Journal of Applied Engineering Science (2-2015-13) by JAES

IMPRESSUM J O U R N A L O F A P P L I E D E N G I N E E R I N G S C I E N C E (J A E S) The journal publishes original and review articles covering the concept of technical science, energy and environment, industrial engineering, quality management and other related sciences. JAES is Open-Access Journal that follows new trends and progress proven practice in listed fields, thus creating a unique forum for interdisciplinary or multidisciplinary dialogue. JAES is part of the electronic journal editing with a transparent editorial and review policy. Provided are: Online paper submission and tracking of review process with communication between editors, authors and reviewers CrossRef: assignment of numerical identifiers (DOI) to assure greater visibility and accessibility of journal articles CrossCheck: control for originality of submitted papers, to prevent plagiarism and duplicate publications KWASS: automatic extraction of keywords from disciplinary thesaurus Online-first publishing Automatic transfer of metadata to SCIndeks that support international protocols for data transfer All published articles are indexed by international abstract base Elsevier Bibliographic Databases through service SCOPUS since 2006 and through service SCImago Journal Rank since 2011. Serbian Ministry of Science admitted the Journal of Applied Engineering Science in a list of reference journals as Leading national journal M51. Same Ministry financially supports journal s publication. Publisher Institute for Research and Design in Commerce and Industry - IIPP; www.iipp.rs For publisher: Dr Branko Vasi! Copublisher Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Belgrade University; www.mas.bg.ac.rs For copublisher: Prof. dr Milorad Milovan"evi! Faculty of Transport and Traffic Engineering Belgrade University; www.sf.bg.ac.rs For copublisher: Prof. dr Branimir Stani! Editor in Chief Prof. dr Jovan Todorovi! Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Belgrade; Assistant Editor Dr Predrag Uskokovi!, IIPP Editorial Board Prof. dr Gradimir Danon, Faculty of Forestry, Belgrade; Dr Du an Milutinovi!, Institute for Transport and Traffic CIP, Belgrade; Mr #or$e Milosavljevi!, CPI - Process Engineering Center, Belgrade; Prof. dr Miodrag Zec, Faculty of Philosophy, Belgrade; Prof. dr Nenad #aji!, Mining and Geology Faculty, Belgrade; Prof. dr Vlastimir Dedovi!, Faculty of Transport and Traffic Engeneering, Belgrade; Prof. dr Mirko Vujo evi!, Faculty of organizational sciences, Belgrade; Prof. dr Vladimir Popovi!, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Belgrade; Prof. dr Vesna Spasojevi! Brki!, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Belgrade; Prof. dr Dragan Aleksendri!, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Belgrade.

International Editorial Board Prof. dr Vukan Vu"i!, University of Pennsylvania, USA; Prof. dr Robert Bjekovi!, Hochschule Ravensburg-Weingarten, Germany; Prof. dr Jozef Aronov, Research Institute for Certification JSC, Russia; Prof. dr Jezdimir Kne evi!, MIRCE Akademy, England; Dr Neboj a Kova"evi!, Geotechnical consulting group, England; Adam Zielinski, Solaris Bus & Coach, Poland; Prof. dr Milo Kne evi!, Faculty for Civil Engineering, Montenegro; MSc Sini a Vidovi!, Energy Testing & Balance Inc, USA; Prof. dr Zdravko Milovanovi!, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Banja Luka. Publishing Council Milutin Ignjatovi!, Institute for Transport and Traffic CIP, Belgrade; Bojan Bojani!, Transport Company Lasta , Belgrade; Prof. dr Deda #elovi!, Port of Bar, Bar; Dr Drago erovi!, Adriatic Shipyard, Bijela; Svetozar Veselinovi!, Belgrade Waterworks and Sewerage, Belgrade; Nenad Jankov, Power Plant Kostolac B, Kostolac; Miroslav Vukovi!, CBRE, Belgrade; Du an #ura evi!, Euro Sumar, Belgrade. Editorial Office Nada Stanojevi!, Milo Vasi!, Darko Stanojevi!: Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Belgrade; Milo Dimitrijevi!, Ivana Spasojevi!, Nemanja Milenkovi!, Milica Miki!: IIPP, Belgrade; Printed by: Planete print, Belgrade Designed and prepress: IIPP

ISSN 1451-4117 UDC 33 Papers are indexed by SCOPUS Journal of Applied Engineering Science 11(2013)4

CONTENTS

Dr Milo Milovan evi , Dr Boban An elkovi , Dr Jelena Stefanovi -Marinovi , Ljubomir Vra ar APPLICATION OF EMBEDDED CONDITION MONITORING SYSTEMS IN PALLET INDUSTRY

71 - 78

Dragoljub Vuji WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS APPLICATIONS IN AIRCRAFT STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING

79 - 86

Milo Vasi , Aleksandra Potkonjak, Darko Stanojevi , Milo Dimitrijevi QUALITY IMPLICATIONS ON THE BUSINESS OF LOGISTIC COMPANIES

87-92

Nattapong Jantachalobon, Nanthi Suthikarnnarukhi THE EVALUATION FORMS OF INTERNATIONAL PASSENGER AIRPORT HUB IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

93 - 104

Dr Tale Geramitchioski COOPERATION ENTERPRISES-UNIVERSITIES-STUDENTS IN MACEDONIA 105 - 110 AFTER BOLLOGNE DECLARATION-CONDITIONS, PROBLEMS, CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS Bogdanov Evgenii Nikolaevich, Dr Bagautdinov Ildar Nyrgaiazovich, Zhilin Stepan Sergeevich 111 - 116 ENHANCING THE STABILITZ OF TIMBER HARVESTING MACHINE OF MANIPULATOR TYPE BY USING AN ACTIVE SUSPENSION SYSTEM Dr Victoriia Nikolayevna Ryapukhina, Emiliya Viktorovna Suprun, Dr Yuri Anatolievich Doroshenko, Dr Sophia Miroslavovna Bukhonova, Dr Irina Vladimirovna Somina 117 -125 STRATEGY OF EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT FOR SMALL BUSINESSES AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF INNOVATION ACTIVITY EVENTS REVIEW

127

ANNOUNCEMENT OF EVENTS

128

BOOK RECOMMENDATION

129

INSTRUCTIONS FOR AUTHORS

130-131

EDITORIAL AND ABSTRACTS IN SERBIAN LANGUAGE

132-136

Journal of Applied Engineering Science 13(2015)2

EDITORIAL 6th INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING - A MESSAGE FROM THE ORGANIZATIONAL BOARD Industrial engineering appears at the end of 19th century as the engineering discipline that offers very wide range of opportunities in terms of employment and it is distinguished by its flexibility. Today, industrial engineers may be found working everywhere from traditional manufacturing companies to airlines, from distribution companies to financial institutions, from medical branch to consulting companies, from high-tech corporations to companies in the food industry etc., with average annual wage around $90,000 in 2014, according to the U.S. Department of Labor as internationally well recognized profession. Since 1950 s, the Prof. dr Vesna Spasojevi -Brki scientific disciplines in the field of industrial engineering appear at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering in Belgrade, Serbia. During the last 23 years, total number of enrolled students at Industrial Engineering Department at Faculty of Mechanical Engineering University of Belgrade was more than 800. The survey was conducted on the large sample of Serbian companies and it showed that 70% of employed graduated mechanical engineers work in the area of industrial engineering. Also, results from 26 companies of domestic industry that had prediction showed that there still is a lack of at least 418 experts in the field of Industrial Engineering. Perhaps the most critical issue facing Industrial Engineering still is the need to increase the visibility of educational and career opportunities, going together with lack of knowledge about what industrial engineering technology is, since industrial engineers job titles differ from their profession s name. Accordingly, whether you are a first time attendee or a symposium veteran, I am proud to announce 6th INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING -SIE 2015. SIE 2015 is the next event in the series of highly successful International Symposia on Industrial Engineering held in Belgrade, Serbia. The aim of the Symposium is to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to meet the share cutting-edge development in the field. The primary goal is to exchange, share and distribute the latest research and theories from our international community. The conference is held every 3 years, starting from 1996, to make it an ideal platform for people to share views and experiences in Industrial Engineering. Prospective authors are invited to submit original research papers which have not been submitted or published by other conferences or journals. Submitted papers will be peer-reviewed and the accepted papers will be published in Proceedings book. Furthermore, the selected papers will be published in prestigious international journals, such as this one, after further revision. The main objectives of SIE 2015 are: To promote a meeting of researchers, as a way to exchange ideas and approaches that contributes to the development of Industrial Engineering from a scientific and entrepreneurial perspective. To present advances in industrial engineering, and its applications to companies. To make information in the field promptly available, with the immediate possibility of opening a critical debate and establishing networking between individuals using the same discipline in different contexts. To maintain the high level of excellence of previous conferences, in such a way that their publications continue to be excellent reference in this field. To strengthen the national and international exchange relationships for investigators from recognized universities and research institutions. According to these objectives the Symposium addresses to all experts in all fields of Industrial Engineering to make their contribution to success and show capabilities achieved in the work that has been done. This forthcoming event is a result of an agreement between Industrial Engineering Department, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Serbia, Steinbeis Advanced Risk Technologies, Stuttgart, Germany and Inn!vation Center of The Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade and it will take place at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade (Serbia) from 24th - 25th September, 2015. I am sure that the SIE 2015 Symposium will be a unique opportunity for networking, to enjoy a high quality scientific programme and an exciting social programme. I am asking you to stay engaged, network/reach out and help us shape a brighter future for the industrial engineering community at large. Looking forward to meeting you in Belgrade in September 2015" Sincerely yours, Prof. dr Vesna Spasojevi -Brki

Journal of Applied Engineering Science 13(2015)2

Original Scientific Paper

doi:10.5937/jaes13-6909

Paper number: 13(2015)2, 314, 71 - 78

APPLICATION OF EMBEDDED CONDITION MONITORING SYSTEMS IN PALLET INDUSTRY Dr Milo Milovan!evi"* University of Ni , Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ni , Serbia Dr Boban An#elkovi" University of Ni , Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ni , Serbia Dr Jelena Stefanovi"-Marinovi" University of Ni , Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ni , Serbia Ljubomir Vra!ar University of Ni , Faculty of Electronic engineering, Ni , Serbia The goal of the predictive condition monitoring of planetary power transmissions in pellet mills is to indicate deterioration in the condition of the power transmissions before the actual failure occurs. In many cases, the defect does not cause an immediate interruption of the process. If this is the case, the defective part can be replaced or repaired during normal, scheduled maintenance periods, provided that the defect has been found in a sufficiently early stage. The most common causes of failure of rotary machines are faults in bearings, the stator and the rotor. There are many methods for the predictive condition monitoring of rotary machines. The analysis can be based on different measured quantities.These include, for example, temperature, current, magnetic flux density and vibration. The basic design idea is to create a measurement and data collection system for condition monitoring in which the data analyses and decision-making are based on fuzzy logic programming. In this paper, a low-cost optimal micro configuration for measurement and condition monitoring of data collection system of pellet mills power transmission is presented. The system is based on PIC (Programmable Interface Controller) microcontrollers and represents the complete solution for condition monitoring regarding vibration, temperature and rpm measurement. The microcontroller based system also has an integrated function with control application based on fuzzy logic. Key words: Vibrations, Condition monitoring, Fuzzy logic INTRODUCTION The data collection system for a pellet mill consists of several sensor units attached to data-collecting units. There can be one or more collector units all having one or more sensor units connected. In order to keep the sensors inexpensive, they are based on a simple microcontroller with no external memory. Therefore, the collector units provide a temporary storage for the measurement data. If a particular measurement generates data more than the internal RAM of the microcon¬troller can store, the data transmission between the sensor unit and the collector unit has to be in real time. However, the data transmission from the collector unit onward can be slower and can be packet-based. The advantages of a multi channel collector unit realization include a simple communications protocol, because each transmission line has

only one communicating pair, the collector unit and the sensor unit. Furthermore, the interface between the sensor unit and the transmission cable can be made fixed (i.e. con¬nector-less), thus making the connection both more reliable and less expensive. In the case of the bus based realization, the connections can be made fixed too, but this makes it very difficult to modify an existing system. Moreover, in the case of the multi channel collector unit, the whole system is more reliable, since a defect in one spot of the cable cancels the connection between the collector unit and one sensor unit only, instead of, in the worst case, making all of the sensors unavailable to the collector unit. A sensor unit with the capability of measuring acceleration and temperature was developed. The unit was based on Ana¬log Devices ADXL311 micro machined accelerometer. The ADXL311 was found suitable for bearing condition moni-

* University of Ni , Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Aleksandra Medvedeva 14, 18000 Ni ; milovancevic@masfak.ni.ac.rs

Dr Milo Milovan evi - Application of embedded condition monitoring systems in pallet industry

toring when vibration levels were not particularly high, within the region of ±5g. The acceleration signal was sampled at a frequency of 20 kHz and digitized using 12 bits [05, 09]. The length of one vibration measurement was set to 32768 samples, and each sample was padded to 16 bits. It could be calculated that the space needed to store one acceleration measurement was 64 kilobytes, which was far more than the capacity of the internal SRAM of the microcontroller. Therefore, the measured data needed to be transferred to the collector unit in real time. The minimum acceptable transfer rate could be calculated when the sampling frequency and the length of a sample were known. With a sam¬pling frequency of 20 kHz and 16 bits per sample, this was 320,000 bps. PIC MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATION PIC is a family of Harvard architecture microcontrollers made by Microchip Technology, derived from the PIC1640 originally developed by General Instrument s Microelectronics Division. The name PIC initially referred to Programmable Interface Controller . The collector unit features the Microchip PIC16F877A microcontroller with 64 kilo words of 16-bit wide external SRAM memory. This memory is used to store the measurement data fetched from the sensor units. Its capacity is sufficient to hold two of the previously described vibration measurements at a time. The PIC architecture is distinctively minimalist. It is characterized by the following features: Separate code and data spaces (Harvard architecture); A small number of fixed length instructions; Most instructions are single cycle executions (4 clock cycles), with single delay cycles upon branches and skips; A single accumulator (W), the use of which (as source operand) is implied (i.e. is not encoded in the opcode); All RAM locations function as registers of both source and/or destination of math and other functions; A hardware stack for storing return addresses; A fairly small amount of addressable data space (typically 256 bytes), extended through banking; 72

Data space mapped CPU, port, and peripheral registers; The program counter is also mapped into the data space and writable (this is used to implement indirect jumps). Unlike most other CPUs, there is no distinction between memory space and register space because the RAM does the job of both memory and registers, and the RAM is usually just referred to as the register file or simply as the registers. Data acquisition process The collector unit acts as a master on the sensor bus. Only by its request can a sensor unit start sending data. The collector unit initiates the data transfer by sending an atten¬tion sequence followed by the number of the sensor the request is addressed to and the number of the measurement wanted. After sending the request, the collector unit starts to listen for incoming data from the sensor bus and store it in the memory. When there is a pause long enough in the in¬coming data or the transmission has exceeded a specified time limit, the collector unit deems the transmission fin¬ished. The number of the sensor and the measurement as well as the start address of the storing of the measurement can be set by the user of the collector unit. The amount of data the measurement should generate can also be set, which makes it possible for the collector unit to judge whether the measure¬ment is successful or not. On the whole, the collector unit is versatile in the sense that it can be used to retrieve data from many different types of sensors or other devices [02].

Figure 1: Optimal PIC based monitoring system

There are several possibilities to realizing communications from the collector unit to a higher level in the information infrastructure. Installing Journal of Applied Engineering Science 13(2015)2, 314

Dr Milo Milovan evi - Application of embedded condition monitoring systems in pallet industry

new cables is not usually economically feasible. Instead, wireless communications or ex¬isting infrastructure, such as field buses or power cabling, can be used. In the developed system, the physical link was im¬plemented with a similar RS-232 connection as in the case of the sensor bus. A photograph of the newly developed collector unit is shown in Figure 1. The optimal micro system shown in Figure 1 is presented disassembled. The system has a main board, where microcontroller is imbedded. A small electronic board with ADC is added and

connected to the main board through the SPI communication protocol. The optimal micro configuration based on PIC microcontroller is created as a complex integrated system in Figure 2. Condition monitoring based primarily on vibration but also on temperature measuring is not the only function as it can be observed from the algorithms. The microcontroller is programmed to simultaneously collect data from sensors and to control relays in order to obtain full pellet mill working order control based on fuzzy logic [03, 04].

Figure 2: PIC initiation algorithm

PELLET MILLS CONDITION MONITORING Wood pellets are a type of wood fuel, generally made from compact sawdust. They are usually produced as a by-product of sawmilling and other wood transformation activities. The pellets are extremely dense and can be produced with a low humidity content (below 10%) that allows them to burn with very high combustion efficiency. Journal of Applied Engineering Science 13(2015)2, 314

Further, their regular geometry and small size allow automatic feeding with very fine calibration. They can be fed to a burner by auger feeding or by pneumatic conveying. Pellets are produced by compressing the wood material which has first passed through a hammer mill to provide a uniform dough-like mass. This mass is fed to a press where it is squeezed 73

Dr Milo Milovan evi - Application of embedded condition monitoring systems in pallet industry

through a die having holes of the required size (normally 6 mm in diameter, sometimes 8 mm or larger). The high pressure of the press causes the temperature of the wood to increase greatly, and the lignin plastifies slightly forming a natural glue that holds the pellet together as it cools.

of die can cause pellets deformation or collapse. Exceeding the alarm levels often simply results in a pellet mill shutdown and the wait for remote restart or repair. By application of more advanced methods of signal analysis, focused on trends of representative signals or combination of signals, significant changes in mill behavior can be detected at an early stage [07, 01]. Fault detection Nowadays, condition monitoring of a pellet mill system is restricted to the individual performance of the servo motors themselves at the level of detection of maximum current, as shown in Fig. 4. However, model based condition monitoring of all three servo systems is a promising possibility in this situation. Model based condition monitoring is suitable for non-stationary operation.

Figure 4: Principle of model based fault detection Figure 3: Exploded 3D view of pellet mill

In order to obtain a complete pellet mill monitoring, the optimal micro configuration system (see Figure 1) was developed on a PIC16F877A microcontroller platform. To enhance system resolution from 10-bit to 12-bit, ADC-MCP3204 was added. The system was developed a new both from the aspect of hardware and software at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering in Ni . The optimal configuration for vibration monitoring is created by applying axiomatic design postulates to incorporate industry demands in functional requirements and design parameters [08]. Apart from the applied condition monitoring techniques on a subsystem level (die temperature, planetary power transmission vibrations), there is already a lot of information available in the pellet mill. Normally, this information is only used at the level of safeguarding. Thus, temperature monitoring is of importance, since over-heating 74

The diagnosis can be based on the residual of the process and estimator output signals (see Figure 5). In this situation, a constant model is used. The difference between the output of the system and the output of the model can be monitored. A trend analysis of this residual can be used to detect the changing characteristics of the system [06].

Figure 5: Fault estimation based in residual

Journal of Applied Engineering Science 13(2015)2, 314

Dr Milo Milovan evi - Application of embedded condition monitoring systems in pallet industry

Another possibility of model based fault detection is continuous estimation of the model parameters, based on the measured I/O values and monitoring of trends in the parameters (see Figure 6). The performance strongly depends on the accuracy of the estimation procedure. It is important that the number of I/O signals and the measurement accuracy of these signals be able to detect changes in trends at an early stage. Because the application of this technique is very specific for this operation, the algorithms were developed. This required specific knowledge of the system, control and model development. On the other hand, the application of the technique in a real pellet mill does not or hardly requires additional hardware and sensors [06].

Figure 6: Fault estimation based on model parameters

Gear transmission vibration monitoring There are three types of controllers that are applied in the management of a pellet mill: 1. Hardware PID (Proportional Integral Derivative) controllers 2. Software PID controllers 3. Fuzzy-based controllers The application of hardware and software PID controllers is difficult because there are significant problems in determining the parameters of the controllers themselves [07, 09].

Figure 7: Fault estimation based on fuzzy logic decision

Journal of Applied Engineering Science 13(2015)2, 314

These parameters depend on the system design and are usually to be determined experimentally during the first hours of exploitation of a pellet mill. This process of determining the parameters can be very long and uncertain and accompanied by emergency situations. A software regulator is time consuming, despite the existence of an automatic function for determining the relevant parameters. The application of fuzzy logic based controller solves these problems (Figure 7). The implementation of fuzzy logic in pallet mill condition monitoring is based on regulation of rotation velocity depending on input (vibration and temperature) parameters. The planetary gear transmission is the focus of input parameters monitoring since it deters mill production process. The designed pellet mill has one stage planetary power transmission manufactured by GOSA FOM with following characteristics: transmission ratio i=9, power P=30kW and input rpm nin=1470 rpm. The newly developed planetary power transmission is applied in the pellet mill, with the research being part of the project for pellet mill development. The planetary transmission is of type 2k-h,variant B (Figure 8) with two central gears, one with external, and the other with internal gearing (tooth numbers za and zb ), satellite carrier and satellite, double in this variant (tooth numbers zg and zb ). One line of satellites is in contact with the central sun pinion (a) and the other with the internal gear (toothed rim)-b, making external and internal geared pairs with equal center distance. The toothed rim is an immovable element. The rational gear ratio in this type of transmission is 7/16 with approximate efficiency of 0.99-0.97.

Figure 8: Type 2K-h variant planetary gear

Acceleration

Dr MiloÂ&#x161; Milovan!evi - Application of embedded condition monitoring systems in pallet industry

Frequency Figure 9: Example of fault detection based on FFT (a, b)

The fault detection is often based on frequency analysis and level detection for certain frequency bands. Based on the level of amplitudes, status signals can often be defined and generated. Presented diagrams of fault detection based on FFT analyses are a product of newly developed software for vibration signal acquisition and analyses (Figure 9). Vibration diagram a) in Figure 7 represents a vibration spectrum of the planetary gear transmission in regular working order. Wood feeding to press was automatically controlled during vibration monitoring. Vibration diagram b) is a vi76

bration spectrum that is different from vibration spectrum a) because wood moisture content has changed. Vibration spectrums c) and d) were captured while wood feeding of the press was switched off. At first, vibration spectrum c) showed a wide vibration spectrum with amplitudes of up to 1,75m/s2. After a certain period of time, the vibration spectrum narrowed and amplitudes were up to 3,5 m/s2, with the die temperature also increasing by 15%. During the data acquisition, rotation velocity was constant. Thus, without the rotation regulation, the production process is inefficient. Journal of Applied Engineering Science 13(2015)2, 314

Acceleration

Dr MiloÂ&#x161; Milovan!evi - Application of embedded condition monitoring systems in pallet industry

Frequency Figure 9: Example of fault detection based on FFT (c, d)

The rotation velocity regulation in relation to input parameters is complex. The regulation is based on the idea that vibration acceleration and temperature fluctuations are controlled by constant rpm variations. Software for data acquisition and signal analyses was created and customized for planetary gear vibration monitoring. The analyses of pellet mill exploitation and the results of vibration monitoring using the newly developed configuration proved that strict industry requirements could be fulfilled completely by applying PIC technology. Journal of Applied Engineering Science 13(2015)2, 314

CONCLUSION The embedded system based on PIC microcontroller condition monitoring can be applied successfully for pellet mill monitoring and control. The integration of functional requirements, design parameters and industry demands resulted in the creation of a new software and hardware for pellet mills safeguarding. In other industries, condition monitoring provisions are normally separate systems, apart from the machine control and safeguarding functions. In this paper, 77

Dr Milo Milovan!evi - Application of embedded condition monitoring systems in pallet industry

the pellet mills monitoring was focused on an embedded, a microcontroller based integrated functional control system developed on fuzzy logic. The application of MEMS accelerometers and PIC microcontrollers in pellet mills condition monitoring has an important roll in expanding the product life cycle as well as in reducing production costs. Application of embedded system in pallet mills has proven to be possible in the sense of gear transmission vibration and die temperature monitoring. Also, fuzzy logic control of pallet mill based on vibration and temperature in relation to main shaft rotation is possible. The effectiveness of these systems is not yet evident, since prototype testing is completely different from exploitation tastings. Due to the non stationary operation, it appears to be difficult to develop effective algorithms for mills early fault detection, especially for variable speed operations. Practical experience builds up very slowly, because component degeneration is a slow process, and additional information about mill transmission gear loads and operational conditions is only fragmentarily available. Further research is this particular project is focused on integration of vibration/temperature monitoring, rotation and wood feed control. Embedded systems research in the first faze, is going to be oriented to further development of single chipset monitoring systems based on PIC technology and in the second faze energy harvesting in the function of mechanical systems condition monitoring.

REFERENCES 1) ADXL311 Data Sheet , Analog Devices, [Online] Available: http://www.analog.com/ media/en/technical-documentation/obsoletedata-sheets/ADXL311.pdf 2) !udina, M. , 2003, Detection of cavitation phenomenon in a centrifugal pump using audible sound, Mechanical System and Signal Processing, Vol. 17, No. 6, pp. 1335-1347. 3) !udina, M., Prezelj, J., 2008, Use of audible sound for safe operation of kinetic pumps, International Journal of Mechanical Science. Vol 50, No. 9, pp. 1335-1343. 4) !udina, M., Prezelj, J., 2009, Detection of cavitation in operation of kinetic pumps, use of discrete frequency tone in audible spectra. Applied Acoustics. Vol. 70, No. 4, pp. 540-546. 5) Mati" N., Andri" D., 2000, PIC mikrokontroleri, Mikroelektronika Beograd. 6) MCP6022 Data Sheet , Microchip Tecnology Inc, [Online] Available: http://ww1.microchip. com/downloads/en/DeviceDoc/21685d.pdf 7) Milenkovi" D., 1988, Nestabilno strujanje kroz kola turboma ina izazvano globalnim gubitkom stabilnosti, 18. jugoslovenski kongres teorijske i primenjene mehanike, Vrnja#ka Banja, str. 320-326. 8) Milovan#evi" M., Stefanovi" Marinovi" J., An$elkovi" B. Veg A., 2010, Embedded condition monitoring of power transmission of a pellet mill. Transactions of Famena XXXIIII2 (2010), Faculty of mechanical engineering and naval architecture, pp. 71-79, Zagreb 9) Milovan#evi" M., Veg A.,2009, Application of axiomatic design on vibro-diagnostic system, 9th International Conference %Research And Development In Mechanical Industry% RaDMI, p.p. 295-301, Serbia. Paper sent to revision: 09.10.2014. Paper ready for publication: 15.06.2015.

Journal of Applied Engineering Science 13(2015)2, 314

Original Scientific Paper

Paper number: 13(2015)2, 315, 79 - 86

doi:10.5937/jaes13-7388

WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS APPLICATIONS IN AIRCRAFT STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING Dragoljub Vuji!* Military Technical Institute, Belgrade, Serbia Aircraft industry has to meet a challenge of reducing operational and maintenance costs. One of the possible ways for reducing these costs is the introduction of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). WSNs are already finding a variety of applications for both safety-critical and non-safety critical distributed systems. This paper deals with the application of WSNs for aircraft structural health monitoring. Special attention has been given to the WSNs design issues using available components on the market. A general scheme for aircraft structural health monitoring using MicroStrain components has been proposed. Key words: Wireless sensor networks, Aircraft structural health monitoring, Micro-electro-mechanical systems, Condition-based maintenance, Sensor node, Wireless communication INTRODUCTION Over the last decade Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been successfully applied in many engineering fields such as: structural health monitoring, industrial applications, environmental monitoring, traffic controls, health applications, etc. This paper deals with the application of WSNs for aircraft structural health monitoring. Generally speaking, the aim of structural health monitoring (SHM) is to monitor structures using embedded or attached non-destructive evaluation sensors and to utilize the data in order to assess the state of the structure. Often structures equipped with various types of sensors are compared to human nervous system. This means that SHM is the imitation of the human nervous system. SHM is a new and improved way to make a non-destructive evaluation with a minimum of manual intervention. It includes all monitoring aspects which are related to damages, loads and conditions, which have a direct influence on the structure. Knowing the integrity of in-service structures on a continuous real-time basis is a very important objective for manufacturers, endusers and maintenance teams. Structural health monitoring allows an optimal use of the structure, a minimized downtime, and the avoidance of catastrophic failures. Therefore, structural health monitoring drastically changes the work organization of maintenance services: by aiming to replace scheduled and periodic maintenance inspection with condition-based maintenance and

by drastically minimizing the human involvement, and thus improving safety and reliability [14]. Traditionally, the sensors deployed on the structure are connected through coaxial wires. However, cabling implies high installation and maintenance costs. Moreover, cables are subjected to wear or breakage. WSNs consistently reduce the installation and maintenance costs. Furthermore, the compact size and low cost of a single wireless sensor node enables the deployment of a large number of units on the monitored structure, especially in those locations difficult to be reached by wires, increasing the screening resolution of the system [04]. WSNs for SHM are supposed to operate for an extended period of time, e.g. few years, requiring minimal maintenance. For this purpose, the creation of a wireless sensing platform capable of collecting high-quality data requires a consistent engineering effort. In the commercial and military aircraft there are a number of safety-critical and non-safety critical systems. These systems are based on wired connections and, therefore, they are complex and difficult to route. The Airbus A380, for instance, has over 300 miles of cables consisting of approximately 98.000 wires and 40.000 connectors [20]. Cable routing is quite a complex task, as for example, the power cable and electrical signal cable should be physically separated to avoid electrical interference. Also, harsh environmental conditions impose physical restrictions on the use of a wire harness. Replacement of the current wire harness-based sensors with a wireless

* Military Technical Institute, 1Ratka Resanovica Str., 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; dragoljub.vujic@vti.vs.rs

Dragoljub VujiÂ - Wireless sensor networks applications in aircraft structural health monitoring

sensor network (WSN) can help to achieve the goal of increasing the number of sensors, as well as, the system redundancy. It will also reduce the aircraft system weight and lead to improved fuel efficiency and reduced carbon emissions. The European goals for 2020, for instance, include a 50% cut in CO2 emissions. Replacing the physical cabling by wireless connections also offers significant benefits as regards flexibility, interoperability, mass reduction and improved robustness. Use of WSN also enables reduction in direct costs and maintenance costs. WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS TECHNOLOGY Wireless network refers to any type of computer network which is not connected by cables. It is a method by which homes, telecommunications networks and business installations avoid the costly process of introducing cables into a building, or as a connection between various equipment locations. Wireless telecommunications networks are generally implemented and admin-

istered by using a transmission system called radio waves. AM radio, FM radio, satellite radio, satellite TV, satellite Internet access and broadcast TV are, in fact, wireless networks. Hence, the usage of wireless technology is very convenient [13]. WSNs consist of spatially distributed autonomous sensors designed to monitor physical parameters or environmental conditions, such as temperature, strain, pressure, vibration, sound, motion, pollutions, etc. Consequently, the sensors cooperatively pass their data through the network to a main location. The base station may communicate with the user or task manager node via Internet or Satellite. A wireless sensor, also known as a mote (reMOTE), smart dust, smart sensor or sensor node within the network performs the function of sensing, data processing and wireless data transmission. It is powered by an individual power source which often consists of a battery with a limited energy budget. The general scheme of WSNs is presented on Figure 1.

Figure 1: A general scheme of wireless sensor networks

The development of WSNs largely depends on the availability of low-cost and low-power hardware and software platforms for sensor networks. With the micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) technology, the size and cost of a sensor node have been significantly reduced. This is to say, energy efficiency can significantly be enhanced if energy awareness is incorporated in the design of system software, including the operating system, and application and network protocols. System lifetime can considerably be prolonged by incorporation energy awareness into task scheduling process [13]. The nodes communicate wirelessly and often self-organize after being deployed in ad hoc fashion. Systems of 1000s or even 10.000 nodes are 80

anticipated. Such systems can revolutionize the way we live and work. Currently, WSNs are beginning to be deployed at an accelerated pace. It is not unreasonable to expect that in 10-15 years that the world will be covered with wireless networks with assess to them via the Internet. This can be considered as the Internet becoming a physical network [10]. Sensor node architecture A sensor node typically consists of five main components (Figure 2): one or more sensors gather data from the environment and report the data to the microprocessor. A microprocessor is a central part of a wireless sensor node. It processes all the data that receives from memory, Journal of Applied Engineering Science 13(2015)2, 315

Dragoljub VujiÂ - Wireless sensor networks applications in aircraft structural health monitoring

sensor, or transceiver. A transceiver communicates with the environment. It is used radio frequency (RF) as a transmission medium to send data wirelessly. The transceiver can take data from a microprocessor to send it over the air and vice versa. A memory is the main resource for storing programmes and intermediate data coming from the sensors or the transceiver. The size of the memory depends on the application of the sensor. The battery supplies all parts with energy. To assure a sufficiently long network lifetime, energy efficiency in all parts of the network is crucial. Although most sensors have a traditional battery, there is an early stage research regarding production of sensors without batteries, using similar technologies applied to pas-

sive radio frequency identification (RFID) chips without batteries. The sensor nodes are usually scattered in a sensor field. Each of them has the capabilities to collect data and route data back to the base station. The base station may communicate with the task manager node via Internet or Satellite. In [06] the node deployment models in WSNs have been explored. Various architectures and node deployment strategies have been developed for WSN, depending upon the requirements of application. The authors focused on five deployment schemes for sensor networks environments, random deployment, grid deployment, group-based deployment, and grid-group deployment.

Figure 2: Hardware components of a sensor node

Energy efficiency in routing A number of research papers have already been accomplished in routing in WSN, since energy efficiency is more important for wireless sensor networks than any other networks. In wireless communication, data transmission consumes more power than data processing. The battery power of the node will be reduced whenever they transmit a great number of data proportionately. In order to reduce the data size we can prefer techniques like data fusion or aggregation. Data fusion is that in which the sensed data are fused at a certain point for transmitting them at a reduced size. However, there is a problem, showing of lack in precision and accuracy of data from various sensor nodes [07]. In order to prolong the lifetime of Journal of Applied Engineering Science 13(2015)2, 315

the WSN, designing efficient routing protocols appear to be critical. It has been established that most of the energy consumption in a WSN comes from data reception and transmission. Therefore, a good routing protocol can reduce the number, as well as, the size of the unnecessary transmissions which take place. Thus, the routing protocol helping to alleviate the energy crisis in WSNs. Hierarchical routing algorithms are techniques with special advantages related to scalability and efficient communication. The main aim of hierarchical routing is to optimize energy consumption of sensor nodes by arranging the nodes into clusters [07]. Data aggregation and fusion is performed within the cluster in order to decrease the number of transmitted messages. 81

Dragoljub Vuji - Wireless sensor networks applications in aircraft structural health monitoring

WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS IN AIRCRAFT STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING There are a number of WSNs applications in structural health monitoring of aircraft. Here, it will be briefly presented some of them. Researchers from the research institute of China have applied a wireless sensor network for static testing of a real aircraft undercarriage [15]. The developed wireless sensor network system consisted of 14 sensor nodes and 4 cluster heads. The authors concluded that the system design may be much more complicated when the number of testing points which have to be measured will greatly increase. Furthermore, fatigue testing for full-scale structure requires higher data transmission rates, data synchronization and data buffer processing capacity. Therefore, hardware capabilities for the WSN based aircraft strength testing systems should be improved in further research. Networking and routing protocols should be seriously studied in order to solve these problems. Wireless sensor modules were integrated into the pitch link of a Bell M412 helicopter [01]. Pitch link loads were recorded and periodically transmitted into the cabin during flight. Wireless sensors included strain gauges, accelerometers and thermocouples. Hard-wired sensors included gyroscopes, accelerometers and magnetometers. Wireless technologies for tracking the load history of helicopter rotating components, combined with inertial and global positioning system (GPS) information, can be used to compute structural loads with improved accuracy. The integration of these sensor systems will lead to reduced cost flight testing, improved safety, and enhanced condition - based maintenance. In [02] the first flight tests of a synchronized wireless structural monitoring system aboard a helicopter has been presented. Combined with energy harvesters, these new wireless sensing networks can be deeply embedded into structures and structural components for improved condition - based maintenance and advanced structural health and usage management systems. Because of the increasing use of composite materials for aircraft structures, it is necessary to develop new methods for aircraft structural health monitoring. Most of the failures of the laminated composite structures originate from delamination 82

of layers. As regards metal aircraft structures, cracks develop and eventually lead to failures. In both of these cases, visual inspection is not a reliable method for failure detection. This calls for a vibration analysis-based on failure detection method. Currently scheduled aircraft structure maintenance methods have a high maintenance cost. Several studies have been conducted to develop health monitoring algorithms which use the data from strain sensors embedded into the composite structure. WSN can be embedded into the composite structure which will harvest the vibration energy and will transmit the realtime data to the central health monitoring unit. These sensors will be used to monitor the internal parameters like cracks, strain, as well as, external parameters such as temperature, load, etc. Because of this, the use of WSN, powered by energy harvesting techniques will increase the number of sensors and their lives. Hence, the real-time data will enable the use of condition-based maintenance, thereby preventing catastrophic failure of aircraft structures. Although the use of MEMS is one of the promising technologies for implementation of WSN-based aircraft structural monitoring, optimum energy harvesting and power management methods for MEMS sensors have to be further improved. The integration of sensors and airframe has to be studied, as well, the effect on the structural strength of composite materials due to embedded sensors. WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS DESIGN ISSUES USING AVAILABLE COMPONENTS ON THE MARKET A well known USA company MicroStrain has deployed wireless sensors and wireless sensor gateways for a number of applications. Sensors that measure strain, acceleration, displacement, pressure, temperature, inertial loads, and torques have been combined in time synchronized networks to provide a rich amount of information for improved condition based maintenance. Sensors can be quickly deployed in discrete locations of the aircraft structure. Wireless sensing systems are ideal for both small scale applications requiring a few sensor nodes and large scale applications requiring hundreds of sensor nodes. With highly synchronized data sampling, and extended range communication, MicroStrainsÂ´s WSNs are able to collect and aggregate data in a single database, and push it to the cloud for remote acJournal of Applied Engineering Science 13(2015)2, 315

Dragoljub Vuji - Wireless sensor networks applications in aircraft structural health monitoring

cess. Wireless gateways, or base stations, provide seamless communication between a host PC, single board computer or microcontroller, and remote wireless sensor nodes. MicroStrain´s Lossless Extended Range Synchronized (LXRS) wireless sensor networks are scalable, fast, and 100% reliable under most operating conditions. The main features of the LXRS wireless sensor systems are as follows: Lossless wireless communications protocols provide 100 % packet success rate; Extended Range radio link to 2 kilometers; Scalable wireless sensor networks support continues, burst, and hybrid sampling modes; Time Synchronized to +/-32 microseconds. The LXRS Wireless Sensing System works by leveraging advanced bi-directional radio communications protocols. When data are received without errors by the wireless sensor data aggregator (WSDA) base station, the WSDA sends an acknowledgement that these packets were received. Data that are not acknowledged remain within each LXRS sensor node s non-volatile memory for re-transmission according to the network scheduler. It has to be noted that data are time-stamped by each node at the time of analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion. Therefore, even when re-transmitted, all data are accurately time stamped. Wireless accelerometer node Wireless Accelerometer Node (The G-Link LXRS) presented in Figure 3 features on-board triaxial ±2 g or ± 10 g MEMS accelerometers and an internal temperature sensor. G-Link LXRS can be employed to measure vibration or acceleration, or as a tilt sensor or inclinometer. The node can simultaneously log data to internal memory and/or transmit real-time data to a host computer at user programmable data rates up to 4096 Hz. Its form factor allows remote, long term deployment. Node Commander software supports configuration of the wireless node including discovery, initialization, radio frequency, sample rate, reading/writing to node EEPROM, calibrating node sensors, managing node batteries including sleep, wake, and cycle power, and upgrading node firmware. The G-Link -LXRS is compatible with any WSDA - Base, WSDA - 1000 or SensorCloud. At the heart of MicroStrain s LXRS Lossless Data Wireless Sensor Networks Journal of Applied Engineering Science 13(2015)2, 315

are WSDA (Wireless Sensor Data Aggregator) gateways, which use exclusive beaconing protocols to synchronize precision timekeepers within each sensor node in the network. The WSDA also coordinates data collection from all sensor nodes. Users can easily program each node on the scalable network for simultaneous periodic, burst, or data logging mode sampling with Node Commander software, which automatically configures radio communication to maximize the aggregate sample rate. Optional SensorCloud enabled WSDA support autonomous web-based data aggregation.

Figure 3: Wireless Accelerometer Node

At the heart of MicroStrain s LXRS Lossless Data Wireless Sensor Networks are WSDA (Wireless Sensor Data Aggregator) gateways, which use exclusive beaconing protocols to synchronize precision timekeepers within each sensor node in the network. The WSDA also coordinates data collection from all sensor nodes. Users can easily program each node on the scalable network for simultaneous periodic, burst, or data logging mode sampling with Node Commander software, which automatically configures radio communication to maximize the aggregate sample rate. Optional SensorCloud enabled WSDA support autonomous web-based data aggregation. The WSDA - 1000 Wireless Sensor Data Aggregator The Wireless Sensor Data Aggregator (WSDA 1000) presented in the Figure 4 is a single-board computer with Ethernet connectivity designed to operate as an integral part of MicroStrain LXRS Wireless Sensor Networks. The WSDA - 1000 is capable of collecting lossless data from a wide range of MicroStrain wireless sensor nodes operating in LDC or Synchronized sampling mode. The wirelees sensor network can be set up and 83

Dragoljub Vuji - Wireless sensor networks applications in aircraft structural health monitoring

controlled remotely via LiveConnect and NodeCommander. Once set up, the WSDA - 1000 may operate in one of three distinct modes: SensorCloud Enabled, LAN, and Standalone.

Figure 4: WSDA (Wireless sensor Data Aggregator) 1000

The general features and benefits of the WSDA - 1000 Wireless Sensor Data Aggregator are the following: Lossless wireless communication protocol provides 100 % packet success rate; Programmable communication range from 70 m to 2.000 m; Scalable wireless sensor networks supporting continuous, burst, and hybrid sampling modes; Time synchronized to +/- 32 microseconds; Minimal setup required; collect data within minutes; Autonomously aggregates wireless sensor data; Supports a wide range of MicroStrain wireless sensor nodes transmitting in LDC or Synchronized Sampling modes; 2 GB non-volatile embedded flash for local storage; Command, control, and monitoring of a remote wireless sensor network from user PC; Web interface for system configuration; Full industrial temperature range supported (- 40 oC to 85 oC); Seamlessly integrates with SensorCloud for world-wide data access and visualization; Includes a free basic SensorCloud account; Local storage is used for SensorCloud caching. 84

Sensor Cloud Data stored on SensorCloud represents discrete sensor values stored as a function of time. MicroStrain´s customers may want to create mathematical expressions based on one, or a combination of these sensed values. In order to support customer´s unuque requirements, MicroStrain has developed MathEngine, which enables users to upload algorithms and the output of these algorithms can be represented as an additional sensor channel or virtual sensor. For example, one can use strain data to create an estimate of fatigue using a rainflow algorithm. When the fatigue rate is high, an alert can be generated by Sensor Cloud. In another example, vibration data collected over time can be converted into the frequency domain using FFT and analyzed to detect anomalies. MicroStrain wireless sensor nodes can easy connect to SensorCloud. All that it needs is a MicroStrain WSDA Wireless Sensor Data Aggregator and an internet-enabled network connection. SensorCloud supports a broad range of wireless sensor sample rates, ranging from one sample per hour to 100.000 samples per second. SensorCloud ´s Live Connect feature can be used to establish a direct connection to MicroStrain wireless sensor network, from anywhere in the world. Once connected, user can access the full range of sensor network advanced features using Node Commander PC software, including: View high speed streaming data in real-time; Trigger and download datalogging sessions; Change network and node configuration settings; Update wireless sensor node firmware overthe-air. The coupling of advanced wireless sensor networks with innovative cloud-based data analytics revolutionizes performance monitoring of remote structures. Used over the long-term, operators can gain valuable insight into the deterioration of structures and its corresponding effect on performance. The general scheme of the MicroStrain s Wireless Sensor Network is presented in the Figure 5.

Journal of Applied Engineering Science 13(2015)2, 315

Dragoljub Vuji - Wireless sensor networks applications in aircraft structural health monitoring

Figure 5: General scheme of the MicroStrain s Wireless Sensor Network

CONCLUSION The aircraft industry will greatly benefit from the use of WSNs. These benefits through weight savings, reduction in subsystems design complexity and improved condition based maintenance will directly benefit the airlines in terms of additional revenues, as well as, lower operational and maintenance costs. Nevertheless, using wireless technology gives the potential to lead to more efficient future aircraft designs and quicker time-to-market. The presented general scheme of the Wireless Sensor Network, based on some components available on the market, can be applied for aircraft structural health monitoring. The user has to choose the type of sensors which wants to apply. Sensors can be quickly deployed in discrete locations of the aircraft structure. As mentioned, the MicroStrains´s sensing systems are ideal for both small scale applications requiring a few sensor nodes and large scale applications requiring hundreds of sensor nodes. Wireless sensor nodes are able to collect and aggregate data in a single database, and push it to the cloud for remote access.

REFERENCES 1) Arms, S. W.,a Townsend, C. P., Churchill, D.L., Galbreath Jian, J. H., Corneau B., Ketcham R. P., Phan N. (2008): Energy Harvesting, Wireless, Structural Health Monitoring and Reporting System, 2nd Asia-Pacific Workshop on SHM, Melburn 2) Arms, W. S., Townsend, P.C., Galbreath, H. J., Distasi1, J. S, Liebschutz, D., Phan, N. (2011): Flight Testing of Wireless Sensing Networks for Rotorcraft Structural Health Journal of Applied Engineering Science 13(2015)2, 315

and Usage Management Systems, AIAC14 Fourteenth Australian Congress, Melbourne, Australia Boano, A. C. (2009): Application Support Design for Wireless Sensor Networks, Master Thesis, School of Information and Communication Technology, Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan. Bocca, M. (2011): Application Driven Data Processing in Wireless Sensor Network, PhD Thesis, The Aalto University School of Electrical Engineering, Finland Bokare, M., Ralegaonkar, A. (2012): Wireless Sensor Network: A Promising Approach for Distributed Sensing Tasks, Excel Journal of Engineering Technology and Management Science, ISSN2249-9032, Vol.I, No 1. Chandrasekaran, V., Chanmugam A. (2012): A Review on Hierarchical Cluster Based Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks, Journal of Global Research in Computer Science, ISSN-2229-371X, Volume 3, No 2 Jian, Wu., Shenfang, Y., Genyuan, Z., Sai, J., Zilong, W., Yang, W. (2009): Design and Evaluation of a Wireless Sensor Network Based Aircraft Strength Testing System, Sensors, 9, 4195-4210, ISSN 1424-8220 Mohan, L., Ranjitha, B., Begum S. A. (2012): Improving Performance in Wireless Sensor Networks Using MEMS Technology, International Journal of Electronics Communication and Computer Engineering, Volume 3, Issue (1) NCRTCST, ISSN 2249-071X. Nordblom, T., Galbreath, J. (2012): Wireless Sensor Networks for Improved Long-Term Bridge Performance, MicroStrain, Inc., Long-Term Bridge Performance White Pape, Williston, VT 05495. 85

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10) Rao, G. S., Vallikumari, V. A. (2012): Beneficial Analysis of Node Deployment Schemes for Wireless Sensor Networks, International Journal of Advanced Smart Sensor Network Systems (IJASSN), Vol. 2, No 2. 11) Sampigethaya, K., Poovendran, R., Li, M., Bushnell, L., Robinson, R. (2008): Security of Wireless Sensor Network Enabled Health Monitoring for Future Airplanes, 26th International Congress of the Aeronautical Sciences ICAS 2008. 12) Singh, S. K., Singh, M. P., Singh, D. K. (2010): Applications, Classifications, and Selections of Energy-Efficient Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks, International journal of advanced engineering sciences and technologies, 1(2) 85-95. 13) Stankovic, A. J., (2006): Wireless Sensor Networks, Department of Computer Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904. 14) Vujic, D. (2011): Recent trends in structural health monitoring of aircraft, 4th International scientific conference OTEH 2011, Proceedings, ISBN 978-86-81123-50-8, Military Technical Institute, Belgrade, pp. 153-158 15) Vujic, D. (2011): Structural Health Monitoring of Aircraft and Other Complex Structures, 2th DQM, International Conference, Life Cycle Cycle Engineering and Management, ICDQM-2011, Proceedings ISBN 978-8686355-06-5, Belgrade, Serbia. 16) Vujic, D.(2011): Some Methods For Aircraft Structural Health Monitoring, International

Conference, Maintenance and Production Engineering KODIP Â&#x2013; 2011, Herzeg Novi, Montenegro. 17) Vuji!, D., Stoji!, R., Filipovi!, Z. (2012): Wireless Sensor Networks Technology in Aircraft Structural Health Monitoring, 5th International Conference OTEH 2012, Proceedings, ISBN 978-86-81123-58-4, Military Technical Institute, Belgrade. 18) Wagner, S. R. (2010): Standards-Based Wireless Sensor Networking Protocols for Spaceflight Applications, 2010 IEEE Aerospace Conference, NASA Johnson Space Center, 2101 NASA Parkway, Houston, Texas 77058 19) Yedavalli, R. K., Belapurkar R.K. (2011): Application of wireless sensor networks to aircraft control and health management systems, Journal Control Theory Application, 9(1) 2833, DOI10.1007/ s11768-011-0242-9 20) Yu, Y. (2010): Wireless sensor networks for health monitoring, Department of Electrical Engineering, Penn State University 21) Zhao, X., Qian, T., Mei, G., Kwan, C., Zane, R., Walsh, C., Paing, T., Popovic, Z. (2007): Active health monitoring of an aircraft wing with an embedded piezoelectric sensor/actuator network: II. Wireless approaches, Smart Mater. Struct., 16, 1218. doi:10.1088/09641726/16/4/033. Paper sent to revision: 19.12.2014. Paper ready for publication: 12.06.2015.

Journal of Applied Engineering Science 13(2015)2, 315

Proffesional Paper

Paper number: 13(2015)2, 316, 87 - 92

doi:10.5937/jaes13-8389

QUALITY IMPLICATIONS ON THE BUSINESS OF LOGISTIC COMPANIES Milo Vasi!* University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Belgrade, Serbia Aleksandra Potkonjak Lagermax AED DOO, imanovci, Serbia Darko Stanojevi! University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Belgrade, Serbia Milo Dimitrijevi! Institute for research and design in commerce and industry, Belgrade, Serbia In turbulent commerce which characterizes all its branches, quality represents one of the rare tools that for companies provide possibility for diversification and separation from (dis)loyal competition. Neither Lagermax AED nor market of logistic services represent an exception. Company - Lagermax AED, as a leader in Serbian market, has recognized world trends and started with implementation of international ISO standards in own business. The aim of this paper is to indicate to some issues that Lagermax has during the process of standard implementation, as well as all benefits that company has and will have in near future, which would come from generally accepted and confirmed management system. Key words: Commerce, Management system, ISO 9001, Lagermax AED, Logistic companies INTRODUCTION Constant need on the market for implementation of some of developed management systems, with no doubt, occurs because of many benefits that management systems bring. Turbulent contemporary commerce almost doesn t questions implementation of some management systems, considering the constant increase of clients requirements from the point of their satisfaction. Many world examples, as well as in the Republic of Serbia, have proved that management systems present one of the most successful tools for fulfillment of constant increase in clients requirements in aspect of quality. Thus, ISO standards and their requirements that are necessary to be fulfilled for successful implementation of a management system bring with them benefits, such as, above all, organized system of business operations, which provides backward traceability and possibility to discover issues in their work operations. Implementation brings significant cost reduction, as well as increase in company value from 2 3 %, and the fact that we currently have over 450 companies in China, which has the most developed commerce in the world, that have implemented some of ISO standards, is not for surprising. [01, 04]

As well as some other areas of commerce, implementation of management system also finds its place in large market of logistic services. One of the representative examples for that is implementation of management system in large logistic distribution center such as Lagermax AED doo, representative company in Serbia which is one of the leading companies for providing services for international transport and logistics for Serbian market and which is the part of Lagermax Group situated in Salzburg. Central office of Lagermax AED doo is placed in Belgrade-Simanovci and as a part of Lagermax Group, company operates in all regional centers: Novi Sad, Nis, Cacak, where it has distribution logistic centers. Lagermax AED doo, representative company of Lagermax Group in Serbia, has recognized the need for management systems implementation, and in the first place implementation of quality management system (ISO standard 9001:2008), environmental management system (standard ISO 14001:2004), occupational health and safety management system (OHSAS 18001:2007), HACCP system and IFS logistic system. The paper analyzes, interprets and indicates the benefits and problems specific to this case, in terms of the implementation of a management system: quality management system..

* Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Kraljice Marije 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; mvasic@mas.bg.ac.rs

Milo Vasi - Implications of quality on business of logistic companies

PRINCIPLES OF IMPLEMENTATION OF MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (ISO 9001)

Principle of implementation of almost all management systems is based on Deming cycle (Figure 1), i.e. PDCA cycle (Plan-Do-Check-Act), which represents management tool for control and improvment of operation processes. PLAN Implementation of management system, through implementation of policy, goals, procedures etc.; DO Implementation and application of policy and procedures which were defined in previous phase; CHECK Monitor and review of management system, through evaluation, and when applicable, measuring of performances regarding defined policy and goals; ACT Maintain and improve of management system, through corrective and preventive actions in aim to provide constant improvment of management system; [03]

The aim of quality management system implementation is not to achieve the highest existing level of quality, as some organizations that want to implement ISO 9001 think. Quality management system and its requirements are such that they continuously and organizingly initiate the need for frequent reviews and improvement, and also after implementation which enables organizations to do same activity in the same way, thus final achieved result is always the same. In other words, organizations in that way achieve their own specific quality level of providing services, thus the clients always know what they can expect, i.e. what product/service they will get. The best picture of successful implementation of quality management system ISO 9001 in one organization is achieved business ambience which brings continuous improvement of work operations.

Figure 1: Deming cycle (PDCA cycle)

Figure 2 shows the way of application of Deming cycle i.e. PDCA cycle. Figure shows the principle of constant quality increase. For providing continuous improvement it is necessary to continuously use of PDCA cycle. In that way, level of quality of provided services are timely increased. Increase of awareness about importance of ISO 9001 standard implementation is one of the key activities for establishing such environment. Frequently, employees see implementation of quality management system as a set of documents. But, with adequate application of those documents, as requirements of ISO 9001 stan88

dard define, it can be seen clearly that quality management system indeed represents good tools for improvement of business activities and provides necessary information for top management. [01] With use of process approach, standard ISO 9001 identifies processes which are important for organizations business activities, and also those relations through so-called process maps. In this way, processes are ranked by relevance and form the business objectives of the organization, with the participation of all employees, reach the expected level of customer satisfaction. Journal of Applied Engineering Science 13(2015)2, 316

Milo Vasi - Implications of quality on business of logistic companies

Figure 2: Principle of continuous impromevent and increasing of quality

At the same time such identification processes and their relationships can be clearly seen for each process as it is meaningful, that is whether there is a need for such activity. For success in the functioning of the quality system of great importance is the commitment and support of top management of the organization. But it is not enough to make the system work and it is necessary to engage all of the organizational structure, to the last of the perpetrator. To make this possible, the standard insists that all activities that are implemented within the organization clearly define the duties and responsibilities of each employee who participates in them. So clearly defined obligations and responsibilities make the business of the organization facilitated. In order to properly benefit from implementing QMS, it is necessary to obtain the final outcome of the implementation of such a system in such a way that it does not represent a major burden for the organization and perceived as an additional requirement to all employees, and also for the top management, but should achieve an approach that will ensure that the quality system is implemented as a successful tool, well recognized and defined procedures business activities in an organization that is the subject of implementation, and also manages the overall operations of the entire organization. Journal of Applied Engineering Science 13(2015)2, 316

Some of benefits for organization from quality management implementation are: Providing of effective management processes for top management; Defining the duties and responsibilities for all structural levels in organization; Increase of awareness regarding to quality all over organization; Influence on better comunication between employees, as well as internal and external; Recognition of requirements and expectation of clients, which provides increase in clients satisfaction; Improvment of profit and credibility of organization; The most important are benefits for clients, i.e. benefits for end-users: Guaranteed level of quality product/provided services; Respect of defined terms and deadlines; Precise defined procedures in case of complaints; [01, 02].

Milo Vasi - Implications of quality on business of logistic companies

APPLICATION OF SYSTEM DOCUMENTATION OF QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN ORGANIZATION LAGERMAX AED DOO Furthermore, the example will be presented of some of the most important documents adopted by quality systems, methods of their application and potential benefits from the use of this documentation. In the first place in order to ensure continuous improvement in Lagermax AED doo organization, as one of the requirements of the quality system, it is necessary to establish a way for its implementation. After defining and identification of the key processes in the Lagermax AED doo organization and implementation, to ensure their proper and undisturbed operation, it is necessary to define the way to react in case of identification of incurred nonconformities, or in the case of detecting potential conflicts. The way to react when detecting incurred non-conformities or potential non-conformities is to take appropriate corrective and preventive measures. It is important to note that the nonconformities are unfulfilled requirements of standard deviation or absence of one or more quality characteristics, including characteristics of the safety function, or elements of the system of quality systems / environmental protection system in relation to specified requirements. Corrective and preventive measures are steps of cycle for improvement of functionality of management system. In case of organization such as Lagermax AED doo, need for corrective actions exist: 1. When internal nonconformity occures (of services or some of management system elements) and can be identified based on different indicators (data information) such as: Reports about internal audit; Reports about external audit; Reconsideration of management system by top management; Usual activities during the work processes; Controlling of temperature through appropriate measuring devices, i.e. monitoring methods of CCP etc.; 2. Through external sources such as: Complaints of service users, Requirements for the respect of guarantees, Problems with suppliers, 90

Complaints of the local community, inspection, i.e. some of the interested parties, etc. Preventive action is intended for averting occurrence of potential nonconformity which can have negative influence on business results of organization. Examples of databases in organization Lagermax AED from which needs may arise for preventive actions are: Results of statistical management processes; Suggestions of producer for machine services and reconditioning of facilities; Monitoring of capacity utilization; Results of market analyses and clients behavior; Monitoring of the location states and processes, etc; Each employee in Lagermax AED doo who determine problem during the usual work activities (nonconformity) addresses the nearest superior and explains the problem. Duty of the superior is to note information about nonconformity on record called cardboard of corrective and preventive actions , and deliver cardboard of corrective and preventive actions to quality management representative. Beside this way of nonconformity occur, it is possible to identify nonconformity during: internal audit, external audit, reconsideration of management system or by external sources. Usually Lagermax AED pay special attention to the segment of the quality management system and way of reacting when information on nonconformity is obtained from external sources. Thus, if the source of data on external nonconformities (objections and complaints from customers, demands for respect of guarantees, problems with suppliers, objections of interested parties, etc ...) duty of the manager of organizational part whom it is addressed such a document is to, on the basis of received documentation, records information about your conflicting record card corrective and preventive actions and subsequently track delivery management representative who will take appropriate measures for improvement. Manager of the organizational part in which nonconformities were identified performs analysis which will determine the cause of the problem. In case that for resolve is necessary to define such corrective/preventive actions which exceed jurisdiction of manager of organizational part, Journal of Applied Engineering Science 13(2015)2, 316

Milo Vasi - Implications of quality on business of logistic companies

in defining of corrective and preventive actions also includes Director. Fulfillment of performed actions will control the way that manager of organizational part, where nonconformity is identified, monitors over performed actions and provides necessary actions to be performed. If problem is related to clients dissatisfaction or interested parties (local community, inspection, third parties), responsible manager maintains contact with client during the performing of the action. To get constant effective level of quality in aspect of delivered services, Lagermax AED doo forms special process to monitor client s satisfaction. Procedure tool which is in use for that purposes, and which is suggested by requirements of standard ISO 9001, is defining and distribution of questionnaires. Surveying is done for all key clients in period of half year, with possibility to do questionnaires for some of clients more frequently which is evaluated by quality management representative. After receiving of filled up questionnaires, quality management representative performs evaluation of questionnaires. Thus provides appropriate feedback regarding the clients satisfaction and where it is necessary to take appropriate actions. One more principle which is adopted by Lagermax AED doo, suggested by requirements of ISO 9001 standard is process for management of nonconformity product/service and adoption of system approach for resolving possible complaints. Nonconformity product/service is every product/ service which is in warehouse, and that does not corresponds to required quality criteria (damage due to transportation or unconditioned storage, expiration date, breach of contract obligations, disregard modes and procedures, etc.) and as such is inadequate for further use or distribution). In case of identification of nonconformity services determination of their cause is perform and they are removed according to already adopted way for corrective and preventive actions which were discussed earlier. Permanent control of products, performed by employees within the areas set aside for that, upon reception of the goods and further until the Journal of Applied Engineering Science 13(2015)2, 316

products are stored on those premises. Special attention is given to the expiration dates of food products. If there are complaints from clients, complaints admission is performed, a reclamation record is formed which is forwarded to quality management representative that adequately responds by taking appropriate actions. CONCLUSION Lagermax AED recognizes quality as a great resource. In the first place, the top management ia aware of varying market and in order to preventively respond to increasingly stringent customer demands, implementation of quality management systems is seen as a good way to meet these requirements. Another reason for the need of implementation is the realization of the necessary competitiveness in the market. Despite the fact that orientation towards quality can carry with them the risk of accepting this method of operations of the staff, it was concluded that a much higher risk of losing suitable places in the market. Implementation of ISO 9001 fundamentally changes the concept so that all employees are directed to the short-term to long-term profit-seeking. Teamwork and understanding of responsibilities leads to the realization of almost all the benefits that an organization can have the logistics of implementing the quality management system, such as guaranteed quality of products / services provided, clearly recognizing the needs and expectations of the users, thus providing greater customer satisfaction, improved profit organizations, etc. and credibility. How would I implemented the system properly maintained is necessary to conduct constant review and take appropriate steps to constant improvements and the fact that in the end should not be omitted. REFERENCES 1) Vasi!, M., Stanojevi!, N, Stanojevi!, D. (2014): Strategijsko upravljanje kvalitetom u turisti"kim preduze!ima, 41. Nacionalna konferencija o kvalitetu (FQ2014-festival kvaliteta); 2) Stevanovi!, I., Stanojevi!, D., Nedi!, A. (2013): Setting the after sales process and quality control at car dealerships to the purpose of increasing clients satisfaction , Journal of Applied Engineering Science (Istra ivanja i projektovanja za privredu), No. 2, Vol. 11, pp. 81-88; 91

Milo Vasi - Implications of quality on business of logistic companies

3) Dimitrijevi!, M., Vasi!, M., Stanojevi!, D. (2014): Sistem kvaliteta u autoindustriji: slu"aj autoku!a koda i Reno, #asopis kvalitet i izvrnost (9-10/2014); 4) Vasi!, M., Dimitrijevic, M., Spasojevi!, I.

(2013): Benefiti koje donose ISO standardi, Siimppozijum IIPP; Paper sent to revision: 02.02.2015. Paper ready for publication: 15.02.2015.

Journal of Applied Engineering Science 13(2015)2, 316

Original Scientific Paper

doi:10.5937/jaes13-8382

Paper number: 13(2015)2, 317, 93 - 104

THE EVALUATION FORMS OF INTERNATIONAL PASSENGER AIRPORT HUB IN SOUTHEAST ASIA Nattapong Jantachalobon* University of Thai Chamber of Commerce, School of Engineering, Bangkok, Thailand Nanthi Suthikarnnarukhi University of Thai Chamber of Commerce, School of Engineering, Bangkok, Thailand This research aims to present the selection of Asean international airports in order to establish the international passenger airport hub in Southeast Asia. The study focused on the airports in Southeast Asia region which most passengers travelling through as follows : Singapore s Changi International Airport (SIN),Cambodia s Phnom Pehn International Airport (PNH),Brunei s Brunei international Airport (BWN), Indonesia s Sugarno Hatta International Airport (CGK), Lao PDR s Wattay International Airport (VTE), Malaysia s Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KUL), Myanmar s Rangoon International Airport (RGN), the Philippines Ninoy Aquino International Airport (MNL), Thailand s Suvarnabhumi International Airport (BKK), and Vietnam s Tan Son Nhat International Airport (SGN) as the optional airports. In order to acquire the most suitable areas in the engineering perspective, the Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) has been applied by using both Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution-TOPSIS and Analytic Hierachy Process-AHP. There are 5 main criterions to be considered consisting of Geographical factors, Economic Factors, Functional Factors, Operational Factors and other factors. The two main research methodology to gain these factors which effecting the establishment of airport hubs consist of Delphi method and Regression analysis. The research will be the benefits for managing airports and developing their airport hub. Moreover the study of the research will be useful for Southeast Asia governments to determine the relevant policies and planning for aviation business development of the country. Key words: Multiple Criteria Decision Making, Airport Hub, Southeast Asia, Delphi Method, Regression Analysis INTRODUCTION The leaders of 10 member countries affirmed their strong commitment to acceleration of an ASEAN Community by 2015. The AEC will transform ASEAN into a region with free movement of goods, services, investment, skilled labor and free flow of capital. The air transport is a method to travel within the region and connect to other regions in the world. Moreover the business competition nowadays tends to be more intensive due to the globalization and free trade agreement. The intense of business competitiveness, both in production and in marketing, results in the business entities need to enhance their competitive capacity in every possible ways. The statistics of World Bank during 1995-2013 shows that the growth of passengers in Southeast Asia region has been increasing. Therefore all airports and airlines need to prepare to deal with these passengers. The airport develop-

ment and the adjustment of aviation routes and services require to be improved to create more profit for their businesses. The selection of the international airport to be the passenger hub in Southeast Asia region and connect to other regions in the world is the most important measure to reduce operating costs and save time for the aviation business. The objective of this research is to select the suitable airport which will be the aviation hub in Southeast Asia region. The study emphasizes on the international airports which have most air passenger traffic volume as follows: (ACI,2013) Singapore s Changi International Airport (SIN),Cambodia s Phnom Pehn International Airport (PNH),Brunei s Brunei international Airport (BWN), Indonesia s Sugarno Hatta International Airport (CGK), Lao PDR s Wattay International Airport (VTE), Malaysia s Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KUL), Myanmar s Rangoon International Airport (RGN), the Philip-

* School of Engineering, Vibhavadi-Rangsit Kd., Din Daeng, Din Daeng, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand; nutapong.j@rsu.ac.th

Nattapong Jantachalobon - The evaluation forms of international passenger airport hub in southeast asia

pines Ninoy Aquino International Airport (MNL), Thailand s Suvarnabhumi International Airport (BKK), and Vietnam s Tan Son Nhat International Airport (SGN). The research applied the engineering principles to solve the selection problem systematically and reasonably. The research methodology consists of multiple liner regression, Delphi method, Concentration Ratio (CR), Comprehensive Concentration Index-CCI, Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI) and Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM). The researcher applied Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) and Analytics Hierarchy Process (AHP) for data analysis. The rest of this paper is organized as the following sections. Section 2 will discuss on the methods and factors which affects the airport hub evaluation worldwide. Section 3 will show the process of airport hub evaluation in Southeast Asia. The process begins with finding of affected factors to be airport hub worldwide and execute these data using multiple liner regression method with the airports where most passenger traffic in 6 regions: Africa s O.R. Tambo International Airport, Europe s London Heathrow Airport , Middle East s Dubai International Airport , North America s Hartsfield Jackson Atlanta International Airport, South America s São Paulo Guarulhos International Airport, and Asia Pacific s Beijing Capital International Airport (ACI statistic,2013). The same data then was executed, using the same method (MLR), with 10 international airports in Southeast Asia region. Lastly, the Delphi method will be used to find the possible factors of airport hub. The result from 3 methodologies will be compared and evaluated all factors to select the suitable airport hub in Southeast Asia region. Section 4 shows the result of the research and analysis of the selective airport hub for Southeast Asia region. Section 5 provides conclusions and suggestions. LITERATURE REVIEW There is the intensive competition in aviation business. The transfer of workforce, merchandise, capital and data are increasing. Bowen (2000) has studied the change of aviation industry growth in Southeast Asia region and found that the national government applied their strategies which are airline industry liberalization and airport development, to shape the development of air transport network. O Connor (1995) studied the changes of pattern of traffic and activity 94

of airline in Southeast Asia. This research is the basis of planning in transport geography. There have been many methods used in past studies for evaluating the airport hub. Costa (2010) found airport hub for tourism in Brazil by using 3 methods for evaluating tourist airport hub consisting of: firstly, surveying with Brazilian experts, secondly US Federal Aviation Administration and thirdly the usual Herfindahl Hirschman method. Janic and Reggiani (2002) used the Multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) in order to select new hub airport in Europe. They evaluated 7 airports in Europe by applying 3 methods of MCDM as follows: SAW (Simple Additive Weighting), TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution) and AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process). Scholz (2011) analyzed the airline network by calculating Herfindahl-Index (HI), the concentration-ratio (CR) and the Gini-Index (GI). These analysis results in the market share of each airlines. The study of Wang (2011) concerned the airport city in Taiwan used 30 key factors and seven trends for airport-city development by interviewing the group of experts. Carmona-Benítez MRes, R.B & Lodewijks, G was set up by analyzing the domestic US air transport market. A multi-regression analysis determined the relation between distance, airline operations costs and airports charges between origin and destination and market fares. Müller, J, Ülkü, T, and ivanovi!, J(2009) compare analysis of the economic and technical performance of thirteen airports from 1998 to 2005. Methods used are Partial Factor Productivity (PFP), Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) and Second Stage Multi Regressions, which are applied to identify the characteristics of British and German airports and compare two different ownership structures: privatized and partially privatized with residual public ownership. Previous study about airport hub factor, Dennis, 1994 studied the airline hub operations in Europe giving the importance of the distance factor in order to minimize connecting time and costs. The finding of Dennis s study shows that Amsterdam and Paris international airports are suitable to develop as the regional hub. Matsumoto (2007) also studied the density of air passenger traffic in Asia, Europe, and America by using the following factors: GDP, population and distance. The study measured the density traffic suitable to be airport hub. Nenem (2012) s study applied Journal of Applied Engineering Science 13(2015)2, 317

Nattapong Jantachalobon - The evaluation forms of international passenger airport hub in southeast asia

the method of Geographical Positioning as the main factor to determine airport hub in Europe, middle East and North Africa and find the best position which can reduce the operating costs for the airlines. Lin (2010)Â&#x2019;s study found that Low cost airline and airport in Southeast Asia have develop their relations such as: signing on bilateral air service agreement which these airports tend to be airport hub. The key indicator for the airlines chooses that airport to be the airline base for connecting to various aviation routes. Salmon Smith Barney said that the factors needed to consider aviation hub are size of Natural Catchment Area, Location Relative to Main Traffic Flows Aviation Hub, Attractiveness to Connecting Traffic, Strength and Commitment of the Home Airline or Alliance, and Airport Expansion Potential. Park (2003) assessed the competitive status of major airports in East Asia based on

five factors: service, demand, managerial, facility and spatial qualities. METHODOLOGY This research aims to evaluate the most suitable airport in Southeast Asia for being air passenger airport hub by using two main methodologies comprising of multiple liner regression analysis and Delphi technic. These technics used to find the relation of all factors affecting to be airport hub. In the selection of the sample group, researcher applied the methods of CR, CCI, HHI to analyze the economic factor suitable to be airport hub. AHP and TOPSIS methods are used to evaluate the airport in Southeast Asia and determine which airport suits to be airport hub of the region. The research methodology can be shown in detail as the following chart below. (Figure 1)

Figure 1: Steps of research methodology

The selection of factors in relation to airport hub The selection of factors uses both qualitative and quantitative methods by making literature review from relevant journals, books and other documents in the past concerning the factors affecting the selection of air passenger hub worldwide. It is found that there is no journal mentioned of the standard factor using in evaluating airport hub. From literature review, it is found in conclusion that there are 5 main factors and 21 sub factors. The data using to analyze these factors come from the raw data of both public and private Journal of Applied Engineering Science 13(2015)2, 317

entities as shown in Table 1. The main factors and sub factors are used to find their relations by using the mean of multiple linear regression analysis. The sample group consists of all airports in the world categorized by the most number of air passenger traffic in each region. It can be divided into 6 regions (FAA, 2013) according to Airports Council International as the following: Africa, Europe, Middle East, North America, South America, and Asia Pacific. Next step is the use of multiple regression analysis as the first step but the sample groups are 10 international airports in Southeast Asia region. The last step 95

Nattapong Jantachalobon - The evaluation forms of international passenger airport hub in southeast asia

is the use of Delphi technic to find the relation of these variables by interviewing 17 experts from 5 target groups from various aspects in Thailand such as: government, academia, airline, airport management, and economic policy. The study of California Junior Colleges Association, 1971 stated that if the expert target groups more than 17 or more, the error from analysis will be reduced. Analysis by Delphi technic will be made

3 times. In the first round of analysis the open questionnaire is used. The second round will use the questionnaire of rating scale 5 in accordance with the theory of Likert scale. Lastly there will be the answer confirmation of each expert. Then the results from all three methods will be compared and analyzed to reflect the factors are related to being airport hub.

Table 1: Summary of passenger airport hub criteria in past studies Locational Factors Linking/Gateway

Previous Study OÂ&#x2019;Connor (1995); Bowen (2000) ;Costa (2009); Zhang (2002)

Economic Factors

Previous Study

GDP

Bowen (2000); Zhang (2002); Kang (2003); Homsombat et al. (2011)

GDP Growth

Homsombat et al. (2011)

GDP per Capital

Homsombat et al. (2011)

Employment Rate

Homsombat et al. (2011)

Unemployment Rate

Homsombat et al. (2011)

Total Investment

Homsombat et al. (2011) Functional Factors

Previous Study

Minimum Connection Time

Dennis (1994); Nenem and Ozkan-Gunay (2012)

Number of Principal Runways

Dennis (1994)

Terminal Capacity

Kang (2003) Wit (1996); Ohashi et al. (2005); Berechman and de Costa (2009); Homsombat et al. (2011)

Passenger Airport Charge

Berechman and de Wit (1996)

Number of custom clearance point

Zhang (2002)

Operational Factors

Previous Study

Number of Passenger Traffic

Zhang (2002); Costa (2009); Watanabe (2009); Nenem and Ozkan-Gunay (2012); Homsombat et al. (2011)

Number of Tourist Arrivals

Homsombat et al. (2011); Berechman and de Wit (1996)

Number of Airline Company

Homsombat et al. (2011)

Number of Aircraft Movement

Watanabe (2009); Costa (2009); Nenem and Ozkan-Gunay (2012)

Number of International Airport

Homsombat et al. (2011); Watanabe (2009);

Other Factors

Previous Study

Open Sky Policy

Tsai and Su (2002); Gardiner (2005); Lirn (2006); Songguang (2007); Costa (2009); Wanga (2010)

Number of Partnership between airport and airlines

Homsombat et al. (2011); Fu et al. (2011); Barbot (2009); Fu and Zhang (2010); Zhang et al. (2010)

Maintenance/Repair/Overhaul

Homsombat et al. (2011)

Population

Homsombat et al. (2011)

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Select the sample group This research aims to find the international airport which have the most air passenger traffic volume in each country in Southeast Asia region and propose to be the suitable airport hub for the region. Nevertheless all countries are different in any aspects such as economics, sociological, political, culture and airport management strategies. The method to select the sample group in analysis of the research consists of Concentration Ratio (CR), Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI) and Comprehensive Concentration Index (CCI). These methods result the concentration of the air passengers volume of various airports in Southeast Asia region during 1995-2013 using data from official airline guides (OAG) In order to clarify the acquisition of the sample groups clearly in this research, the selection methods used in this research can be described briefly as follows: Concentration ratio is a tool which calculates the market share of each specific airport. The results reflect intense competition within the market. The calculated results can be divided into three levels: 1. CRn of 67% or more reflects high airport concentration with an evident monopoly. 2. CRn between 34% and 67%, reflects an airport as moderately concentrated. 3. CRn of less than 34%, reflects an airport with low concentration and that is highly competitive. The formula for finding the concentration ratio is the following (Hallo, 1967):

CRn = the ratio of major airport concentration Si = selling revenue t = the largest airport n = total number of the airport in the industry i = individual airport enterprise Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI) is an index to show the quadratic sum of each airportÂ&#x2019;s market share compared to the whole industry. Where Si is the share of air traffic at airport i in relation to the total air traffic. The variable n denotes the number of airports in the network. The HHI takes into account the relative size and distribution of the nodes (e.g. airports) in the network. It is sizeJournal of Applied Engineering Science 13(2015)2, 317

dependent and its minimum for a fixed number of actors results in equal shares with a value of 1/t. Furthermore, the HHI is primarily sensitive to changes at the extreme ends, which is a property of the square-function giving high weights to the largest airports. The HHI is the most frequently used measure of market concentration. The results of analysis can be divided into 4 ranges: 1. Less than 1,000 means the market has high competition but no monopoly 2. Between 1,000 and 1,800 means there is moderate competition in the market and if HHI is close to 1,800, a major market share enterprise exists. 3. More than 1,800 means there may be a monopoly in the market 4. More than 10,000 means there is only one service provider which holds a monopoly in the industry. The formula for HHI is as follows (Hirschman, 1964):

Comprehensive Concentration Index (CCI) measures concentration, but adjusts the disclose defects of HHI. Both HHI and CCI consider all enterprises in an industry but CCI emphasizes enterprises other than biggest entity. CCI gives a value between 1 and 0, and a result close to 1 indicates a monopoly is present in the market. The formula CCI is as follows (Horvath 1970):

CCI = Comprehensive Concentration Index Si = the market share of the airport no. i: i=1,2,3,4,Â&#x2026;, n Sj = the market share of the airport no. j: j=1,2,3,4,Â&#x2026;, n Survey results of weights criteria and collect data from international airport hub model AHP is used to find weight measurement of each criteria and secondary data from government agencies, private sectors and annual report of each international airport. The level of measurement can be divided into 5 combining with the collecting of raw data according to variable factors. 97

Nattapong Jantachalobon - The evaluation forms of international passenger airport hub in southeast asia

In AHP relative measurement, a comparison matrix at each level will be set up by comparing pairs of criteria, or pairs of alternatives at the lowest level. A scale of scores ranging from 1 (equally important) to 9 (absolutely important) is used to denote the importance of these criteria/ alternatives. Once the matrix of pairwise comparisons has been developed, the relative importance of each can be estimated in terms of the specific measure. Pairwise comparisons between the m measures can be conducted by asking the decision-maker or expert questions such as, Which measure is more important with regards to the decision goal and the extent of its importance? (Score 1 9). The answers to these questions for man m *m pairwise comparison matrix, which is defined as follows (Saaty, 1980; Saaty, 1994):

(1)

In Eq. (1), aij represents a quantified judgment on wi/wj with aii= 1 and aij = 1/aji for i, j=1, , m. The weight of measure i can be calculated as follows: (2) To determine the range of international passenger airport data, researcher considers the range of real data each international passenger airport in Southeast Asia. It can divide the data into 5 levels to complete. Accordance with the process set points for sequence analysis tactic (Analytic Hierarchy Process, AHP) is also consistent with the research of Deng Yong (2006), which details the calculations are as follows: The range = Max value data Min value data The class interval width = the range/number of layer data Development of passenger airport hub factors to evaluation model for selection This section discusses the results of factors to evaluate how any international airport become airport hub in Southeast Asia region. AHP method and TOPSIS method will be used to classify the most suitable airport as a hub for the region. The study of TOPSIS method is about concept 98

and process of implementation. It shows that this method focus on criteria which is separation between the positive and negative criteria. And at the end of the analysis, including the assessment of the two types together seamlessly. Thus the answer is more reliable. AHP is the method to find weight of criteria by comparing pairs of alternatives for decision making. The criteria will be orderly classified from main criteria to minor criteria. The different between AHP and TOPSIS 1. AHP give effectively analyze data in tangible and intangible especially, the important topic in deciding on a judge style. 2. TOPSIS is good at analysis in feeling decision. 3. TOPSIS want a certain style in order to determine the relative importance of different features of the factor criteria. 4. AHP makes decisions that are more flexible and good ranking in factors criteria. 5. AHP calculations are more complicated than TOPSIS. 6. AHP factors and alternatives are compared in pairs while TOPSIS no comparison in pair. 7. TOPSIS is to select the best method from data, but may not be the most appropriate. 8. TOPSIS use tree method but AHP hierarchy mapping relationship. 9. TOPSIS will not charge when the weight is zero, which is a disadvantage. ANALYSIS AND RESULTS Step 1: The results of factors relating to be the passenger airport hub come from the comparison of 3 methods using regression analysis to find factors from 6 airports of 6 regions. Then regression analysis was used to find factors from 10 airports of 10 countries in Southeast Asia region. Finally, Delphi technic used to find the variables from interviewing the experts. The results of analysis are shown in table 2. It is shown that there are 16 sub factors from analysis. Moreover the number of gateway, number of aircraft movement, number of tourist arrival, and number of partnership between airport and airline are related to the passenger airport hub.

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Nattapong Jantachalobon - The evaluation forms of international passenger airport hub in southeast asia

Table 2: Summary of passenger airport hub factor from three methods Methods Factors

Delphi

Regression Analysis

factor hub in the world

factor hub in ASEAN

SUM

Number of Gateway

Gross Domestic Product

Investment in Transportation

Minimum Connecting Time

Terminal Capacity

Number of Custom Channel

Number of Aircraft Movement

Number of airline company

1 /

Number of employment rate

Population

Airport passenger charge fee Number of tourist arrival

Number of Airport

Gross Domestic Product Growth

Gross domestic product per capital

Number of Partnership between Airport and Airlines

Step 2: The sample group which will be selected to evaluate will be determined by 3 methods; CR, CCI and HHI. Table 3 and figure 2 shown the results of Changi International Airport, CR1 (SIN) in Singapore is the international airport that have highly market share in ten international airports of ASEAN. It has average means 26.33 %. Secondly, Suvarnabhumi International Airport, CR2 (BKK) in Thailand has a market share of second rank. It has 22.03% for average means. Sugarno Hatta International Airport, CR3 (CGK) in Indonesia has 16.98% for average means and come be third rank. Kuala Lumpur International Airport, CR4 (KUL) in Malaysia has 14.66% for average means and come be fourth rank. Manila Ninoy Aquino International Airport, CR5 (MNL) in Philippines has 11.74% for average means and come be Fifth rank. Finally, Tan Son Nhat International Airport, CR 6 (SGN) Vietnam has 5.6 for average means and come be sixth rank. The combined CR for these 6 airports exceeds 97.35 percent. The highest concentration ratio (CR1) was Changi International Airport. This illustrates that airline networks in ASEAN have high airport concentration. CCI shows that the market is highly competitive and not monopolized. It should be noted that ASEAN international airports are not different from each other, in Journal of Applied Engineering Science 13(2015)2, 317

the number of airline flights they service. There is no clear leader among ASEAN airports. Every ASEAN airport could be a hub. Moreover, The HHI illustrates that there is moderate competition in each airport. So, we selected the three most concentrated airports (CR1, CR2, CR3, CR4, CR5, and CR6) to analyze the next step. Step 3: Finding weight criteria factors from 17 experts and raw data to evaluate the airport hub factor. The weight criteria divide into 5 levels in order to evaluate by using the method of AHP and TOPSIS. The result from figure 3 and figure 4 shown that geography criteria which is sub Â&#x2013; criteria on number of gateway has the most, therefore the airport with most gateways, the more to be the airport hub. The criteria on operational and functional have the same weight. The factor on population has least weight, it is shown that Indonesia with most population among Asian countries have no effect to be the airport hub. Table 4 shows the level of evaluation for each factors dividing into 5 levels and 9 rating score. The evaluation comes from the actual data from various agencies in order to select the most suitable airport hub for the region. Step 4: The decision making by applying TOPSIS method is the mean to realize the importance 99

Nattapong Jantachalobon - The evaluation forms of international passenger airport hub in southeast asia

of positive and negative data. The procedure of analysis divided into several steps including the adjustment of standard value and multiplies with weight number and then lead to closeness coefficient. The result of analysis can be shown in table 5. The importance weight criteria using AHP method applied on the actual data of 5 levels and 9 score in step 3. The matrix table will be used to evaluate and find consistency index which the results of analysis shown in Table 6. CONCLUSION The application of decision making model to evaluate the international airports in Southeast Asia region as airport hub reflects 6 airports as follows: 1. Changi international airport, (SIN) in Singapore 2. Suvarnabhumi International Airport, (BKK) in Thailand 3. Sugarno Hatta International Airport, (CGK) in Indonesia 4. Kuala Lumpur International Airport, (KUL) in Malaysia 5. Manila Ninoy Aquino International Airport, (MNL) in Philippines 6. Tan Son Nhat International Airport, (SGN) Vietnam. It is found that, from the importance weight criteria, geography criteria and sub-criteria of number of gateway is the most important factor. The result of factor analysis by AHP method and TOPSIS method are 1. Changi International airport 2. Suvarnabhumi International Airport 3. Kuala Lumpur International Airport. The model for decision making from this research indicates the importance of relevant criteria to select the airport to be the airport hub of the region. The alternative countries can also plan their policies and strategies to prepare themselves for the competitiveness in AEC era. The suggestions of this research are as follows; 1. How to be airport hub for the region needs close corporation from all parties both airports and public policy 2. The importance weight criteria should applied all international airports in Southeast Asia in order to find the exact weight factor 3. The analysis of aviation rules and regulation and planning should be more emphasized in the study. Further researcher should study whether Changi International Airport has been selected as the regional airport hub, the aviation routing need to be planned and the flight connecting route within Southeast Asia and other part of the world should be well-planned in order to maximize the benefits for every ASEAN member countries in the future. 100

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Nattapong Jantachalobon - The evaluation forms of international passenger airport hub in southeast asia

12) Watanabe, D., Majima, T., Takadama, K., and Katuhara, M., (2009). Hub airport location in air cargo system. SICE Annual Conference. 945-948. 13) Tsai, M.C., and Su, Y.S., (2002). Political risk assessment on air logistics hub developments in Taiwan. Journal of Air Transport Management. 8(6), 373-380. 14) Lirn, T.C., (2006). Study of airline s cargo hub airport selection- an empirical study in Taiwan. Penghu University/Kaohsiung First University of Science & Technology. 15) Gardiner, J., Ison, S., & Humphreys, I., (2005). Factor influencing cargo airline s choice of airport: An international survey. Journal of air transport management. 11, 393-399. 16) Songguang, H., (2007). A geographical analysis of air hubs in Southeast Asia. Thesis, Department of geography, National university of Singapore. 17) Wang, R., (2011). Study on the Cause-Effect Relationship of the Service Quality Evaluation Criteria of Portal Sites. African Journal of Business Management. 4 (10), 2432-2444. 18) Fu, X., and Zhang, A., (2010). Effects of Airport Concession Revenue Sharing on

Competition and Social Welfare. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy. 44(2), 119138. 19) Fu, X., Oum, T.H., and Zhang, A., (2010). Air Transport Liberalization and its Impacts on Airline Competition and Air Passenger Traffic. Transportation Journal. 49 (4), 24-41. 20) Scholz, A., (2011). Spatial network configurations of cargo airlines. Working paper series in economics. 21) Matsumoto, H. (2007). International air network structures and air traffic density of world cities, Transportation Research Part E. 43 (3), pp.269 282. 22) Janic, M., & Reggiani, A. (2002). An Application of the Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) Analysis to the Selection of a New Hub Airport. European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research, vol.2, 113-141. 23) Wang, K.J., Hong, W.C., Chen, S.H., and Jiang, J.T. (2011). Strategic development trend and key factors analysis of Airport City in Taiwan, Journal of Transport Geography 19 (2011) 807 820 Paper sent to revision: Paper ready for publication:

ANNEXES

Figure 2: Show graph CR1, CR2, CR3, CR4, CR5, CR6, CCI, and HHI

Journal of Applied Engineering Science 13(2015)2, 317

101

102

Table 3: Show Concentration Ratio, Comprehensive Concentration Index, and Herfindahi Â&#x2013; Hirsch man index between 1995 - 2013 Year

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

CR1

36.16

37.59

36.99

33.00

31.01

31.33

30.01

28.29

22.86

23.87

23.25

23.68

22.39

22.06

21.69

20.84

21.89

22.04

21.76

26.88

CR2

64.58

64.74

62.18

58.56

53.55

52.40

51.17

48.74

44.09

44.38

44.68

44.83

44.00

43.60

41.61

41.11

41.89

42.26

41.34

48.93

CR3

74.52

74.49

73.15

72.29

69.22

68.53

66.70

64.75

64.19

64.22

64.71

64.16

62.12

61.99

61.50

61.03

61.29

61.79

60.06

65.83

CR4

84.02

83.78

83.77

83.68

82.31

81.67

80.59

80.37

80.78

81.35

80.47

78.26

77.72

77.39

77.18

77.03

77.00

77.37

80.27

CR5

92.97

93.03

93.17

92.73

92.77

92.92

92.35

92.46

92.38

92.72

92.98

92.41

90.74

90.44

90.30

90.03

90.20

89.16

89.34

91.74

CR6

97.68

97.61

97.54

97.19

97.40

97.41

97.23

97.32

97.18

97.27

97.67

97.43

97.45

97.53

97.69

97.37

97.13

96.83

96.64

97.35

CCI

0.556

0.559

0.546

0.529

0.505

0.501

0.492

0.483

0.462

0.467

0.468

0.465

0.453

0.451

0.448

0.443

0.447

0.445

0.443

0.48

HHI

0.241

0.244

0.235

0.216

0.202

0.201

0.195

0.189

0.181

0.182

0.184

0.183

0.179

0.178

0.177

0.176

0.19

Nattapong Jantachalobon - The evaluation forms of international passenger airport hub in southeast asia

Journal of Applied Engineering Science 13(2015)2, 317

Figure 4: The weight of the importance of the main factors analyzed by AHP method

Nattapong Jantachalobon - The evaluation forms of international passenger airport hub in southeast asia

Figure 3: The result of importance weights criteria Table 5: The results of decision making analysis by using TOPSIS method and ranking the suitable options Airport

S+

S-

Ranking

BKK

0.177

0.154

0.465

SIN

0.087

0.309

0.780

KUL

0.202

0.134

0.400

CGK

0.266

0.113

0.298

SGN

0.322

0.030

0.085

MNL

0.240

0.106

0.305

Table 6: The result of AHP method Alternatives

Preference Scale

Preference Score

BKK

0.197

SIN

0.278

KUL

0.164

CGK

0.16

SGN

0.082

MNL

0.117

Journal of Applied Engineering Science 13(2015)2, 317

103

104

Table 4: Assessment forms in five level for airport alternate in Southeast Asia Main criteria

Sub-criteria

unit

level 1 (1 mark)

level 2 (3 mark)

level 3 (5 mark)

level 4 (7 mark)

level 5 (9 mark)

Location

Number of Gateway

count by city

Below 79.4

79.4 - 120.8

120.8 - 162.2

162.2 - 203.6

More than 203.6

GDP

US$

Below 132,394,004,172.43

132,394,004,172.43 195,714,406,998

195,714,406,998.28 259,034,809,824.13

259,034,809,824.13 322,355,212,650

More than 203.6

GDP Growth

Below 4.22

4.22 - 5.02

5.02 - 5.82

5.82 - 6.62

More than 322,355,212,650

GDP per Capital

US$

Below 7,198.44

7,198.44 - 13,577.41

13,577.41 - 19,956.38

19,956.38 - 26,335.35

More than 6.62

Number of employment rate

Below 70.58

70.58 - 90.32

90.32 - 110.06

110.06 - 129.8

More than 26,335.35

US$

Below 280,407,196.45

Economic

Investment in Transportation

566,924,803.25 710,183,606.65

More than 710,183,606.65

min

More than 60

Terminal Capacity

Below 204,108.63

Number of Custom Channel

counter

Below 21.2

21.2 - 28.4

28.4 - 35.6

35.6 - 42.8

More than 42.8

Passenger airport charge fee

US$

More than 17.08

14.56 - 17.08

12.04 - 14.56

9.52 - 12.04

Below 9.52

Number of Aircraft Movement

count

Below 98,550.76

Number of airline company

count

Below 27.59

27.59 - 37.29

37.29 - 46.99

46.99 - 56.69

More than 56.69

Number of Airport

count

Below 7.08

7.08 - 12.16

12.16 - 17.24

17.24 - 22.32

More than 22.32

Number of tourist arrival

count

Below 6,856,479.21

Number of Partnership between Airport and Airlines

count

Below 3.8

Population

count

Below 47,851,668.08

None 204,108.63 408,217.26

98,550.76 129,067.58

6,856,479.21 11,093,011.07

None 408,217.26 - 612,325.89

129067.58 - 159,584.40

11,093,011.07 15,329,542.92

None 612,325.89 816,434.52

159,584.40 190,101.22

15,329,542.92 19,566,074.77

Below 60 More than 816,434.52

More than 190,101.22

More than 19,566,074.77

3.8 - 4.49

4.49 - 5.18

5.18 - 5.87

More than 5.87

47,851,668.08 -

91,305,688.79 -

134,759,709.5 -

More than

91,305,688.79

134,759,709.50

178,213,730.20

178,213,730.2

Nattapong Jantachalobon - The evaluation forms of international passenger airport hub in southeast asia

Journal of Applied Engineering Science 13(2015)2, 317

Other

423,665,999.85 566,924,803.25

Minimum Connecting Time

Functional

Operational

280,407,196.45 423,665,999.85

Original Scientific Paper

doi:10.5937/jaes13-7539

Paper number: 13(2015)2, 318, 105 - 110

COOPERATION ENTERPRISES -UNIVERSITIESSTUDENTS IN MACEDONIA AFTER BOLLOGNE DECLARATION Â&#x2013; CONDITIONS, PROBLEMS, CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS Dr Tale Geramitchioski* University St.Clementius of Ohrid, Technical faculty, Bitola, Macedonia The work gives image of the real condition of the cooperation between the business sector and faculties of technical sciences in education of mechanical engineers obtained through appropriate researches by using the instrument of survey questionnaire. The results point out defeated facts of total absence of cooperation, miss out in creation of study programs and profiles of mechanical engineers who graduate and who are not compatible with the market demand. The research enabled making difference of future challenges and suggesting possible steps towards problem solution. As a result of the research, the Centre for Teaching and Adopting New Technologies (CETANeT) was establish as a new institution to provide a new concept for real and intensive cooperation between University, state and the enterprises in the field of quality high education. Key words: Higher education, Mechanical engineer, Labor market, Education model for engineers, Professional competencies, University, Enterprises, Bologna declaration INTRODUCTION Since 2003 Republic of Macedonia is cosignatory of Bologna Declaration and is member of European group of countries with reformed high education [02, 04]. As a result of the declaration requirements, the high education has been integrated Â&#x2013; the universities became integrated, three cycle system of high education (3+2+3 and 4+3+1) introduced, credit transfer system introduced, mobility of students and teaching staff provided by inclusion in the European program, Bacillus and Erasmus Mundus, the level of quality control is raised by self-evaluation, evaluation and expert evaluation [03, 08]. Moreover, in two turns the ranging of the Universities was made by Shanghai Jiao Tong University. However, the impression in the public is that the profiles of staff from technical vocations deriving from so reformed system do not accomplish with the standards and developing flows of the economy, in particular by the foreign investors in production sector [06, 02]. The reasons for this impression are of many layers, but it is necessary to prove it as well scientifically by using the methods and techniques of survey questionnaire with direct inclusion of

the subjects. The researchers are realised at subject living and working in the cities in Pelagonia region in Republic of Macedonia located at the south-west in Republic of Macedonia where little less than 1/3 of the total population lives, but 80% of the produces electricity is being produced there [01]. The employers consider that the education is inappropriate due to the obsolete curricula, methods and techniques being applied in the education. Non-developed systems of communication among the education institutions and the business community in the Pelagonia region, as well as the lack of community participation in the educational programs with practical work, results with low level student preparation that is a key factor for the requirements of the labour market [01]. This means that it is necessary to have joint and synchronised participation of all parties. It is necessary to create measures for future developing and stimulating the small and the medium enterprises as a main employer in the region. Strengthening the local economy requires strong link of cooperation between all business sectors. The education system is the key factor that should establish a solid structure and organization to enable

* Unuverzitet Sv. Kliment Ohridski, Tehnicki fakultet Bitola, akedonska falanga 33, 7000 Bitola; tale.geramitcioski@tfb.uklo.edu.mk

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Dr Tale Geramitchioski - Cooperation enterprises -universities-students in Macedonia after Bollogne declaration - conditions, problems, challanges and solutions

its functional connection with the labour market. However, the education must not continue with the practice of taking care only for the preparation of the new working power but also to take place in upgrading the working skills of the more experienced. The modern set up of the education system must respect the principles of flexibility, functionality and openness. Its care must be for students, employees, unemployed and all that need educational upgrade skills. The dynamics of change in education system should follow the dynamics of changes in the necessary competences required by the labour market [09]. The functioning of the education system must be followed by redesign of the given curricula. The basic functions of the teaching method must be an accomplishment and effectuation of the unity that exists among the student, general knowledge, professional specific knowledge, rounded by the standards for competences for certain profession or vocation [10]. The education services must leave the world of formalised standards and normative, to exit the classroom and to connect with the world that requires those education services. The basis for connection of the labour market needs and education should be the social dialogue among all parties considered [03, 04]. EVALUATION OF THE MANAGERS OPINION FOR ENGINEERING QUALIFICATIONS For the purpose of analysing the opinion and attitudes of the managers for capacity of future engineers to respond to the labour market needs the work covers instrument A3: SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE FOR MANAGERS covering 50 managers-engineers from several big and small industrial and production-economy companies in Pelagonia region [07]. The engineering is a profession where the knowledge obtained by studying, the experience and practice, are united for the purpose of developing the capacities for solving the problem in the industry. During the researching, the following methods are used: analytical Â&#x2013;synthetic method, method of generalization and specialization , classification method, method of induction and deduction, method of proof and denial and descriptive method. Within these methods, the following technics are used for empiric data collection: survey and subject analysis.

RESULTS AND DISCUSIONS Furthermore there is a presentation of the quantitative results from the survey questionnaire Â&#x2013; instrument A3. The need of increasing the communication skills such as verbal and non-verbal communications with expert and non-expert public, technical discussion with professionals from other fields is being confirmed by the fact that 60% of the participants in the survey agree that they partially have communication skills, 32% communication skills and 8% do not have communication skills (Figure 1). The need of improvement of the skills for qualification of the team work and the functioning of the teams is confirmed by that that 50% of the participants in the survey consider that the engineers are less qualified for team work, 32% are very qualified and 18% are not at all qualified for team work (Figure 2). The fact that the engineers invest in their professional improvement is confirmed by the 66% of the participants in the survey and 34 are not interested for professional improvement (Figure 3).

Figure 1: Does the engineers in your company own communication skills?

Figure 2: Team work capability of the engineers?

106

Journal of Applied Engineering Science 13(2015)2, 318

Dr Tale Geramitchioski - Cooperation enterprises-universities-students in Macedonia after Bollogne declaration - conditions, problems, challanges and solutions

The biggest part of the engineers 74% consider that they most often use the problem solving within their work, 12% case study, 8% researches and 6% project work (Figure 4).The education of the engineers must contain the basics for successful practical work, effective teaching and relevant researches in the field of engineering for the needs of economy. The existing program for education of engineers does not comply with the labour market requirements is confirmed by the opinion of the participants in the survey who consider that 62% do not comply with the labour market, while 22% consider that the curriculum less complies and 16% complies a lot with the labour market (Figure 5). The students the future engineers do not take the practical part in concrete companies. It is confirmed by the fact that 56% of the participants in the survey who consider that the students come rarely at practical teaching in their companies, 34% regularly come to practice and 10% consider that the students never go on practical work in their companies. The challenges bring changes in the practice and education of the future engineers that must be compatible with European standards. The cooperation between the universities and the industry must increase for the purpose of achieving better results regarding the quality of the graduated students for the preparation for the market (Figure 6). The greatest part of the participants in the survey, 54% state that effective and efficient engineers are those with over 5 years working experience, 38% consider that effective and efficient are the engineers with experience from 3-5 years and 85 think that the engineers without working experience are effective and efficient (Figure 7).

Figure 3: How much engineers invest in their proffesional improvement?

Journal of Applied Engineering Science 13(2015)2, 318

Figure 4: Activities that are most often used during work?

Figure 5: At what level engineer education program complies with the labour market requirerments?

Figure 6: Do the students future engineers, take practical work in the companies?

Figure 7: Which engineers are considered as efficient and effective?

107

Dr Tale Geramitchioski - Cooperation enterprises -universities-students in Macedonia after Bollogne declaration - conditions, problems, challanges and solutions

The research regarding the professional development of the students for the purpose of inclusion in the production that is in modern condition of the industry, showed that 63% of the participants in the survey consider that the students are less qualified to be involved in the production as the curricula do not comply with the labour market requirement, and 37% think that the students from the existing education system may be involved in the labour market (Figure 8). Non-developed system of communication among the education institution and business community in Pelagonia region, as well as small participation of the community in creation of the educational programs and insufficient practical work during the education, result in low level of preparedness of students that finished their education for the purpose of inclusion in the labour market [07]. CENTER FOR TEACHING AND ADOPTING NEW TECHNOLOGIES (CETANeT) This paper will introduce a new approach towards treatment of Enterprise-Student-University relationship with the purpose to increase the student and academic staff enterprise orientation and awareness. This approach will also enable higher level of harmonization of different curricula among partner institutions and at international level. This will increase the usage of new ICT technologies and business information systems models within the educational process, making it more efficient in the same time. On the basis of the positive experience of similar projects in Europe, it is expected that this approach will contribute to put into practice the process of development of partnerships between enterprises and University. The interactive work-related lifelong learning proposed within the CETANeT will include two levels of organizational mechanisms, within and outside the University to foster an all-encompassing education through the blending of the ICT sciences with science and business education. These two levels of organization of the CETANeT are planned to be: executive board and implementation unit (Figure 9). The executive board will be initially consisted of the managerial members of the project partners and the members of the endorsing enterprises, while in the future it is planed that this board will consist of members from all the participating entities in the CETANeTs enterprise-University net108

work. This board will be the core of the CETANeT that will be responsible for producing schemes and concepts from which the implementation unit will work. The members of the executive board should continuously reinforce the main ideas on which the CETANeT will be built. The scope of work for the executive board will assign these tasks: analysis of enterprise requirements and capacities/facilities of educational centres analysis of the enterprise information systems case studies analysis of the existing curricula and proposal of changes in existing courses introduction of new courses by defining the contents of the newly introduced courses definition of new technologies to be implemented in the distance/active learning and video-conferencing environment The implementation unit will be consisted of mainly teaching staff and faculty members of the project partners. The members of the implementation unit should be well familiar with the active/distance learning and new technologies. This will ensure that the instruction and course content will be interactive, and the teaching will be flexible and creative. The scope of work for the implementation unit will concentrate on the following tasks: implementation of course changes/new courses proposed by the executive board adjustment of learning materials to fit the needs of new technologies implementation of interactive distance/active learning and video-conferencing environment creation of interactive learning content into distance/active learning and video-conferencing environment

Figure 8: In your opinion how many students - future engineers are capable to be involved in the production process ? Journal of Applied Engineering Science 13(2015)2, 318

Dr Tale Geramitchioski - Cooperation enterprises-universities-students in Macedonia after Bollogne declaration - conditions, problems, challanges and solutions

Figure 9: The conceptual architecture of the Centre for Teaching and Adopting New Technologies - CETANeT

Taking into account the CETANeT objectives and the organizational units tasks the main outcomes of the establishment of such centre will be: new business technology learning courses for enterprise employees enterprise-oriented learning courses for highJournal of Applied Engineering Science 13(2015)2, 318

er education students creation of network of enterprise and University members All outcomes are measurable by quantity of the changed or newly introduced courses and the number of enterprise employees and/or HE stu 109

Dr Tale Geramitchioski - Cooperation enterprises -universities-students in Macedonia after Bollogne declaration - conditions, problems, challanges and solutions

dents that participate in them, and the number of members in the enterprise-University network. The enterprise-University network will be hosted by the CETANeT web portal. Memberships of the network will be tied by formal joining the on-line community. The portal will also contain learning services (enriched with articles, cases, training exercises etc. in relation to CETANeTs main focus) developed by the implementation unit. The target group of the project are students and faculty staff. The first ones should accept the usage of new technologies in the campus and increase their level of awareness and acceptance of the entrepreneurial world. The second ones should adapt to the newly introduced technologies and increase their level of communication with the enterprise community. The students will be involved in the evaluation of the project, while teaching staff should actively participate during the whole duration of the project. CONCLUSION Direct beneficiaries of the project will be the students and enterprises. The University will also benefit from this initiative by adopting the new technologies and business models that support the increase of the student and academic staff enterprise orientation and awareness in terms of transferring the tacit knowledge from industry to University and vice versa in order to strengthen the Enterprise-Student-University relationship. In that way, we expect that this proposal provides an environment that supports and increase partnerships between enterprises and University. This project will also influence the lifelong learning process in the Republic of Macedonia. People need lifelong education opportunities to ensure that they will remain competitive in the workplace. The employees are supposed to get the needed technical skills and to be able to access online technologies for advanced training. Most of the employees that are supposed to use those technologies, and are ready to adapt to the new ones, have some kind of University based training. The establishment of the CETANeT will be the basis for further development of an efficient partnership between University and enterprises and provide a lifelong learning educational framework.

110

REFERENCES 1) Business Start-Up Centre Bitola, The labour market in Pelagonia (Macedonia), Bitola, 2010 2) Communique of the Conference of European Ministers Responsible for Higher Education: The European Higher Education Area-Achieving the Goals, Bergen, May 2005. 3) Council of Europe, Legislative reform programme in higher education and research, 1991-2004, Strasburg, France 4) European Commission, Directorate-General for education and culture, Progress towards the European Higher Education Area, Brussels, July 2004. 5) European Association for Quality Assurance in Higher Education: Standards and Guidelines for Quality Assurance in the European Higher Education Area, February 2005. 6) Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Macedonia and the European Training Foundation ETF: Â&#x201C;Proposal for a Strategy for Adult Education in the Republic of Macedonia in the Context of Lifelong Learning (2006-2015)Â&#x201D;, Skopje 2006. 7) Mitrevska C., Defining the Models for Engineering Education with Special Emphasis to Model for Engineer Design Education, PhD dissertation, University St. Clementius of Ohrid, Bitola, 2013 8) Regional University Network on Governance and Management of Higher Education in SEE, founded by European Commission and implemented by UNESCO-CEPES, National Policy of Higher Education in the Republic of Macedonia 2002-2005, Skopje 9) Schenk Brill, D. van & Boots, P.J.H.M., 2001, Engineering, Experiences with Industrial Coeducation, SEFI Annual Conf. Copenhagen: 103-104. 10)Schenk Brill, D. van, Kollenburg, P.A.M. van & Boots, P.J.H.M., 2002, Two Models of Engineering, Education for the Professional Practice, SEFI Annual Conf. Florence: 61-65 Paper sent to revision: 18.02.2015. Paper ready for publication: 10.06.2015.

Journal of Applied Engineering Science 13(2015)2, 318

Original Scientific Paper

doi:10.5937/jaes13-7652

Paper number: 13(2015)1, 319, 111 - 116

ENHANCING THE STABILITY OF THE TIMBER HARVESTING MACHINE OF MANIPULATOR TYPE BY USING AN ACTIVE SUSPENSION SYSTEM Bogdanov Evgenii Nikolaevich* Volga State University of Technology, Russia Dr Bagautdinov Ildar Nyrgaiazovich Volga State University of Technology, Russia Zhilin Stepan Sergeevich Volga State University of Technology, Russia The paper represents technique and calculation of the timber harvesting machine stability when using an active suspension system that leads to enhancement of stability and productivity increase at the expense of safe work. Key words: Mathematical modeling, Feller buncher, Manipulator, Undercarriage frame, Stability INTRODUCTION Modern timber harvesting machine of manipulator type still remains most perspective machine in timber harvesting mechanization for the nearest future. For tree-length method the most efficient machine is considered the feller buncher LP-19V from the home manufacturers. The main determining factor of timber harvesting machine efficiency, while using it in logging area is its productivity. LP-19V productivity at present has almost reached its maximum value. Further increase is possible only if constructive parameters and technological equipment would be changed. That is, using accumulators, increasing load capacity, or if time of technological cycle would be decreased. It can be achieved by acceleration of working attachments. Acceleration of working attachments leads to dynamic loads, which in turn, can cause stability loss of the vehicle at work. Moreover, the machine works on unlevel surface most of the time. Stability loss can cause overall and decrease the machine productivity. There are different methods how to determine stability of modern lifting machines (mobile and stationary). The main document is Regulations on Installation and Safe Operation of Cargo Cranes [01], so called, Regulations of Federal Mining and Industrial Inspectorate of Russia , GOST 13994-81 Construction tower cranes. Calculation standards . For diggers the method of Kirov digger plant [02] is used as well as VNIISTROYDORMASH method, Karasevzhiveynov technique [03,04,05] and, moreover, we can use a method of stability evaluation and load capacity determination for hydraulic diggers

according to German standards (standard DIN 24087-79 Earth-digging machines. Hydraulic diggers stability. Safety requirements . They refer to diggers, that perform earth works, but not for load lifting. Research objectives: stability augmentor of a feller buncher LP-19V, due to productivity improvement and, as a result, its competitive growth on the international market in comparison with machines of foreign manufacturers [06]. The authors of the given research consider one of the ways of stability augmentor of feller buncher LP-19V modernization of suspension system by using active base with reverse track [07,08], which leads to stability improvement and, as the result to better efficiency. RESEARCH METHOD This paper represents the computing only in statics (that s quite sufficient in order to check working capacity at the stage of conceptual design as well as for feasibility of further engineering design). The most frequent technological operation of a feller buncher is carrying the cut tree. This operation influences the machine stability considerably. In the course of modeling, we carry out a research of manipulator motion pattern with work object from the back part of the machine (point c0, Figure 1) to the front part (point c8, figure 1). This motion allows simulating hardest load conditions in various manipulator positions with the work object.

* Volga State University of technology, 3 Pl. Lenina ., Yoshkar-Ola, Mari El Republic, Russian Federation, 424000.; en.bogdanov@yandex.ru

(1) 111

Bogdanov Evgenii Nikolaevich - Enhancing the stability of the timber harvesting machine of manipulator type by using an active suspension system

where Mud- stabilizing moment, keeping machine from overall [!"], - moment from outer and inner forces and weights which tend to overall the machine with respect to an overall point [!"].

Stabilizing moment, keeping machine from overall is determined from the formula:

(2) where GPP is the weight of rotating platform, !; LPP the distance from rotating platform weight center to pivot axis, "; GHOD carriage frame weight, !; LHOD distance from carriage frame weight center to pivot axis, "; ± Pv wind load, ! (± - shows that wind direction can change and

conduce or resist overall); hb distance from the wind load application point to the ground surface, !. The overall moment with respect to an overall point is found from the formula: (3)

where Gstr manipulator arm weight, !; Lstr distance from manipulator arm weight center to pivot axis, !; Ggp weight of manipulator s hydraulic drive, !; Lgp distance from the weight of manipulator s hydraulic drive center to pivot axis, !; Gfh weight of the felling head, !; Lfh distance from the center of the felling head weight to pivot axis, "; Gder tree weight, !; Lder distance from the tree weight application point to the pivot axis, !. The modeling is performed in order to find the stability of the existing feller buncher LP-19V and for the advanced model LP-19M (with carriage frame under development and augmented stability) in various manipulator positions in relations to carriage frame. For this purpose it is necessary to determine stability coefficient, which is principal in comparison with different suspension systems of the machine. The overall point will vary at any time while the manipulator arm turns and carries the tree to another place (the angle change #, figure 1).

In other words the distance from overall point of all weights centers will be variable. It means that all output parameters will be changed and, what is most significant, the stability coefficient will be changed either. At that, the overall point moves about some rectangle overall perimeter (figure 1), depending on manipulator position against the carriage frame. Figure 1 represents $0, $1, , $i overall point position in the respect with manipulator position (turn angle of the rotation platform); %1, b1, b2 geometrical parameters of the overall sector perimeter (rectangle sides). Overall sector goes along the base of suspension system and that is why it is dependent on the suspension system type of the given machine. The sector perimeter is determined according to connection points of the carriage frame with mobility system. The existing feller buncher LP-19V has balancing-lever with four-point suspension. Figure 2 shows overall sector parameters for the existing LP-19V. It is obvious that transverse stability of the given construction is higher than in the front or back position of the manipulator.

Figure 1: Analytic model of determination the overall point while manipulator turns to carry a tree.

Figure 2: Overall sector parameters for the existing LP-19V suspension system. Bottom view.

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Journal of Applied Engineering Science 13(2015)2, 319

Bogdanov Evgenii Nikolaevich - Enhancing the stability of the timber harvesting machine of manipulator type by using an active suspension system

We propose to undertake the research aimed to study the question of how to increase stability of LP-19V at work, while using some original projects corresponding to the patents !2491201, 127356 and some applications for invention, by means of overall sector change on the basis of installation of various suspension systems [07, 08]. Foreign manufacturers apply digger undercarriage systems in timber harvesting machines. These systems have rigid (non-balancing) suspension systems. When digger undercarriage system is mounted on LP-19V, its overall point moves in axis direction of the machine. It increases the machine stability significantly, both in front and back manipulator positions (Figure 3). Furthermore, in an effort to increase the machine stability, it is provided to change track frames position. It is achieved by changing the machineÂ&#x2019;s track pit using telescopic moving out mechanism [07, 08]. When we use the data of original proj-

ects, the machine stability increases, due to the track pit enlargement (Figure 4). In this way, studying overall point position "0, "1, Â&#x2026; "8 (Figure 1) around the central axis, that passes through point #, we can find the distances #"0, #"1, Â&#x2026;#"8, which, in their turn, will vary in accordance to the applied suspension system type.

Figure 3: Overall sector parameters of the LP-19(d) digger suspension system. Bottom view.

Figure 4. - Overall sector parameters of the advanced LP-19(a) digger suspension system. Bottom view.

CALCULATION RESULTS If we insert initial values [09] into obtained formulae and change variables (overall point) in accordance with manipulator position, tree mass, we get the data for existing undercarriage frame (UF) of the feller buncher LP-19V and for active undercarriage frame referring to the patent [07, 08], which are represented graphically on the Figures. Figure 5 shows overall point position in respect with manipulator position against the undercarriage frame and the distance to pivot axis of the rotating platform.

Figure 5: Change of the overall point according to manipulator position against undercarriage frame. Journal of Applied Engineering Science 13(2015)2, 319

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Bogdanov Evgenii Nikolaevich - Enhancing the stability of the timber harvesting machine of manipulator type by using an active suspension system

As it is clear from the diagram this variant of the undercarriage system improves stability of LP19V when it performs technological operations, significantly. This way, in advanced model, overall point is located farther than pivot axis and for this reason the stability should increase. LetÂ&#x2019;s check this hypothesis.

Figures 6 Â&#x2014; 7 show moments of overall and of holdup of the machine according to manipulator position if manipulator radius equals 8 meters. These diagrams demonstrate clearly the improved performance characteristics of the advanced undercarriage frame.

Figure 6. Change of overall moment according to manipulator position.

Figure 7. Change of holdup moment of the machine according to manipulator position.

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Bogdanov Evgenii Nikolaevich - Enhancing the stability of the timber harvesting machine of manipulator type by using an active suspension system

Figure 8 Â&#x2014; change of stability coefficient against manipulator position.

Figure 8 represents stability coefficient of a feller buncher while using an existing undercarriage frame and advanced Undercarriage frame. The diagram shows stability non uniformity while moving a tree by means of manipulatorÂ&#x2019;s turn. At this, a significant stability is noticed in diagonal manipulator position. So, it can be recommended to install undercarriage frame diagonally about the tree, when cutting trees of a heavy mass. It permits to achieve safe tree felling. CONCLUSIONS 1) This paper represents a numerical scheme for moving a tree by means of manipulator turn in statics. The modeling and analysis of the model show its adequacy and opportunity to apply in course of investigation of other systems of manipulator type. 2) It was found that the machine with existing carriage frame possesses stability in profile plane more than 26.5% higher in comparison with longitudinal plane. For this reason, it is recommended to operators to use manipulator, while working with thick trees, only in profile plane. 3) Active undercarriage is constructed as undercarriage system of digger type, which is common to western machines (TimberPro TL 735, Valmet 445 FXL, CAT 521, John Deere 753J and others) it differs from them due to rigid base for crawler tread. Journal of Applied Engineering Science 13(2015)2, 319

4) The modeling of the active undercarriage system showed, that current system has stability in transport position in longitudinal plane 17% higher than in rolling plane. Therefore, it is recommended to operators, working with undercarriage systems of digger type, to use manipulator only in longitudinal plane for thick trees. 5) The modeling of the active undercarriage system in operative position testified that stability of feller buncher grows in longitudinal plane up to 96.2%, in rolling plane up to 49.8% and in intermediate position up to 193% in comparison with existing undercarriage system. 6) We propose the active undercarriage system with possibility of track extension, covered by patents ! 2491201 and ! 127356, Russian Federation. It is considerably superior to existing undercarriage frame of feller buncher LP-19V and allows increase productivity by means of enhancing stability of the machine, which influences psychophysical condition of operator at work. REFERENCES 1) Okorokov A.A., Dmitrenko I.E., Skvira E.M., eds. Pravila ustroistva i bezopasnoi ekspluatatsii gruzopodÂ&#x201D;emnykh kranov [Rules for the Construction and Safe Operation of load-lifting cranes] Moscow, Metallurgiya Publ., 115

Bogdanov Evgenii Nikolaevich - Enhancing the stability of the timber harvesting machine of manipulator type by using an active suspension system

1) 1984, 173p.. 2) Raschet EO-4124 [EO-4124 calculation] Kovrov, Kovrovskii ekskavatornyi zavod, 1975. 3) Zhiveynov N.N., Karasev G.N., Ustoichivost ekskavatora (Stability of the excavator) Moscow , Mashinostroenie Publ., 1997, no. 7. 4) Karasev G.N., Stepanov A.A. Analiz ustoichivosti ekskavatora (Analysis of stability of the excavator) Moscow, Stroitel nye i Dorozhnye mashiny, 1997 No. 10. 5) Pavlov !.P., Zhiveynov N.N., Karasev G.N. Proektirovanie odnokovshovykh ekskavatorov s primeneniem EVM i SAPR (Design of excavators with one ladle with use of the COMPUTER and SAPR), Krasnoyarsk, Izdvo Krasnoyar. Univ., 1988. 6) Bagautdinov I.N., Shestakov Y.I. Otsenka vliyaniya neploskostnosti opornogo kol tsa oporno-povorotnogo kruga platformy mashiny LP-19V na napryazhennoe sostoyanie mekhanizma povorota. Izvestiya vuzov Lesnoi zhurnal, 2002 .no. 7, pp 38-44.

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7) Bagautdinov I.N., Shestakov Y.I., Loskutov Y.V., Patrakov R.V., Zhilin S.S., Mikhaylov E.E. Sistema khodovaya lesozagotovitel noi mashiny [Running system forest mashine]. Patent RF, no. 2491201, 2013. 8) Bagautdinov I.N., Shestakov Y.I., Zhelonkin A.A., Tsvetkov S.A., Tsarkov A.G., Bogdanov E.N. Sistema khodovaya lesozagotovitel noi mashiny [Running system of a forest mashine]. Patent RF, no. 127356, 2013. 9) Valochno-paketiruyushchaya mashina LP19 (raschetnaya zapiska) [Feller Buncher LP-19 tractor (tractor calculations)] Khimki, TsNIIME Publ., 1974, 358p. Paper sent to revision: 19.01.2015. Paper ready for publication: 09.06.2015.

Journal of Applied Engineering Science 13(2015)2, 319

Original Scientific Paper

doi:10.5937/jaes13-8116

Paper number: 13(2015)2, 320, 117 - 125

STRATEGY OF EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT FOR SMALL BUSINESSES AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF INNOVATION ACTIVITY Dr Victoriia Nikolayevna Ryapukhina* Belgorod State Technological University named after V.G. Shukhov, Russia Emiliya Viktorovna Suprun Belgorod State Technological University named after V.G. Shukhov, Russia Dr Yuri Anatolievich Doroshenko Belgorod State Technological University named after V.G. Shukhov, Russia Dr Sophia Miroslavovna Bukhonova Belgorod State Technological University named after V.G. Shukhov, Russia Dr Irina Vladimirovna Somina Belgorod State Technological University named after V.G. Shukhov, Russia Proven by international experience appropriateness of the model of multiple innovation sources determines the urgency of the problem of development of small enterprises innovative activity. This paper examines the theoretical basis for attribution of innovation activity concept i.e. definition, types and stages of innovation, as well as analyzes the methodological aspects of effective management of the small business innovation. This study describes the main negative factors of innovation environment for small business and modern innovation strategies. The authors draw conclusions about effectiveness of application of innovative management strategies at different innovation stages and offer some measures to develop innovative intra-firm behavior. Key words: Innovative activity, Innovation process, Innovation stages, Small business, Innovation management, Innovation strategy, An inter-firm behavior INTRODUCTION Nowadays the leading role in the innovative development is traditionally played by a linear model of innovation. According to the model developed fundamental scientific idea is embodied in applied research. The last are the bases of innovation which lead to advanced technologies. In XX century model worked well and would continue to occupy a worthy place in the developed countries. However, in Russia the framework of this model fundamental science - research and development production was destroyed due to some objective reasons. The model of multiple innovation sources has been gradually introduced in advanced economies in addition to the linear model. According to the model innovation can occur in any part of innovation system. Although research remains an important driver of innovation, they are no longer the only one. New knowledge is created, not only in public research organizations or research de-

partments of large companies, but also in many business and social structures. In this regard, it is necessary to reconsider the traditional role of small businesses. New everyday experience and activities of engineers, sales agents, other employees, as well as consumers are important contribution to innovation process. The emergence of innovations based on ideas and proposals coming from production, distribution and consumption sectors is typical for systems with developed relations between economic agents. Moreover, we must not forget that innovation process is not limited to technological sector, but also includes institutional, organizational and managerial innovations. This knowledge may not always be integrated into the existing framework of traditional concepts because they are the subjects intangible assets employed in a particular industry. In this regard, companies should try to use this knowledge with maximum efficiency. Model of multiple innovation sources should be focused

* Belgorod State Technological University named after V.G. Shukhov, Russia, 308012, Belgorod, Kostukova Street, 46; viktorer_r@mail.ru

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Dr Victoriia Nikolayevna Ryapukhina - Strategy of effective management for small businesses at different stages of innovation activity

on the mechanism of development taking into account diversity of elements and conditions for their creative interaction. Also, Nelepina and Nazarenko point out that should be focused on the path of economic growth, solving problem of availability of investments [11]. Problems of development of innovative activity of small businesses in the current conditions of economic activity are significant. It necessitates the search for new management decisions at various stages of innovation process. In regard with this research aim we first of all have defined the modern approaches to the concept and structure of an innovation enterprise, then, have considered modern strategies and ways to improve innovation management of small businesses. As part of our work, we also find interesting to present opinions of young researchers on this regard. ECONOMIC ATTRIBUTION OF INNOVATION ACTIVITY Innovation activity certainly is a complete complex concept. In this regard, there are many points of views about the nature of this phenomenon. According to Gribov, Gruzinova and Kuzmenko, innovative activity is an activity aims to find and implement innovation in order to increase range and quality of products as well as to improve technology and organization of production. At the same time, innovation involves identifying problems of a company, implementation of innovation process and innovation organization [06]. In our opinion, considering this approach applying to practice, the following definition is right: innovation activity is an activity for the creation, development, dissemination and use of innovation. According to Safronov, innovation activity for development, implementation, development and commercialization of innovations include: Conducting research and development work for introduction of innovation idea; Laboratory testing, production of laboratory samples of new products, new kinds of technology, new designs and products; Selection of necessary raw materials and materials for new products manufacture n; Development process of manufacturing a new product; 118

Design, manufacture, testing and development of new equipment required for products manufacture; Development and implementation of new organizational and administrative decisions aimed at implementing innovations; Research, development and acquisition of necessary information resources and information support of innovation; Training, education, retraining and special methods of staff recruiting to carry out R & D; Execution of works and purchase of necessary documentation for licensing, patenting, the acquisition of know-how; Organizing and conducting marketing research to promote innovation, and so on [14]. In accordance with the terminological system adopted by state statistics committee, innovative activity is an activity or a set of scientific, technological, organizational, financial and commercial activities aimed at commercialization of accumulated knowledge, technology and equipment; the results of innovation are new and additional goods or services as well as goods or services with new properties [12]. In accordance with the definition given in the regulatory documents, innovation (innovative) activity is considered to be activity on creation and use of intellectual product, launching new and original ideas into implementation of finished product on market (i.e. organization of examinations, implementation and replication of inventions, knowhow scientific and technological developments, scientific works, discoveries, industrial designs, trademarks, conduct research, design, development, marketing research in order to create models of new technology as well as patent-licensing) [09]. By definition adopted for conducting of financial operations, innovative activity is activity related to transformation of ideas (usually the results of research and development, or other scientific and technological advances) to a new or improved product introduced in the market, new or improved process used in practice or as a new approach to social services [1]. The group of authors headed by Azriliyan proposes to allocate six basic types of innovation: 1. Instrumental preparation and organization of production, production start-up and production development, including modification of a product and process;

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Dr Victoriia Nikolayevna Ryapukhina - Strategy of effective management for small businesses at different stages of innovation activity

1. Training of personnel for application of new technologies and equipment; 2. Marketing of new products; 3. Acquisition of soft technologies from outside in form of patents, licenses, disclosure of know-how, trademarks, designs, patterns and technological services; 4. Acquisition of material technologies such as machinery and equipment related to introduction of products and innovation process; 5. Production planning, needed to create concept, development, production and marketing of new products and processes [01]. Innovation management is a separate area of management dedicated to issues related to innovative activity. Innovative activity of an enterprise includes a number of successive steps, which also form stages of various cycle phases of a specific innovation project from idea to completion of development. Innovation stages in a particular project may vary depending on activity type of an enterprise as well as management system. However, there is the initial (pre-investment) stage, the implementation stage and the stage of work completion. This may seem obvious, but the concept of innovation stages is one of the most important for managers because it determines current stage of the most effective ways of innovation management. The first two steps of pre-investment stage make the greatest interest and importance. The stage of formation of an investment plan (ideas) is conceived plan of action. It is necessary to determine subjects and objects of investments at this stage as well as their forms and sources, depending on the intention of developers of business ideas. Study stage provides the following investment opportunities: Preliminary study of demand for products and services based on exports and imports; Assessment of the level of basic, current and forecast prices on products (services); Preparation of proposals on the legal form of a project and list of participants; Assessment of expected volume of investments on the integrated standards and preliminary evaluation of business efficiency; Preparation of preliminary evaluation of Feasibility Study, in particular evaluation of a project effectiveness; Journal of Applied Engineering Science 13(2015)2, 320

Approval of results justify the investment opportunities; Preparation of contract documents for design and survey work. Stages of innovation associated with use of production capacity are considered to be the most productive. Stages of approval of intellectual property rights and certification in a country and abroad, innovative expertise, information and marketing, as well as investors search phase are the least efficient due to the current conditions of weak infrastructure in Russia and Serbia. At this stage, mobilization of intellectual and organizational resources and economic systems is necessary to bring together required infrastructure elements. Ovcharova suggests that this problem has led to formation of a separate scientific discipline which is management of innovative projects and processes. Innovation process involves formation of plan preparation and gradual implementation of innovative changes. The concept of innovation process is broader than innovation and includes the following steps: Formation of priorities of innovation development; Formation and detection of demand for innovations; Search or generation, selection and refinement of innovative solutions; Introduction of innovations [13, p. 209.].

PROBLEM OF EFFECTIVE INNOVATION MANAGEMENT WITHIN THE SMALL BUSINESS Innovations are the bases of efficiency, economic leadership and commercial success of innovative activity; it is a necessary and sufficient condition for the use of R&D results. Economic relations should take into account the nature of innovative activity of a business entity. Economic interests underlie the formation of a system of economic relations. The system is adequate to requirements of modern business environment. Kochetkova points out the following as the principles governing composition of elements of innovation management in companies: Process of achieving the goal of innovation should be viewed as an ordered set of characteristics of intermediate states of study on its further development; 119

Dr Victoriia Nikolayevna Ryapukhina - Strategy of effective management for small businesses at different stages of innovation activity

All components of innovation activities should be focused on achieving a common goal, formed on the basis of analysis of external needs; The unity of management, interconnection of all its functions, including forecasting, planning and operational management should ensure at all levels of innovation management; Formation of optimal composition and structure of innovation resources, identifying critical interactions; Use of the results of analysis of patterns and trends in innovation development; Determination of the nature and interaction of selection mechanism of factors prevailing in development of innovation at the transition from one stage to another [7. p. 81]. Organizational structure and mechanism of innovation management have a direct impact on effectiveness of production and business activities of a small business. There are criteria determining particular management system requirements such as full employment of staff, flexibility in resources use and compliance with market requirements. Tasks that arise in innovation management are fundamentally different from those that arise in normal course of repetitive routine in production process. There are large number of controllable factors in innovation projects unlike in investment ones. However, it imposes additional responsibility on a manager. It is worth paying attention on opinion of young researchers on the considered problem. Chaadaeva believes that effective, conscious and purposeful management of intra-behavior is one of the most accessible resource for business development based on modern methods and practical applications of modern management. It is considered as a complex of human behavior and actions reflect the response to all circumstances of their existence in an organization as a social and economic system, including a form of individual and group activities such as various forms of communication [04]. The internal factors of formation of organizational behavior include attitudes, values and views of company founders, as well as collective experiences gained in development process. Socio-cultural environment is one of the most important external factor. There are various models of organizational behavior and, according to Chaadaev the ability to

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identify a model of inter-firm behavior formed in a company is very important for a head of business because it allows not only to correctly interpret events taking place in an organization, but also to predict their development [4. p. 335]. Innovation in management decisions determine that an organization as a whole is getting increasingly interconnected and interdependent, but its constituent elements tend to increasing of independence and autonomy [2. p. 110]. In these circumstances, on the one hand it is necessary to learn how to operate a set of independent variables, and on the other how to consider an organization as a voluntary association of motivated members of a union aiming to servitude to their interests by meeting the needs of a particular environment [2. p. 111]. In this case, it is advisable to consider the system as sum of its parts, i.e. integrity, elements of which are capable to make a choice. Thus, a goal is critical to this system. An object is determined if it can not only produce the same result in a variety of ways in unchanged environment, but also different results in the same or a different environment. The main objective of the system is to combine interests of motivated elements with each other. Unlike machines parts of which are sufficient to merge into a single entity only once, the process of integration in companies is the eternal problem and struggle. Many researchers agree that there are three main approaches in modern control theory considering the role of a human factor: mechanistic, organic and humanistic. Bobova says that evolution of a systematic approach has gone through several stages to the business management: from understanding an organization as an irrational system to the perception of it as a system with one mind, and finally to understanding an organization as a multiprogram system [2. p. 111]. Management efficiency is due not much to the successful management, but also to staff members interaction. Thus, members can cooperate simultaneously in one direction, compete in the other and have conflict over a third. With such a ratio of freedom and power of action, the whole becomes increasingly interdependent and its individual components aim to free choice and independent behavior. Standard methods for the management organization in an enterprise such as centralization, decentralization or are not effective compromise in this case and may even lead to negative consequences such as, respec Journal of Applied Engineering Science 13(2015)2, 320

Dr Victoriia Nikolayevna Ryapukhina - Strategy of effective management for small businesses at different stages of innovation activity

tively, concentration of power and oppression, rejection of authority, chaos, stagnation and separation of powers. Duplication of power is the way out of the management situation for such a system. Empowerment is not a rejection of the authority or division of powers, it is duplication of power in all aspects of management. This problem causes the relevance of an issue of leadership when it affects the rational, emotional and cultural aspects of organizational behavior. In this case, there are three areas of an intramanagement behavior: impact of a company s leader, organization and management mechanism, impact on organizational culture. According to Bobova, to control the conscious and independent members of such a system new social calculus is needed while this control can be a learning function [2.p. 111]. Ovcharova believes that structural changes and optimization of management processes can achieve very high efficiency of innovation [13]. Ideal scheme of intra-firm interaction does not exist, but in general, responsible and result-oriented administrative staff conducts strategic planning and oversees the implementation of the final stage; a development center conducts a search and generating of new ideas; an analytical center conducts screenings and refinement of ideas; a center of project management implements these ideas. Nowadays, the general trend is to accelerate organizational changes, the success of which depends on an innovative susceptibility of staff. According to Chaadayev, an inter-firm innovative behavior is a system of formal and informal relationships in companies that contribute to the integration of all employees in a process of innovation implementation; that produce a positive reaction from staff on upcoming changes; that encourage initiative and creative approach to production targets, innovation, self-discipline and self-control; that motivate active involvedness in a process of innovation development [4. p. 336]. Prerequisites for the formation of such behavior are: Open strategy and planning process of innovation; Creation of conditions for creative activity; Constant search for new ideas, thoughts, trends; Selection and hiring of competitive, innovative and active personnel with high professional motivation; Continuous training and competence of workers; Journal of Applied Engineering Science 13(2015)2, 320

Development of self-awareness and comprehensive support initiatives; Delegation of authority; Involvement of all employees in decision-making; Clear and open communication; High trust management; Recognition of rewards of each employee for taking additional risk and development of an organization. An objective of an organization is to serve the interests of its members, while meeting the needs of the environment, so the openness, commitment, multi-dimensional and the emergence of counterintuitiveness are the five principles that work together as a coherent whole dynamic and define the basic characteristics and features of an organization, considered as a purposeful system [2. p. 111]. According to Bobova, these principles are an integral part of the third generation of systems thinking.

MODERN INNOVATIVE STRATEGIES OF A SMALL ENTERPRISE IN CONDITIONS OF NEGATIVE FACTORS OF THE ENVIRONMENT The main limiting factors of innovation are limited resources and, above all, businesses own funds. In the context of Russian reality innovations are originally made at their own expenses by introducing new products and developing new technologies. Zaikina argues in favor of the state form of support of innovative activity due to the limited financial resources of enterprises own funds. Nevertheless, practice of business stimulation in economically developed countries suggests that a federal of budget funding covers no more than 15% of commercial realization of an innovation project [17]. In this regard, indirect stimulating methods of development of small innovative businesses make greater relevance and interest for the purpose of our study. However, nowadays the mechanism of indirect stimulation of innovation is also not sufficiently developed. Figurko says that there is a problem of access of small business to tax preferences, logistics subsidies, mechanisms for ensuring public order and other elements of state support, which are generally available to large enterprises as they already have high technologies on intellectual property rights [05]. Under these conditions, small businesses often can not and does 121

Dr Victoriia Nikolayevna Ryapukhina - Strategy of effective management for small businesses at different stages of innovation activity

not want to implement and invest in long-term risky projects, and is forced to choose shortterm strategy of profit maximization. Therefore, it is not expectable that a small business is able to participate in innovation projects in the early stages. It is wrong to equate R&D and innovation activities given the fact that input and involvement of businesses is different at different stages of innovation. For example, contribution of retooling at the stage of fundamental research is not essential due to limited resources despite the fact that, in accordance with the regulatory framework the standard definition of innovation gets almost any retooling where small businesses can participate. Ovcharova points out that the main barriers to effective development of innovative management are the following: A lack of necessary elements of an innovation process, which does not respect the principles of completeness and continuity of innovation; A lack of motivation to improve efficiency; A lack of organizational support; Low entrepreneurial culture and a level of protection of intellectual property [13]. Regulation of technology development of special economic zones is focused more on R&D and practical implementation than on innovation process. However, success of a single innovative enterprise is insignificant for an economy in the absence of replication of a successful model of business innovation or innovation diffusion. Innovative activity of a SME should initiate creation of similar small businesses and new jobs on the principle of innovation imitation. Implementing this approach, massive small business will make a significant contribution to innovation economy although the contribution of small enterprises in development of its own scientific research is minuscule. An enterprise strategy should comply with market conditions in modern conditions as well as a level of competition and its own resource potential. It is especially important to remember that a strategy of each firm is unique. According to Sazonov, company s is a generalizing long-acting model, which is required by a company to achieve its objectives with available opportunities [15]. Strategic measures are usually innovative as they include innovation aimed at development and involve the use of R&D results. 122

However, it is advisable to allocate an innovative strategy in a separate block. In general, strategies are divided into active (technological leadership and simulation strategies such as following a leader, copying, dependence, improvement) and passive (marketing). Strategy of market leader implies introduction of basic radical innovation while a follower strategy envisages improving innovation. Strategy of market launch of a small business should include creation of market value and effective strategic marketing as well as striving to customer satisfaction and product innovation. Compliance with these conditions will provide customers gain and retain. Meanwhile creating a sustainable competitive advantage is achieved through growth strategies and continuous introduction of process, organizational, managerial and marketing innovations. Strategy of conquest leadership position is based on creation of a new market value, differentiated marketing, close relations with customers, rapid release of new product categories and brands. In this case, creation of a sustainable competitive advantage is based on capacity-building, system, radical innovation process and creating of new business models. In contrast to the above strategies, survival strategy for winning and consumers retaining use price advantage and mass marketing of customer service, management of new attributes and product lines expanding. Resource generation, linear and gradual functional innovation and slight improvement in an old business model are used to create a sustainable competitive advantage in case of this strategy. Kruglova classifies strategies based on company conversion, under which the author understands an unbroken chain of different reactions on changes in the environment and, above all, market for goods and technology [8]. This author identifies a strategy of partial change in product mix, a complete change of strategy assortment and strategy of change in technological specialization as well as adaptation of company priorities to market in stages of life cycle of technology or demand. Kruglova highlights the following among the innovative strategies: Broad scan is a strategy for development of new technologies capable for providing leadership in broader market; Narrow scan is development of technologies capable of providing leadership in one of the market segments; Journal of Applied Engineering Science 13(2015)2, 320

Dr Victoriia Nikolayevna Ryapukhina - Strategy of effective management for small businesses at different stages of innovation activity

Follow a leader strategy who indicates the main path of technological development; Strategy of technological leap, providing long-term competitive advantage [8.p. 89]. A special place in a strategic portfolio of small innovative businesses takes action and measures to neutralize or reduce the negative risk factors. Menyailova and Shulgin believe that effective management of an enterprise in modern conditions is impossible without the use of special methods of analysis and risk management [10]. Economic security of small business is provided by risk aversion, risk containment, risk sharing and risk compensation. Implementation of strategy of risk aversion implies rejection of implementation of innovative projects or preference of risk-free innovation. However, implementation of serious innovation does not happen without a risk, so small business which implements a specific project is often created in order to localize an innovation risk. Thus, there is a concentration of high-risk activities within one entity. Risk distribution occurs both in time and in space. The first is associated with the release of stages of innovation process, the importance of which we have already discussed in our work. In this case, for each stage are developed measures of risk compensation. The distribution of risk in space in practice is embodied in the diversification, co-financing, fragmentation of markets and procurement. In this case, for each stage measures of risk compensation are developed. Distribution of risk in space in practice is embodied in diversification, co-financing, fragmentation of markets and procurement. Risk fighting is based on creation of material or information reserves. In this regard, search of guarantor is also used often. There is co-operation of a small business with a strong partner on the principles of equal utility. Risk of lack of demand for innovations is compensated by clustering or distribution of risk, as well as by providing small business orders from large companies and by production orientation of small businesses for subsequent replication of results by franchising. Reserves dealing with risks also include links and contacts as well as raw materials and funds. In this context, problem of management of internal assets and use of reserves of internal environment is important. The following may also be useful for staff training: innovation, rationality, risks, development of corporate culture, and so

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cial development of an enterprise. In addition to adverse deterioration, risks can be unforeseen and unexpected such as unpredictable changes (i.e. discrete changes, thresholds, disrupt the communication channels, changes in individual or group psychology). A sufficient level to reduce the risk of innovation can not be achieved by traditional technological development. In modern conditions strategy of maximizing of economic and social benefits while minimizing the risks of innovation is the best for small businesses. The most rational innovative projects are considered projects that facilitate a holistic understanding of the consequences of their implementation. CONCLUSION Innovations have a dual effect on dynamics of economic growth: on the one hand, they open up new opportunities for an economy expansion, on the other they make it impossible to continue this expansion in traditional ways. According to Schumpeter, innovation is accompanied by creative destruction of an economic system, causing its transition from one equilibrium state to another [16]. Trubnikova says that competition of independent firms interested in business and product updates available on a market of competing innovation is the distinguishing feature of innovation economy. She also points out that any and all companies are advisable to develop high technologies, produce higher quality, improve production and business based on the latest progress [16]. Mensch and Klyaynkneht believe that an innovation incentive is often deterioration for a company, because there is no need to change anything when business is booming. [16] Until business makes a profit, the propensity to innovate is low. This hypothesis is confirmed by the fact that small businesses, which often exist on the brink of survival, are opened to all sorts of innovations promising economic growth and development of their business. This assumption is also confirmed by the conclusion of sociologists that the collectivist-innovative model of behavior is characteristic mainly for small businesses of up to 100 people. According to other scholars, improvement of financial situation of a company is precondition for the innovation implementation. Freeman and Clark say that only confident and forward-looking firms that are not afraid to risk innovations are the highly innovative [16]. In 123

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this case, an innovative incentive for large enterprises is the desire to monopolize a market and dictate their standards and the desire to consolidate its competitive position in the global market. Under this approach, innovation for small businesses, primarily mean development of new markets, seizure of product segments, setting of favorable prices, customer loyalty, as well as savings in production costs, productivity increase, and ultimately, profits increase. Zaikina says that although according to statistics, more intensive innovation activity is characteristic of large enterprises, in practice it amounts only to minor improvements in existing products and production processes. The main motive is competition and the need for technical updates while the presence of really promising developments are initiated by only a small part of innovation [17]. Aspiration of small firms stimulates innovation and improves marketing activities of management processes and skills development. We believe that it is important to quickly identify problem areas in inter-organizational behavior with the help of on-line diagnostics in order to maintain this trend in an enterprise. It is also important to raise purposefully the level of innovative perception of the internal environment through series of training activities (e.g. workshops and trainings for managers) and formation of a mixed approach of working time organization. In this regard, Ovcharova believes that it is necessary to work towards strategy development, organizational processes, resource development, motivation and corporate culture (i.e. needs identifying for innovation brainstorming methods, survey experts and technology audit, analysis of existing solutions, development of channels to attract ideas, and then filtering ideas, creation of information sites open discussion), creating the institution awarding [13]. Bozhkov believes that a good incentive for increasing innovation activity of small businesses is to fix quantitative and qualitative goals of innovation development at various stages in documents [3]. In addition, according to experts, the following tactical measures increase the likelihood of introduction of innovative products by 15%: assignment of a responsible manager, creation of units which propose innovation ways, and collegial decisionmaking body for implementation of promising innovations by employees outside an organization. According to the results of our study, we can say that motivating factors for small business in124

novation are also long-term technological priorities, optimal ratio of public-private partnerships and financing, effective innovative structure, distribution of non-technological innovation in the information and communication areas, increase of staff mobility, introduction of complex interdisciplinary and inter-industry innovation, and open innovation. SUMMARY Today, as the experience of developed countries show, multiple sources of innovation are advisable to be developed in addition to the traditional linear model of innovation process. In this concept of innovation, by which we mean the activities on creation, development, dissemination and use of innovation, the special role played by small businesses. Modern business environment, and such negative environmental factors as lack of own funds for implementation of innovative projects in particular, calls for creation and implementation of new strategies for the development of small enterprises. Currently researchers in this field have identified a number of innovative development strategies suitable for small businesses, including a special risk management strategies and effective management in an organization. It is advisable to implement a variety of strategies and not to expect the same effect and result at different stages of innovation. The ability to select and implement innovative strategies is the main function of modern management. In our opinion, improving the efficiency of management within a small business requires a review of traditional approaches to governance in favor of the theory of systems mentioned above which allow to take into account and take advantage of the creation and development of innovative models of intra-firm behavior. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The article was published with the financial support from Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation within the framework of state assignment to the project #26.1511.2014K Theory and methodology of managing innovational and investment processes in small business enterprises.

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REFERENCES 1) Azriliyan, A.N. (1999) Accounting dictionary. Institute of New Economy, Moscow. 2) Bobova, K.N. (2013) Theoretical aspects of an innovative enterprise as organizational system. Scientific and Technical Journal Bulletin of BSTU named after V.G. Shukhov , 3, 110-112. 3) Bozhkov, Y.N. and Kondrashov, E.A. (2012) Some aspects of the innovative development of enterprises. Scientific and Technical Journal Bulletin of BSTU named after V.G. Shukhov , 2, 92-94. 4) Chaadayeva, V.V. (2010) Management of innovative behavior in a modern organization. Collection of Scientific Papers Actual problems of economic development , BSTU named after V.G. Shukhov, Vol.2, 334-338. 5) Figurko, A.A. (2010) Development of innovative small business sector. Collection of Scientific Papers Actual problems of economic development , BSTU named after V.G. Shukhov, Vol.2, 311-315. 6) Gribov, V.D., Gruzinov, V.P. and Kuzmenko, V.A. (2013) Economy of an organization (enterprise): a textbook for students, 5th Edition, SPE, Moscow. 7) Kochetkova, O.V. and Doroshenko, Y.A. (2005) The system of innovation management in companies. Proceedings of the International Scientific Online Conference Actual problems of the economy reforming , Belgorod, Russia, 77-81. 8) Kruglova, N.Y. and Kruglov, M.I. (2003) Strategic Management: a textbook for universities. RDL, Moscow. 9) Letter of Innovation Council at the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR at19.04.1991 n 14448, the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation at 14.05.1991 n 16/135B On innovation (promotional) areas . 10) Menyaylova, E.A. and Shulgina, D.N. (2007) Risk management as a condition of innovative security providing. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference dedicated to the 50th anniversary of BSTU named after V.G. Shukhov, Belgorod, Russia. 11) Nelepina, I.Y. and Nazarenko, N.T. (2006) Economic growth through innovation. Proceedings of Russian Scientific Conference Journal of Applied Engineering Science 13(2015)2, 320

Actual problems of socio-economic development of Russia , Voronezh, Russia, 25-31. 12) Nikolayevna Ryapukhina (2011) Indicators of innovation. Higher School of Economics, Moscow. 13) Ovcharova, N.V. and Shchetinina, E.D. (2014) Organizational aspects of management of innovation processes and projects. Collection of Scientific Papers Actual problems of economic development , BSTU named after V.G. Shukhov, 207-216. 14) Safronov, N.A. (2008) Economics of Enterprises. Yurist, Moscow. 15) Sazonov, D.G. (2006) The main approaches to the classification of innovative strategies. Proceedings of the International Scientific Online Conference Improving management mechanism in modern conditions , Belgorod, Russia, Vol. 2, 86-93. 16) Trubnikova, Y.V. (2006) he role and place of innovation in an enterprise. Proceedings of the Third International Student Forum Education, science, production , Belgorod, Russia. 17) Zaikina, K.M. (2006) The problem of innovation in enterprises at the present stage of production development. Proceedings of the Third International Student Forum Education, science, production , Belgorod, Russia. Paper sent to revision: 17.01.2015. Paper ready for publication: 15.06.2015.

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EVENTS REVIEW THE 8TH INTERNATIONAL WORKING CONFERENCE- TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT-Advanced and Inteligent Approaches Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Belgrade, Serbia, 2ND-5TH June 2015 Quality issues become particularly important, because they acquire new dimensions and often present milestone for survival of an organisation on the global market. Today, engineering-technical dimensions of quality are implied, while business-managing aspects are developing, improving and increasingly applying. In parallel to this, sustainable development issues (ISO 9001:2015 and also 9004:2016), limited resources (energy (ISO 50001:2011) and row materials), climate changes and global financial crisis further emhpasize the need for quality management advancement. The 8th IWC TQM Conference, Belgrade 2015 has a basic objective to offer the answers, from scientific-research point of view, on challenging issues regarding the progress of quality management, manufacturing metrology and enabling technology based on micro/nano and ICT technologies. From the other side, equally important aspect of this Conference is the application of a new QM models and experiences related to this. An especially important aspect of the Conference is its contribution to global integrations our country in the scientific-research domain, as well as in business-industrial activities. It has become the worldknown scientific-business forum for the exchange of knowledge and ideas and discussion about directions of future quality management concepts, through open-discussions, on a biannual basis. This conference has a long tradition. A large number of scientists, professors, researchers and organizations have contributed immeasurably to its development since 2001. the present. All of them are very proud, and particularly to: Professors who have held Â&#x201C;Opening Plenary LectureÂ&#x201D; at the Conference, as well as the holders of awards for his personal contribution to the development of world theory and practice of QM and manufacturing metrology and also TQM Conference Honorary Chairs, from 2001 to 2015: - Prof. Dr. Gunter ARNDT, University of Wollongong, Australia (2001); - Prof. Dr. Laszlo MONOSTORI, Hungarian Academy of Science, Budapest, Hungary (2003); - Prof. Dr. Gunnar H. SOHLENIUS, The Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden (2005); Prof. Dr. Ton van der WIELE, Erasmus University Rottedam, The Netherlands (2009); - Prof. Dr. Francesco JOVANE, Politecnico di Milano, ltaly (2011); - Prof. Dr. Albert WECKENMANN, University Erlangen- Nuremberg, Germany (2013); - Prof. Dr. Numan DURAKBASA, TU Vienna, Austria (2015). Award for the best paper on PhD student from their PhD thesis, from 2007 to 2015. The Special Session - Younq PhD researches,has been introduced at 2007, where PhD students present their research.

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ANNOUCEMENT OF EVENTS

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BOOK RECOMMENDATION Recommended by prof. dr Branko Vasi BULLETIN OF ACCREDITATION BODY OF SERBIA The Accreditation Body of Serbia (ATS) publishes Serbian version of its e-Bulletin three times a year given that it is intended for all interested parties users and consumers of products and services, public authorities, professional associations, clients of accredited conformity assessment bodies, and conformity assessment bodies. ATS wishes to introduce, in a transparent, efficient and swift fashion, the clients, accredited conformity assessment bodies, applicants or any other interested party to the mode of operation of ATS, accreditation procedure and other urgent issues and novelties from this field in order to upgrade the cooperation therewith. The latest issue of ATS Bulletin covers topics such as: New accreditations; 15 years since the foundation of EA; New documents of ATS; News from EA; Positive experiences from the public sector; Special attention is paid to International Accreditation Day 2015 patient care. This year s theme of the International Day of accreditation, Accreditation facilitates the provision of health and social protection , emphasizes the importance of the accreditation role in order to achieve high level of service quality in this area. This means that institutions that provide health and social protection, can improve the way of doing business and thus allow patients to have more confidence in these institutions and to be sure that the quality of services they provide, is constantly being improved.

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SADR AJ

Prof. dr Vesna Spasojevi -Brki UVODNIK

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REZIMEI RADOVA Dr Milo Milovan!evi , Dr Boban An"elkovi , Dr Jelena Stefanovi -Marinovi , Ljubomir Vra!ar PRIMENA EMBEDID SISTEMA U INDUSTRIJI PELETA

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Dragoljub Vuji PRIMENA BE I!NIH SENZORSKIH MRE A ZA MONITORING STANJA VAZDUHOPLOVNIH STRUKTURA

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Milo Vasi , Aleksandra Potkonjak, Darko Stanojevi , Milo Dimitrijevi IMPLIKACIJE KVALITETA NA POSLOVANJE LOGISTI!KIH KOMPANIJA

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Nattapong Jantachalobon, Nanthi Suthikarnnarukhi EVALUACIJA ME"UNARODNIH AVIONSKIH PUTNIH!KIH SEDI TA U JUGOISTO!NOJ AZIJI

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Dr Tale Geramitchioski SARADNJA PREDUZE#A UNIVERZITETI STUDENTI U MAKEDONIJI POSLE BOLONJSKE DEKLARACIJE STANJE, PROBLEMI, IZAZOVI I RESENJA

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Bogdanov Evgenii Nikolaevich, Dr Bagautdinov Ildar Nyrgaiazovich, Zhilin Stepan Sergeevich JA!ANJE STABILNOSTI RADNE MA INE ZA OBRADU DRVETA UPRAVLJA!KOG TIPA UPOTREBOM AKTIVNOG SISTEMA OSLANJANJA

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Dr Victoriia Nikolayevna Ryapukhina, Emiliya Viktorovna Suprun, Dr Yuri Anatolievich Doroshenko, Dr Sophia Miroslavovna Bukhonova, Dr Irina Vladimirovna Somina STRATEGIJA EFIKASNOG MENAD MENTA MALIH PREDEZE#A U RAZLI!ITIM ETAPAMA INOVACIONE DELATNOSTI

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UVODNIK ESTI ME!UNARODNI SIMPOZIJUM INDUSTRIJSKOG IN ENJERSTVA - PORUKA IZ ORGANIZACIONOG ODBORA Industrijsko in enjerstvo je krajem 19og veka nastalo kao in enjerska disciplina koja nudi irok opseg mogu!mosti u smislu zaposlenja i izdvaja se svojom fleksibilno !u. Danas se industrijski in enjeri mogu na!i svuda, od kompanija koje se bave tradicionalnom proizvodnjom do avio-industrije, od distribucionih kompanija do finansijskih institucija, od medicinske bran e do konsultantskih kompanija, od korporacija koje se bave visokom tehnologijom do prehrambene industrije itd. sa prose"nom godi njom platom od oko $90,000 u 2014, prema Ministarstvu rada SADa kao internacionalno prepoznato zanimanje. Od 1950 nau"ne disciple iz oblasti indusProf. dr Vesna Spasojevi -Brki trijskog in enjertva postoje na Ma inskom Fakultetu u Beogradu. Tokom poslednje 23 godine ukupan broj upisanih studenta na smeru Industrijsko In enjerstvo na Ma inskom Fakultetu u Beogradu je bio ve!i od 800. Sprovedena su ispititvanja na velikom uzorku Srpskih kompanija i pokazano je da vi e od 70% zaposlenih diplomiranih ma inskih in enjera radi u u oblasti industrisjkog rein enjeringa. Tako#e rezultati 26 kompanija doma!e industrije koje sui male prognozu su pokazali da jo uvek nedostaje najmanje 418 eksperata u oblasti industrijskog in enjerstva. Mo da je najkriti"niji problem koji i dalje suo"ava industrijsko in enjerstvo potreba da se pove!a vizibilitet edukacionih i karijernih ansi, to ide zajedno sa nedostatkom znanja o tome ta je industrijsko in enjerstvo, po to se naziv posla insutrijskih in enjera razlikuje od naziva njihove profesije. Stoga, bilo da ste veteran ili prvi put prisustvujete simpozijumu, imam "ast da najavim ESTI ME&UNARODNI SIMPOZIJUM O INDUSTRIJSKOM IN ENJESTVU - SIE 2015. SIE 2015 je naredni doga#aj u nizu veoma uspe nih internacionalnih simpozijuma o industrijskom in enjerstvu, koji !e biti odr an u Beogradu. Cilj simpozijuma je da obezbedi platformu za istra iva"e i praktikante iz akademske zajednice i industrije radi dostizanja udela u najsavremenijem razvoju u oblasti. Primarni cilj je razmena i podela najnovijih istra ivanja i teorija iz na e me#unarodne zajednice. Konferencija se odr ava svake tre!e godine, po"ev i do 1996, kako bi napravila idealnu platformu za ljude da dele mi ljenje i iskustva u industrijskom in enjerstvu. Potencijalni autori se pozivaju da dostave originalne istra iva"ke radove, koji nisu dostavljani ili objavljivani na drugim konferencijama ili "asopisima. Prijavljeni radovi !e biti recenzirani, a prihva!eni radovi !e biti objavljeni u Zborniku Radova. Pored toga, odabrani radovi !e biti objavljeni u presti nim me#unarodnim "asopisima, kao to je ovaj, nakon dalje revizij. Ciljevi SIE 2015 su: Promovisanje susreta istra iva"a, kao na"ina za razmenu ideja i pristupa koji doprinose razvoju industrijskog in enjerstva sa nau"ne i preduzetni"ke perspektive. Da predstavi napretke u industrijskom in enjerstvu i njegovu primenu na kompanije. Da informacije u oblasti budu odmah dostupne, uz neposrednu mogu!nost otvaranja kriti"ne debate i uspostavljanje mre e izme#u individualcima koji koriste istu disciplinu u razli"itim kontekstima. Da odr i visok nivo izvrsnosti prethodnih konferencija, tako da njihove publikacije nastave da budu odli"na referenca u ovoj blasti. Da osna i nacionalnu i me#narodnu razmenu odnosa za istra iva"e sa prepoznatih univerziteta i istra iva"kih institucija. U skladu sa ovim ciljevima simpozijum se obra!a svim stru"njacima u svim oblastima industrijskog in enjersta da daju svoj doprinos uspe nosti i poka u sposobnosti koje su stekli tokom rada. Najavljeni doga#aj je rezultat dogovora izme#u katedre za Industrijsko in enjerstvo, Ma inskog fakulteta u Beogradu, Univerziteta u Beogradu, Steinbeis - napredne tehnologije za procenu rizika, tutgart, Nema"ka i Inovacionog centra Ma inskog fakulteta u Beogradu i bi!e odr an na Ma inskom fakultetu u Beogradu u periodu od 24-25. septembra 2015. godine. Sigurna sam da !e SIE 2015 simpozijum biti jedinstvena prilika za povezivanje, u ivanje u visoko kvalitetnom nau"nom programu i interesantni dru tevni program. Molim Vas da, ka to ste i do sada ostanete anga ovani i dostupni kako biste nam pomogli da izgradimo svetliju budu!nost za zajednicu industrijskog in enjerstva. Radujem se na em susretu u septembru 2015. godine u Beogradu' Srda!no, Prof. dr Vesna Spasojevi -Brki

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PRIMENA EMBEDID SISTEMA U INDUSTRIJI PELETA Dr Milo Milovan#evi" Univerzitet u Ni u, Ma inski fakultet, Ni Dr Boban An$elkovi" Univerzitet u Ni u, Ma inski fakultet, Ni Dr Jelena Stefanovi"-Marinovi" Univerzitet u Ni u, Ma inski fakultet, Ni Ljubomir Vra#ar Univerzitet u Ni u, Ma inski fakultet, Ni Cil prediktivnog pra enja stanja planetarnih prenosnika snage u peletirkama je da uka e na promenu stanja radne ispravnosti prenosnika snage pre nego to do e do otkaza. U mnogim slu ajevima, otkaz sistema ne izaziva neposrednu prekid radnog procesa. Ako je ovo slu aj, neispravan deo mo e biti zamenjen ili popravl en tokom normalnih, zakazanih servisnih perioda , pod uslovom da je do identifikacije otkaza do lo u ranoj fazi nastanka. Naj e i uzroci otkaza kod rotacionih ma ine su le ajevi, statora i rotora. Postoji mnogo na ina za pra enje stanja radne ispravnosti ma inskih sistema. Analiza mo e da se zasniva na razli itim izmerenim veli inama. Ovo ukl u uje, na primer , temperaturu , struju, gustinu magnetnog fluksa i vibracija . Osnovna ideja je da se kreira sistem za pra enje stanja radne ispravnosti u kojem se analiziraju izmereni podaci, pritom je dono enje odluka zasnovana na fazi logici. U ovom radu, opisana je optimalna mikro konfiguracija za pra enje stanja radne ispravnosti prenosnika pelet prese. Sistem se zasniva na PIC (Programmable Controller Interface) mikrokontroleru i predstavl a kompletno re enje za pra enje stanja u pogledu vibracija, temperature i merenje broja obrtaja motora. Sistem zasnovan na mikrokontroleru ima integrisane funkcije sa kontrolnim aplikacijama baziranim na fazi logici . Kl u ne re i: Vibracije , Monitoring stanja radne ispravnosti, Fazi logika doi:10.5937/jaes13-7388

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PRIMENA BE I!NIH SENZORSKIH MRE A ZA MONITORING STANJA VAZDUHOPLOVNIH STRUKTURA Dr Dragoljub Vuji" Vojno-tehni#ki Institut, Srbija Vazduhoplovna industrija je suo ena sa smanjenjem operativnih tro kova i tro kova odr avanja. Jedan od mogu ih na ina za smanjenje ovih tro kova je uvo enje be i nih senzorskih mre a. One ve nalaze razne primene kako kod sistema od kojih se zahteva veoma visoka bezbednost tako i kod sistema gde bezbednost nije u prvom planu. Ovaj rad se bavi primenom be i nih senzorskih mre a za monitoring stanja vazduhoplovnih struktura. Posebna pa nja je posve ena problemima projektovanja be i nih senzorskih mre a na bazi komponenata raspolo ivih na tr i tu. Predlo ena je op ta ema za monitoring stanja vazduhoplovnih strukura na bazi komponenata firme MicroStrain. Klju ne re i: Be i ne senzorske mre e, Monitoring stanja vazduhoplovnih struktura, Mikro-elektromehani ki sistemi, Odr avanje prema stanju, Senzorski vor, Be i na komunikacija

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REZIMEI RADOVA doi:10.5937/jaes13-8389

Broj rada: 13(2015)2, 316

IMPLIKACIJE KVALITETA NA POSLOVANJE LOGISTI!KIH KOMPANIJA Milo Vasi" Univerzitet u Beogradu, Ma inski fakultet, Beograd, Srbija Aleksandra Potkonjak Lagermax AED DOO, imanovci, Srbija Darko Stanojevi" Univerzitet u Beogradu, Ma inski fakultet, Beograd, Srbija Milo Dimitrijevi" Institut za istra ivanja i projektovanja u privredi, Beograd, Srbija U turbulentnoj privredi koja karakteri e sve njene grane, kvalitet predstavlja jedno od retkih oru a koja preduze ima daju mogu nost za diversifikaciju i odvajanje od (ne)lojalne konkurencije. Izuzetak od toga ne predstavljaju ni logisti ke kompanije i tr i te logisti kih usluga. Postoji vi e logisti kih kompanija na srpskom tr i tu koje su prepoznale svetske trendove i otpo ele proces implementacije svetski priznatih ISO standarda u svoje poslovanje. Ovaj rad nastoji da uka e na pojedina uska grla sa kojima se logisti ke kompanije mogu susresti tokom procesa uvo enja standarda u svoje poslovanje, kao i na sve benefite u kojima u iva i/ili o ekuje da e u ivati u budu nosti, a koji e proiste i iz primene op te prihva enog i potvr enog sistema menad menta. Klju ne re i: Privreda; Sistem menad menta; ISO 9001; Logisti ka preduze a

doi:10.5937/jaes13-8389

Broj rada: 13(2015)2, 317

EVALUACIJA ME#UNARODNIH AVIONSKIH PUTNIH!KIH SEDI TA U JUGOISTO!NOJ AZIJI Nattapong Jantachalobon* Univerzitet tajlandske privredne komore, kola in enjerstva, Bankok, Tajland Nanthi Suthikarnnarukhi Univerzitet tajlandske privredne komore, kola in enjerstva, Bankok, Tajland Ovo istra ivanje ima za cilj da predstavi izbor azijskih me unarodnih aerodroma u cilju uspostavljanja vori ta me unarodnog putni kog aerodroma u jugoisto noj Aziji. Studija je fokusirana na aerodrome u jugoisto nom azijskom regionu preko kojih putuje vec!ina putnika kao npr: "angi me unarodni aerodrom u Singapuru (SIN), Pnom Pen me unarodni aerodrom Kambod e (PnH), Brunejski Brunej me unarodni aerodrom (BVN), Sugarno Hatta me unarodni aerodrom Indonezije (CGK ), vatajski me unarodni aerodrom Lao PDR (VTE), malezijski Kuala Lumpur me unarodni aerodrom (KUL), mijanmarski Rangun me unarodni aerodrom (RGN), filipinski Ninoj Akino me unarodni aerodrom (MNL), me unarodni aerodrom Bangkoka Suvarnabhumi Tajlandski (BKK), i Vijetnama Tan Sin Nhat me unarodni aerodrom (sgn) kao opcioni aerodromi. U cilju sticanja najpogodnije oblasti u in enjerskom pogledu, vi e-kriterijumsko odlu ivanje (MCDM) je primenjeno uz kori c!enje tehnike za odre ivanje redosleda prioriteta po sli nosti sa idealnim re enjem-TOPSIS i analiti ke hijerarhije procesa-AHP. Postoji 5 glavnih kriterijuma koje treba razmotriti a koji se sastoje od geografskih faktora, ekonomskih faktora, funkcionalnih faktora, operativnih i drugih faktora. Dve glavne metodologija istra ivanja za dobijanje ovih faktora koji uti u na uspostavljanje aerodromskih vori ta se sastoje od Delphi metode i regresione analize. Istra ivanje c!e biti korisnoi za upravljanje aerodromima i razvoj aerodromskih vori ta. tavi e istra ivanje c!e biti korisno za vlade jugoisto ne Azije za odre ivanje odgovarajuc!e politike i planiranja za razvoja poslovanja avijacije zemlje. Klju ne re i: Vi e-kriterijumsko odlu ivanje, Aerodromska vori ta Hub, Jugoisto na Azija, Delfi metoda, Regresiona analiza Journal of Applied Engineering Science 13(2015)2

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REZIMEI RADOVA

doi:10.5937/jaes13-7539

Broj rada: 13(2015)2, 318

SARADNJA PREDUZE!A UNIVERZITETI STUDENTI U MAKEDONIJI POSLE BOLONJSKE DEKLARACIJE STANJE, PROBLEMI, IZAZOVI I RE ENJA Dr Tale Geramitchioski Univerzitet St.Clementius of Ohrid, Tehni#ki fakultet, Bitola, Makedonija U ovom radu su ocenjeni uslovi saradnje izme u privrede, fakulteta tehni kih nauka u edukaciji masinskih in enjera koriscenjem anketnog upitnika. Rezultati istra ivanja ukazuju na totalno odsustvo saradnje u kreiranju studijskih programa i stvaranje masinskih inzinjera sa kompetencijama nekompatibilnih na trziste rada.Istrazivanje je pomoglo da se uspostavi razlika u iducim koracima prema trazenje resenja za uvidjene problem. Kao rezultat istrazivanja, uspostavljena je nova institucionalna forma za kreiranje I sprovodjenje novog koncepta intenzivnje saradnje univerziteta, dr ave i preduzeca na polju dostizanja kvaliteta u edukaciji in enjera. Klju ne reci: Visoko obrazovanje, Ma inski in enjer, Tr i te rada, Obrazovni model za in enjere, Profesionalne kompetencije, Univerzitet, preduzetni tva, Bolonjska deklaracija doi:10.5937/jaes13-7652

Broj rada: 13(2015)2, 319

JA"ANJE STABILNOSTI RADNE MA INE ZA OBRADU DRVETA UPRAVLJA"KOG TIPA UPOTREBOM AKTIVNOG SISTEMA OSLANJANJA Bogdanov Evgenii Nikolaevich Tehnolo ki dr avni univerzitet Volga, Rusija Dr Bagautdinov Ildar Nyrgaiazovich Tehnolo ki dr avni univerzitet Volga, Rusija Zhilin Stepan Sergeevich Tehnolo ki dr avni univerzitet Volga, Rusija Rad predstavlja metode i tehnike prora una stabilnosti radnih ma ina za obradu drveta prilikom upotrebe aktivnog sistema oslanjanja koji dokazuju da se ostvaruje ja anje stabilnosti i produktivnosti kao i bezbedniji rad na ma ini. Klju ne re i: Matemati ko modeliranje, Upravljanje, Stabilnost

doi:10.5937/jaes13-8116

Broj rada: 13(2015)2, 320

STRATEGIJA EFIKASNOG MENAD MENTA MALIH PREDEZE!A U RAZLI"ITIM ETAPAMA INOVACIONE DELATNOSTI Dr Victoriia Nikolayevna Ryapukhina, Belgorod dr avni Univerzitet, Rusija Emiliya Viktorovna Suprun, Belgorod dr avni Univerzitet, Rusija Dr Yuri Anatolievich Doroshenko, Belgorod dr avni Univerzitet, Rusija Dr Sophia Miroslavovna Bukhonova, Belgorod dr avni Univerzitet, Rusija Dr Irina Vladimirovna Somina, Belgorod dr avni Univerzitet, Rusija Svrsishodnost primene vi estrukog modela izvora inovacija proisti e iz me unarodnog iskustva i obrazla e aktialnost problema razvoja inovacione aktovnosti malih preduze!a. U radu autori razmatraju teoretsku bazu atribucije pojma «inovaciono poslovanje»: defenicije, okvire, stadijume i etape inovacione delatnosti, kao i analizu metodolo kih aspekta problema efikasnog upravlenja inovacionim poslovanjem malog preduze!a. U istra ivanju autori karakteri u osnovne negativne faktore spol"ne sredine inovacionog poslovanja malog preduze!a i razmatraju savremene inovacione strategije. Klju ne re i: Strategija, Menad ment, Inovacije 136

Journal of Applied Engineering Science 13(2015)2