procedures and documentation in the operations of the foundation during his term. “It positions us for a smooth hand-off to new leadership,” he said.

“The leadership is really multifaceted, from the chairman to the board to the trustees to my part as executive director, to the support IIAR has provided,” he said. “It’s all that coming together as a team that has made the foundation what it is today.

“For me, it’s been a very rewarding experience and an exciting way to give back to the industry for such an important cause. The concept of funding research and drawing in new talent is a real and tangible way that IIAR and ARF can better the industry that we’re working in.”

ARF said in a recent report that it hopes to have a new executive director in place by June. n IIAR members interested in volunteering for the ARF Executive Director role should contact Bob Port, ARF Chairman at 402-240-5906, via email at bob_port@conagrafoods.com or IIAR President Dave Rule at 703-3124200, via email at dave_rule@iiar.org.

A Publication of the International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration | March 2015 | CONDENSER |

41

IIAR Chapters Installation Project: Good News from the International Committee

BY ADOLFO BLASQUEZ PE, IIAR INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE CHAIR

B

ecause we are always looking to make the information that we produce available to a greater number of end users for the benefit of our industry, the International Committee, following the direct request of our IIAR Chairman, Marcos Braz, has initiated the IIAR Chapters Implementation Project worldwide.

I’ve entrusted Federico Alarcón, the Latin America Project Administrator, with the task of designing a methodology to accomplish this goal.

cided that the Chapter based in Costa Rica should be responsible for all of Central America and the Caribbean.

We now have an agreement from a committee that is already meeting to develop their annual plan.

Efforts are well on their way to reproduce this experience in Ecuador, Peru and Mexico in the short term; and in Argentina, Chile, Uruguay and Colombia in the medium term.

While Federico is managing the chapter development efforts in the

We welcome new members in regions that have previously had a lower level of participation in IIAR to join the International Committee in its efforts to spread the knowledge offered by IIAR around the world.

He submitted a document covering two necessities: serving as a guide for setting up chapters and serving as an agreement to be signed by those members who are willing to join the chapter´s executive committee.

Under this plan, those members would commit to the implementation and operation of the chapter. In this way the “Agreement-Guide for Setting Up IIAR Chapters” emerged.

It is useful to note how we will define our chapters: “A chapter is a formal representation of IIAR outside the United States and in countries where there are members of any category willing to come together to organize activities promoting our principal task: education.”

Due to our successful experience with this country in 2013, it was recommended that we begin with Costa Rica.

In a productive trip where we had the opportunity to interview a number of our IIAR members, government authorities and academics; we de42 |

Spanish speaking countries of the Western Hemisphere, Chris Combs, the International Programs Director, is taking the lead in what has been termed the continental region.

These regions include Brazil, the only Portuguese speaking country in South America, and the rest of the countries outside the United States and Latin America.

He is currently working with Samir Shah, the International Committee’s Regional Vice Chair (RVC) for India and South Asia, on forming chapters in India.

Samir has already identified individuals in five major Indian cities interested in forming chapters. They will conduct meetings with interested parties at the upcoming ACREX show in Bangalore.

Beyond India, Chris has made arrangements for a meeting in Dubai with interested parties from the industrial ammonia refrigeration sector based in the United Arab Emirates, and, in the coming months, plans to

CONDENSER | March 2015 | A Publication of the International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration

reach out further to members in the Africa and Middle East regions as well as Brazil to arrange for the establishment of additional IIAR International Chapters.

We also aim to carry the project further east, especially to China, in collaboration with our RVC for China and the Mekong Basin countries, Guy Evon Cloutier, and other members in the region.

Given the vast size as well as the linguistic and cultural diversity of the continental region, we aspire to grow our current network of RVCs and other volunteers to collaborate in establishing Chapters throughout the world.

We welcome new members in regions that have previously had a lower level of participation in IIAR to join the International Committee in its efforts to share safety standards, technical information and training materials offered to IIAR members around the world.

Chris is leading the development of a more detailed manual to establish and outline the operations of IIAR chapters in English and Spanish languages.

There will be a presentation and discussion of this content at the International Committee meeting in San Diego, where we aim to further advance the development of IIAR Chapters.

Through this important program, we intend to increase the IIAR membership and to make more IIAR materials available in order to generate safe operating practices for ammonia and other natural refrigerants used in our industry worldwide.

Without a doubt, an expansion of this type constitutes an enormous challenge for IIAR. In the absence of precedents for this type of growth, we must proceed making the necessary adjustments to perfect our methods. With the goal to expand our international presence; this is clearly good news. n www.iiar.org

www.iiar.org

A Publication of the International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration | March 2015 | CONDENSER |

43

E

very owner of an industrial ammonia refrigeration plant with more than 500 pounds of ammonia in the United States is required by government regulations to have an action and, or, response plan in place should an emergency event occur.

But determining if those plans satisfy OSHA requirements regarding medical treatment and rescue during an ammonia release is not as blackand-white as one might think.

Every plant is different, with unique needs related to size, staffing, location and the availability of first responders.

Although each industrial plant must address the medical and rescue concerns associated with an emergency, the nature of their response can vary depending on their specific circumstances.

OSHA requires that an Emergency Action Plan, or EAP, contain a detailed set of procedures to be followed by employees performing rescue or medical duties, while the Emergency Response Plan, or ERP, must address medical treatment and first aid.

But how do plant owners make sure they are satisfying these requirements? That’s where the waters become muddied.

The reason for that is that these regulations are more performance-based than prescriptive, which means that the regulation places more emphasis on specifying a performance standard for the desired outcome than on how the outcome will be achieved. Thus, plant owners are left to determine, in many cases, the best approach for their particular circumstances.

So where do they go for help? The IIAR Ammonia Data Book and the Safety Data Sheet both offer information about fire control, first aid and chemical characteristics, but neither is sufficient on its own to satisfy OSHA’s requirements.

“Both are excellent resources that would support what you need to know when putting together an EAP or ERP, but they in no way fully cover the need,” said Gary Smith, president of the Ammonia Safety & Training Institute.

“These books provide specific information about ammonia, the responserelated concerns, the hazards, the risks and the details about first aid. But they don’t lay out a reporting system or

44 |

an evacuation procedure or even how to set up medical and rescue responsibilities.”

The IIAR recently produced a module and training video package to help solve this problem. Titled “The IIAR Ammonia Refrigeration, Education and Training Program: Making the First 30 Minutes Count,” the package spells out how to set up an Emergency Action Plan, EAP, and an Emergency Response Plan, ERP, to satisfy the requirements of both OSHA and the EPA. For example, it recommends that procedures be put in place in regard to the performance of rescue and medical duties.

“It could be public safety responders, but that must be arranged,” Smith said. “It can’t just be, oh, they will handle that. You must touch base beforehand and let them know what you’re expecting from them.”

In order to satisfy OSHA requirements regarding medical treatment and first aid, the employer should list the locations of first aid kits and other medical support equipment on site, such as automated external defibrillators.

Such first aid equipment must be checked routinely – recommend weekly – to ensure they are sufficiently stocked.

And there must be at least one employee qualified to administer first aid to injured personnel until medical help arrives.

An accounting of employees certified in first aid and CPR should be listed. A list of key personnel with contact information as well as contact information for local emergency responders, agencies and contractors should be included.

Make sure any external department or agency identified in your plan is prepared to respond as outlined in your plan. A documented teaming agreement is helpful in clarifying who is doing what. Medical, decontamination, and rapid entry rescue policies should be reviewed and practiced during joint-training sessions with fire and medical service providers.

Your emergency plan must include the location of hospitals, medical clinics, or facilities close by to handle emergency medical cases. It’s good to

CONDENSER | March 2015 | A Publication of the International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration

S

Satisfying EAP and ERP Requirements

A

FE

TY

bring the Ammonia Safety Data Sheet and/or the IIAR Ammonia Data Book with a victim of an ammonia injury to the treating medical team, said Smith.

Ammonia injuries are rare, skin and eye injuries require an immediate focus on the correct ways of treatment.

The Plant emergency planner should make sure that the local medical providers are prepared to handle ammonia injuries with advanced life support services. The Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry, (ATSDR) provides an excellent reference guide. See “Medical Management Guidelines for Ammonia,” on the Agency’s website.

If an infirmary, clinic, or hospital is not close to your workplace, ensure that onsite employees have adequate training in first aid. The American Red Cross, some insurance providers, local safety councils, fire departments, or other resources may be able to provide this training.

The EAP should detail who will direct rescue operations. It should include a company employee designated as an emergency planner who will work in tandem with first responders.

Further, employees are not required to enter danger zones to attempt a rescue.

However, the EAP does require the plant to make arrangements to safely evacuate employees from the danger area; to notify first responders; and to provide first aid and basic decontamination until public safety services are on the scene.

“OSHA is concerned with worker safety in regards to implementing an action or response plan,” Smith added.

“Specifically, that means the safety elements that are associated with responders and workers and how they both will be protected in an emergency.” n www.iiar.org

www.iiar.org

A Publication of the International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration | March 2015 | CONDENSER |

45

Non-Condensable Gases in an Ammonia Refrigeration System

from the technical Although it could take many years for non-condensable gases to accumulate in an ammonia closed-circuit mechanical refrigeration system – enough to cause abnormal operations to be evident – that buildup will almost certainly occur if it isn’t managed.

DEPARTMENT TONY LUNDELL, CIRO, PMP, IIAR DIRECTOR OF STANDARDS AND SAFETY

New systems must be completely evacuated prior to charging in order to ensure that all non-condensable gasses are removed. Similarly, when a system is opened for service, a complete evacuation must be performed prior to charge and startup to remove all contaminants.

All of the installed purge connections (multi points) on the condenser coil outlets can be cross connected to a single purge line which is connected to an automatic purger. It is crucial that only one solenoid purge valve be opened at a time. Opening two or more valves tied together equalizes the coil outlet pressures and the effect of the vertical drop legs is lost.

Non-condensable gases are foul gases and should not be thought of like water contamination, because they are vapors that will not liquefy in the refrigeration system at its operating pressures and temperatures.

Non-condensable gases may be introduced to a system during continuous operation or as a result of opening the system for service.

Systems that operate in vacuums on the low side provide sources for contaminants to infiltrate into the system.

These leak sources may occur at valve stem packings, compressor shaft seals, bonnet gaskets, non-welded (threaded) connections, incorrect welds, and control transducers.

If piping, and, or, tubes are not properly secured, movement may occur causing rub points, pipe deterioration or weld cracks, resulting in a non-condensable leak source.

46 |

Although relatively small in quantity, ammonia refrigerant that breaks down over time leads to accumulation of hydrogen and nitrogen in the system. The breakdown of the lubricating oils becomes hydrocarbon gases.

As these non-condensable gasses build up in the system, they must be removed through purging to ensure efficient operation of the system.

Accumulated non-condensable gases cause reduced condenser capacity and higher operating head pressures.

The result is increased power input at the compressors and the operation of additional condenser fans in order to maintain system performance.

Energy costs continue to increase in an attempt to hold the system operating temperatures.

The overall refrigeration system decreases in efficiency and may reach a situation where the likelihood of an unplanned shutdown can occur.

CONDENSER | March 2015 | A Publication of the International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration

As the compressor discharge superheat increases, the compressor wear accelerates, the refrigerant and oil breakdown, and these factors contribute to an increased scaling risk at the evaporative condenser tubes.

Scale building on the condenser coil may cause additional maintenance costs and decreases the condenser life.

For each four pounds of excess head pressure caused by non-condensable gases in the system, the energy cost to operate the refrigeration system compressor capacity increases 2 percent while the compressor capacity decreases 1percent. Installing a (proper type and sized) purger is essential to remove non-condensable gasses, and reduce the system’s short term and long term costs.

Removal of the non-condensable gases can be done manually or with a properly connected and operated automatic purger.

Manual purging can avoid the initial cost of the purger and its installation, but requires labor to perform each service.

Manual purging typically releases more refrigerant per purge, is an exposure risk, may be a local compliance concern, and the purge amount tracking (purge point counts and total open times) is not as consistent or accurate.

It is highly recommended to install a multi-point automatic purger that functions continuously to scavenge and remove the non-condensable gases. Although a purger can be used to remove non-condensable gases that are present due to inadequate system evacuations, it is highly recommended to perform the evacuations adequately prior to charging and startup.

Some systems that do not operate below atmospheric pressure (do not operate in a vacuum).

Non-condensable gases will eventually accumulate in these systems from www.iiar.org

the refrigerant and oil breakdown. Contaminants may also be present in the system due to inadequate evacuation.

Installing a (proper type and sized) purger on these systems is highly recommended.

The location to install purge connection points in the system piping is critical. Purging during system operation can be effectively accomplished if the purge points have been installed at the condenser coil outlets and the appropriate drain traps are installed.

The appropriate sized drain traps help capture the non-condensable gases at the condenser coil outlet purge points so the purger receives non-condensable gases instead of condensed liquid.

The non-condensable gases are carried through the condensing coil with the refrigerant liquid and vapor and tend to accumulate in the condensing coil outlet header.

All of the installed purge connections (multi points) on the condenser coil outlets can be cross connected to a single purge line which is connected to an automatic purger.

It is crucial that only one solenoid purge valve be opened at a time. Opening two or more valves tied together equalizes the coil outlet pressures and the effect of the vertical drop legs is lost.

Checking the system for noncondensable gases can be done by identifying the condenser pressure and temperature of the refrigerant leaving the condenser.

Use a Pressure-Temperature Chart to convert the temperature identified to what the theoretical condensing pressure should be.

If the actual gauge pressure reading taken of the condenser pressure is higher than what the theoretical condensing pressure comparison indicates, then the difference is indicating that non-condensable gases exit.

As an example, if a 10 pound difference is indicated, a 5 percent increase in power costs and a 2 ½ percent decrease in compressor capacity are occurring. Or, if a 20 pound difference is indicated, a 10 percent increase in power costs and a 5 percent decrease in compressor capacity are occurring.

Non-Condensable Gases must be managed and removed to avoid higher overall increased operating costs. n www.iiar.org

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10/29/2014 3:16:01 PM

INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION

VAPOR VALVE

SIZING

By Robert Sterling, President, Sterling Andrews Engineering, PLLC

Editorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Note The current methodology for valve sizing has been accepted in the industrial refrigeration industry for years. This paper will review past efforts undertaken in the literature and standards to determine suitable methods for quantifying the compressible flow pressure drop in valves and attempts to compare them while providing a base rationale for which, if any, are appropriate methods for determining pressure drop.

This study on industrial vapor valve sizing recommends that a new approach, through the use of widely-standardized methods for calculating vapor flow valve pressure drops, be adopted in the industrial refrigeration industry on the part of engineers, contractors and valve manufacturers.

While the current practice is to select valves based on the load capacity they are connected to, the author suggests 48 |

that this may not be the most appropriate method as it can be based on assumptions that may not always hold true.

The paper displays a methodology to look at valves individually and use parameters that are specific to the application rather than an assumption.

This can lead to a more accurate sizing of valves which could in turn reduce costs and/or improve operating characteristics.

The industry is likely to consider this proposal carefully as it holds promise for improving efficiency and the IIAR piping committee may include these methodologies in the piping handbook which provides guidelines on pipe and valve selection.

In addition, purveyors of valves may wish to consider the implications for how their catalogue data is presented and how a designer could select valves.

CONDENSER | March 2015 | A Publication of the International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration

www.iiar.org

Calculation of pressure drop in vapor flows through valves has made substantial advancements in the past half-century. Currently-used methods for determining pressure drop through valves with vapor flows (assumed to be either saturated or superheated refrigerant vapor states) were identified and evaluated. Attempts at providing a standard means for industrial ammonia system engineers to calculate vapor valve pressure drops have been undertaken in the past, notably by the IIAR. At present, the IIAR makes available an explicit set of equations, based on Cv, and provided in the Ammonia Refrigeration Piping Handbook (2004).

It is often the case that in HVAC&R, valves are sized based on capacity in Tons of Refrigeration. This does not allow for accurate sizing for types of valves not rated in those terms and will often not predict the correct valve for a specific application. This study recommends the use of widely-standardized methods for calculating vapor flow valve pressure drops be adopted in the industrial refrigeration industry on the part of engineers and contractors.

INTRODUCTION

the connection size of the valve is known, it can be substituted as the characteristic dimension and will be conservative (in other words, if the port is smaller than the connection size, Reynolds number will be underestimated by using the connection size). Reynolds numbers calculated for low pressure drops in refrigerant valves using the connection size rather than the smallest internal diameter are typically orders of magnitude higher than the minimum threshold of 10,000 given above.

A 4-inch gas-powered suction valve with a Cv value of 276 with saturated ammonia vapor at 40°F is considered. A pressure drop of 0.25 psig is assumed to demonstrate a reasonably low pressure drop at high inlet pressure. Note that the mass flow to generate a 0.25 psig pressure drop has been determined using the ANSI/ISA 75.01.01 equation for vapor flow pressure drops through valves, which is discussed in detail in subsequent sections. The mass flow, 4,351 lb/hr, corresponds to a heat removal of 175.5 TR at 40°F with the liquid supply at 86°F. The diameter is assumed as the nominal size, 4 inches. The definition of the Reynolds number is: where:

A commonly applied metric or performance characteristic available for almost every type and size of valve is its â&#x20AC;&#x153;flow coefficientâ&#x20AC;? or Cv. Cv (unless specifically đ?&#x153;&#x152;đ?&#x153;&#x152; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2030;đ?&#x2018;&#x2030; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018; đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026; =  called out as being otherwise) is universally understood đ?&#x153;&#x2021;đ?&#x153;&#x2021; to represent the volume flow rate flow coefficient of  (60°F)through a valve for water at standard conditions Ď is the fluid density a 1 psig pressure drop (gpm/psi). While arguments can đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161; V is the fluid velocity đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;  dimension, in this case the = be made for and against a liquid Cv as the characteris- đ?&#x2018;&#x2030;đ?&#x2018;&#x2030; = đ?&#x153;&#x152;đ?&#x153;&#x152;dâ&#x2C6;&#x2122; is the characteristic đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018; ! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x153;&#x2039;đ?&#x153;&#x2039; đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´ đ?&#x153;&#x152;đ?&#x153;&#x152; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; tic on which to rate a valve intended for compressible nominal diameter4of the valve flow, it is nevertheless the most easily obtained characÎź is the dynamic viscosity  đ?&#x153;&#x152;đ?&#x153;&#x152; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2030;đ?&#x2018;&#x2030; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018; teristic for any valve intended for use. Specific charTo determine the number using the availđ?&#x153;&#x152;đ?&#x153;&#x152; â&#x2C6;&#x2122;=đ?&#x2018;&#x2030;đ?&#x2018;&#x2030; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018; Reynolds đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;  đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026; =  đ?&#x153;&#x2021;đ?&#x153;&#x2021; acteristic valve data other than the Cv are not widely đ?&#x153;&#x152;đ?&#x153;&#x152; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161; able information from above, the equation is rearđ?&#x153;&#x2021;đ?&#x153;&#x2021; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018; đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018; ! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x153;&#x2039;đ?&#x153;&#x2039;substituting velocity in terms of the mass flow. published for industrial refrigeration valves.  ranged, đ?&#x153;&#x152;đ?&#x153;&#x152; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; 4 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;  4 =  đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026; = This paper will review past efforts undertaken in đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161; đ?&#x153;&#x2021;đ?&#x153;&#x2021; đ?&#x153;&#x2021;đ?&#x153;&#x2021; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018; đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x153;&#x2039;đ?&#x153;&#x2039; đ?&#x153;&#x152;đ?&#x153;&#x152; â&#x2C6;&#x2122;  đ?&#x2018;&#x2030;đ?&#x2018;&#x2030; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018; đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161; đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161; đ?&#x2018;&#x2030;đ?&#x2018;&#x2030; = = đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026; = the literature and standards to determine suitable ! đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;  â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x153;&#x2039;đ?&#x153;&#x2039; đ?&#x153;&#x2021;đ?&#x153;&#x2021;  đ?&#x153;&#x152;đ?&#x153;&#x152; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´ = đ?&#x2018;&#x2030;đ?&#x2018;&#x2030; = đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018; !đ?&#x153;&#x152;đ?&#x153;&#x152; â&#x2C6;&#x2122;â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x153;&#x2039;đ?&#x153;&#x2039; 4  compressible flow presđ?&#x153;&#x152;đ?&#x153;&#x152; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´ methods for quantifying the đ?&#x153;&#x152;đ?&#x153;&#x152; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; 4 sure drop in valves and attempt to compare them  đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;  â&#x2C6;&#x2122; 4349.6 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; 12 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013; 1 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; â&#x201E;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x; while providing a base rationale  for which, if any,4are â&#x201E;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x; đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026; = = 747,100  â&#x2C6;&#x2122; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161; đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161; đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161; đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122; appropriate methods for determining pressure drop.  đ?&#x2018;&#x2030;đ?&#x2018;&#x2030; = â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;3600 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018; = 6.177 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; 10!! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; â&#x2C6;&#x2122;4đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161; â&#x2C6;&#x2122;đ?&#x153;&#x152;đ?&#x153;&#x152;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;â&#x2C6;&#x2122; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x153;&#x2039;đ?&#x153;&#x2039; đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018; !â&#x2C6;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C; đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018; ! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x153;&#x2039;đ?&#x153;&#x2039; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x153;&#x2039;đ?&#x153;&#x2039; đ?&#x153;&#x152;đ?&#x153;&#x152; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´ đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018; đ?&#x153;&#x152;đ?&#x153;&#x152; đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x153;&#x152;đ?&#x153;&#x152; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; In all cases, areas of interest will be limited to vapor 4 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161; đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018; !đ?&#x153;&#x152;đ?&#x153;&#x152;â&#x2C6;&#x2122;â&#x2C6;&#x2122;đ?&#x153;&#x2039;đ?&#x153;&#x2039; 4 đ?&#x153;&#x152;đ?&#x153;&#x152; â&#x2C6;&#x2122;  4 4 â&#x2C6;&#x2122;=đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161; 4 đ?&#x153;&#x2021;đ?&#x153;&#x2021; flows where pressure drop,  â&#x2C6;&#x2020;P â&#x2030;¤ 0.5 P (inlet pressure), đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026; =đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026; = đ?&#x153;&#x2021;đ?&#x153;&#x2021; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018; â&#x2C6;&#x2122;  đ?&#x153;&#x2039;đ?&#x153;&#x2039; = đ?&#x153;&#x2021;đ?&#x153;&#x2021; đ?&#x153;&#x2021;đ?&#x153;&#x2021; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x153;&#x2039;đ?&#x153;&#x2039; or non-choked, pure vapor flow [2,3,6]. Flows  where  pressure drop is sufficient to cause  condensing (at đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020; đ?&#x153;&#x152;đ?&#x153;&#x152; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018; đ??śđ??ś! = đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122; values  đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018; ! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x153;&#x2039;đ?&#x153;&#x2039;correcting units (the Substituting pressures above approximately 400 psig for ammonia) â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; đ?&#x153;&#x152;đ?&#x153;&#x152; 12 â&#x2C6;&#x2122;and 4 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; 4349.6 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; â&#x2C6;&#x2122;4đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013; 1 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; â&#x201E;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x;4 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161; đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122; â&#x201E;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x; 4 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; 4349.6 â&#x2C6;&#x2122;  đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026; = â&#x2C6;&#x2122; = 747,100  đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026; = dynamicâ&#x201E;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122; viscosity12ofâ&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013; saturated ammonia at 40°F is are not considered as this would not constitute pure 1 â&#x2C6;&#x2122;â&#x2C6;&#x2122; â&#x201E;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x; = đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C; 3600=â&#x2C6;&#x2122; 747,100  đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x153;&#x2021;đ?&#x153;&#x2021; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x153;&#x2039;đ?&#x153;&#x2039; đ?&#x153;&#x2021;đ?&#x153;&#x2021; đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026; = â&#x2C6;&#x2122; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; !!

-6 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; 4 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x153;&#x2039;đ?&#x153;&#x2039; 6.177 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; 10 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122; 6.177*10 lb/ft-s, from NISTâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s REFRPROP 9.1) Â vapor flow. In addition, the methods considered are đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C; 3600 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018; !!

6.177 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; 10 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; 4 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x153;&#x2039;đ?&#x153;&#x2039; đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018;  valid for turbulent flow through a valve, and assumed  đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;!"# â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;! above Re = 10,000 [3]. The assumption of turbulent  đ??śđ??ś! =  đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; 12 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013; 1 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; â&#x201E;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x; đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;4!â&#x2C6;&#x2122; â&#x2C6;&#x2014;4349.6 â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; â&#x201E;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x; 1360 flow at low pressure drops in common refrigerant đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026; = â&#x2C6;&#x2122; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; = 747,100  đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020; đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;  đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C; 3600 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018; đ??śđ??ś = đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; !! service valves can be readily accepted and is not a đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020; !

6.177 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; 10 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; 4 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x153;&#x2039;đ?&#x153;&#x2039; â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; đ??śđ??ś! = đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C; Â â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018; Â blanket statement or poor assumption.

It can be easily â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; demonstrated with any valve for which   the connection đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;is!"#Re â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;= ! 747,100. This is well above the Theđ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;result size is known, as is shown below.   â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??śđ??ś! = đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; â&#x2C6;&#x2014; â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; 1364 đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;!"# â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;!mentioned ! threshold for Re = 10,000 above, and is đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020; It should be noted before proceeding that the đ??śđ??ś! đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;= = đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;  â&#x2C6;&#x2122;  đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;â&#x2C6;&#x2122; !"# đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ??śđ??ś!â&#x2C6;&#x2014;!â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; 1360 based on the largest cross sectional internal area of the â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; !  standard, ANSI/ISA 75.01.01 uses the smallest throat đ??śđ??ś! = â&#x2C6;&#x2122;  đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;! â&#x2C6;&#x2014; â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; 1360is larger valve, which than the actual minimum diamdiameter in the valve as the characteristic dimen   eter.

Therefore, the assumption of turbulent flow in sion for the Reynolds number referred to above.  đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;! typicalâ&#x2C6;&#x2122; design!"#cases for  refrigerant vapor flow will be This information is not typically available in regular đ??śđ??ś! = đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;!"# đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;! đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;!"# â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;!

963 (đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;! + đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;! ) â&#x2C6;&#x2014; â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;  â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??śđ??ś! đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;=accurate considered the scope of đ??śđ??ś! within  this analysis. = catalog literature for refrigerant valves. However, if đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;â&#x2C6;&#x2122; !"# â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;!

Â

Â

Â

Â

đ??śđ??ś! =

đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;! 1360 â&#x2C6;&#x2014; Â â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; 1364 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;! â&#x2C6;&#x2014; â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; 1364

đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;! â&#x2C6;&#x2014; â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;

A Publication of the International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration | March 2015 | CONDENSER !

đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C; Â đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; = 90,528 đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;â&#x201E;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x;

đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;

â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;

49

INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION VAPOR VALVE SIZING: AN UPDATED APPROACH

Q is the flow rate in SCFH P1 is the inlet pressure in psia P2 is the outlet pressure in psia T1 is the absolute inlet temperature in R (°F + 460R) â&#x2C6;&#x2020;P is the pressure drop through the valve, P1 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; P2, in psi SGair is the inlet specific gravity with respect to air at standard conditions (14.7 psia and 60°F) Equations (2), (3), and (4) may produce widely-varying results [2]. As an interesting note, a flow of 1,000,000 SCFM at various pressure drops was used to compare the results of these equations for CV. The results have been calculated and plotted in Figure 1: Calculated CV Using Equations 2 - 4

Figure 1

Calculated CV Using Equations 2-4 Calculated CV Using Equations 2 - 4

330 330

Calculated CV

In addition, although various resources provide means of accounting for fittings attached directly to a valve, for simplicity, the focus of this paper will be valves installed at line size without attached fittings. Most catalog ratings for refrigeration valves assume no attached reducers. đ?&#x153;&#x152;đ?&#x153;&#x152; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2030;đ?&#x2018;&#x2030; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;of the work that follows, two To clarify the content đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026; =  points are made here:đ?&#x153;&#x2021;đ?&#x153;&#x2021; Although R-22 as a refrigerant for new system design is not very relevant, it is included, along with ammonia, in đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161; the comparisons madeđ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161; between the ISA method and the  đ?&#x2018;&#x2030;đ?&#x2018;&#x2030; = = IIAR method manufacturersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; ratings for valves on đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018; ! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x153;&#x2039;đ?&#x153;&#x2039; đ?&#x153;&#x152;đ?&#x153;&#x152; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; because đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´ đ?&#x153;&#x152;đ?&#x153;&#x152; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; 4 R-22 are readily available, whereas other refrigerant ratings are not.

ISA has published a 2012 version of the 75.01.01 stan330 đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161; dard, which was not đ?&#x153;&#x152;đ?&#x153;&#x152; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;directly observed for the writing of đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018; ! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x153;&#x2039;đ?&#x153;&#x2039; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; this paper.đ?&#x153;&#x152;đ?&#x153;&#x152; However, a summary of changes was obtained 4 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161; 4 = Â used here did 280 đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026; it=was found and not đ?&#x153;&#x2021;đ?&#x153;&#x2021; that the equations đ?&#x153;&#x2021;đ?&#x153;&#x2021; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x153;&#x2039;đ?&#x153;&#x2039; đ?&#x153;&#x152;đ?&#x153;&#x152; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2030;đ?&#x2018;&#x2030;of â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;the standard. The 2007 update, change in the update đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026; = Â 230 from which the equations were taken, has been cited. đ?&#x153;&#x2021;đ?&#x153;&#x2021;

Calculated CV

Calculated CV

Calculated CV (2) Calculated CV (2) đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122; đ?&#x153;&#x152;đ?&#x153;&#x152; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2030;đ?&#x2018;&#x2030; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;  280 280 Calculated CV (3) Calculated CV (3) 4 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; 4349.6 â&#x2C6;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026; = FLOW INCOMPRESSIBLE EQUATION 12 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013; 1 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; â&#x201E;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x; â&#x201E;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x; đ?&#x153;&#x2021;đ?&#x153;&#x2021; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; 180 Calculated CV (4) Calculated CV (4) đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026; = â&#x2C6;&#x2122; = 747,100  The basis đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122; of compressible equations is the incomđ?&#x153;&#x152;đ?&#x153;&#x152; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2030;đ?&#x2018;&#x2030; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C; flow 3600 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018; 6.177 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; 10!! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; 4 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x153;&#x2039;đ?&#x153;&#x2039; đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161; =  230 230 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;equation, pressible relates the valve character  đ?&#x2018;&#x2030;đ?&#x2018;&#x2030; =đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;flow =đ?&#x153;&#x2021;đ?&#x153;&#x2021; which Calculated CV (2) 130 đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018; ! follows â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x153;&#x2039;đ?&#x153;&#x2039; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´ drop as istic to theđ?&#x153;&#x152;đ?&#x153;&#x152;pressure [1,2]: Calculated CV (3) đ?&#x153;&#x152;đ?&#x153;&#x152; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161; đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161; 4 180 180 Calculated CV (4)  đ?&#x2018;&#x2030;đ?&#x2018;&#x2030; = = ! đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x153;&#x2039;đ?&#x153;&#x2039; đ?&#x153;&#x152;đ?&#x153;&#x152; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´ 80 đ?&#x153;&#x152;đ?&#x153;&#x152; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020; 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161; đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161; 4 130 130 đ??śđ??ś! = đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; â&#x2C6;&#x2122;=  !

Pressure Drop (psi)  (1) đ?&#x2018;&#x2030;đ?&#x2018;&#x2030; = â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x153;&#x2039;đ?&#x153;&#x2039; đ?&#x153;&#x152;đ?&#x153;&#x152; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´ đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161; đ?&#x153;&#x152;đ?&#x153;&#x152; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018; đ?&#x153;&#x152;đ?&#x153;&#x152; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; 4 đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018; ! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x153;&#x2039;đ?&#x153;&#x2039; 80 80 đ?&#x153;&#x152;đ?&#x153;&#x152; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; 4 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161; 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 4 =  đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;Where: = đ?&#x153;&#x152;đ?&#x153;&#x152; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161; Pressure Drop (psi) â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018; ! đ?&#x153;&#x2021;đ?&#x153;&#x2021; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x153;&#x2039;đ?&#x153;&#x2039; đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x153;&#x2021;đ?&#x153;&#x2021; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x153;&#x2039;đ?&#x153;&#x2039; Pressure Drop (psi) đ?&#x153;&#x152;đ?&#x153;&#x152; â&#x2C6;&#x2122;valve Cv is the 4 â&#x2C6;&#x2122;â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161; đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; characteristic đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;!"# đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;! flow coefficient đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;  per minute = 4 in US â&#x2C6;&#x2122;â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018; =  đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;Q=isđ?&#x153;&#x152;đ?&#x153;&#x152; the â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??śđ??ś!flow gallons đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;! â&#x2C6;&#x2014; â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; đ?&#x153;&#x2021;đ?&#x153;&#x2021; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x153;&#x2039;đ?&#x153;&#x2039; đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x153;&#x2021;đ?&#x153;&#x2021;!1360 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x153;&#x2039;đ?&#x153;&#x2039; đ?&#x153;&#x152;đ?&#x153;&#x152; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; specific gravity SG is the as compared to water at 60°F 4 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x161; 4 đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122; = through the  valve, P â&#x20AC;&#x201C; P in psi đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;â&#x2C6;&#x2020;P = is the pressure drop 4 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; 4349.6 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x153;&#x2021;đ?&#x153;&#x2021; đ?&#x153;&#x2021;đ?&#x153;&#x2021; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018; 1â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x153;&#x2039;đ?&#x153;&#x2039;â&#x2C6;&#x2122; â&#x201E;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x; 12 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013; 1 2 The form of equations (2), (3), and (4) (either Cv or Q, the â&#x201E;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x; = â&#x2C6;&#x2122; universally-accepted â&#x2C6;&#x2122; = 747,100  Equation (1) provides results for đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C; 3600 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122; volumetric flow, is almost universally alone on one side or 6.177 â&#x2C6;&#x2122;calculated 10 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; 4 â&#x2C6;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x153;&#x2039;đ?&#x153;&#x2039;drop 4 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; !!

4349.6 đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;12 đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;! 1liquid â&#x2C6;&#x2122; â&#x2C6;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; â&#x201E;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x; is sufficiently sub!"#when đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ??śđ??śâ&#x2C6;&#x2122;!â&#x2C6;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018; pressure â&#x201E;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x; the other) is indicative of the fact that interest in perform  = â&#x2C6;&#x2122; = â&#x2C6;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; â&#x2C6;&#x2014; â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; flow is = 747,100  1364 flashing cooled tođ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;prevent not choked, as it is ! đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C; and3600 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122; !! ing accurate calculations has been toward determining the 6.177 â&#x2C6;&#x2122;the 10 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; 4 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x153;&#x2039;đ?&#x153;&#x2039; 12 compressible 4 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; 4349.6 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013; 1 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; â&#x201E;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x; flows, this formula definition đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; â&#x2C6;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018; â&#x201E;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x;of Cv. For required valve Cv from an incompressible flow under condi= â&#x2C6;&#x2122; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; = 747,100  is not considered suitableđ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;because đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122; 3600itâ&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018; does not account for tions where pressure drop is known (in the case of Figure 1 6.177 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; 10!! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; 4 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x153;&#x2039;đ?&#x153;&#x2039; đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C; â&#x2C6;&#x2122;density đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018; changing withđ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020; changing pressure. at 50, 100, and 150 psi Turnquist [2]). This is certainly due đ??śđ??śđ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;! = đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;!"#  â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;! â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;  â&#x2C6;&#x2122; ! = COMPRESSIBLE in part to the fact that a valve manufacturer can control the MODELđ??śđ??śFOR FLOW PRESSURE DROP đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;! ) â&#x2C6;&#x2014; â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; 963 (đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;! +đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020; aforementioned conditions during testing and is interested = đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; â&#x2C6;&#x2122;  đ??śđ??ś The concept of ! using Cv, the incompressible flow coefâ&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; in determining the Cv of a particular valve (these equations ficient, to model flow đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020; for vapor through valves, has been đ??śđ??ś! =for đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; many â&#x2C6;&#x2122;  decades Turnquist [2]. Equacome from valve manufacturers). In many non-refrigeration fairly standard ! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021; â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C; đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020; !"#various ! cases, where flow is commonly expressed in terms of mass tions forđ??śđ??ś!this have taken forms, including but not   = đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; = 90,528 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;!â&#x201E;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x;â&#x2C6;&#x2014; â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; flow rather than heat flow (lb/hr instead of TR or BTU/ limited to the1360 following: đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;!"# â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;! hr), this can easily be compared to a previously-calculated đ??śđ??ś! = đ??śđ??ś! =â&#x2C6;&#x2122; 166   đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;! â&#x2C6;&#x2014; â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; 1360 required Cv in order to determine the suitability of a parđ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;!"# â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;! đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; = 48.21  đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?  (2) ticular valve for service. However, such a design approach đ??śđ??ś! = ! â&#x2C6;&#x2122;  đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;! â&#x2C6;&#x2014; â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; 1360

đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020; đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021; is inconvenient for engineers designing and diagnosing !"# ! Â â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??śđ??ś! = refrigeration systems because in most cases where refrigerađ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;! â&#x2C6;&#x2014; â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; 1364 đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;!"# â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;! tion valves are being sized, pressure drop (and consequently (3) â&#x2C6;&#x2122; Â đ??śđ??ś! = đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;! â&#x2C6;&#x2014; â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; 1364 valve outlet pressure) is unknown. đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;!"# â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;!

For industrial refrigeration engineers, while considering  â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??śđ??ś! = ! â&#x2C6;&#x2014; â&#x2C6;&#x2122;â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; an initial acceptable pressure drop through a valve (say, 2 đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;1364 đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;!"# đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;! â&#x2C6;&#x2122;  (4) đ??śđ??ś! = psi) is often convenient as a starting point, as is more often 963 (đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;! + đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;! ) â&#x2C6;&#x2014; â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;!"# â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;! the case, the engineer must consider the actual pressure  â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??śđ??ś! = where: drop in individual valves and overall pressure drop in an 963 (đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;! + đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;! ) â&#x2C6;&#x2014; â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; Cv is the valve characteristic đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;!"# â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;! flow coefficient entire valve train. In doing so, trade-offs can be made  â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??śđ??ś! = ! đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;! ) â&#x2C6;&#x2014; â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; 963 (đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;! +đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;  đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; = 90,528 | A Publication of the International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration www.iiar.org 50 | CONDENSER | March 2015 â&#x201E;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x; đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C; ! đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; =đ??śđ??ś!90,528 = 166  â&#x201E;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x; Â

!"#

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â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;! =

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đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;!"# 90,528 đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; 0.595 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; 480 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; = â&#x2C6;&#x2122; = 0.953 Â đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;? Â đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;!

1360 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; 166 1360 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??śđ??ś!

48.21

depending on the performance of the chosen valves. This â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;! đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; = 636 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??śđ??ś! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; (2.20 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; )â&#x2C6;&#x2122;  (5) necessitates an ability to accurately predict the pressure đ??şđ??ş! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;! đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;! drop in each valve and total pressure drop in the overall valve assembly.  where: The obstacle presented to the design engineer is that all Cv the valve đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; characteristic flow coefficient = đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;  formulas considered accurate for the vapor flow pressure Q is the flow đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;! rate in SCFH drop are implicit for â&#x2C6;&#x2020;P, and so iteration of one form or P1 is the inlet pressure in psia another is required [2,4,6]. This is clearly  accepted by the P2 is the outlet pressure in psia IIAR as an organization, since the equations in the AmT1 is the absolute inlet temperature in R (°F + 460R) â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; monia Piping Handbook are also implicit for â&#x2C6;&#x2020;P, but is an â&#x2C6;&#x2020;P is the pressure drop through the valve, P1 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; P2, in psi đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;! = đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´  off-putting concept to many industrial refrigeration engiGg is theâ&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;inlet specific gravity with respect to air at stan!"#$#!%& neers who would prefer to use an explicit equation. The đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;! (14.7 psia and 60°F) dard conditions down side to this preference is that, at times, making these The middle term is an early version of what has come to  be known as the expansion factor Y. It has been deterequations explicit requires simplifying assumptions that mined partially by derivation and partially by empirical compromise the accuracy of the resulting equation and đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ analysis.

Although (5)  is similar in form to later so are difficult to defend given the availability of current đ?&#x2018;&#x152;đ?&#x2018;&#x152; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; = 1360 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??śđ??ś! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; Equation â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??şđ??ş ! đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021; ! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;? publications, there are equations in ISA 75.01 and other standards and knowledge. some key differences, most-notably that P1 appears in the To illustrate this point in the case of sizing valves for va  numerator under the radical. In addition, the Y term does por flow, a simple comparison can be made of the results not consider some of the of some of the available formulas for calculating pressure đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ properties đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ that have since been â&#x2C6;&#x2019; the expansion )â&#x2C6;&#x2122;  đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; = 1360 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??śđ??ś! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;to ! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; (1 determined affect drop. The following flow condition will be used for an â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?

3 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??šđ??š! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ ! đ??şđ??ş! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;!factor.  It is clear that, since the time of the work done by TurnAmmonia vapor stream at 20°F: quist, those associated with the ISA, đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C; ! Fisher (now Emerson),   đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; = 90,528 ! and Crane have taken a leading role â&#x201E;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x; in furthering work in đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C; đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ!!!"#$ đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ ! =  đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; = 90,528  this area.

ANSI/ISA 75.01.01-2007 is widely accepted as đ??šđ??š! â&#x201E;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x; đ??śđ??ś! = 166  the current standard for performing control valve flow cal  đ??śđ??ś! = 166  culations. While vapor formulas listed in the standard đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;! =flow 48.21  đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?   are similar to Turnquist [2] for predicting pressure drop đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;! = 48.21  đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?  đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C; ! đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020; = 0.595   đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; = 90,528 in valves for compressible flow, the formulas in the ISA â&#x201E;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x; đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020; = 0.595  standard are more complex, as they also consider đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;!"# = inasmuch 480đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;  đ??śđ??ś! = 166  đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;!"# = 480đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;  the compressibility factor Z as well as the specific heat ratio  of the fluid and an additional valve characteristic, xT. In đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;! = 48.21  đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?  â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;!"# 90,528 đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; whileđ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020; 0.595 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; 480 Turnquist [2] develops an expression based One of the available explicit equations is listed in [1]. â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;!addition, đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020; = 0.595  = â&#x2C6;&#x2122; = â&#x2C6;&#x2122; = 0.953  đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?  đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;!"# 90,528 đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; 0.595 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; 480 on averaging a family of lines generated by calculating Y đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; 1360 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; 166 1360 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??śđ??ś 48.21 ! ! â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;! = With the â&#x2C6;&#x2122;inlet information = â&#x2C6;&#x2122; = 0.953  đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?  above, the pressure drop is = 480đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;  48.21 đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;!

1360đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;â&#x2C6;&#x2122;!"# 166 1360 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??śđ??ś! (the adiabatic expansion factor) at various ratios of prescalculated as:  sure drop to inlet pressure, Buresh, et al [5] takes a more  direct approach by plotting flowâ&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; over critical â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;! flow against đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;!"# 90,528 đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; 0.595 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; 480 đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; = 636 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??śđ??ś â&#x2C6;&#x2122; (2.20 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; ) â&#x2C6;&#x2122;  â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;! = â&#x2C6;&#x2122; = â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; = 0.953  đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?  an abscissa that is the square root of the pressure drop ratio â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;! 48.21 ! đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;!

1360 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??śđ??ś! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??śđ??ś â&#x2C6;&#x2122; (2.20 đ??şđ??ş! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;! đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;! đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; = 636 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; 1360 ) â&#x2C6;&#x2122; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; 166 Â ! divided by the critical pressure drop ratio: đ??şđ??ş! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;! đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;! Â

 Â

Â

Â

Â

The vapor flow above represents TR ammonia â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; a 246 â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; ! đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; = 636 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??śđ??ś! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; (2.20 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; )â&#x2C6;&#x2122;  đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; inlet temperature đ??şđ??ş! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;saturated đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;! load at 86°F liquid and 20°F ! = đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;  đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;! the valve. The valve flow coefficient vapor coming into represents one manufacturerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s valve, for which the  manuđ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; pressure drop at these condifacturer publishes a 2 psi = đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;  đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; ! calculated pressure drop from tions, more than twice the â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; the above explicitđ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;expression.

The manufacturerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rating ! = đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´ Â !"#$#!%&on an implicit equation in Turnquist is known to beâ&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; based đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;! â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; [2]. The simplifying assumption in this equation appears đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;! to be that the flow through a =valve is not significantly đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´ Â Â â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;!"#$#!%& affected by the expansion factor (discussed later), but it đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;! would appear that this is not a trivial simplification and in đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ Â đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; = 1360 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??śđ??ś! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x152;đ?&#x2018;&#x152; fact destroys the validity ofâ&#x2C6;&#x2122; the equation. đ??şđ??ş! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?

It is therefore asserted that, in the case of vapor flow pressure đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ  results â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x152;đ?&#x2018;&#x152;will â&#x2C6;&#x2122; = 1360 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??śđ??śfor drops, an implicitđ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;equation provide  superior ! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;!â&#x2C6;&#x2020;P đ??şđ??ş! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;? to those simplified explicit equations available. Turnquist [2], đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ theđ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;basis for â&#x2C6;&#x2122;the gives theđ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľfollowing: đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; (1equations, â&#x2C6;&#x2019; )â&#x2C6;&#x2122;  = 1360 đ??śđ??ś! â&#x2C6;&#x2122;IIAR

www.iiar.org

3 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??šđ??š! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ !

đ??şđ??ş! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?

đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ )â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; = 1360 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??śđ??ś! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; (1 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; 3 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??šđ??š! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ ! đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ!!!"#$

đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ Â đ??şđ??ş! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;? Â

đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; = đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A; Â đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;! â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;!

â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;!"#$#!%& đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;!

= đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´ Â

This plot of essentially raw data is then directly curveđ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ fitted as a sine function, noâ&#x2C6;&#x2122; averaging â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x152;đ?&#x2018;&#x152;  of empiricallyđ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; = 1360 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??śđ??ś!with â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??şđ??ş ! derived results. Turnquist [2] appearsđ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;!toâ&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?be a dead-end branch in the tree of development of gas sizing equations, and is referenced by Buresh, et al [5] only for comparison to other contemporary equations. As mentioned previđ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ ously, substantial hasâ&#x2C6;&#x2019; been contributed to  the field )â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; = 1360 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??śđ??śwork ! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; (1 3 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??šđ??š! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ !

đ??şđ??ş! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?

A Publication of the International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration | March 2015 | CONDENSER |

đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ!!!"#$

51

đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; = 636 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??śđ??ś!đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;!â&#x2C6;&#x2122; (2.20 â&#x2C6;&#x2019;

đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;!

)â&#x2C6;&#x2122;

đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; = đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A; Â đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;!

đ??şđ??ş! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;!

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INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION VAPOR VALVE SIZING: AN UPDATED APPROACH

â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;!

= đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´ Â â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;!"#$#!%&â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;!= đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A; Â since Turnquist [2], and much is referenced in the ISA đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;! â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;ofđ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;!the equations = đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´ Â standard. The form in that standard are !"#$#!%& đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;! now discussed.

In similar units to Turnquist [2] (ft3/hr) ANSI/ISA đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ 75.01.01-2007 [3]â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??śđ??śprovides â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x152;đ?&#x2018;&#x152; â&#x2C6;&#x2122;the following: Â đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; = 1360 !

!

đ??şđ??ş! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?

đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; Â đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; = 1360 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??śđ??ś! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x152;đ?&#x2018;&#x152; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??şđ??ş ! đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;? đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;! = đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´ Â â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;!"#$#!%& đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ )â&#x2C6;&#x2122; Â đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; = 1360 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??śđ??ś! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; ! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; (1 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; !

3 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??šđ??š! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ ! đ??şđ??ş! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;? đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; = 1360 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??śđ??ś! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; (1 â&#x2C6;&#x2019;

đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;

đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ )â&#x2C6;&#x2122; 3 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??šđ??š! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ !

(6)

đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ Â đ??şđ??ş! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;?

Note that, as opposed to Turnquist, the inlet pressure under the radical is now in the denominator. This change can be seen as early as in Buresh, et al [5], likely because the later work is a departure from a strictly empirical analysis.

As xT can only be determined by experiment for a valve, this introduces a level of complexity requiring a value that most valve manufacturers either cannot or will not provide in their engineering literature. Fortunately, the value of xT can be approximated from the Table in the standard, as mentioned above. Some action by valve manufacturers on this lack of available information will be needed, as stated in the conclusions.

Although it is not explicitly stated in any work cited here thus far, all formulas appear to be based on the following assumptions:

where: FÎł is specific heat ratio factor of the vapor, Cp/Cv/1.4. đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ!!!"#$ đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ ! = stated,  Although not explicitly it is assumed that this is đ??šđ??š! the specific heat ratio at standards conditions đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ!!!"#$ đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ (14.7 psia, đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ ! =  đ??šđ??š! in Annex C of the ANSI/ 60°F). inspection â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;values â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x152;đ?&#x2018;&#x152; â&#x2C6;&#x2122;  đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; =An1360 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??śđ??ś! of 1. The specific gravity at standard conditions can be used !

ISA standard shows that this is the đ??şđ??ş case. ! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;Note ! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;? that, in and simply adjusted for temperature. Variations of the reality, specific heat ratios may vary significantly over variformulae interchange the ratio of molecular weights ous temperature ranges for real gasses. of the gas to air with the specific gravity (ANSI/ISA Gg is the ratio of the density of the gas at standard con75.01.01 2007 [3] explicitly states that these are conđ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ ditions to that of dry air at standard conditions đ?&#x2018;&#x152;đ?&#x2018;&#x152; = 1 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; Â sidered interchangeable).

3 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??šđ??š! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ !

P1 is the inlet pressure in psia 2.

The specific heat ratio remains constant đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ Q is the flow in SCFH  â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; (1 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; ) â&#x2C6;&#x2122;  = 1360 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??śđ??ś ! inlet temperature in R (°F + 460R) 3. The ideal gas equation of state is applicable (Pv = nRT) T1 is the ! absolute 3 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??šđ??š! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ ! đ??şđ??ş! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;? x is the ratio â&#x2C6;&#x2020;P/P1 â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; METHOD â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; COMPARISON OF THE IIAR xT is the pressure differential ratio, defined as the limit ofđ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; = 1360 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??śđ??ś! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; (1 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; 3 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??šđ??š â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; ) â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??şđ??ş â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;? â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;  The IIAR Piping Handbook as the ! ! presents ! ! the ! following ! x where choked flow begins, where means for calculating pressure drops through vapor valves: Â

đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ!!!"#$ đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ ! = Â đ??šđ??š!

Typical values based on various control  valve types are listed in ANSI/ISA 75.01.01-2007 [3]. For globe-style valves, 0.65 to 0.75 is a common range of values for xT according to Table 1 of that standard.

Y is the expansion factor, which is given  by

đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;! = 1.6124 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??śđ??ś! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; (2.2 â&#x2C6;&#x2019;

â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; )â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;

đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; (9) Â đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;

Cv is the valve characteristic flow coefficient M is the molecular đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;weight !"# â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;! of the fluid (called out in the đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;Łđ?&#x2018;Ł = Â Handbook as 17.031 for 144ammonia â&#x2C6;&#x2020;P is the pressure drop through the valve, P1 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; P2, in psi P is the (entering) pressure in psia đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ đ?&#x2018;&#x152;đ?&#x2018;&#x152; = 1 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; Â đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;!"#inâ&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;actual Qm is the actual rate CFM at the flow tempera!

(7) 3 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??šđ??š! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ ! đ?&#x2018;Łđ?&#x2018;Ł =  ture and pressure 144 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; T1 is the absolute entering temperature in R (°F + 460R) Z is the compressibility factor for the gas at  flow conditions The IIAR Piping Handbook cites Turnquist [2] as the It is interesting to note that the coefficient of 1360 is â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; â&#x2C6;&#x2020;! â&#x2C6;&#x2020;!â&#x2C6;&#x2122;!! for the above. It is curious to note that, while derivation in that â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; (1as â&#x2C6;&#x2019; a formula in) â&#x2C6;&#x2122;Turnquist [2]  putđ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;forth đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; = 1360 the â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??śđ??ś! same = 636 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??śđ??ś! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; (2.20 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; ) â&#x2C6;&#x2122;   (5)  (Restated)  đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;! đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;! predicting â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;? â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;!

3 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??šđ??š! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ ! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; accurate đ??şđ??ş! â&#x2C6;&#x2122;in !! Y term !! â&#x2C6;&#x2122;!! is identical to Turnquist, the inlet pressure the paper to be less-than pressure drops under the radical is now in the denominator and the inlet based on real valve data gathered on 32 different valves. !â&#x2C6;&#x2122;!! â&#x2C6;&#x2122;! !"! !!"# â&#x2C6;&#x2122;!! !!"# â&#x2C6;&#x2122;â&#x2C6;&#x2020;!â&#x2C6;&#x2122;! ! is â&#x2C6;&#x2019;inâ&#x2C6;&#x2020;!the However, this is probably coincidental, since the Y factor = đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; = â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x153;&#x152;đ?&#x153;&#x152;! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; temperature â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??śđ??ś! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; (2.2 ) â&#x2C6;&#x2122; numerator.   The coefficient has đ??şđ??ş! =also  ! !" !" ! !â&#x2C6;&#x2122;!! !!"# !""â&#x2C6;&#x2122;! changed significantly. In addition, the specific gravity at appears to be significantly changed as well. The form of â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; standard conditions has been areplaced equation (6) in ANSI/ISA 75.01.01 2007 [3] is noted in đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;! = 1.6124 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??śđ??ś! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; (2.2 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; )â&#x2C6;&#x2122;  The  terms  T1  and  P  can  be  combined  under  the  radical,  nd  so  by the molecular đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC; weight ratio to air, and (presumably, upon initial inspecDriskell [6], published in 1970, 9 years after Turnquist. !"! and !â&#x2C6;&#x2122;!! tion) the molecular â&#x2C6;&#x2020;! â&#x2C6;&#x2020;!â&#x2C6;&#x2122;! of!  air from However, the key difference between the 1970 ( â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x153;&#x152;đ?&#x153;&#x152;! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;!"# ) â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??śđ??ś! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; (2.2 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; weight )â&#x2C6;&#x2122;  has been pulled (10)  đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;! =work !" ! !""â&#x2C6;&#x2122;!!"# !â&#x2C6;&#x2122;! beneath the radical and incorporated into the coefficient. the 2007 standard is that specific heat ratio effects are đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;!"# â&#x2C6;&#x2122;assumed đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021; represent changes to equation acknowledged negligible in Driskell đ?&#x2018;&#x152;đ?&#x2018;&#x152; = !1  â&#x2C6;&#x2019;  Looking  [6]. now  only  at  the  tThese erms  wdifferences ithin  the  first  set  of  parentheses  in  ethe quation  (10).  đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;Łđ?&#x2018;Ł = but â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ !rewritten, replacing x with 3 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??šđ??š 144 ! required to convert from the final result of the Turnquist The flow equation (6) can be !"! !â&#x2C6;&#x2122;!!

[2] from SCFM to CFM. The IIAR formula can â&#x2C6;&#x2020;P/P1, as: â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x153;&#x152;đ?&#x153;&#x152;! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;!"#equation   !" !""â&#x2C6;&#x2122;!!"# be derived as follows. Referring back to Equation (5), the đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;!"# â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;! !" !"#".!"# way in which the equation !"has been written suggests the !"! !"â&#x2C6;&#x2122;!"# !"# â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; đ?&#x2018;Łđ?&#x2018;Ł =  â&#x2C6;&#x2122; 0.07636 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; !â&#x2C6;&#x2122; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; 28.97 â&#x2C6;&#x2122;  =1.614  đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; â&#x2C6;&#x2019; đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; â&#x2C6;&#x2122;(1 )â&#x2C6;&#x2122;  đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; = 1360 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??śđ??ś! â&#x2C6;&#x2122;144 (8) !" !" !"" !"#â&#x2C6;&#x2122;! !".!"â&#x2C6;&#x2122;!" !"# assumption of ideal gas behavior.

3 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??šđ??š! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ ! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;! đ??şđ??ş! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;? â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;!

0â&#x2C6;&#x2019;

â&#x2C6;&#x2020;! !! !

)â&#x2C6;&#x2122;

â&#x2C6;&#x2122;!

The  calculated  coefficient  of  1.614  is  very  close  to  the  familiar  1.6124  from  Equation  (9), Â

â&#x2C6;&#x2020;!â&#x2C6;&#x2122;!! and  the  difference  is  most-­â&#x20AC;?likely  due  to  rounding  error.   Restating  the  IIAR  equation,    (5)  (Restated)  www.iiar.org 52 ! â&#x2C6;&#x2122;!| CONDENSER | March 2015 | A Publication of the International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration ! !

đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;! = 1.6124 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??śđ??ś! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; (2.2 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; â&#x2C6;&#x2020;!

!

â&#x2C6;&#x2122;â&#x2C6;&#x2020;!â&#x2C6;&#x2122;!

â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;

)â&#x2C6;&#x2122;

đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;

Â

!

â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;

đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;

â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; )â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; = 1.6124 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??śđ??ś! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; (2.2 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; )â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;

đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; Â đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;! â&#x2C6;&#x2122;â&#x2C6;&#x2122; â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; Â đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;

đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;! = 1.6124 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??śđ??ś! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; (2.2 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;!

đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;!"# â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;! Â 144 đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;!"# â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;! đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;Łđ?&#x2018;Ł = Â 144 đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;Łđ?&#x2018;Ł =

1. The form of the equation differs slightly from Turnquist [2] (which is in fact what the IIAR method is).

2. The ISA method considers specific heat ratio and xT, đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;!"# â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;! the pressure differential ratio, as they affect the expan  đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021; đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; sion đ?&#x2018;&#x152;đ?&#x2018;&#x152; = 1 â&#x2C6;&#x2019;  factor, Y. đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;144 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; !"# !

3 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??šđ??š! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ ! đ?&#x2018;Łđ?&#x2018;Ł =  where: 144 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; 3. The ISA method considers the compressibility factor, Z Rair is the specific  gas constant of air in ft-lbf/lb-R. The (though not in the Y term). â&#x2C6;&#x2020;! reason â&#x2C6;&#x2020;!â&#x2C6;&#x2122;!! for using the specific gas constant and not the   (5)  (Restated)  An evaluation of the accuracy of the ISA method has ! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; (2.20 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; ! ) â&#x2C6;&#x2122; !! â&#x2C6;&#x2122;!! ! â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; â&#x2C6;&#x2020;! universal â&#x2C6;&#x2020;!â&#x2C6;&#x2122;!! gas constant is expressed in terms of moles. The been undertaken

by Riveland [4] and an alternate form of (1 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; )â&#x2C6;&#x2122;  đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; = 1360 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??śđ??ś! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;! â&#x2C6;&#x2122;(5)  â&#x2C6;&#x2122;   gas constant must be divided (Restated)  ! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; (2.20 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; ! )universal by the molar mass â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021; đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;! recommended by Riveland under 3 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??šđ??š đ??şđ??ş !! â&#x2C6;&#x2122;!! ! the ! expansion ! ! factor ! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;? â&#x2C6;&#x2122; Y ! !"! ! â&#x2C6;&#x2122;! â&#x2C6;&#x2020;! ! â&#x2C6;&#x2122;â&#x2C6;&#x2020;!â&#x2C6;&#x2122;! ! specific = â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x153;&#x152;đ?&#x153;&#x152;! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; !"#of !the â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??śđ??ś!fluid, â&#x2C6;&#x2122; (2.2yielding â&#x2C6;&#x2019; ) â&#x2C6;&#x2122; the!"#   constant. đ??şđ??ş! =  !" ! !â&#x2C6;&#x2122;!! !!"# certain circumstances. This alternative form of the equa!""â&#x2C6;&#x2122;! is the absolute inlet temperature (°F + 460R) !"! !!"# â&#x2C6;&#x2122;!T â&#x2C6;&#x2020;! ! â&#x2C6;&#x2122;â&#x2C6;&#x2020;!â&#x2C6;&#x2122;! !  !1 !"# = â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x153;&#x152;đ?&#x153;&#x152;! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??śđ??ś â&#x2C6;&#x2122; (2.2 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; ) â&#x2C6;&#x2122;   đ??şđ??ş! =  tion is beyond the scope of this paper, but information !" ! inlet pressure !â&#x2C6;&#x2122;!! and  !!"# in [4] is useful for validating the use of the ISA method !""â&#x2C6;&#x2122;!P is !the absolute inso  psia 1  and  P  can  be  combined  under  the  radical,  v is the specific volume in cubic feet per pound đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; for â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; ammonia.

While the assumptions underlying the ISA đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;! = 1.6124 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??śđ??ś! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; (2.2 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; )â&#x2C6;&#x2122;  P  can  be  cThis ombined  under  tâ&#x2C6;&#x2020;! he  radical,  and  so  gas law.

1  and  !â&#x2C6;&#x2122;! â&#x2C6;&#x2020;!â&#x2C6;&#x2122;! can be recognized as the ideal In this case, ! ! method, those of ideal gas behavior with Y uncorrected đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC; đ?&#x153;&#x152;đ?&#x153;&#x152;! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;!"# ) â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??śđ??ś! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; (2.2 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; ) â&#x2C6;&#x2122;   (10)  ! !""â&#x2C6;&#x2122;!!"# the factor of 144 corrects !â&#x2C6;&#x2122;! square inches to square feet to for real gas behavior (even though Z is represented in the !â&#x2C6;&#x2122;!! â&#x2C6;&#x2020;! â&#x2C6;&#x2020;!â&#x2C6;&#x2122;! đ?&#x153;&#x152;đ?&#x153;&#x152;! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; yield đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;!"#specific ) â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??śđ??ś! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; (2.2 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; )inâ&#x2C6;&#x2122; cubic!  feet  per pound mass. (10)   equation under the radical) are not always correct, Rivevolume The ! set  of  !""â&#x2C6;&#x2122;! !â&#x2C6;&#x2122;! w  only  at  !"# the  terms  within  the  first  parentheses  in  equation  (10).  [4] asserts that the ISA equations (assuming ideal gas above must be substituted into Equation (5) (note that the đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026; land !"# â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;! behavior and correcting with Z) give results within 3% of !!only  at  the  tleft đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;Łđ?&#x2018;Ł =  w  erms  w ithin  t he  f irst  s et  o f  p arentheses  i n  e quation  ( 10).  side is multiplied by v while the right side is multiplied â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;!"#   144 !!"# predicted real fluid behavior (comparison is made using by its equivalent, Rair x T1/P). In addition, SCFH must !! equations for real gases listed in Appendix B of [3]) within  â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;!"#   be converted to actual CFM. This requires that SCFH be !!"#!" !"#".!"# !"â&#x2C6;&#x2122;!"# !"# !" the limits of their validity, chiefly where the specific heat 6â&#x2C6;&#x2122; !â&#x2C6;&#x2122; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; 28.97 â&#x2C6;&#x2122;  = 1.614  multiplied by the density of air at standard conditions of đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;đ?&#x2018;&#x2026;!"# â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;! !" !"" !"#â&#x2C6;&#x2122;! !".!"â&#x2C6;&#x2122;!" !"# ratio, Îł, remains as 1.08 < Îł < 1.65 (which is certainly valid đ?&#x2018;Łđ?&#x2018;Ł =  !" !"#".!"# !"â&#x2C6;&#x2122;!"# !"# !"

14.7 (0.07636 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; ammonia up to well above 300 psig saturated vapor 6â&#x2C6;&#x2122; !â&#x2C6;&#x2122; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; psiaâ&#x2C6;&#x2122; and 60°F â&#x2C6;&#x2122; 28.97 â&#x2C6;&#x2122;  lb/ft3), =1.614 Â Ď s, and divided by 60 144for !" !"" !"#â&#x2C6;&#x2122;! !".!"â&#x2C6;&#x2122;!" !"# to iminutes). ed  coefficient  (hours of  1.614  s  very  close  to  the  familiar  1.6124  from  Equation  (9),   erence  i s  m ost-­â&#x20AC;?likely  d ue  rounding   Restating  the  fIrom  IAR  eEquation,  ed  coefficient  of  1.614  is  vto  ery  close  to  etrror.  he  familiar  1.6124  quation  (9),  đ?&#x2018;Łđ?&#x2018;Ł =

â&#x2C6;&#x2020;! â&#x2C6;&#x2020;!â&#x2C6;&#x2122;!! erence  is  most-­â&#x20AC;?likely  due  to  rounding  error.  Restating  đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E; = 636 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??śđ??ś! â&#x2C6;&#x2122;  (2.20 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; )tâ&#x2C6;&#x2122;he  IIAR    equation,  !! !! â&#x2C6;&#x2122;!! â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;! = 1.6124 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??śđ??ś! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; (2.2 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; )â&#x2C6;&#x2122;  đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; !"! đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; â&#x2C6;&#x2122;â&#x2C6;&#x2122; â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC; â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; !â&#x2C6;&#x2122;!! â&#x2C6;&#x2122;! â&#x2C6;&#x2020;! ! ! â&#x2C6;&#x2122;! =â&#x2C6;&#x2019; đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;! =) â&#x2C6;&#x2122; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x153;&#x152;đ?&#x153;&#x152;! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; !"#  ! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??śđ??ś! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; (2.2 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; ) â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;! = 1.6124 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??śđ??ś! !" â&#x2C6;&#x2122; (2.2 ! !""â&#x2C6;&#x2122;! đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; !" đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;

!!"# â&#x2C6;&#x2122;â&#x2C6;&#x2020;!â&#x2C6;&#x2122;! !â&#x2C6;&#x2122;!!

(5) Â (Restated) Â

 Â

đ??şđ??ş! =

 Â

(10) Â

The  terms  T1  and  P  can  be  combined  under  the  radical,  and  so Â

đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;! = (

!"! !"

â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x153;&#x152;đ?&#x153;&#x152;! â&#x2C6;&#x2122;

!â&#x2C6;&#x2122;!!

!""â&#x2C6;&#x2122;!!"#

â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;!"# ) â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??śđ??ś! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; (2.2 â&#x2C6;&#x2019;

â&#x2C6;&#x2020;! !

)â&#x2C6;&#x2122;

â&#x2C6;&#x2020;!â&#x2C6;&#x2122;!! !â&#x2C6;&#x2122;!

!

!!"#

Â

Looking  now  only  at  the  terms  within  the  first  set  of  parentheses  in  equation  (10). Â

!"! !"

!"! !"

â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x153;&#x152;đ?&#x153;&#x152;! â&#x2C6;&#x2122;

!â&#x2C6;&#x2122;!!

!""â&#x2C6;&#x2122;!!"#

â&#x2C6;&#x2122; 0.07636 â&#x2C6;&#x2122;

â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;!"# Â Â

!"

!" !

â&#x2C6;&#x2122;

!"#".!"# !"â&#x2C6;&#x2122;!"# !""

â&#x2C6;&#x2122;

!"#â&#x2C6;&#x2122;!

â&#x2C6;&#x2122;

!"#

!".!"â&#x2C6;&#x2122;!"

â&#x2C6;&#x2122; 28.97 â&#x2C6;&#x2122;

!"

!"#

 =1.614 Â

The  calculated  coefficient  of  1.614  is  very  close  to  the  familiar  1.6124  from  Equation  (9),  and  the  difference  is  most-­â&#x20AC;?likely  due  to  rounding  error.   Restating  the  IIAR  equation,  đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;! = 1.6124 â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ??śđ??ś! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; (2.2 â&#x2C6;&#x2019;

 PERFORMANCE OF THE IIAR METHOD The above section  reviewed early and contemporary ap-

proaches to determine gas pressure drop in valves, and set in context the method supplied by the IIAR for such sizing. The question remains as to the results provided by the IIAR method versus the almost half-century-newer approach recommended in ISA 75.01.01-2007. The following main differences apply to the ISA method:

www.iiar.org

â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; )â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;

đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;! â&#x2C6;&#x2122; â&#x2C6;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; Â đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; â&#x2C6;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;

and many other refrigerants in various pressure ranges), and additionally, where the â&#x20AC;&#x153;isentropic exponentâ&#x20AC;? remains near 1.4, which for ammonia is the case over the saturated temperature range of -50°F through 120°F, where this exponent ranges from 1.47 to 1.58.

In contrast to ISA, the method from the IIAR piping handbook does not consider any real gas effects, nor the effects of the specific heat ratio on Y, the expansion factor, as this was not well understood at the time Turnquist [2] was published.

A Publication of the International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration | March 2015 | CONDENSER |

53

INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION VAPOR VALVE SIZING: AN UPDATED APPROACH

A comparison of the results of each method can be made by the use of simple spreadsheets. In this analysis, NIST’s REFPROP version 9.1 has been used to determine refrigerant properties under various conditions. The results are provided in the Tables listed. Valves from two different manufacturers were analyzed.

Note that for all valves analyzed below, the value of xT has been assumed at 0.75. This assumption may not be completely valid, but is consistently applied. The value is not published by either manufacturer considered.

Table 1 lists the results of the analysis for Manufacturer 1. Two sizes of valve are listed, 1” and 4”, with the corresponding Cv. For Table 1, which lists suction capacities and pressure drops, the conditions for the flow are 86°F liquid feed with saturated vapor at the valve inlet at the given pressure (inlet temperature is a saturated temperature). Where the suction temperature is listed at -20°F, the liquid feed is assumed to be at +10°F (the literature specifies two-stage operation for this suction temperature, but does not list the intermediate pressure or saturation temperature).

On the right side of Table 1, calculated pressure drop results of the IIAR formula and ISA formula are compared.

The table lists the manufacturer’s published capacity and its corresponding results, and immediately following, the calculated capacity that corresponds to the IIAR formula producing a pressure drop corresponding to the published nominal value (2 psi or 5 psi).

In general, compared to the capacity listed in the manufacturer’s literature, the IIAR equation tended to under predict pressure drop by between 2% and 13%. This would mean that the valves are actually conservatively rated according to the IIAR equation (meaning that the valves will flow more than the listed TR at the given pressure drop), possibly due to the addition of some safety factor by the manufacturer. However, when these values are compared to the results from the ISA equation, the capacities listed predict higher-than-catalog pressure drops in many cases (though not all). When compared to the calculated pressure drop from the IIAR equation, the ISA equation calculates results for pressure drop between 8% and 12% higher.

These results represent a significant difference in calculated pressure drop. This of course assumes that the formula in ISA 75.01.01 is not over predicting the pressure drop, but the specific heat ratio factor for the refrigerants used is well-within the limits for accurate calculation and represents almost half a century of work in this area since the time that the basis for the IIAR equation was developed.

Table 2 lists the results in a similar manner as Table 1, with the exact same conditions, but with R22 as the refrigerant, again for Manufacturer 1. The results show that the manufacturer’s listed capacities are conservative based on the IIAR equation, similar to the ammonia capacities for the same valves. Results showed differences in the results versus the catalog baseline similar to the ammonia results.

However, with respect to how the methods compared to each other, the ISA method predicted pressure drops that were between 11% and 16% higher than the IIAR method, over 30% higher than for ammonia.

The results in Tables 2 and 3 indicate a significant difference in calculated results between the IIAR equation and 54 |

a nationally-recognized standard for valve sizing, which increases as a refrigerant’s specific heat ratio differs further from air and its compressibility factor differs further from Table 1. These properties are known to be of significance with respect to pressure drop through a vapor flow valve.

Although 10-15% may not make a difference in valve size in many applications, it should be recognized that this is based on saturated vapor only, which is seldom the case in dry suction lines. The differences begin to become even more significant when superheat is introduced (see Table 3).

Table 3 lists a smaller sampling of calculated pressure drops than Tables 1 and 2, and considers valves from Manufacturer 2. The refrigerant conditions are a liquid temperature of 90°F, an evaporator saturated pressure as indicated, and 12°F of superheat. The saturated temperature is shown in the Table 3, with the superheated temperature listed in parentheses.

Again, it is clear that the IIAR equation tends to under predict the pressure drop through each valve as compared to the catalog rating (indicating some conservatism in the rating). The ISA equation tends to predict higher pressure drops at the catalog rating than what is indicated in the catalog, and in the case of the conditions analyzed, provides pressure drops that are between 17% and 30% higher than the IIAR-predicted value. This is significant and can make a substantial difference in design versus actual pressure drops where superheated vapor is returned to the compressors.

In an effort to compare the equation results at higher pressures and temperatures, valves from both manufacturers were analyzed in Table 4. Table 4 is based on catalog ratings for discharge gas capacities. The first four rows of Table 4 are ratings for a 1” valve from Manufacturer 1. It is clear again that the capacities listed are either consistent or slightly conservative with regard to the catalog capacities. However, the pressure drops predicted by the ISA equation are between 7% and 30% higher than the IIAR values. Interestingly, the valves from Manufacturer 2 list catalog capacities for which the ISA equation predicts within 4% the catalog pressure drop. This is shown in the last two rows of Table 4. The reason for this difference could not be determined for the writing of this paper.

The question may arise within the engineering or contracting communities as to the significance of these findings, considering that valves may or may not be selected with a granularity approaching that which would make a 20% difference significant. The answer to this question is that such results are significant in at least (2) inter-related ways: 1. It is typical in many refrigeration engineering circles to select a valve based on a catalog rating, but these ratings are specific to a single condition, as is mentioned in all refrigeration valve manufacturers’ catalogs. This demands a reasonable method of determining a more accurate predicted pressure drop. This alone may not be enough to sway some into believing that this will affect the outcome of valve selection. However, in addition to this, the consideration must be made that valves are almost never placed into service by themselves, but are typically installed as part of valve trains. These valves must also be properly sized, and a miscalcula-

CONDENSER | March 2015 | A Publication of the International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration

www.iiar.org

tion of pressure drop in the design phase can at times lead to large energy penalties incurred by the end user in lowering “house” suction to the point where a single room, designed to operate close to the nominal suction temperature, will meet the required design temperatures. There are many cases in which a marginal valve as part of a valve train is the correct choice, but judicious selection of the other components is necessary, requiring accuracy greater than within 20%.

2. At high suction pressures, an additional 0.5 psi drop through a valve train will only incur an approximately 0.3°F temperature penalty at 40°F for example. However, at -20°F, this penalty more than triples to over 1°F. CONCLUSIONS

The above analysis compares equations from two main sources, the IIAR Piping Handbook and ANSI/ISA 75.01.01, for determining flow or pressure drop through a given valve. Assumptions were made about the characteristic xT of the valves from two manufacturers and their catalog ratings compared in tables.

It should be noted that both manufacturers were contacted and both indicated that the only experimentally-determined valves for their valves are Cv on water. All other performance characteristics are calculated, not measured.

Manufacturer 1 indicated that the IIAR equation was used to calculate their ratings, though it appears that some, possibly arbitrary, safety factor may have been added to dry suction vapor capacities. Note that all valves analyzed were inlet pressure regulators. Manufacturer 2 did not indicate a method of calculation for their capacity ratings.

The ISA equation tended to consistently calculate higher pressure drops than the IIAR equation for the same valve.

ISA considers compressibility and specific heat ratio effects that the IIAR equation does not. The results were at least

14% higher for pressure drops in suction vapor valves with the ISA equation versus the IIAR, with values ranging much higher and diverging more for R22 than for ammonia.

These conclusions indicate that some consideration should be made for changes to the IIAR Piping Handbook and the IIAR’s chosen method of calculating pressure drop in a valve for a given flow. There is a stark lack of experimental data for comparison, and a standardization of valve rating method should be considered for industrial refrigeration valve manufacturers. The IIAR should consider adopting the ANSI/ISA method of calculating valve pressure drop performance.

In addition, manufacturers of valves for industrial refrigeration applications should consider publishing data on the value of xT for each valve they produce to enhance the accuracy of pressure drop calculations. This will lead to increased understanding of how valve performance compares between manufacturers, and an increased ability of the design engineer to provide refrigeration controls that operate more efficiently and predictably. Performance testing on various refrigerants for a select group of valves may also provide an indication of the accuracy of the ISA equations for pressure drops of vapor flows.

Refrigeration engineers designing industrial systems should continue to aid the IIAR in determining, as is possible, the applicability and usefulness of the published equations.

Although simple sizing of valves based on catalog ratings for specific conditions has often been adequate in the past to provide working systems, both the design of refrigeration systems by table and the rating of valves by older methods should be updated to include modern understanding of valve/fluid interaction. Innovation in the industrial refrigeration industry depends on the commitment of manufacturers, industry organizations, engineers, and contractors to avoid stagnation in design techniques.

Comparison of ISA 75.01.01 and IIAR for Non-­Choked, Turbulent Vapor Flow, Ammonia Suction Vapor Capacities, Manufacturer 1

Table 1 TABLE 1. Comparison of ISA 75.01.01 and IIAR for Non-­‐Choked, Turbulent Vapor Flow, Ammonia Suction Vapor Capacities, Manufacturer 1 Valve Size

Cv

xT (est.)

Refrigerant

Fsh

Z

Inlet Temp (°F)

1" 1" 1" 1" 1" 1" 1" 1" 4" 4" 4" 4" 4" 4" 4" 4"

11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 166 166 166 166 166 166 166 166

0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75

Ammonia Ammonia Ammonia Ammonia Ammonia Ammonia Ammonia Ammonia Ammonia Ammonia Ammonia Ammonia Ammonia Ammonia Ammonia Ammonia

0.942885 0.942885 0.942885 0.942885 0.942885 0.942885 0.942885 0.942885 0.942885 0.942885 0.942885 0.942885 0.942885 0.942885 0.942885 0.942885

0.941789 0.941789 0.941789 0.941789 0.96873 0.96873 0.96873 0.96873 0.941789 0.941789 0.941789 0.941789 0.96873 0.96873 0.96873 0.96873

20 20 20 20 -­‐20 -­‐20 -­‐20 -­‐20 20 20 20 20 -­‐20 -­‐20 -­‐20 -­‐20

Inlet Pressure (psia)

Liquid Feed Temp (°F)

48.194 48.194 48.194 48.194 18.279 18.279 18.279 18.279 48.194 48.194 48.194 48.194 18.279 18.279 18.279 18.279

86 86 86 86 10 10 10 10 86 86 86 10 10 10 10 10

M (lb/lbmol) 17.03026 17.03026 17.03026 17.03026 17.03026 17.03026 17.03026 17.03026 17.03026 17.03026 17.03026 17.03026 17.03026 17.03026 17.03026

Load (TR) 17 17.8 27 27.4 12 12.4 18 18.12 246 254 382 389 166 176.5 251

Massflow (lb/hr) 426.06 446.11 676.68 686.7 261.27 269.98 391.91 394.52 6165.29 6365.79 9573.75 9749.18 3614.29 3842.91 5464.99

dP, ISA (psi) 1.99 2.19 5.38 5.57 1.99 2.15 5.47 5.57 2.08 2.22 5.35 5.57 1.88 2.16 5.19

dP, IIAR (psi) 1.8 1.99 4.84 5 1.84 1.98 4.9 4.99 1.88 2.01 4.81 5 1.74 2 4.67

17.03026

257.2

5599.98

5.58

5

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A Publication of the International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration | March 2015 | CONDENSER |

55

INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION VAPOR VALVE SIZING: AN UPDATED APPROACH

Comparison of ISA 75.01.01 and IIAR for Non-­Choked, Turbulent Vapor Flow, R22 Suction Vapor Capacities, Manufacturer 1

Table 2 TABLE 2. Comparison of ISA 75.01.01 and IIAR for Non-­‐Choked, Turbulent Vapor Flow, R22 Suction Vapor Capacities, Manufacturer 1 Valve Size

Cv

xT (est.)

Refrigerant

Fsh

Z

Inlet Temp (°F)

1" 1" 1" 1" 1" 1" 1" 1" 4" 4" 4" 4" 4" 4" 4" 4"

11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 166 166 166 166 166 166 166 166

0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75

R22 R22 R22 R22 R22 R22 R22 R22 R22 R22 R22 R22 R22 R22 R22 R22

0.849902 0.849902 0.849902 0.849902 0.849902 0.849902 0.849902 0.849902 0.849902 0.849902 0.849902 0.849902 0.849902 0.849902 0.849902 0.849902

0.908116 0.908116 0.908116 0.908116 0.948357 0.948357 0.948357 0.948357 0.908116 0.908116 0.908116 0.908116 0.948357 0.948357 0.948357 0.948357

20 20 20 20 -­‐20 -­‐20 -­‐20 -­‐20 20 20 20 20 -­‐20 -­‐20 -­‐20 -­‐20

Inlet Pressure (psia)

Liquid Feed Temp (°F)

57.795 57.795 57.795 57.795 24.91 24.91 24.91 24.91 57.795 57.795 57.795 57.795 24.91 24.91 24.91 24.91

86 86 86 86 10 10 10 10 86 86 86 10 10 10 10 10

M (lb/lbmol) 86.468 86.468 86.468 86.468 86.468 86.468 86.468 86.468 86.468 86.468 86.468 86.468 86.468 86.468 86.468

Load (TR) 6.5 6.84 10 10.54 5.2 5.49 7.9 8.18 92 97 144 149.5 73 78 112

Massflow (lb/hr) 1092.92 1150.09 1681.42 1772.22 699.6 738.61 1062.85 1100.52 15469.08 16309.79 24212.47 25137.25 9821.26 10493.95 15068.24

dP, ISA (psi) 2.05 2.28 5.15 5.79 1.96 2.21 5.25 5.77 2.04 2.28 5.33 5.79 1.92 2.22 5.24

dP, IIAR (psi) 1.81 2.01 4.46 5 1.78 2 4.58 5 1.8 2 4.6 5 1.74 2.01 4.58

86.468

116

15606.39

5.76

4.99

Table 3

Comparison of ISA 75.01.01 and IIAR for Non-­Choked, Turbulent Vapor Suction Capacities, Manufacturer 2Flow, Suction Vapor Capacities, Manufacturer 2 TABLE 3Flow, . Comparison of ISA 7Vapor 5.01.01 and IIAR for Non-­‐Choked, Turbulent Vapor

Valve Size

Cv

xT (est.)

1" 1" 1" 1"

13.3 13.3 13.3 13.3

0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75

Inlet Temp Inlet (Sat, Pressure Refrigerant Fsh Z Sup) (psia) (°F) Ammonia 0.942885 0.98138 20 (32) 48.194 Ammonia 0.942885 0.972886 -­‐20 (-­‐8) 18.279 R22 0.849902 0.975533 20 (32) 57.79 R22 0.849902 0.966766 -­‐20 (-­‐8) 24.91

Liquid Feed Temp (°F) 90 90 90 90

M (lb/lbmol) 17.03026 17.03026 86.468 86.468

Load (TR) 23.6 14.5 8.9 5.8

Massflow (lb/hr) 588.19 371.79 1479.74 1024.12

dP, ISA (psi) 3.22 3.5 3.28 3.67

dP, IIAR (psi) 2.64 2.99 2.53 3.02

Comparison of ISA 75.01.01 and IIAR for Non-­Choked, Turbulent Vapor Flow, Discharge Vapor Capacities, Manufacturers 1 and 2

Table 4 TABLE 4. Comparison of ISA 75.01.01 and IIAR for Non-­‐Choked, Turbulent Vapor Flow, Discharge Vapor Capacities, Manufacturers 1 and 2 Valve Size

Cv

xT (est.)

Refrigerant

Fsh

Z

Inlet Temp (°F)

Inlet Pressure (psia)

Liquid Feed Temp (°F)

1" 1" 1" 1" 1" 1"

11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 13.3 13.3

0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75

Ammonia R22 Ammonia R22 Ammonia R22

0.942885 0.849902 0.942885 0.849902 0.942885 0.849902

0.915663 0.806385 0.915663 0.806385 0.909429 0.861277

140 140 140 140 180 180

169.3 172.87 169.3 172.87 180.76 183

86 86 86 86 90 90

Note: Evaporator Temperature is +15°F for Manufacturer +40°F for Manufacturer 2 Note: Evaporator Temperature is +15°F for Manufacturer 1, +40°F1, for Manufacturer 2

REFERENCES

[1] http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/flow-coefficients-d_277.html, “Flow Coefficient – Cv – Formulas for Liquids, Steam, and Gases – Online Calculators, Author unavailable [2] Turnquist, Ralph. “Comparison of Gas Flow Formulas for Control Valve Sizing.” Instrument Society of America Preprint 17 SL61 (1961): 1-7 [3] ISA, ANSI/ISA 75.01.01-2007, Flow Equations for Sizing Control Valves, pp.11-17 [4] Riveland, Marc L. The Use of Control Valve Sizing Equations with Simulation Based Process Data. Presented at ISA automation week, 2012.

56 |

M (lb/lbmol) 17.03026 86.47 17.03026 86.47 17.03026

Load (TR) 31 11 49 17 40.3

Massflow (lb/hr) 779.26 1861.86 1231.74 2877.42 1008.79

dP, ISA (psi) 2.13 2.16 5.43 5.26 2.9

dP, IIAR (psi) 1.99 1.97 5.05 4.79 2.26

86.47

14.2

2369.23

2.92

2.27

[5] Buresh, JF and Schuder, CB. “Development of a universal gas sizing equation for control valves.“ ISA Transactions, Vol. 3, 1964, pp. 322-328 [6] Driskell, L.R. “Sizing Valves for Gas Flow.” ISA Transactions, Volume 9, 1970, pp. 325-331 [7] Lemmon, E.W., Huber, M.L., McLinden, M.O. NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties-REFPROP, Version 9.11, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, 2013.

CONDENSER | March 2015 | A Publication of the International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration

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