The status of cassava mosaic disease, cassava and whitefly vector populations in Nigeria

The status of cassava mosaic disease, cassava begomoviruses and whitefly vector populations in Nigeria FO. Ogbe, A.G .O. Dixon, J.d' A Hughes, F Alabi , and R.U.Okechukwu

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USAID

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The Status of Cassava Mosaic Disease, Cassava 8egomoviruses and Whitefly Vector Populations in Nigeria

FO Ogbe 1 ,

2,

AGO Dixon\ J.d'A Hughes"

F Alabj1, and RU Okechukwu 1

'International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA). Ibadan. Nigeria 'National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI). Umudlke, Umuahla, Nigeria

o Intemationallnslitute of Tropical Agriculture (liTA), 2005 lbadan, Nigeria Telephone: (234 2)241 2626 Fax: (2342)2412221 E-mail: iita@cgiar.org Web: www.iita.org To Headquarters from outside Nigeria: clo Lamboum (UK) Ltd, Carolyn House 26 Dingwall Road, Croydon CR9 3EE, UK Within Nigeria: PMB 5320, Dyo Road lbadan, Dyo State ISBN 978 131 2408 Printed in Nigaria by IITA

Correct citation. Ogbe F.O., A.G.O . Dixon, J .d'A. Hughes, F. AJabi, and R.U. Okechukwu.

2005. The status of cassava mosaic disease, cassava begomoviruses, and wh~efty vector populations in Nigeria. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, lbadan, Nigeria. 84 pp.

11

Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................

v

Introduction ......... ................ ........................ ............................ ............ ...........

Cassava mosaic disease and its impact 01\ cassava production ..........•...........

The Ugandan variant of EACMV and its th=t to cassava

1

production in sub-Saharan Africa .......... ..... ..... ...... ........... ................ ..........

CMD in Nigeria ......... ......... .......... .... ........ ............ ...... ..... ...... ... .................

CMD Project in Nigeria... .. ........... ...... ..... ..... ....... ............ ................ ..........

1 2 2

Survey routes .................................................................................................

4 5

Sample coUection .................. ......... .... .......... ........ ................ ......... ..............

laboratory analyses of samples .............................................................

DNA extraction .................. ................... ........... ... ......... ..............................

Testing of samples ....... ........ ............. ....... ..... ........... ........... ............ ....... ......

6 6 6

Results ..............................................................................................................

CMD ,ratw in farmers 6dds .....................................................................

The ,ratw of cassava mosaic begomoviruses in Nigeria .................... ...........

The proportion of plants infected by ACMV and by mixed i.nfecrions of ACMV and EACMV in the diffaent geopolitical zones ............. ............

CMD severity associated witb 'ingle infection by ACMV and mixed infections by ACMV and EACMV ...................................................

Types of symptoms associated witb single and double infection,

by ACMV and EACMV .............................................................................

Alternative honof ACMV and EACMV ....................................................

8 \0 11 16

Whitefly populations and their distribution ................................................

18 20 22

DisalSsion .......................................................................................................

24

ConclusIon .......................................................................................................

27

References ......................................................................................................

28

Appendix ..........................................................................................................

31

Abstract A diagnostic survey Was conducted in 2002 and 2003 to determine the status of cassava mosaic ruscasc (CMD) and cassava mosaic begomovirwcs in Nigeria and to ascertain if the virulent Ugandan variant of the East African CllSsava mosaic virus (EACMV-Ug2) is present in the country. The survey was an activity of a CMD projCCt on measures to protcct cassava production in Nigeri. from potential devastating effects of a severe IOtm of the Routes were selected in states of the six geopolitical wnes in Nigeria and 418 farmers' cassava fields were visited. The CMD status in each field was rated as mild, moderately severe, or severe. Cassava leaf samples were collected from 1397 plants on which CMD scvcrity was also "'ted on a five-point scale. Leaf samples of some weeds showing characteristic CMDlike mosaic were also collected. Whitefly counts were made in each f.um and samples of this insect vector were collected. Tbe leaf and whitefly samples were tcsted by polymerase chain reaction for African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV), EACMY, the Ugandan variant of EACMY (EACMV-Ug2), IndUtn cassava moSJIic virus (ICMV), and SouJh African cassava mmaic vi"" (SACMV).

Cassava in most farms in the south-south and middle belt geopolitical wncs showed mild CMD symptoms. On the contrary, most farms in the southeast and northeast wnes showed either moderately severe or severe symptoms. The number of farms with cassava with either moderately severe or severe symptoms was about the same as the number of farms with cassava with mild symptoms in the southwest and northwest zones. Taking the entire country, 48% of the bems had cas.<ava with either moderately severe or severe symptoms, which was about the same as the proportion of farms (52%) with cassava with mild symproms. The farms appeared to be randomly distributed.

Of the 1397 cassava leaf samples, 1106 had symptoms of which 74. 1% tested positive for ACMY alone, 0.3% for EACMV alone, 24.4% for mixed infections by the twO viruses, and 1.2% did not reaCt with any of the primers used. The two viruses were also detected in 32% of the 291 symptomless plants. ACMY and EACMV were also detected in the whitefly vector samples. EACMV-Ug2, [CMY, and SACMY were not detected in any of the whirefly or leaf samples. Farms in which ACMVoccurred in single infection as well as in mixed infections with EACMV predominated. Most doubly infected plants showed scvcre symptoms. Two biological variants of ACMV based on symptom expression on cassava in the field were identified. A high number of plants apressed symptoms inrucative of mixed infections by the two biological variants and in most cases the symptoms were severe. ACMY and EACMV were detected in â&#x20AC;˘ leguminous plant Smna ocdlknt4iis (Ll [ink and a weed Combmum confa-tum Lams., which are new narural hosts of the viruses.

Most farms in southern Nigeria had whitefly populations of between 5 and 500 per plant compared to f.ums in the north, which bad whitefly populations of between 0 and 4 per plant. A lot of the farms in the northeast and northwest had no whireflies.

rusease.

v

The virulent Ugandan variant ofCMD was not detected. However. the high proportion of mixed infections by ACMV and EACMV, which could result in recombination events such as the one that produced EACMV-Ug2. and the ocrurrencc: of variant> of ACMY, demand appropriate measures to safeguard cassava production in the country. The CMD project is therefore timely to provide resistant cassava genotypes to Nigerian farme", to forestall any outbreak of severe CMD. either by natural spread from ouuid. Nigeria or by spontaneow recombination between view strains already present in the country.

VI

The virulent Ugandan V2riant ofCMD was not detected. However, the high proportion of mixed infections by ACMV and EACMY, which could result in recombination events .uch as the one that produced EACMV-Ug2, and the ocrurrencc of vuiants of ACMV, demand appropriate measures to safeguard cassava production in the country. The CMD project i. therefore timdy to provide resistant cassava genotypes to Nigerian f.umers to forestall any outbreak of severe CMD, either by narural.pread from outside Nigeria or by spontaneous recombination between virus smins already present in the country.

vi

The status of cassava mosaic disease, cassava begomoviruses, and whitefly vector populations in Nigeria

Introduction

Cassava mosaic disease (CMD) and Its Impact on cassava production Cassava mosaic disease (CMD) is â&#x20AC;˘ viral disease of cassava, which wa.5 first reponed in Tanzania in 1894 by Warburg and it is the most imporrant widespread disease of cassava in sub-Saharan Africa (Fargerre <t aI. 1988; Otim-Nape et aI. 1994; Zhou et aI. 1997). Yield losses are enormous especially if susceptible cassava genorypes are grown. On such genarypes. 90-100% yield losses were recorded in Uganda during the CMD pandemic (Terry and Hahn 1980; Seif 1982; Odm-Nape et al. 2000). Even on some resistant genotypes. about 35% yield losses have been reported (Oghe et al. 2003.). Apart from sub-Saharan Africa. CMD also occurs in Asia especially on the Indian subcontinent and Sri Lanka and where yield losses occur.

CMD is caused by the following begomoviruses: AftUan CtL<!IlVIl mOfltic viru.s (ACMV) (Bock and Woods 1983), Emt Afiiclln Cass/lva mO!/lit: vinn (EACMV) (Hong et aI. 1993).

South African CIlSIIlVIl mOIIl;c virw (SACMV) (Berrie et al. 1998).lnduln Cass/lVIl moS/l;C virus (ICMV) (Hong et al. 1993). and Sri Ltnun CIlSSIlVIl mosll;' vi"" (SLCMV) (Saunders et aI. 2002). ACMY, EACMV, and SACMV occur in sub-Saharan Africa. Several strains/variants of ACMV and EACMV are known (Robinson et aI. 1984; Zhou et al. 1998; Pita et al.

2001a; Ogbe et al. 2003b,c) and which bring about a dyruunic CMD epidemiology in sub-Saharan Africa. The viruses and their strains and variants are transmined by whiteRies.

Ranisill tIlbtZCd Genadius (Scif 1981), which are quite abundant in sub-Saharan Africa.

The Ugandan variant of EACMV and its threat to cassava production In sub-Saharan Africa An epidemic of a severe form ofCMD occurred in Luwero district. in the north of Uganda in 1983 (Odm-Nape et al. 1998). The epidemic devastated cassava production in Uganda and caused starvation aod loss of life. The epidemic wa.5 caused by a strain of EACMV known as me Ugandan variant (EACMV-Ug2), which is a recombinant of ACMV and EACMV (Zhou et al. 1997). The severe form ofCMD, associated with EACMV-Ug2. is mainly due to synergism from mixed infections by EACMV-Ug2 aod ACMY.

I

The epidemic in Uganda was controlled by the introduction and adoption of improved. resistant cassava varieties (Otim-Nape <t aI. 1998; 2000) that were bred by the Internarionallnstirute ofTtopicai Agriculture (UTA), Ibadan. Nigeria. However, the severe form of CMD had already spread from Uganda to ndghboring countries and beyond. Mixed infections by EACMV-Ug2 and ACMV, culminating in severc CMD, were rcported from Democratic Rtpublic of Congo, Kenya. Republic of Congo. Rwanda, and Tanzania (Orim-Nape et aI. 2000; Neuenschwander ct aI. 2002) .

CMD in Nigeria CMD is the most important disease of cassava in Nigeria. Earlicr studies showed that ACMV and EACMV were the causal agents, with the former virus bdng more pt<Valent (Ogbe 2001). Monof the EACMV isolates in Nigeria are in mixed infections with ACMY, producing usually severe CMD symptoms. Variants of the two viruses also occur (Ogbe <t aI. 2003b. c). CMD pressure is very high in southern Nigeria due to vecror abundance and extensive cwrivacion of cassava. A number of resistant genotypes~ either improved. or landraces, are being cultivated in Nigeria, which could already have reduced the serious impact of CMD on cassava production in the country as even the less severe isolates can cause significant losses in susceptible genotypes.

CMD Project in Nigeria Nigeria is the world's largest producer of cassava, in 2002 accounting for 34.5 M tonne.

(FAO) . Although the crop is predominancly grown in the southern pan of the eountry. irs cultivation has expanded northward. Cassava is an important fOod crop in Nigeria, being widely eaten in processed forms such as gari and fofolaltpu. The crop is also processed into starch. chips, and pellets. which find uses in ethanol and g1uc production. confectionery, and livestock feeds. The Nigerian Government has recognized the potential of cassava for foreign exchange earnings. This has further encouraged farmers to increase cassava production. Suswning cassava produCtion, therefore, becomes paramount.

The CMD project was conceived by UTA to preempt the threat of the severe form of CMD caused by EACMV-Ug2. which is spreading towards West Africa (Neuenshwander et aI. 2002). One of the objectives of the project is rn introduce CMD-resistant cassava varieties to protect cassava production against the possible invasion by or occurrence of EACMV-Ug2. As earlier stared, the CMD epidemic in Uganda was controlled by the introduction and cultivation of resiSWlt varieties.

The CMD project has attracted the interest of many donors duc to the imponance of cassava for food securiry and as a cash crop. Donors include the Federal Government of Nigeria, the petroleum producing states of Nigeria and the neighboring states in the southeast of the country, the Niger Dcita Development Commission (NDDC) . petroleum companies such as NNPC and Shell, and the United States Agcncy for International Development (USAlD). At present, the project is being conducted in the following states: Akwa lbom, Barel.., Cross River, Delta, Edo, Rivers (south-.<outh geopolitical lOne); Abia.

Anarnbra. Ebonyi, Enugu, Imo (southeast lOne), and Ondo (southwest wne).

2

The choice of these states was based on the fact that some of them share borders with Cameroon and are therefore possibk routes fur the introduction ofEACMV-Ugl into Nigeria.

In addition, cassava is extensively cultivated in the 12 states, with a high tendency for the exchange of planting material among fanners, which can enhance the vegetative spread of CMD. The introduetion of resistant genotypes to farmers in these states could minimize the impact and slow down the spread ofEACMV-Ugl if it is introduced into the country.

Successful control ofCMD in southern Nigeria is effectively successful control of the disease in the country. This is because more favorable conditions fur the spread of CMD occur in southern than in the nonhern Nigeria(Akano et al. 1995; Ogbcetal. 2001). However, this CMD project goes beyond the control of CMD. It is envisaged that the introduction and cultivarion of resistant genotypes by farmers will lead to an increase in cassava production and therefore, in order to avoid overproduction, this CMD project also encourages strategies

to

process and market cassava.

One of the core activities to control CMD in the CMD projeer is to assess the current health starus of cassava farms and the current staÂŁUS of cassava begomoviruses in Nigeria.

A diagnostic survey was therefore conducted to achieve these objectives and specifically to assess if EACMV-Ugl has spread to Nigeria.

3

Survey routes The survey was conducted between December 2002 and December 2003. The survey routes were d«ermined using the road maps ofNigeria and such routes included highways, secondary roads, and feeder roads. As much as possible, the routes were selected to intersect the main cassava growing areas and to assure sufficient cassava fields for sampling. The following routes were used in the order presented: • Ibadan-Benin-Agbor-Uromi-Ekpoma-Auchi-Agenebode • Auchi-Afuzc-Sabongida Ora-Ozalla-Benin • Benin-lruekpen • 8enin-Abraka-Eku-Warri-Sapele • Sapele-Jesse-Igbcwhore • Sapele-Eku-Agbor-Asaba-Warri-Ughdli-Owro • Ughelli-Port Harcourt-Onne-Bori-Ete Eket-Oron-Uyo-Odukpani-Calabar-Oban • Calabar-Ikom-Mfum • Ikom- Ogoja • Nkim lram-lkot Ekpene-Umuabia • Oniuha-Enugu-Nsukka-Obollo Afor-Ikern-Nkalagu-Abakaliki-Mfuma • Abakaliki-Obubra • Abakaliki-Alikpo-Ohafia-8ende-Umuahia-Ariarn • Umuahia-Isialangwa • Umuahia-Port Harcourt • Aba-Owerri-Okigwe-Umuahia-Owerri-Orlu-Ihiala-Ogbaku-Egbcma-Ukwu IgbaEtekuru Egbema-Owerri-Oniuha-Akwa-lgbariam • Akwa-Enugu-Okigwe • lbadan-Oyo-Ogbomoso-lgbcri-Kisi-Igboho-Saki-Ago Are-Okaka-Oke lho-Igbo OraAbeokura-Olodo • Abeokura-Obafemi Ajebo-lsara-Owode-Ofada-Itori-Abeokuco-Meko-Aworo-lgan A1ade-Uaro-Papalanto-Ora-Idi lroko-Ijofin • Owode-Ado Odo-Igbcsa-Atan 0 ..

• lkorodu-Sagarnu-Ijebu Ode-Ibadan-Ife-Osogbo-Iwo-Gbongan-Osogbo-Ikirun-Ua Orangun-Okuku • Ikirun-Ibokun-Osogbo-llesa-Iperu Iicsa-Ilawe-Ado Ekiri-1kere-Ise Ekiti-Omuo-Ode Ekiti-Isibode Ekiri-Uasa Ekiri-Ayebode Ekiti-Ikole-Uu Omoba-Ado Ekiri-lgede-IjeroAyegunle-Ido Ekiti-Isan-If.Uci-Ado Ekiri-Akure-Owo-Ikare-Ido Ani-Ipde • Ilorin-Omu Alan-Odo Ete-Egbe-Pategi-Ndeji-Ilorin-Share-Ndeji • Share-Bode Saadu-Oko Olowo-Igbcti • Moshigada-Kaiama-New Busa-Mokwa-Konragora-Tegin.-Minna-Suleja-Kadun.Kachia-Zamaru Karaf-Sarninaka-Pambcgua-Zaria-Kadun.

4

• • • • • •

• •

Lambata-Bida-Mokwa Birnin Yauri-Jega-Birnin kbbi-Argungu-Sokoto-Talata-Mafara-Gusau-Funtua-Katsina-Kano-Bagauda-Tudun Wada Gezawa-Gurnel-Mallammaduri-Hadejia-Ringim-Kano · Ogaminana-Kabba-Lokoja-Ajaokuta-Ejule-ldah Anyigba-Ankpa-Ernare-Makurdi-Orukpo-Yadev-Makurdi-Katsina A1a- WukariJalingo-Beli Jalingo-Yola-Mubi-Madagali-Bama-Maiduguri-Damaturu-Potiskurn-Gashua-Nguru.

Abaji-Abuja-Kdli-Akwanga-Lafia-Langtang-Pankshin-Jos-Bauchi-Gombe-DukuDarazo-Bauchi lpetu Ijesa-Ondo-Akure-Ighara Oke Ondo-Ore-Okitipupa-Ighotako-Ijebu Ode-Epe-Lagos-Sc:me-Iworo-lbadan

Sample collection Along the routes. cassava fields were visited at intervals of LO-15 km in southern Nigeria where cassava fields were common. In the Donh. however. the sampling interval was about 2~30 km due to sparsely spaced cassava fields. A total of 418 fields were visited. In each field. the coordinates were recorded using the Global positioning system (GPS) (model Magellan GPS 315. 960 Overland Coun. San Dimas. California. CA 91773). The following five-point seale was used to assess an overall impression of symptom severity of CMD for each field: 1 • no symptom; 2 = mild chlorotic paltern over entire leaRets or mild distortion at the base of leallets only with the remainder of the lcallers appearing green and healthy; 3 = moderate mosaic pattern throughout the leaf. narrowing and distortion of the lower one-third of leaRees; 4 = severe mosaic. diStortion of cwo-thirds of the lcallees and general reduction of leaf size; and 5 = severe mosaic, distortion of the entire leaf (Terry 1975). The field with an overall impression of symptom severity scote 2 was regarded as mild. score 3 as moderately severe. and scores 4 or 5 as severe. A sample was collected from a representative plant showing mild. moderately severe. severe symptoms. or symptomless based on random selection. On avetage. three samples were collected per field depending on the degree of CMD severity. A description of the symptoms observed on the sampled plant was made.

Panicular attention was paid [0 different symptoms on different plants of the same genotype.

The severity scote of the plant sampled was based on the five-point seale (Terry 1975). A total of 1397 leaf samples were collected: 1106 symptomatic samples and 291 symptomless samples.

Leaf samples of weeds showing characteristic symptoms of mosaic in or near the

cassava fields were also collected. Whitefly counts were made (Fauquet and Fargene 1990) on ten randomly selected plants and the whiteflies collected using an aspirator in each field if the insect was present. Two hundred and eighty-three whitefly samples were collected and preserved in 70% ethanol in Eppendorf tubes. In transit. whitelly and leaf samples were kept at 4 "C in a mobile refrigerator (model Y 200. Norcold Sidnoy, a subsidiary of Thetford Corporation. Ann. Amor. Michigan. USA) while in the field.

At the end of each day. the samples were kept at 4 'C overnight. Each survey [fip took about seven days and at the end of the trip. me samples were taken to where they were stored at -20 "C prior to diagnosis at IITA. Ibadan.

5

Laboratory analyses of samples

DNA extraction Total DNA was c:xtr:lcted from me cassava and weed samples according to me procedure of Dellaporta et a1. (I 983). The same procedure was used ro atraCt the rotal DNA from ~ whiteflies from each whirefiy sample. In ext=ting the DNA from me whitefli.... however. the volumes of me reagents were reduced by five times to avoid over dilution of the DNA. For me leaf samples. me extracted DNA was resuspended in 200 f1I TE (Tris-HO 50mM. EDTA 10mM) pH 8.0 while me DNA samples from me whiteOi .. were resuspended in 50 f1I ofTE pH 8.0 and stored at -20 -C.

Testing of the DNA samples Leaf and whitefiy DNA samples were tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). DNA from leaf samples was diluted to obtain 2 ngtul while me DNA from the whitefly samples was used undiluted. Specific primers for the detection of ACMV. EACMY, and EACMV-

Ug2 were used in addition to primers mat can detect ICMV and SACMY, and a pair of a universal primers for me de<eccion of whirefly transmined begomoviruscs (Table 1). The reaction mixture per tube contained 2.5 1'1 of therrnobuffer (10 x concentration). 1.5 J!I MgCl, (25 mM); 2.0f1l of dNTPs (2.5 mM); 1.3 f1I each offorward and reverse primers (10 pM for specific primers. 10 pM or 100 pM for degenerate primers); 0.2 f1I (1 unit) ofTaq DNA polymerase (Promega product. Promega Corporation . 2800 Woods Hollow Road. Madison. WI 53711-5399. U.S.A) 12.9 1'1 srerilized. distilled water. and 3.3 f1I of DNA sample (25.0 f1I per reaction rube). The DNA extraction buffer and DNA of virus-free healmy cassava were used as negative connols. The healthy. negative control cassava clone TMS 30572 was obeained from virus-tested in viao planrlets. EACMV-Ug2 DNA (from Dr !..egg oflITA. Uganda mtough the Nigerian Plant Quarantine Service. Moore Plantation.

Ibadan. Nigeria) was used as positive conrrol for me derection of me virus.

The reaction cycles using a PTC DNA Engine system (model PTC 200. MJ Research.

Inc .â&#x20AC;˘ 149. Grove Sueet. Watertown. Massachusetts USA) were as reported by Zhou et al.

(1997). The first cycle consisted of I min at 94 -C. 2 min at 52 -C. and 3 min at 72 -C. This was followed by 35 cycles of 1 min at 94 -C. 1 min at 52 -C. and 1.33 min at 72 -C. The final cycle consisted of 5 min at 72 -C. The PCR products were separared by de=ophoresis in a 1% agatos< gd. which contained 1.5 f1I of emidium bromide (IO mg/ml) in Tris-acetate-EDTA (TAE) buffer (0.04 M Tris-acetate pH 8.0 + 0.01 M EDTA. pH 8.0) at 100 volts for about 1.5 h. The DNA bands were observed under UV light and positive and negative reactions were recorded. For documentation purposes. photographs of some of me gels were taken using a Polatoid carnera (Polaroid. Gdcarn. Polaroid Cot:poration. 575.

Technology square-2. Cambridge. MA 02139. USA).

6

Table 1. Nucleotide sequences of DNA primers used In polymerase chain ,,,cllon for the detection of African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV), East African canava mosaic virus (EACMV), Ugandan variant of EACMV (EACMV-Ug2" South African cass.... trIOSIIlc virus (SACMVI, and Indian cassava mosaic virus (lCMV)' Target in DNA~

Virus

NiU1lC of pnma

5<qu<nc (5' to 31

IICMV

ACMV·ALIIF

GCG GM TCC CTA ACA ITA TC

ACt

EACMV EACMVfEIICMV·Ug2

ACMV·AROJR

GCT CGT ATG TAT CCT CTA AGG CCT G

AV2

JSPOOt

ATG TCG MG CGA CCA GGA GAT

CP

JSPOO2

TGTITA ITA AIT GCC MT ACT

CP

jSPOOt

ATG TCG MG CGA CCA GGA GAT

CP

jSPOO3

CCTITA ITA AITTGT CAC TGC

CP

tN·AL3IF

TIIC llCA TGC GTe RAIl TCCTG

11O

tN·ALIIR2

CTC

ACt

=

CAC 11M CIT IICG IT

tN·ALlfF

TGT CIT CTG GGA CIT GTe TG

IICt

IICMV·CPfR3

TGC GTe CTG ATG IIIT ATA TGT C

CP

ICMV

ICMV·F

lTC TCT CTC GTe MT CGG TA

IICtflR

ICMV·R

IICT CAG GGA IICT CGTITA GT

AV2

SIICMV

SIICMV-CP 5' SIICMV-CP ,.

GCT GTe CCC IIIT GTC CAR GGN

CP

CCT ITA ITII IIIT TGT CAC TGC

CP

WhiteAy·mnsmitted

PRIMER A

TM TAT TAC CKG WKG vee

CR

gcminivirwes

PRIMERS

TGG ACYITRCAWGGBCCTTCA CA

CR

EACMV·Ug2

'Sourct:sofprima ~ Dt:nsctal. 1994; Benicctal. 1998;Zhou ct aI. 1997; Pita eta!. 2001:01. Theprimenwerc ...d in pain: as listed. the 6nt being forward prirMr and the: s.ecoDd bcinc rn'U'SC. ~AV.

DNA-A virus leruc (AV2: gene NomoD nor ytt Imown), AC .. DNA-A com.plcmttary sense: (ACl: replication initiation protein ~ne, AC3: replication enhancer protein FIle). CP .. coat protein gene, IR . intetgenic ~OD, CR .. common region.

7

Table 1, Nucleotide sequences of DNA prime.. used In polyme.... chain ..""tlon for the detection of African casu va mosaic virus (ACMV). East Afrlclln cassava mosaic virus (EACMV). Uganden variant of EACMV (EACIIV-Ug2). South AfrlCMI cassava mosaic vfrus (SACMV). and Indian cassava mosaic virus (ICily)"

ACMV

EACMV

Name of primer

Scqumc (5" 03')

ACMV,ALlIF

Target in DNAlo

GCG GM TCC CTA ACA TTA TC

AC!

ACMV,AROIR

GCT CGT ATG TAT CCT CTAAGG CCT G

AV2

jSPOO!

ATG TCG MG CGA CCA GGA GAT

CP

jSPOO2

TGTTTA TTA ATT GCC MT ACT

CP

jSPOO!

ATG TCG MG CGA CCA GGA GAT

CP

jSPOO3

CCTTTA TTAATTTGTCACTGC

CP

lJV-AU/F

TAC ACA TGC CTC RM TCCTG

AC3

lJV-ALtlRl

CTC CGC CAC AM CTT ACG TT

AC!

lJV-ALI/F

TGT CTT CTG GGA CTT GTG TG

AC!

ACMV-CP/R3

TGC CTC CTG ATG ATT ATA TGT C

CP

(CMV

ICMV-F

n 'CTCT CTC CTCMTCGGTA

ACI IIR

ICMV-R

ACTCAG GGAACTCGTTTAGT

AV2

SACMV

SACMV-CP 5'

GCT GTC CCC ATT GTC CAR GGN

CP

EACMV/EACMV-Ugl EACMV-Ug2

SACMV-CP3'

CCTTTATTAATTTGTCACTGC

CP

WhitC"fty tl'2l1Smitted

PRIMER A

TM TATTAC CKG WKG VCC

CR

geminivin..ases

PRIMERB

TGG AcYTTR CAW GGB CCT TCA CA

CR

w

'Sourus of primer scqu~c:c: 0rerJc ct al. 1994; Bc:nie et aI . 1998; Zhou et aI. 1997; Pita er. d. 200 1a. The p timers W'efe used in pailS u listed, the 6m bet,. forwud prime:( .,d the second 00"1 mrux.

路AV . ONA路A virus ieflSr (AV2: genc fUnaion noI yet known), AC _ ONA路A complemewy seNe (ACI: replication initiatioo protein gene. AC3: rqillcaOOb enlanoet protein &tnt), CP - ooat protein gene, (R _ intergenic rqiOD, CR - common region.

7

Results

CMD status in fanners' fields CMD symptoms were mild in most farms in Akwa lbom, Delta, and Edo stares (southsouth geopolitical zone); Anambra and Enugu states (southeast zone); Lagos State (southwest zone); Kwara, Nassarawa, and Niger states (middle belt zone); Jigawa State (northeast zone), and Kaduna State (northwest zone) (Fig. I). CMD symptoms were either moderately severe or severe in most farms in Cross River Stare (south- south zone); Abia, Ebonyi, and Imo Srates (southeast zone); Ekiti and Ondo states (southwesr zone); Benue and Kogi stares (middle belt zone); Bauchi and Gombe states (northeast zone), and Kebbi Stare (northwest zone) (Fig. I) . The number of farms with either moderatelp",'ere orsevere symptoms was about the same the number of farms with mild symptOms in Rivers Star. (south-south zone); Ogun, Osun, and O yo states (southwest zone), and Taraba State (no rtheast zone) (Fig. I) . In all the states mentioned, the number of farms visited ranged between 4 and 31.

Three farms were visited in Bayels. State (sourh-south zo ne) and cassava in all the farms showed mild symptoms. O f the th ree fa rms visired in Plateau Stare (middle belt zone), the cassava in one farm expressed severe sympcorns while symptoms were mild on the plants in rhe other twO farms , In the Federal C apital TerritOry (middle belt zone) symptoms on cassava were moderately severe in tWO farms but mild in one farm . In Adamawa Stare (northeast zone) the cassava in one farm had mild symptOms while in another farm CMD symptoms were severe. In Borno and Yobe states (northea" zone) one farm each was visited. CMD symptoms were mild in Borno State but severe in Yobe. Three farms were visited in Kano Stare (northwest w ne) of which sympcoms on cassava were mild in one farm but severe in two farms. One farm each was visired in Katsina and Sokoro scates (no rrhwesr zone). CMD symptoms were mild in Katsina but severe in SokoÂŁO, Cassava farms were not found along the fOUtes surveyed in Zamfara Stare.

Between 17 (northwest zone) and 131 farms (southwest zone) were assessed for CMD severity in each geopolitica1 zone. Cassava in most fanns in the south- south and middle belr geopolitical zones expressed mild CMD symptoms (Fig. 2) . To the eontraIj', cassava in most farms in the southeast and northeast zones expressed either moderately severe or severe symptoms. The number of farms in which CMD symptoms were either moderacely severe or severe was about the same the number of farms in which CMD symptoms were mild in the southwest and northwest zones (Fig. 2). Throughout the entire COUntry, symptoms were either moderately severe or severe in 48% of the farms, which was almost the sarne proportion (52%) of farms in which symproms were: mild. The farms with cassava with moderate/severe symptoms and mild symptoms were randomly discribured through the cassava growing areas of the country (Fig. 3).

8

MidcIe belt zone

f

100

eo

60 oW 20

o AI< ayCR

OTED

DM

DM

.1oIS .S

.MS

.S

RV

'Iu~ ul~

100

eo 60 oW 20

o

AS I\N EB EN 1M

Southwest

AD IIA BR GB TR VB JG

zone

80 60 oW

100

eo

eM

60 oW 20

20

1

o

8MS

.s 1<Dt<NKTKBSKZM

Fig.... 1. The pooportlon of ......... • _ .howIng dHlenlnt ...... of caUy. mosaic dl.· _ (CIo1O' ... ..tty In _ of !he geopolitical _ of NIgeria. _

AK • Akwa Ibom. BY •

Ba,..u.. CR •

Ooa Rl.... OT • Od... EO • &10, RV • Riven. AS • Abia. AN •

AnamIxa. EB • Fl>ony;. EN • Enogu. 1M • _ EK • E.lcili. IA • ~. OG • Ogun. ON • Oado. OS • Os"".

Oy. Oyo. BN • Boo..,. KG • Kosi. KW. K.nra. NA · N....,....., NG· Nig«. PL .I'h=u. FCT _ Fcd.nI Copiw Tcm.xy. AD • A.Ian--. BA • 1Iauchi. BR • Bomo. GB • Gombe. TR • Tanba. JG • J....... YB - Yobc, KD • tc.duna. KN • Kaao. KT.1Caalna. KB .1Cd>I>i. SIC. SoIwro. ZM • Zam&n

K<r- M • Mild. MS • MadcwcIy ....... S - s..a.

9

DMiId

100

• Moderately severe • Severe

SoutI>-

south

Southeast

South-

_

Middle

beH

NortIleast

N0rthwest

Geopolitical zone Figure 2. The proportion of COI.nv. farm •• howlng different level. of cassava mosaic dl ••ase (CMO) seventy In the geopolitical zones of Nigeria.

Geopolilical ""De South-south

Stale

Southeast

Abia. Anambra. Ebonyi. Enugu, Irno Ekici. Lagos. Ogun. Ondo. o.un. Oyo Benue, Kogi, Kwala, Nassara'Wa, Niger. Plateau, Federal Capital Territory

Southwest

Middlebd, Northeast Northwest

Akwa Ibom. Bayel ... Cross River. Delta. Edo. Rivets

Adamawa. Bauchi. Barno. Gombe. Taraba. Jigawa, Yobc Kaduna. Kano. Katsina. Kebbi. Sokoco. Zamfua

The status of cassava mosaic begomovil\lses in Nigeria Among the II 06 leaf samples from the symptom bearing cassava plants. 74.1% tested positive for ACMV alone. 0.3% for EACMV alone. 24.4% for mixed infections with the two viruses. and 1.2% failed to give a PCR product with any of the primers. Of the 291 samples from symptomless plants, 27.20/0 were infa:ted with ACMV alone but none tested positive to EACMV alone, 4.8% tested for both viruses, and 6S.00/0 were apparently not infected with any of the cassava begomoviruses. EACMV-Ug2 was not detected in any of the leaf or whitefly samples (Fig. 4). The six cassava leaf samples in lanes 1-6 and 11-16 (Fig. 4a) tested positive to both viruses. The EACMV primers also detected the 'DNA of the EACMVUg2 that was used as a positive control (Fig. 4a, lanes 17 and IS). The EACMV-Ug2 was. however, differentiated from the Nigerian isolates ofEACMV by the EACMV-Ug2 specific primers (Fig. 4b.lancs 17 and 18). Lanes 9. 10. 19. and 20 (Figs. 4a. b) contained samples for the negative control and hence no bands were expected or observed. SACMV and ICMV were not det«ted in the leaf samples. ACMV and EACMV. singly and in double infections. were also d~tected in the whitefly vector across the country.

Positive diagnosis ofACMV (lanes 26. 27) and EACMV (lane 36) were obtained. shown in Figure 4c with positive conrrols in lanes 21 and 23 (ACMV) and 31 and 32 (EACMV) that contained infected DNA from the leaf samples.

10

VB

...

N

...

Town

•

Mild

t

o Moderatdy severe • 200

~

0

400

....c===~....-== __=_-~_=_=___=J _J

Severe ~~m

Figure 3. The distribution of tanns showing dlffantnt casoava mosaic dl...sa (CMDI ••verity In Nigeria.' . The count!)' is partitioned into S{2les a.s follow: A.K .. Akwa loom. BY .. Baydsa. CR .. Cross Rivc=r. DT -= Dellta.

EO .. £do. RV .. Rivers. AS .. Abia. AN ... Anarohn. ED .. Ebonyi. EN .. Enugu. 1M -= Imo, EK:c Ekid. LA .. Lagos.

OG .. Ogun. ON .. Ondo. OS .. 0$00. OV Oro. 8N .. &nue. KG .. Kogi , KW '" Kwara, NS .. Na.w.n.wa., NG .. Niger, Pl .. Plateau, FCf = Federal GapitalTerrilory. AD .. Adamaw:a, SA .. Bauchi. BR .. Boma. GB .. Gombe. TR . T::uaba.

1G .. JigaW2. YR .. Yobe, ICD .. Kaduna. KN .. Kano. lIT .. KaBim. KB .. Kebbi. SK .. Sok.oto. ZM '"' l.amfara I;

The proportion of plants infected by ACMV and by mixed Infections of ACMV and EACMV in the different geopolitical zones Single infection by ACMV predominated in aU rhe geopolitical rones. The proportions of planes doubly infected by ACMV and EACMV, however. were about the same as the proponion ofplanes singly infected by ACMV in Enugu State. Imo (southeast rone}; Ondo Slate (southwest wne); Benue and Kogi states (middle belr wne). and Kano State (nonhwest zone) (Figure 5). Only one farm was visited in Yobe Srare (nonheastwne) where four plants were sampled and found to be infected with both ACMV and EACMY. Plan .. infected with ACMV alone were most common in the souch-south (81%) and nonheast (91%) geopolitical rones (Figure 6). The southeasr wne had the least proponion of plan.. (62.2%) 11

singly infec<ed by AC MV bUI had [he highesl proporrion of plants (36.8%) doubly infec<ed

by ACMV a nd EAC MV. The proponion o f mixed infenions in other zo nes ranged fro m 7.4% CO 26.2% (Fig. 6). Farms in whi ch AC MV occurred in single infection as well as in mixed infecrio ns with EAC MV predominated and were more random in somhern Nige ria M 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

M 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1000 bp

. . 1000 bp

M 11 121314151617181920 M 111 2 1314 15 1617 18 1920 . . 1650 bp

1000 bp

a

b M 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

1000 bp

M 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

1000 bp

c Figure 4. African cassava mosaIc virus (ACMV) and East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV) DNA fragments amplified by polymerase chain reaction and analyzed by gel eloctrophoresis" .

• The gmplc:s were collected from fumen;' fidds dUling a survey In 2002 and Z003 in Nigcn 1.. M • I kb plus marker. blla l-6conwncd the DNA of QSSav:lllof samplc:s 7'). 242. 503. S07. 647. 7% . rc:spcctlvdy. L.mcs 7 and 8 coOlamro the DNA of virulent Ug:uwu.n StrollO of East Arnan QS.$;IY.iII mosaic virus (EACMV-Ugl) as posili~ COnirol. Lanes

9 and 10 conu.incd DNA of a hClhhy c:ass;av:ll lof and DNA cxtr.lClion buffa. respc=cuvdy as nega[J~ connals. This lane5 11 - 16; 17 and 18; 19 and 20. rcspcclivciy. Lanes 21 - 23 conl'ainw DNA of ClSS:IIVll laves samples 1319. 1062. and 11 09. respectively. This ....';l.S r~pc;uw for lanes 30--32. Lanes 26 and 27 contained DNA of ..... hlld!y samples 1113 and 870. resp«1ivdy. which was r~pt';1Iw 10 lanes 35 and 36. Lmes 24 and 25 conlai nw DNA of a hahhy cassaVll and DNA otracdon buffer. rt'SJXOivc:ly. This was rt'pealed res:pccrivdy 10 lanes: 28 and 29, 33 and 34 . and 37 and 38. Fig. 4a. Lanes 1- 10: Fig. 4e. lanes 2 1- 29 wcrt' lesled by ACMV primers ACMV - ALI / F/ARO/ R. I-Ig. 421. 1211es: 11 - 20: Fig. 4b, lanes: 1- 10: Fig. 4e.lanes: 30-38 wert' rested by EACMV primers UV-AL3/F/ALl/R2 .

Fig. 4b. 1anes: 11-20 ~rt' tcsted by EACMV-Ugl priRlC'rs UV-ALIIFIIACMV-Cf'/RJ . arr.lllgcmcni was tq>Olcd for

Lanes 24. 25, 28 . 29. 3J. 34 . 37 2nd 38 COnt21Ocd samples: for the neg:ui~ cenlTol. which opectwly did nOI

12

miG .

than in the north (Fig. 7). Farms that contained EACMV in single infection. in adrution.o mixed infections by ACMV and EACMV, were few and were located in Enugu and Niger States. Only in one farm in Ebonyi State were single infections by ACMV and EACMV observed. Unidentified begomoviruses were detected in Ekiri. Gombe, Lagos, Nassarawa.

Ogun. Ondo. and PIa.eau stares (Fig. 7) .

Sou1l1-south zone

Middle beH zone

100 80 60

40

2~ I

I

AK BYCR DTED RV

BN KG KW NS NG PL FCT

Northeas1 zone

Southeast zone 100 80 60

100, 80 j

[]ACMV

~~ J.L&,LII............I .........

U

• ACMV + EACMV

:1

20 O,JU.....LL...LL...LL..LL.a.......

Northwest zone

Southwest zone 100 80 60

[]ACMV

40

.

I

• ACMV + EACMV

AD BA BR GB TR JG YB

AB AN EB EN 1M

~

OACMV

•

.ACMV+ EACMV

EK LA OGONOSOY

'00 80

o ACMV

60

40 20

r

.. a Ul...,l.III.,.U..,...u.I.,I.JL,.-~ KD KN KT KB SK ZM

• ACMV + EACMV

State

figure 5. The propO<1lon 0/ cassava plants Infected by African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) and mixed infections of ACMV and East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV) in the different states of the geopolitical zones of Nigeria.

States: A1 - Akwa lbom. BY '" Bavdsa. CR - C ross River. DT .. Dd t.1 . ED '" Edo. RV '" Rivers. AS '" Abia, AN '" An,Hnhrd, EB '" Ebonyi . E~i '" Enugu , 1M .. Imo, EK -.e. Ekili. LA • 1 ~1gosl OG .. Ogun . 0:-.1 '" Ondo, OS .. Osun, or = Oro. SN ;; Bcnue. KG '" Kogi. KW • Kw.ua. NA .. 1'\a.m I'2Wa, NG Niger, Pl - Plateau, I

FCT .. Federal CapirolJ Tenirory, AD = Ad:un:l~. BA .. Bauchi. BR .. 80rno. G f\ . Combe, TR '" T:uaba,JG. JigOlwa, YB .. Yobe, KD =Kadu na. K.N == Kana. KT '" Kauin ... KB - Kebbi, SK • $okOtO, 2M :: bmf:.ua

13

100

80 60

[]ACMV

4

20·

• ACMV + EACMV

o SouII>south

Southeast

South· west

Middle- _ east

belt

_ west

Geopolitical zone Figure 6. The proportion of plants Infected by African cus.rva mosaic virus (ACMV) and mixed Infections by ACMV and East African cassova mosaic virus (EACMV) In the geopollUeal zon.8 of Nigerta.

Geopolitical zone South-south Sourheast Southwest

Middkbdt Nonheasr NonhwtSt

State Akwa lhom. Bayds3., Cross River, (kha. £do, Rivers Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Enugu, Imo Ekiti, Lagos, Ogun, Ondo, OS"", Oyo Benue. Kogi. Kwara. Na.ssarawa. Niger. Pla(eau. Federal Capital Territory Adomawa, Bauchi, Barno, Gombe, Tanba, Jigawa, Yobe Kaduna, Kano. Katsina. Kcbbi. Sakato, Zamfara

14

Niger

Cameroon

N

t ..

•

Gulf of Guinea

o

o

Town ACMV ACMV. AC MV.EAC MV ACMV. AC MV.EAC M V ACMV. ACMV si ngle infection

*• Unidenclfied 200

Figure 7. The distribution of cassava mosaic begomovlruses in Nigeria', The country is partitioned into srares as foHow: AK .. Akw:a lbom, BY .. Ba)'l'lsa. CR .. C ross Ri~r. DT '" Dd112.

ED • Edo. RV :. RiYers. AS .. Abia. AN .. Anamb,.., ED .. Ebonyi, EN '" Enugu, 1M =Imo, EK = £kid , LA .. Lagos, OG::. Ogun. ON : O nda. OS .. Osun, OY .. Oro. BN .,.IkDIK, KG r Kogi, KW ~ Kwara, NS .. Nw.arawil, NG .. Niger, PL .. Pbteau , Fer _ mJcraJ Oipira1Terrilory,AD:: Acianuwa, SA .. Bauchi, DR _ Somo. GB .. Gombe. TR z T:tr::lb:l..

JC .. JiS3W3. VB .. Yobt, KD ... Kadurl2I. KN .. Kano. KT - Kauin:!., K8 .. Kfilbi. SK .. Soltoro. ZM '" Zarnfara }((y: ACMV .. African ('WIll'll mosaic virw. EACl\.1\' = &st African ClWtlVll mtlJllu virus, ACMV .. FACMV <: Mixed infections of ACMV and EACMV

15

CMD severity associated with single Infection by ACMV and mixed Infections by ACMV and EACMV Most ACMV infections were characterized with severe symptoms giving average severity scores that ranged from 2.7 to 3.9 on a scale of 1-5 (Table 2) . Generally. symptoms due to the virus were similar in all the states of each zone. The northwest zone had plants that showed more severe symptoms than plants in the other zones. particularly the south-.outh zone. Only three plants were infected singly by EACMV. Two of the plants (Ebonyi State, southeast zone and Niger State. middle belt zone) had mild symptoms while the third (Enugu State••outheast zone) had >evere rymptoms (Table 2). Among the states of each zone. CMD symptoms were genetally more severe on plants doubly infected by ACMV and EACMV than on plan... ingly infected by one of the two vituses (Table 2). In Delta (south-south wne). Anambta (.outhean wne). and Benue (middle belt zone) stares. however. the average severity of CMD symptoms were similar on plants singly infected by ACMV as well as plants doubly infected by ACMV and EACMV. The doubly infected plan .. in the three states had lower average rymptom severity scores than the other plants from othet states in the respective zones. The greater CMD symptom severity scores associated with mixed inf«tions compared to single infections was

more distinct on plants in the southern geopolitical zones (south-south. southeast. and southwest zones) than on plants in the northern geopolitical zones (middle belt. northeast. and northwest zones) (Table 2).

Tabl. 2. Cassava mosaic disease (CMO) severity on cassava varieties singty and doubly infected by African cassava mosaic villJS (ACMV) and Easl African cassava mosaic villJS (EACMV) in farmers' fields in the geopolitical zones of Nigeria.

Mean CMD $eVcril)' score

Gcopoliricall.Ooc

s..I.

ACMV

EACMV

ACMV.EACMV

SOtI1h-<outh

Akwa lborn Bayel..

Cross R.i ver

(21) 2.8 ±0.53 (7)3.0± 0 0.53 (41) 2.8 ±0.47 (44) 2.8 ± O.SO (59) 2.7± 0.53 (17) 2.8 ±0.71 (189)2.8±0.54 (37) 3.2 ±0.65 (14) 3.0 ± 0.53 (21)3.1 ±0.71 (18)3.1 ±0.81 (35) 2.9 ± 0.52 (125) 3.1 ± 0.65

(0) 0.0 (0) 0.0 (0) 0.0 (0) 0.0 (0) 0.0 (0) 0.0 (0) 0.0 (0) 0.0 (0) 0.0 (I) 2.0 (I) 3.0 (0) 0.0 (2) 2.5

(5) 3.2 ± 0.75 (0) 0.0 (11) 3.6 ± 0.97 (11) 2.7 ± 0.62 (8) 3.1 ± 0.78 (3)3.3 ± 0.47 (44) 3.3 ± 0.88 (10) 3.8 ± 0.87 (6)3.2 ± 0.37 (9)3.6 ± 0.50 (13)3.5 ± 0.63 (36) 3.7 ± 0.83 (74) 3.6 ± 0.77

Delta Edt> Rivers Mean for the zone

Southeast

Abi. Anambra Ebonyi Enugu lmo Mean for the zone

16

Table 2 (contd) Southwest

Middle belt

Northeast

Northwest

(42) 3.2 ± 0.69 (IS) 3.1 ±0.72 (64) 3.0 ± 0.S6 Ogun (44) 2.9 ± 0.45 Oado (39) 2.8 ± 0.53 Osun Oyo (66) 3.0 ± 0.55 (270) 3.0 ± 0.57 Mean fOr me zone (20)3 . 1 ±0.S9 8eDue (14) 2.9±0.46 Kogi (33) 3.0 ± 0.55 Kwara Nassarawa (23) 3.3 ± 0 .55 (28) 3.0 ± 0.42 Niger Plateau (3)3.0 ± 0.0 Federal Capital Territory (9)3.1 ± 0.33 (130)3.1 ±O.SI Mean for the zone Adam.wa (5) 2.8 ± 0.40 Bauchi (13) 3.3 ± 0.46 (3)3 .0 ± 0.0 Bomo Gombe (11) 2.9 ± 0.51 (17) 2.9 ± 0.47 Taraba (13) 3.2 ± 0.42 Jigswa Yobe (0) 0.0 (62)3.1 ± 0.49 Mean for the zone (20) 3.4 ± 0.57 Kaduna (4)3.5 ± O.SO Kano (3) 3.3 ± 0.47 Kstsina (ll) 3.9 ± 0.47 Kebbi (4) 3.0 ± 0.71 Sokolo /I Zamf.n (44) 30S ± 0.62 Mean for the ZOIlC

aili Lagos

(0) 0.0 (0) 0.0 (0)0.0 (0)0.0 (0) 0.0 (0) 0.0 (0) 0.0 (0) 0.0 (0) 0.0 (0) 0.0 (0) 0.0 (I) 2.0 (0) 0.0 (0) 0.0 (I) 2.0 (0) 0.0 (0) 0.0 (0) 0.0 (0) 0.0 (0) 0.0 (0) 0.0 (0) 0.0 (0) 0.0 (0) 0.0 (D) 0.0 (a) 0.0 (D) 0.0 (0) 0.0

,

(0) 0.0

(13) 3.9 ± 0.83 (0) 0.0 (19) 3.6 ± 0.82 (33) 3.5 ± 0.74 (23) 3.9± 0.90 (II )3.3± 0.45 (99) 3.6 ± 0.81 (IS) 2.9 ± 0.57 (14)3.4± 0.61 (2) 3.0 (1)3.0 (8) 3.3 ± 0.43 (0) 0.0 (0) 0.0 (40) 3.2 ± 0.57 (0) 0.0 (0) 0.0 (0) 0.0 (0) 0.0 (0) 0.0 (1)3.0 (4J3.0±0.71 (5)3 .0 ± 0.63 (0) 0.0 (5)3.8 ± 0.75 (0)0.0 (3)3.7± 0.47 (0) 0.0 # (8) 3.8 ± 0.66

double inft:ctions were daennincd. by polymerase dWn reaction. Severity sc.oo:s rutpi from 1 • no symptoms 5 - very IC'YeI'C symptoms (Terry 1975). Number in pucnthcsls: WU't. [au) samples wed for me calcul.ation of mean ~ nandatd enor.

~

to

• Cauaw. 6dds wut not fou.nd along dv: route of the RlJ"\Iq' ta L.mfara.

17

Types of symptoms associated with single and double Infections by ACMV and EACMV When plants of the same genotypes in the same farm were observed for symptoms, three types of mosaic pattern were noticed. These were ydlow-g=n mosaic, whitish/bleachinggreen mosaic (Fig. 8), and a combination of the two types of symptoms. The yellow-green mosaic was usually accompanied with mild leaf distonion (Fig. 8a) while the whitish! bleaching-green mosaic was in most cases associated with s~ere leaf distortion (Fig. Bb).

A healthy leaf is g=n without blemish and undistoned (Fig. Be). ACMV and EACMV separately induced the yellow-green mosaic while ACMV was mainly responsible fOr the whitish/bleaching-green mosaic symptoms (Table 3). The two viruses in mixed infections were also detected in plants separately showing the two types ofsymptoms and also in plants with a combination of the two types of symptoms (Table 3).

Other symproms associated with ACMV in single and in mixed infections with EACMV include ragged leaves (Fig. 90) and reduced and wrinkled leaRets (Fig. 9b). Some ACM . isolates induced severe symptoms and in some cases changed the morphology of the plants (Fig. 9c) as compared to uninfected plants of the same genotype (Fig. 9d). Some of the plants doubly infected by the two viruses had reduced leaf sizes accompanied by defoliation (Figs. ge, f).

IB

a

b

c Figure 8. Characteristic symptoms of biological variants of African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) on cassava leaf. ~ symptoms wc.~ ~

on diff~~nl plilnls of the s:une gmo~ in t~ gme f2rm during iI di2gnoslic survq in

200212003 for CISS:IV2 bcgomovirwes in Nigttia.. Ycllow-grttn mosaicwilh mild leaf dis:conion (3). whitishlbloching. grttn mogic with nOl2ble lof dislOnjon (b). and 5)'fTIptomlcss leaf (c).

Table 3. The Iype of cassava mosaic disease symptoms on cassava associated with single and double infections by African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) and East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV)'.

T ypc or symptom

YeUow-grecn mosaic

Whicishlbleaching-green mosaic Combinations of the IWO symptom types

Numlxrof plants assess<d

Percen t2ge 2.S.'SOci:ued with ACMV 78.7 76.9

t74 13 207

68.1

'Only pbnu of eM arne genotype: wen: assessed in QCh fttW in this study.

19

EACMV 1.7 0.0

0.0

ACMV.EACMV

t9.6 23.1 3 1.9

b

d

f

Figure 9. Some notable symptoms associated with African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) in single infection and in double infection with East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV). (.. ): nggl-d Ic:af. (b): reduced :md wrinkled lallcu on an infocla.1lc:;af and unin(cclcd le:af (right), (c): muhiplc shooting c:ausc:ti by $C'Vere symplOnu of ACMV, (d): uninfÂŤtro plan! of the same genotype :l.S in (e), reduced Inf size and slUmctJ plan! duC' 10 mixed infection by ACMV <1Ind EACMV... nd (f): dcfoli;lIion ouscd by mixed infcctioru by the lWO

viruses.

Alternative host of ACMV and EACMV ACMV and EACMV were diagnosed in a leguminous weed (Smna occidenralis (L.) Link) showing mosaic symptoms (Fig. lOa liD while the plant in Fig. lOa Iii] was symptomless.

The [wo vi ruses also co-infected Combr~tum conftrtum Lams. show ing very brighr mosaic symptoms (Fig. lOb liD. ACMV was also diagnosed in castor Ricinus communis L. with

leaves exhibiting coalesced chlorotic SpotS (Fig. 10c liD.

By PCR tests. S. occidmtaliswas positive (or ACMVand EACMV (Fig. II ). Simi larly.

C. confrrrum tested positive (or the twO viruses. ACMV was derected in castor oil leaf while extracted DNA of wild cassava M . gloziovii. which was collected during the survey tested positive for ACMV and EACMV. A pair o( degenerate primers l Table I) fo r the detectio n of whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses reacted positively with DNA from C. con/ultlm, castor. and wi ld cassava.

20

a (i)

a (Ii)

b (I)

b (II)

c (I)

c (II)

Figure 10. Natural hosts of African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) and East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV) in Nigeria. (a) (i): infoa«l SmNl tKrianllalis{L) Link. (ii): h~thy S. oaidnr£ilSs: (b) (i): infrned o,mbrttvm ronfnnun Lams.. (b) (ii): hcahhy C aJnf~m Lanu.: (e) (i): infmed leaf of Ricin," communis 1... (e) (ii): hcah.hy leU of R. ",m",.mis.

21

,-

M 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

1000 bp

•

W - .....

I - .. - ---

----.......

500bp

M 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

1000 bp

Figure 11 . The detection of African cassava mosaic virus and East African cassava mosaic virus in weed samples in cassava fields in Nigeria', ·101::1.1 DNA W2S curaoed from 11\(' mrCC1~ lovo of ,he weed .um ples ;and 1c:$led by polymcr:ue ch:un rC2l1ions, M • 1 kb plus marker. I...:mc I (A legume. Sronll orruIrtlldln), 2: (unidcnufied 'Attd), 3 (Caslor oil plane Ru'i"w (ommulIIs). 4 (wild cu.sa ...... Manihe, p 'UOIIII), ') (ClSS2v:1 lar as positive: conuo l). 6 (heahhy c:a.s5;lYa leaf as ncg:uivc comrol) . and 7 (DNA c:xu':&ct ion buffer also 25 nq?livC' control) . This ur.angemc:.nt ~ rrpc:ned in hancs 8-14 2nd 15-21. 1..:100 1-7 were to-led by ACMV )pccific primer ACMV-ALl /F/ARO/R (Zhou ~t AL. 1997): lanes 8-14 by a pair of degener-lit' primers. Primer NB (Deng CI al. 1994) :lind lana I ;-2 1 by EACMV primers. UV-AU/F/AL J/ Rl (Zhou

C'I

:II. 19')7).

Wh itefly populations and their distribution WhiteAy populatio ns "'nged from 0 10 500 per plant (Fig. 12). In so uthern Nigeria. the whireAy population varied within a 10caJiry and also within a farm based on the varieties being cuhivated. In some farms, ir was observed that so me varieries supported higher whireAy populations than other va rieties (da ta not shown). Most farm s in the sourh had whiteAy populations of between 5 and 500 per plant (Fig. 12). In comparison. most filCms in the north starting from the middle belt (Kwara. Kogi. a.nd Benue States) had whiteAy populations of between 0 and 4 per plant. A lor of th e farms in the northeast and northwest had no whiteAies.

The transmission ofCMD in southern Nigeria was observed to be by infected curtings and by whireAy vecto rs while CMD transmiss io n was mos tly by infected curtings in th e north. When rhe virus has been rransmined through cu([ings, at least the first six leaves at the base of lhe primary stem are diseased (Fig. 13a), whiJe in vector [ransmjssio n, the first six leaves at the base of the primary stem are usually symptomless (Fig. 13b) (Ogbe et a!. 2003a).

22

Niger

N

t

A Town • Low(s"') o Mo.:kntdy high ~ IO) [] High (> S S SO) Very high (> S :$ SOO)

Gulf of Guinea

200

0

200

400 kiIomeun

--==~_-=====::=J

Figure 12. Whitefly vector populations and their distribution in cassava fields in Nigeria·. ' Thecounuy isp.milionc:d inrOSl2tcsu follows: AK .. Akwa lbom . BY .. Bayclsa. CR . Cros5 Rivt:r. DT .. Or:llca. ED .. Edo. RV .. Rivc.rs. AS .. Abia. AN .. Anambra. ED .. Ebony;. EN .. Enugu. IM .. fmo. EK . Ekiri. l..A .. Lagos. OG .. Ogun. ON .. Ondo. OS .. OsUR. oy .. Oyo. BN .. IkRtlt:. KG .. Kosi. KW .. Kwar.a. NS .. Nass:m.wa. NG .. Niger, PL .. Plno u. FCf .. FaknI o.picalTttritory. AD .. AdanuW2. 8A .. Bauchi, OR .. 00,"0. GO .. Combe. TR .. Tliraba.

JG .. Jigawa. VB .. Yobe. KO .. Kadunll. KN .. lUna. ~'T .. K2uina. KB .. Kd>bi, SK .. Sokot:o. ZM .. umbr.a

1lw: ligures givm in the kgcnd were lht:- whildly popubtions per planL

Figure 13. The pattern of mosaic symptoms on cassava plants infected through infected stem cuttings and through whitefly vector transmission (a) Stan cutting [ransmisslon: loves at the base of the primary stml an also symptom-boring; (b) whitdly vector transmission: c.bc kava at the hue of the: primary stan art symptomkss..

23

Discussion The predominance ofACMV in single infection over EACMV in Nigeria had been reported from a survey conducted in 1997 and 1998 (Ogbe 2001). In tha<survey, only one sample (0.05%) was diagnosed comain EACMV in a single infeaion ou, of the 290 samples [es,ed. This was simila< [0 me pre.em survey in which three samples (0.3%) were single infecdons ofEACMV OU[ of me 1106 samples ,esced. Single infection ofFACMV was also noc common in <A[e d'Ivoire (Pica ec aI . 2001 b) or Cameroon (Fondong e[ aI. 2000). This conlCaslS wim !'<Sulcs from me coasw areas offanzania, Kenya, and Malawi and Madagascac where single infection by EACMV predornin.'es (Swanson and Harrison 1994; Ogbe e[ aI. 1997• • b). More and wider dimibution of mixed infections by ACMV and FACMV was recorded in the presem survey man in ,he survey conducced in 1997 and 1998. The mixed

'0

infections were distributed across the entire country (Fig. 7) whereas in the earlier survey

the discribu[ion was from me soUlh only co [he middle belt of me councry (Ogbe 2001).

In addi[ion. the 1997/98 survey found 9.3% mixed infections compared with the 24.1% in the present survey. In this survey. more routes were covered, visiting more Farms and more planes per farm were sampled chan in the 1997/98 survey [0 increase [he sensi[iviry

of [he survey. panicularly wich respect to de,ecting EACMV-Ug2. Inlensive culdvadon of cassava and che disseminalion of ,he viruses by whileRy veaors. parcicularly in southern Nigeria. could also be chc cause of a greater number of farms wi,h mixed infections. Mixed infec,ions by ACMV and EACMV wi,h me associa,ed severe symplOms have been reported in Uganda, Tanzania (Harrison e! aI. 1997; Pi'a et aI. 2oola) . and Cameroon (Fondong CI aI. 2000).

It is important to note that the disuibmion of farms with cassava plants with either modcra,ely severe or severe CMD sympcoms (Fig. 3) was similar the disuibu,;on of double infec,ions by ACMV and EACMV (Fig. 7). This implies mal me more me number of farms whete mixed infecrion was dClected. me grea,er me number offarrns wim cassava wi,h severe sympcoms. Since i[ may be difficu1[ prevent mixed infections, which are brough, abou, by whi,eRy transmission and mrough the plandng ofinfcc«d S1em cuttings. me severe sympcoms associaled wim such infeedons can be miligated wough me cultivalion of resistanr genotypes. The cultivation of cassava genotypes with adequate resistance to CMD migh' pardy explain why doubly infected plan" generally did no[ show very severe sympcoms in Delca Sta,e (Table 2) where different genorypes were being cul[iva,ed. and some of which were improved genorypes. This is an indication ,hal me CMD projec, can make me desired impac' in comba,ing me severe form of CMD mrough ,he introducdon of desirable resiscan[ genotypes into the agroecologies of Nigeria.

For moS! genorypes, eimer singly Ot doubly infec[ed in moS! parIS of normern Nigeria. to show similar levels ofCMD seveciry (Table 2) implies [hat me genorypes might be similar in ,heir reactions. The genorypes may also have no' had high levels of CMD «siseance.

'0

'0

24

Observations in southern Nigeria confirmed that it requires double infections to induce more severe symptoms on resistant genotypes than the symptoms induced by single infection. It appears &om this srudy. therefore. that more resistant and hererogeneous genotypes are being cultivated in the south than in northern Nigeria.

Differences in the proportion of resistant genotypes being cultivared in the various states in Nigeria could partly be responsible for this different CMD status (Fig. 1). Another plausible reason for the differences could be a result of diffi:rences in the distributions of possible variants of ACMV and EACMV and double infections (Fig. 7).

Biological variants of ACMV reported by Ogbe et aI. 2003b w<:re determined on Nirotituuz brothamUl114. an experimental host. In the present study. two biological variants of ACMV based on symptoms on cassava were obvious (Table 3, Fig. 8). The two variants mostly co-infected cassava (Table 3) producing possible synergistic effects that might be responsible for the severe symptoms observed in plants infecred only with ACMV (Figs.

9c. 13a. b) . Thus mixed infections by ACMV and EACMV and double or mixed infections by variants of ACMV could be more common in Nigeria than single infections. This could partly account for the f.Urly high proportion (48%) of farms with cassava showing either moderately severe or severe sympcoms of CMD (Fig. 3). There is a need to provide farmers with new improved varieties with high levels of resistance to CMD. This indicates that the activities of the CMD project should extend beyond the south-south and the southeastern states in order to control CMD in Nigeria. From the results of this survey. the resistant cassava genotypes selected for introduction to farmers in the south-south and southeast should also be evaluated for adaptation in [he southwest. middle belt. northeast. and northwest geopolitical wnes.

A genotype with high level of resistance to CMD. if introduced to the northern geopolitical wnes. could be cultivated for a longer time than in the southern geopolitical wnes with less risk of that genotype becoming infected with CMD. This is because whitelly populations in the northern geopolitical wnes are low (Fig. 12) and the intensity of cassava cultivation is low leading to Bmited exchange of planting material. This has resulted in a low rate of spread ofCMD (Alcano et a1. 1995). The decrease in whitefly population from southern Nigetia (humid region) to the north (semiatid and arid regions) had earlier been observed in Nigeria (Akano er a1. 1995; Ogbe et a1. 2001). A decline in whitefiy populations was also observed from the forest to the savanna agroecologies in ate d'/voice (Fargett< et a1. 1988). Because of the high vector populations and availability of inoculum the southern geopolitical wnes in Nigeria are therefore more suitable for the screening of cassava for resistance to CMD. In these wnes, the intensity of cassava cultivation is high leading to possible frequent exchange of planting material; whirefiy vector populations are high (Fig. 12) for rapid spread of CMD; and there are high proportions of plants doubly infected by ACMV and EACMVand their variants.

Identification of ACMV and EACMV in Smna ocddmtalu and Combr.tum confn-tum (Fig. lOa, b) has added to the list of natural alternative hosts of rhe viruses. Shoyinka et a1. (200!) had earlier reported castor oil plant Ridnus communu as an alternative host of ACMV and EACMV. In the present survey. ACMV was also detected in R communu leaf 25

(Figs. 10c, 11). The newly identified natural hosts of ACMV and EACMV (Fig. lOa, b) are fairly common in southern Nigeria as is also the castor oil plant. The wider host range of ACMV in southern Nigeria is of epidemiological importance as the alternative hosts could serve as reservoirs of inoculum.

EACMV-Ug2 was not detected in Nigeria (Fig. 4). This implies that the virulent Ugandan variant has not manifested itself nor been introduced into Nigeria. This corroborates the earlier repon by Ogbe (200 1). Negative results obtained fur the diagnosis oflCMV and SACMV also indic:otes that these viruses do not presendy occur in Nigeria. The unidentified isolates (Fig. 7) further need to be characterized; they could be strains of cassava mosaic begomoviruses. Genetic modification by mutation or recombination of geminiviruses has produced new species and strains such as EACMV-Ug2 (Zhou et aI. 1997) and SACMV (Berrie et aI. 2001). Although the virulent Ugandan variant was not apparendy present in Nigeria. the high proportion of double infections by ACMV and EACMY, and the occurrence of variants of ACMV (Fig. 8), provide suitable conditions for the possible evolution of new strains or species of cassava begomoviruses in Nigeria. The unidentified isolates found in this srudy could be such newly evolved species or strains. Appropriate measures are, therefore. necessary to safeguard cassava production in Nigeria. This CMD project is timely. providing additional resistant cassava genotypes to the Nigerian farmers to forestall the consequence of any outbreak of a virulent strain or species of cassava begomovirus and to also minimize the impact of EACMV-Ug2 if it eventually spreads to Nigeria.

26

Conclusion In 2002 and 2003. a diagnostic survey was conducted to determine me starus of CMD and cassava mosaic begomoviruses in Nigeria. From rhe =wts obtained. we have concluded: • At the time of the survey. ACMV and EACMV were the only cassava mosaic !>egomoviruses occurring in Nigeria. ACMV ptedominates occurring as both single infections and as mixed infections with EACMY. •

Double infections by the two viruses wete widespread. They were generally characterized by severe symptoms and their distribution was current with the farms with cassava with severe symptoms of CMD.

•

Biological variants of ACMV. based on symptoms on cassava. occured. The proportion of dual infections by the varian .. was high and the dual infections were characterized by severe symptoms.

•

Additional natural hosts of ACMV and EACMV were identified and they could further ptovide additional disease foci for the spread of CMD by the whitefly vectors.

•

The south-south. southeast. and southwest geopolitical zones were most appropriate for the screening of cassava genotypes for resistance to CMD. In these zones. most plants were infected with CMD and a high proportion had severe symptoms.

Whitefly vector populations were high and cassava rultivation was intensive in these zones. These conditions enhance the spread of CMD an ideal situation for screening for resistance.

•

Additional resistant cassava genotypes should be provided to cassava turners in Nigeria to mitigate the severe CM 0 symptoms already occurring at a fairly high level in cassava fields. Such genotypes could also prevent an outbreak of a severe form of CMD. either due to EACMV-Ug2 or other virulent strains of cassava begomoviruses mat may evolve in Nigeria, from having devastating consequences.

27

References Akano, A, S.Y.c. Ng, R Asicdu, and G.I. Ariri. 1995. l'erfunnance in du.e agroccologies of virus-res<ed cossava genotypes deri...! fiom meristem cultwe. Poga 194-198 in Proc:=lings of the sixth Triennial Symposium of rhelntemational Society forTropical Root Crops (African Branch), edited by M.O. Akoroda and I.J. F.lanayake. Lilongwe, Malawi.

Berrie, L.C., K.E. Palmer, E.P Rybicki, and M.E.e. Rey. 1998. Molecular characterization of a distinct South African cassava infecting geminivirus. Archives of Virology 143: 2253--2260.

Bmie, L.e., E.P. Rybicki. and M.E.e. Rey. 2001. Complete nucleotide sequence and host range of South A.frican cassava rnOSllic virus. furmer evidence for recombination among begomoviruses. Journal of General Virology 82: 53--58.

Bock. K.R. and RD. Woods. 1983. Etiology of African cassava mosaic disease. Plant Disease 67: 994-995.

Deng. D .• P.F. McGrath. D .J. Robinson. and B.D. Harrison. 1994. Detecaon and differentiation of whiteOy-transmitted geminiviruses in plants and vector insects by the polymerase chain reaction with degenetate primers. Annals of Applied Biology 125: 327-336.

Ddlaporta, S.L., J. Woods. and] ,B. Hicks, 1983. A plant DNA mini-preparation: version II. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter I: 19-21.

FAO, 2002, http://faostaLfao.orglfaostat Fargette. D .• e. Fauquet. and J,e. Thouvend, 1988. Yield losses induced by Aftican cassava mosaic virus in relation (0 the mode and the date of infection. Tropical Pest Management 34: 89--91.

Fauquet. e. and D. Forgette. 1990. African clZStlZva mosaic virus: etiology. epidemiology and conuol, Plant Disease 74: 404-411.

Fondong. Y.N.• J.S, Pita. M,E,e. Rey. A de Kochko. RN. Beachy, and e.M. Fauquet.

2000, Evidence of synergism between African ClUJIlva motlZic virus and a new doublerecombinant geminivirus infecting cassava in Cameroon. Journal of General Vitology 81: 287-29.7, Harrison, B.D., X. Zhou, G.w. Oam-Nape, Y. Liu, and o.J. Robinson, 1997. Role of a novel type of double infections in the geminivirus-induced epidemic of severe cassava mosaic in Uganda. Annals of Applied Biology 131: 437--448.

Hong, Y.G., o.J. Robinson, and B.D, Harrison. 1993. Nucleotide sequence evidence for the occurrence of three distinct whireAy-uansmitted geminiviruses in cassava. Journal ofG.neral Virology 74: 2437-2443.

28

Neuenschwander, P., J.d'A. Hughes, F.O. Ogbc, ).M. Ngarsc:, and J.P. Legg. 2002.

Occurrence: of the Uganda variant of East African <",sa... masa;' virus (EACMVUg) in western Democratic R<:public of Congo and the Congo Republic ddines the westernmost octent of the CMD pandemic in East/Central Africa. Plant Pathology 51: 385.

Ogbc, F.O. 200 I. Survey of cassava bcgomoviruses in Nigeria and the response of resistant cassava genotypes to African cassava mosai< btgomovirw infection. PhD thesis, University of [baclan, Ibadan, N igeria.197 pp.

Ogbc, F.O., G.l. Ariri, A.G.O. Dixon, and G. Thottappilly. 2001. Cassava mosaic disease and its causal agents: the Nigerian situation. Pages 411-422 in Plant Virology in SubSaharan Africa (PVSSA 2001). Proceedings of a conference: 4-8 June 2001 , UTA, !baclan, Nigeri â&#x20AC;˘.

Ogbc, EO., G.!. Atiri, A.G .O. Dixon, and G. Thottappilly. 2003 .. Symprom """'rity of cassava mosaic disease in rdation to concentration of African C'amztJa. mouUc virus in different cassava genotypes. Plan! Pathology 52: 84-91.

Ogbe, F.O. G.l. Atiri, AG.O. Dixon, and G . Thottappilly. 2003c. Serological and biological variations of Afhcan cassava mosaic virus in Nigeria. Annals of Applied Biology 143: 203-213.

Ogbe, EO., J. Legg, M.D. Ray., A Muimba¡kankolongo, M.P. Thou, G . Kaitisha, N.A. Phiri,. and A Chalwe/ 1997b. Diagnostic survey of cassava mosaic viruses in Tanzan ia, Malawi and Zambia. Roots 4: 12- 15.

Ogbe, F.O., G. Thottappilly, and F.M. Quin. 1997a. Implementation in Africa of serological diagnostic test for cassava mosaic geminiviruses. African Journal of RoDe

and Tuber Crops 2: 33-36.

Ogbe, F.O., G. Thorrappilly, A.G.O. Dixon, G.!. Atiri, and H.D. Mignouna. 2003b.

Variants of East African cassava mosaic virus and irs distribution in double infections with African clZS!ava mosaic virus in Nigeria. Plant Disease 87: 229- 232.

Otim-Nape, G.W., A Bua,}.M. Thresh, Y. Baguma, S. Ogwal, G .N. Ssemakula. G. Acola, B. Byabakarna, J. Colvin, R.J. Cooter, and A. Martin. 2000. The current pandemic of cassava mosaic virus disease in East Africa and its control. NARO, NRI, and DFID publication. 100 pp.

Otim-Nape, G.W., ). Lcgg. J.M. Thresh, and 1: Alicai. 1998. Advances in research on severe cassava mosaic epidemic in Uganda. Pages 553-562 in Procc:cdings of the 7'" Triennial Symposium of the (nternational Society for Tropical Root Crops-African Brancb OSTRC-AB), edited by M.O. Akoroda andJ.M. Ngcve, 11-17 October 1998, Cotonou, Republic of Benin.

Odm-Nape G.w., M.W. Shaw, and J.M. Thresh. 1994. The effects of African CiUS4va mosllic gmlinivirus on the growth and yield of cassava in Uganda. Tropical Science 34: 43-54.

29

Pita. J.S .• Y.N. Fondong. A. Sangare. R.N.N. Kokora. and e.M. and Fauquct. 2001b.

Genomic and biological diversity of the African cassava geminiviruses. Euphytica 120: 115-125.

Pira. J.S.• Y.N.Fondong, A. Sangare. G.w. Otim-Napc. S. 0gw2l. and e.M . Fauquet.

2001a. Recombination. pseudo-recombination and synergism of geminiviruscs are deretminanr kCJ" (Q the epidemic of severe cassava mosaic dise.se in Uganda. Journal of Gcneral Virology 82: 65~5.

Robinson. D.J .• B.D . Harrison. J.e. Sequeira. and G .H . Duncan .. 1984. Detection of suains of AfiUan cassava mosaic virus by nucleic acid hybridization and some e/feces of temperature on their multiplication. Annals of Applied Biology 105: 483-493.

Saunders. K. N. Salim. Y.R. Mali. Y.G. Malachi. R. Briddon. P.G. Markham. and J. Stanley. 2002. Characterisation of Sri Lmka cassava mosaic and lndian cassava mosaic virus: evidence for acquisition of a DNA·B component by a monopartite begomovirus.

Virology 293: 63-74.

Sei£. A.A. 1981 . Transmission of cassava mosaic virus by &misia rabaci. Planr Disease 65: 606-607.

Seif. A.A. 1982. Effect of cassava mosaic virus on yield of cassava. Plant Disease 66: 661-662.

Shoyinka. SA .• G. ThoCtappilly. F.E McGrath. and B.D. Harrison. 2001. [)creedon. relationshlps and propenies of cassava mosaic gcminivirus in naturally infected. castor oil planr. Ricin", communis L. in Nigeria. Book ofAbsrraces. CBN- Donald Danforth Plam Science Center. St. Louis. Missouri. USA. 4-9 November 2001. P S8-20.

v:

Swanson. M.M. and B.D. Harrison. 1994 Properties. relarionships and distribution of cassava mosaic geminiviruses. Tropical Science 34: 15-25.

Terry. E.R. 1975. Description and evaluation of cassava mosaic disease in Africa. Pages 53-37 in The inrernarional =hange and testing of cassava germpUsm in Africa. edited by E.R. Terry and R. Maclntyre. UTA. [badan. Nigeria.

Terry. E.R. and S.K Hahn. 1980. The effect of cassava mosaic disease on growth and yield of a local and an improved variety of cassava. Tropical Pest Management 26: 34-37.

Warburg, O . 1894. Die Kulrurpflanrzen Usarnbara5. Mitteilungen aus den Deutschen Schurzgebieten 7: 131.

x..

Zhou.

Y. Liu. L. Calvert. e. Munoz, G.w. Otim-Nape. D.J. Robinson. and B.D. Harrison.1997. Evidence that DNA-A of a gcminivirus associated with severe cassava mosaic disease in Uganda has arisen by inter-specific recombination. Journal of General V"Jrology 78: 2101-2111.

x..

Zbou.

D .J. Robinson. and B.D. Harrison. 1998. Types of variation in DNA-A among isolates of East African CtIS$//V4 "",saic virus from Kenya. Malawi and Tanzania. Journal of General Virology 79: 2835-2840.

30

-

....

Long.

(E)

6.3758 6.4817 6.6536 6.6694

Igbanklr.

OIoghe-<beke

Ubiru

UTA 6dd. Ubiaja

6.815

6.9436

Ewu

EfIono

I!wu-AudU Rood

Km 12 6.7428

6.2928

Aabor-Urom1Rood Km.3

Road

6.2622

Agbor outskin:

Ul'OQli~Ewu

6.2855

6.303 6.2869

Km 17.lIcnin-~ Rd. Evbobano.a

Clg>n

6.3153

Aduhonlw>

Ii

S(Vt:IC. - •

6.2719

6.2575

6.2694

6.3458

6.265

6.2386

6.2442

6.2014

6.1486

6 .0628

5.?77S

5.8833

5.798

IImia-Aabor Rood (.....uo, fm .. m. bypaa j..,ruoo)

!.at.

(N)

SS • symptom severity. M - mild. MS • moderately 3CVt1'C, S

24 25 26 27 28 29

21 22 23

II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

6 7 8 9 10

4 5

I 2 3

No.

s.mple Loation

1I8~

no reaction

TMEI TMEI TMEI Agric?

TME I TMEI

TME

TME 1/8?

TME 1/8?

30572 30572

4 4 3 2 3

3

2 3 I

3 3

2

3

3

Unknown

OwedclUgo'?

2 2

Owede/Lagof~

3

Owedc/lagtu?

2 3

2

3

3 3 2.5 2 3 4 3 2

SS

Owedcllogo<?

Unknown

Lagos?

Lagos ~

Unknown Uoknown

logos?

Rubber Agric (305721)

Qua:n

Lagos~

Unknown

Qu=

Rubbu

Cuhiv;u

ACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ... EACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

Virus isolate

M

S

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M MS

M

2

3

2

5

2

3

2

2

2

5

5 5

5

plant

per

field mtw

WF

CMD

Appendix. Ca.lava leaf lampl•• of dlnerent genotypes collected at different locations In Nigeria for the diagnosis of ca••ava mosaic begomovlruaaa and for the aaseaament of ca.sava moaalc dlae.ae (CMD) and whitefly vector (WF) population.

""

...

7.0408

6.2744

Long.

(E)

7.0803

6.6575

7.()()39 6.0955

I 3 3 2 3 2

Unknown Unknown Unknown TMEI TMEI TMEI TMEI

SohoqIda On-OWla Rood CRIN bus stop (Km.8)

Ojavu (km. 8)

5.9708

6.8386

Ja'Cte. - -

5.%94

DanWuri Dz.n Warri

30572 no reaction

(.....me 1'0... bridt!< 11'0. Rood Juac:d••)

6.9347

2.5

4 3

3

Unknown

Afuze.Soboapda On Rood (.....me &om !he jrmai•• of !he pm' riIIatI<)

Km 18

A>WU·Afuu Rood !ounH>c fro .. All s.;".. AosJlam Chwch Km6.

7.0225 6.2311

Km48

Unknown

ACMV

ACMV.EACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV

ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV

ACMV ACMV.EACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

1 1 2 2 3

TMEI TMEI TMEI Unknown 1 3 2 1 2 1 3 3 2 1 2

isolate

55

V"",

Cuhivar

Unknown AIIcbi-Apnc:bodc (.taninS from &he ju.oaioo oppotite the PoIytuhnic pte) Ugh;'d.

7.0408 6.32 TMEI Unknown TME 1 Ekpcri ouulcirt 7.0283 6.398 TMEI TMEI 7.0311 6.498 TMEI Km28 TMEI TMEI TMEI £g;... (Km 38) 7.0569 6.5792 Unknown

Auchi ouuldn (lem 28)

(N)

La •.

SS • symptom severity, M .. mild. MS • moderatdy IC\Icre, S -

56

54 55

49 50 51 52 53

45 46 47 48

4.j

43

37 38 39 40 41 42

36

35

30 31 32 33 34

Sample Loa.rion No.

M

S

M

M

M

M

MS

M

MS

MS

""lUI

CMD field

5

2

2

2

2

2

2

3

5

5

plant

pe<

WF

'"'"

(......u.

(......una

6.4m 5.6347 Unknown

Unknown

Queen Queen Queen Queen

5.9066

6.0028

6.069-1

6.0222

EIru·Warn lID..!

Ok=kpo (Krn 5) 5.7064

5.9617 -

Quccn?

Queen?

Unknown

Unknown

30572?

Unknown TMF.I Qut<"

Unknown

Unknown

Queen Unknown

no reaction

Abralta-EIru lID..! (....w.g &om the ,,,,,<don of AgborlSopclellDod) 6.04 OriaAbraka (Km II) 5.7575

Km73

Ew..i Camp (Krn 61)

Rubber

Unknown Unknown Ehor (Krn 49).

Unknown 5.9833 6.6214 Unknown Unknown lruckpcn (Km 65) 6.745 6.0455 TMEI TME 1 &nio·UbWublAbralta lID..! &om the ".,.nan Pollco HQ UslJd<u, &nio Citr) Km6 6.2605 5.6656 QUtt" Qu«n Agovbe (Km 24) 5.8039 6.1911 Asri' (30572?)

Ehi07.CVbaru (Km 25)

IIaUD·Auchi &om Ikpob. hill ",""dabo••) Adumagbarhe (Km 11) 6.3978 5.7489

3 4

3 2

ACMY ACMV

ACMV ACMV

ACMY ACMV

M

M

MS

2

5

2

2

10

MS ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV 3 4 2 2 3 3 I 3 3

M

2

2

2

2

5

M

M

M

M

MS

ACMV

ACMV ACMY

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMY ACMV ACMV ·ACMV

ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV

pcr

fidd sta.us plant

WF

CMD

3 I

I 3 I

2

3 2 1 2 3 2.5 2.5 2 3

3 1

30572 30572

isolate

SS

(E)

(N)

Cultivar

Virus

Long.

!.al.

55 - symptom severity. M - mild. MS • moderately severe, S .. ~ert, -

66 67

83 64 85

78 79 60 61 62

77

72 73 74 75 76

65 66 67 68 69 70 71

64

59 60 61 62 63

57 58

Sample No. Location

~

5.743

Eku (Km 36) 5.9961

5.8769

Agbor (Km 71)

55. symptom sevt'l'"ity. M • mild. MS •

Km31

115 116 117 mod~r.n~ly~.

6.2478

6.0744

S•

seve~.

6.1792

6.1722

OI>WuIm.AJI- (aarrlaJ! &0.. FJI ........doa) Umutu. Obi·Hob (Km 10) 6.2189 5.8942

5.7617

AghaIokpe (Km 22)

5.7628

5.8278

5.9339

Ig\>cwho'" (Km 15)

Sopdc-Eb (otutiq &om Amukpc jaadioo) f.cbcltu (Km 7) 5.8133

5.7358

5.875

5.8883

(E)

(N)

5.6455

Long.

Lat.

Km 1

J-J....,;.,.·JablDoboKood

O",rokpc (Km 16)

114

112 113

1lI

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110

93 9-4 95 96 98 99

88 89 90 91 92

Sample No. l..ocarion

- • no rcKlK.n

Unknown Unknown Evwibovw. (Oyibo) Evwibovw. (Oyibo) Unknown Unknown Erhebthi2?

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Evw;bovw. (Oyibo) Evw;bovw. (Oyibo) Enlwhi2 Etekarhia Evw;bovw. (Oyibo) Evwibovw. (Oyibo) Unknown

TMEI TMEI TMEI Unknown Qu«n?

Unknown

TMEI TMEI TMEI

Qu~?

Qu=?

Cultivv

2 3 3 3 3 1 2

2 2.5 3 I 2.5 1 3 2.5 3 2

2 3 3 3 3

2 1 3 3

SS

ACMV.EACMV

ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV

ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV

isolate

Vi""

MS

M

5

2

8

5

MS

MS

2 M

2

2

M

M

2

5

WF per plant

M

M

statui

CMD 6dd

.... '"

Otm>lcpe (Km 16)

88 89 90 91 92

5.743

Eltu (Km 36)

6.2478

6.0744

Krn 31

AP>r(Km 71)

5.8942

Umutu. Obi-I1oh (Krn 10)

OWanab.APo< (tunIaJ &oao I!JI r..J ...doD)

5.7617

5.8133

As/Wolcpc (Krn 22)

qbeku (Km 7)

6.1792

6.1722

6.2189

5.9961

5.8769

5.7628

Erhckarhia?

Unknown Unknown

Unknown Unknown E..,ibovw< (Oyibo) E.,.jbovw< (Oyibo)

Unknown

Erdurhia E..,ibovw< (OyiOO) Evwibovw< (Oyibo)

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown E....ibovw< (OyiOO) E..,iOO",. (OyiOO) Erdwru.

SS _ symprom severity. M • mild. MS • moderately severe, S - seyere, - • no reu:tion

117

116

111 112 113 114 115

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110

SopcIc-Eb (otutiaJ &0.. Amukpc j....,.;.a)

5.8278

Unknown

TMEI TMEI TMEI Unknown

99

5.9339

Igb.who .. (Km 15)

5.7358

2

I

2 3 3 3 3

3 2 1

2.5

1 3

2.5

2.5 3 1

2

2 3 3 3 3

2 1 3 3

~n?

Queen?

TMEI TMEI TMEI

SS

Cultivar

Queen?

5.875

5.8883

Long.

(E)

93 94 95 96 98

Km 1

J- }tuKdo.!a1>Uoobo lIDod

(N)

l.ocation

No.

5.6455

ut.

Sampk

ACMV.EACMV

ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV'EACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV

ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV

Uolatc

Vuw

MS

M

MS

MS

M

M

M

M

M

"''''''

fodd

CMD

5

2

8

5

2

2

2

2

5

pbnt

pcr

WF

'" '"

138.b 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147

126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 1382

6.303

Iseleuku

6,458

(,.2705

5.6819

Km 88 .Ii" Kwalc

6.3n3

6.4708

6.5355

5.~8

6.5297

Agharho IlTAlShelJ Site

Eruemukohwuien

5.9397

5.8747

Warrl-Ughtlll (ta.n:iDg: &om the neel plu.t roundabout)

5.9055

6.1353

Om...

Ogwashiuku

6.2111 6.665 Asaba ourskiru Asaba-Warri (1taI'tiAi &om the DeDin Road ;WlcUon) &. 1936 Km3.

6.7136

6.2714

Umuncdc

Agbor·Asaba (statting From Sapdc Road junction)

30572 30572 .10572 30572 30572 30;72 30172 E... wibovwc~ Evwihnvwt?

Evwibovwc:?

ugosITME I.>go.ITM£ , .!\',<lTME I.>go>ITME

Lagos~

ugos?

Lagos?

1 1 ' 1

Ugo, (TME 1)

Lagw (TMF.I) ugOJ (TMEI)

Unknown Agrie?

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

Unknown

2.5 2 4 1 4 2 3 2.5 3 1

I

1 3 2 1 2 3 3

2

2 3 1 2

3

I

2.5 3 2 3

119

120 121 122 123 124 125

2.5 3

Erhelwhill~

Evwibovwc (Oyibo)

lIij

(E)

Long.

55

Locaion

1.>•.

(N) Cultiv:1.r

No.

Sample

ACMV

ACMV+EACMV

ACMV ACNV ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV.FACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV,..EACMV

ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV

Vi"" isolate

2

50

MS

10

5

5

5

2

5

5

p'" pLtn.

WF

M5

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

'w"'

CMD fidd

~

174

169 170 171 172 173

154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168

153

151 152

150

149

148

No.

Sample

U7l1 4.7205

Pon Harcourt

Onne UTA Seation

4.755

4.7161

El<O

K1 ..

OIUlC jaactioD-Bori

4.9203

5.0594

Km 104

Oduoha-Emohua

5.0647

5.07

5.363

5.4875

(N)

Okogbe

Mbiama

Evwreni

Updll-Pon Huwan Rood

Ogb.n-lyed.

IJsclli-Omto Rood

Location

Ut.

7.2561

7.1708

7.1758

6.965

6.8219

6.6792

6.523

6.4328

6.0619

6.0886

(1;)

Long.

TME1

ACMV ACMV

2

ACMY ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMY

ACMY ACMY ACMY ACMY ACMY ACMV ACMV ACMY ACMY ACMV ACMV

ACMY ACMY ACMY

ACMV

ACMV

1 2.5

3

Unknown Unknown TME1

4

3 1

2

3

TMS92/0067 TMS9210067 TMS9210067

Unknown

2 1

Unknown

4

305551 30555?

2 2.5 3 2 4

3

2.5 2.5 3 1 3 4 2.5

3

3

SS

Unknown Unknown

Unknown Unknown Unknown

Agric~

l'ake30572 30572

Rubbe-tlAgic?

Evwibovwe~

Etclwhia/ OdodoyqdAg<iC? 30572 30572 30572

Ododo1')'<1A!;ri<?

Erekarbial

E:.karhial Ododoyeyel

Cuitivar

Vinu isolate

MS

S

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

CMD field .taros

2

10

5

10

5

10

5

5

6

0

plant

pet

WF

"

'"

4.6317

Km26

'.7333

8.0825

Km 18

4.8936

8.0839

- ..

no reaction

<....... &0.. Coamaalty Soc. Com. SchL)

Onoa-u,v Rood <-1- .... i - )

Afah.-hbi

Ebt-On>a Rood

7.7989

4.6269

Ikot Ekong

7.891.

7.6744

4.6553

7.568

Ere

Eao-EbtRood

Iko, Abui

7. 6~

55 .. symptom KVCrity. M .. mild. MS • moden.tdy severt, S .. ~rt.

204 205 206

200 201 202 203

189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199

185 186 187 188 4.5758

7.5069

4.6869 3 4.658

Baulco.

Mimi-Ikpo lkot Ekara

Eao-u... Abui Rood

7.4217

~ . 7075

Km5

ACMV.EACMV

7.3939

~.6711

JIori..Eto Rood Km2

175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184

<E)

(N)

Loation

No.

Long.

Ut.

Sample

Unlcnown Unknown

Unknown

3QS72

30572 30572 Dan WartH

3

2 3

2 3 4

I

2

3 4

30555?

30555?

30555?

3 4 2.5 1 2 3 1

3 4 1.5

2.5 2

2 3 1 4 3 2 3

SS

305~5~

30555?

30555?

30555?

30555?

30572 305151 30555?

30572 30555 30572 30572

Unknown Oyibo?

Mimi~lkpo

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Cultivar

ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV

ACMY ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV

ACMV.EACMV

ACMV

ACMV ACMV

ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV

ACMV ACMV

isolate

Vi""

M

M

2

100

5

5

M MS

2

2

2

10

5

2

plant

WF per

MS

MS

M

MS

MS

M

status

fidd

CMD

'"

00

KI542

5.1675 5.1864

Km23

hana Knyong

5.0389

5.143

8.3555

8.3472

Awi outskirts

Odukpani jUDCtion-lkom

Dban ourskirt

5.2614

5.3153

8.358

8.5764

Cala.bu-Ob&n (ttartina: &om Efio-Etc ja.octiOQ) Camp 3 (Km 39) 8.5;75 5.1717

Glabu outskim

Odukpani

Oddpw jWlctioa-Ca1abu

8.01

Nidm It... junalon-Odultpanljunalon Okurikang 5.1753

8.2978

7.9485

(E)

Long.

Uyo-Nkim ham junction Mbialok h",m 5.1167

Locacion

La,.

(N)

::I:

SS • symplom S(:verity. M milJ, MS • modc:r:ut'ly seven', S • St"Verc:, -

229 230 231

223 224 225 226 228

2 17 218 219 220 221 222

209 210 2 11 212 213 214 215 216

207 208

Sample No.

=no maion

30572

Unknown Unknown

Unknown Unknown Unknuwn Unknown Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

30m 30555 30555 30555

3057U 305721

30572~

30S72?

Unknown

Unknown Unknown Unknown

Unknown Unknown

C:uhiv:u

2.5 3 3

3 2.5 2 3

1 4 3 3

3

2.1

3 3 2 I 4 3 I 5

3 2

SS

ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV

ACMV.EACMV

ACMV

ACMV.EACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV

ACMV

ACMV+EACMV

isolate:

Virus

5

8

S MS

50

3

5

5

5

50

plant

WF

PC'

MS

MS

MS

M

M

M

M

status

CMD fidd

'"

1.>1

5.9358

\lq>okpalkom (Km 175)

moden.tdy~.

5.9433

5.9083

Ochon

Irima

5.8'58

5.6711

Abin.i ouakira

lJsep .omlWu

5.5261

SS - 'fnlptOm tcYeriry, M • mild. MS •

260

251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 219

250

238 2'9 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249

236 237

KmS8

S.4903

Uyanga oumlWu

2'S

5.4409

S.,.39

AlwnkpooumlWu

233

Orid..

(N)

Location

No.

m

La•.

Sample

---- -.--

S•

~.

8.6008

8.4061

8.213

8.0967

8.0722

8.1439

8.1528

8.2392

8.3203

Long.

(E)

- ,. no reaction

30555?

305jj?

30555?

Unknuwn Unknuwn Unknown

}Q555~

3 2.5 2 3

Unknuwn Unknown 30555?

30555?

30555?

30SW 30555 30S72 30572 3OS15 Dan Warri 30SSS 30SSS 30555?

305jj?

Unknown (Arne) Unknown (Ame) Arne Arne Arne Arne

3 3 3

I

,

2 2.5

I

3 4

2.5

2 3 2

2

,

2 5 3

S

I

, ,

55

CuhiYllr

ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

Virw isabel:

......

CMD

MS

M

MS

M

M

MS

MS

MS

MS

6dd

2

2

5

2

5

10

10

P'" plant

WF

0

....

Location

5.8594

Km6

~,

5.76

Wuri-Sopde OkueJebba 5.7011

7.7689

Nkim It•• jua.ctioD.·Ikot Ekpaae liro. Akp. Ekpuk 5.1655

8.6564

8.6997

8.6572

6.2758

6.4075

8.7869

8.8211

8.8422

6.1255

MgbWlMkpri (Km 61)

Akanri ouukins

Ekpogril'"

Osoja·llw .. (......... &om jUDdi....)

Ogoja outskin 6.5905

5.8161

MlUm

1lw..·MIUm RDod

2.5

Unknown

- .. no lClCtion

30555rrME l?

30555rrME H

Unknown (Loal) Uniroown (Loal) Unkoown (Loal)

2.5 3

3 2.5

2.5 2.5 1 4 5 2 3

4

2 2 3 2.5 3 2 4

3

Unknown

Unknown

30555?

30555? lOS!))?

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown UoIu>own Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

2 3 3

30555?

30555?

ACMV ACMV.EACMV

ACMV ACMV

ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV

isolate

SS

(E)

(N)

Cuhivar

Virus

Long..

Lo •.

SS .. sympwm K'Vcrity, M .. mild, MS .: modmndy K'VeI'e, S •

284 285

281 282 283

276 277 278 279 280

In

266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274

261 262 263 264 265

-----.-.---.- - - ~ . -. ~

No.

Sample

M

M5

55

M5

M5

M

MS

M

8

0

2

2

2

2

per plant

statw

WF

CMD

6dd

-

....

6.8583

Oboik>-Ekc

7.5044

7.4022

7.4222

E

Ctu "'"

AkpuOk<m<

TMEI

Unknown

I Ijigolo Jjigolo?

I

3 2.5

2.5 2.5 2.5

4

Ofu marala ljigolo Ofumanb

3 2

I

5 4 2 2.5 2.5

I

2.5 3

I

I 3 2.5

2.5

I

2.5 2

~

55

Ijigolo

TMEI

S severe. - "" no raaion

7.6536

7.5797

&p.... Rd juoaioo)

moder.udy~.

6.8914

(....m.s _

0b0II...Mu.-1bm Obollo.-Etili

Obuik>-Afur 6.9103

6.8739

N.ukb

NooIdoo-OboUo-Afw

6.7939

OpI-NoUb Ed..otWl.

l!bn.

7.3833

7.2375

6 .2~

Kro51

6.5239

7. 1278

6.2425

Akwa (opp. University)

,. ..u.-Ntukb (0pI)

Cultivu

Ow/dl ...... awbt) (ADamb.. seate) Unknown 6.8883

6. 1975

(.....u.s _

(E)

Long.

Km)

OnItioha-Eaop

SS • sympmm .sr=verity. M _ mild. MS :::

309 310 311 312 313 314 315

305 306 307 308

304

299 300 301 302 303

298

296 297

286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295

(N)

No.

Location

Lat.

Sample

ACMV.EACMV EACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV .. EACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV.. EACMV

ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV 3ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV. EACMV ACMV.EACMV

isobtc

Virus

M

M

M

M

S

M

M

M

MS

.tatuS

CMD field

30

10

20

20

30

15

20

10

20

per plant

WF

'"

....

6.n58

Ikcm ouukiru

7.7944

7.7644

6.3561

6.3542

6.3083

NdiIH,

Nduwankwu

A.. ".ljLLObubra Ogbuchi-Amochi 8. 16«

8.4222

8.3161

Jonalon)

Ooabo.,"' 8.18

AbebUkt..naoJa (ounInl_ Edeichi 6.3025

Km3

6.4611

6.5 189

Amagu-Umuhuali

Nbl...--AbobIild

6.6347

Eha-Amufu outskirts 7.7672

7.7105

(N)

Locarion

u....-NI.aIar (......... &0 .. "" jUAcaoD,

long.

(E)

la,.

Unknown

Unknown

Nwoajar.t?

Akpu Ufo

Nwugo?

Nwoajan

Ijigolo?

Odongbo

Queen?

Nwungo

ljigolo?

Cuhivar

SS • symptom ~riry, M • mild, MS .. moderately seven,S. severe, NA . nOl assessed - • no fn.((ion

339

328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338

326 327

321 322 323 324 325

316 317 318 319 320

Sampl.

No.

4

4

3 1

4 3 2.5 1 3 3 2 2.5

2.5 1

4 25 1 2.5

5

4

2 1

4

55

ACMV.EACMV

ACMV.EACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV

ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV

ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV

Virw isolatC"

M5

M5

M

M5

M

M

M

5

nalW

CMD field

5

2

15

NA

10

300

"" plan,

WF

....

U>

Okagw.-Ohofia 5.7269

ElmG·Edda Junctioo-Obofio

5.783

5.8661

AmaoIrl-OIUafi.

Anungwu.Edd2

Ek<j.

~.9272

5.9814

Anwiri

Abaom'll" ouakim

6.0947

7.808

7.8244

7.873

7.9083

7.9928

Hm08

8.0633

6.208

Amuzu

Izzilcworo

8.1008

6.2986

AhabIlId-Afikpo Abakaliki ouukim

8.2465

55 • symptom teYerity, M • mild. MS .. modC'Notdy seve.rc:, S .. severe, - .. no reunon

369 370 371 372

366 367 368

36~

364

359 360 361 362 363

3~7 3~8

352 353 354 355 356

3~1

348 349 350

345 346 347

6.1808

Enyibichiri Alike

Unknown

Unknown Unknown

TMS 91934?

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

TMS30~W

TMS30S72

3 3 3

Unknown

4

I

3 2

3 4

I

4 3

I

4 3

4

I

2 3 5

I

4 2

I

2.5 4

I

3

I

2.~

Unknown

I

344

55

Echialikt

Cultivar 2.~

(E)

2

(N)

Long.

341 342 343

Loc:acion

ue

340

SampI. No.

ACMV ACMV.. EACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV

ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV

ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV EACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

iso12~

V"",

MS

S

M

MS

NA

M

M

150

10

5

15

NA

100<

5

30

M

NA

M5

plan,

WF p«

NA

""""

odd

CMD

.... ""

3«

5.783

5.8661

Pltoll-I!ddo J~1tafia 5.7269 Obgwe-Oh".

Ela:jc

Anwtgwu-Edd.

Aa~

5.9272

Amuiri

7.808

7. 8244

7. 873

..

no reaction

Unknown

Unknown Unknown

TMS 919,.,

Unknown

5.9814

Abaomege outslciru

Unknown

7.9083

8.Q108

6.0941

Iuikwom

TM5305551

Unknown

8.0633

6.208

Am .....

TMS30572

Unknown Unknown

Cultivu

1.9928

8.1008

6.2986

8.2465

(E)

Long.

Ababliki outJlciru

6.1808

(N)

Lat.

ss .. symptom r.omty, M .. mild. MS .. moder:udy 5eYere, 5 .. S~, -

369 370 311 372

365 366 367 368

364

348 349 3\0 351 352 353 354 355 356 351 358 359 360 361 362 363

4}".,k.UkLA.&kpo

EctU.Iik<

Enyibichiri Alike

3.0 341 342 343

345 346 341

l..ocation

Somple No.

4

1

3 2

3 4

I

3

4

I

4 4 3

I

2 3 5

I

2

I 4

2.5 4

I

3

I

3 3 3

2.5

2 2.5

55

ACMV ACMY.EACMY ACMV ACMV.EACMV

ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV

ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV EACMY ACMY ACMY ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMY ACMV

isolate

VI""

MS

5

M

M5

NA

M

M

M

NA M5

statUI:

CMD r..1d

150

10

5

15

NA

100.

5

NA 30

plan.

WF 1""

t

(E)

(N)

7.5367

5,4833

NRCRl. Umudikc

5.4233 5.345 5.325

Ariam

Ariam ouukiru

7.6283

7.6192

7.5725

a ..... Rd (.tortI.. f""" NRCRI)

Okwe

U.,~[I<D.

7.6455

5.5642

~nd~Duulcins

7.7225

5.5917

Ow Abam outskiru

7.7867

5.6144

Ehem

Ohafi.-Bcodc (......u.. fro .. tvudaboat \Jdaco

Locacton

long.

l2•.

fiIlinJ ...uoo)

TMS 4 (2) 1425

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Cultivar

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

TMS 9210326

TMS 82100058

S5 ... symptom JeVtticy. M ... mild, MS ... mockr.t~ly Sf:W:I'e, S .. snoerc=, - .. no reacllon

394 395 3% 397 398 399 400 401

373 374 37S 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393

Sample No.

3 4 4

I

3 3 2 3

3 3 2 3

I I

ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMY

ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV,EACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV 5 4 3

I

ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV

5 3 4 2.5 4 3

I

3 4

I

55

Virus isolate

S

MS

MS

M

MS

S

MS

.ca""

6cId

CMD

NA

30

50

30

100

100

5

pw"

pte

Wf

....

V\

5.5225

5.~183

H8D5 7.4933

7.4792

4.9217

Km68 7.23 19

7.3117

7.3261

7.3708

7.4255

N ....ow.m

Km23 5,4386

5.3867 7.0833

7.158

Abo-Ow.ri (Manioc &0. UonaIka Jaacdooo) 0I.p0l0 7.268 5.3167

5.0175

'-2~61

5.3736

5._

!hie (Abo ouukiru)

Amavo

AlWin Ihirocji

Ubokal.

U.uJU..Fort H.....,. (1Utdns &0.. UbabIa)uDaiOD)

Umuotu-biaJ.a Ngwa UmuotU-lsiaI. Ngwa

5.+553

Unknown

Nwungo~

Unknown Unknown

Nwungo?

Wanjeni?

TMS30572?

TMS 305721

Wanj(:ni Try and Stt Wanjeni Try and sct Wanjeni Wanjeni?

Unknown

TMS30572

TMS305551

ss '. sympmm 5CYeriry. M _ mild. MS • modcn.tdy ~rt. S • severe, - - no ~ion

434

431 432 433

430

429

~28

423 424 425 426 427

413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422

~12

~II

~IO

409

408

~07

~06

404 405

ManmO{ gfazovii

4 3 4 1 5 5 3 3 3 5 2

2.5 1 3 4 1 4

4

2

~

4 4 3 4 3

3

4

1

3 3

I 7.5703

SS ~

Ogbuebull. Oboro Umuah.ia-uialangwa Am.Iwna OIo1wro

Cuhivar

~03

(E)

long,

402 5.39+4

(N)

No.

I...ocarion

la•.

Sunpl.

ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV

Vi ... isob.te

MS

S

M

S

M

MS

M

S

S S

S

...""

CMD 6eI4

200

300

300

20

200

5

25

20

NA NA

NA

p/un

pn

WF

~

~(...... _Modocd)

5.6042

5.7278

5.7569

7.4425

7.3755

7.3642

u..••hrJJ_d (.....u.s &... T....... the ap..........)

Umucfiawa

Kmll

KmIO

Unknown

Agrid

As';c

OIdqw.-u...IoIo (........ &a.. _ , put< oIoas tit. ap_ rood)

7.2755

5.7869

Amwo-OIcigwc

TMS 3057l?

Unknown Agrid TMS305551

Unknown

Unknown 458 Umu Npa Obowu 5.5586 7.413 459 SS • symptom sewrity, M • mild. MS • modenncly teVert, S - severe, - - no reaction

457

~56

454 455

~52 ~53

451

~50

«9

«s

7.1569

5.6694

An.,..

Unknown TMS 30572

Unknown

437 438 439 «0 «I «2 «3 «4 «5 «6 «7

7.0878 Agic

Abbo Ik.d... Amultadti 5.5608

Cultivu

~36

435

(E)

(N)

No.

1.oation

Long.

Lat.

Sample

3 3

2

3 I 3 4 I

3

2.5 I

3

2

2 3 4 3 I

2

I 3

2

3 4 3

SS

ACMV

ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMY

ACMV ACMV.EACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV.EACMV

ACMV ACMy.EACMY ACMV ACMV ACMV

itob..

Virus

MS

MS

M

M

MS

MS

S

.......

field

CMD

50

20

15

5

40

200

sao

per plan.

WF

... .....

6.8944

Unknown

Agricl

5.6153

5.6611

1Cm20

6.8227

6.8969

•

no raction

Agric?

Agic Unknown

• (-.o,_J_of<>-ri-OaluhaRd.) ).5636 Unknown 6.9628

Abba

QaboIoI

op.b IJcII

5.8422

7.03H

Hair -.y s......wy S<booI, 1hio.aj

4 3 4 2.5 1 3 3

2.5

2.5 4

Unknown

Od.-1WMo (-... _ Ubuluilluzor

4

3 3 5 1 2.5 3

"srie

5.7747

3 3 I

3 2.5 4 2.5

4

1 4 3 3 2

55

Agric?

Dwan:EbOri

7.0169

7.0133

Unknown

5.6614

5.5361

7.1133

TMS 305721 TMS 30555!

UnIrnown

Cuhivar

AdoonUmuab

Obii

Dwwd-OrI. (-.0, r.... AJ.... Gou)

5.4739

7.2203

5.4786

AbohMboix

EmckuIw

7.2755

5.5269

Mbalx~

Long.

IE)

SS • aympcom awrity. M • mild, MS c moderately ~. S • KYCte, -

483 484 485 486 487 489 490 491

481 482

470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480

46' 466 467 468 469

464

460 461 462 463

(N)

N•.

Location

ut.

Sample

ACMV.EACMV ACMY.EACMY

ACMY ACMY.EACMV

ACMV.E.ACMV

ACMY.EACMY ACMY.EACMY

!.CMY ACMV

ACMV+E.ACMV

ACMY ACMY

ACMV ACMV ACMY ACMV.EACMY ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV

ACMY ACMY.EACMY ACMY ACMY ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMY ACMY.EACMY ACMY

itolatc

Vi""

MS

M

MS

MS

MS

MS

M

5

NA

NA

statUS

CMD field

10

10

10

400

50

5

300

NA

NA

per plant

WF

01>.

00

5.6297

- .. no reaction

6.0725

Ob. ~re.

6.8178

Unknown

Unknown

5.. 9128

UmuohiOkijl.

6.8686

Unknown

3

3 3 2.5 2.5

3

2 4

Mabldl-()"jaha (~&om 0rI~ j........)

Amoob 5.7564 6.8783

5.4494

J

Avu

Unknown

4

2.5 3 2 I 5 5 4

6.9519

Umuagwo

OnuaWUNn

Auk

3 3 I 5 4 3 3

55

5 4 3

6.8142

6.7955

6.7697

TMS30572

Unknown

Cuhivar

Unknown

5.4586

5.4842

£kugba Egbema

Etckwu-Owari V.log. I Adapalm Ohaji

5.5439

Ukwu Igba ouukiru

6.7503

(E)

(N)

Ukwu laba fcbem...Ettlauu f.sbellll

0",

Locafion

Long..

Lat.

SS • symptom 5CVerity. M • mild. MS • modcratdy ~re. S •

514 515 516 517 518

510 511 512 5"

m

~8

507

499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506

492 493 494 495 496 497 498

No.

Sample

ACMY.EACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMY ACMV ACMV

ACMV.EACMY ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV

ACMV.EACMY ACMV ACMV.EACMY ACMY ACMV.EACMV ACMV.F.ACMY ACMY.EACMV ACMV+EACMV

ACMY ACMY.EACMY ACMY.EACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV

ACMV+EACMV

ACMY

i50lal~

Y;N>

M

M

M

S

S

MS

M

MS

6dd .... us

CMD

3

300

10

I~

20

10

10

20

pu pl...

WF

'"

....

(N)

6.9647

6.3239

Igbariam

5.993 7.6336

-Oyo <.....w.a &om nTA pt.)

(Abia Sure)

3.9214

7.4769

7.5083

7.4592

7.5389

4.0133

SS '" symptom severity, M ,: mild, MS ... moderatdy severt, S • $C'Vere, - .. no ruction

548

7.908

TME I

TMEI ?

TMEI TMEI

Ajar...

545 546 547

£gc dudu Boudl Egc dudu

Egc dudu

Unknown

Unknown

3 3 2 3 1 2.5

3 3

3 2.5 2 4 I 1 4 I 2 3 Unknown

3

Agric

3 4 3

4 3 I 3 3

I 3

55

Agric

Unknown

TMS 30172 Agrk TMS30S72

Unknown

Cultivar

Egu dudu

Oyo-Ogbom... ('unlns from Oyo Stat. Hospital Maftaaem<at Dyo oUTskins 7.8536 3.96

Km 17

_

~

6.1619

Nn.-

Km

6.2586

6.4425

(starting from Abahliki Rd junction)

Amaoha Agbogugu

Enugu outikirts

Eaup-O~

Akwa (A.mawbia)- Akokwa (starling from rou.ndabout) 6.1572 NiK 7.038

6.9472

6.2486

Long. {El

Igbariam junction

Igbarl .... jun<ti~-rgbarw.

l.Dcation

lat.

544

543

54 1 542

539 540

)38

530 53 1 532 533 534 535 536 537

526 527 528 529

521 522 523 524 525

519 520

Sample No.

ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV.EACMV ACMV+EACMV

ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV

ACMV ACMV.. F.ACMV

ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV

Yo"" iJolare

M

5

MS

M

M

MS

M

M

M

M

status

fidd

CMD

20

3

3

20

10

5

0

2

5

pcr plant

WF

0

VI

8.7667 8.6461 8.9858

19bni outskim

Kml2

56",

'ab<rl.1Gal (•....u.S from n>Wldaboutl

8.6761

Km 77

8.4983

Olromowaro

8.5897

8.4136

OIe,lgb.

otOJcOIO oucslUru

8.2936

8.2133

E!<W\Ira

Onisalun

3.9447

4.0617

4.1108

4.1889

4.1986

4.2167

4.2592

4.188

4.1875

Osbo-....'ab<rl (oUrtiDJ from OIIJ8bo Hota p")

(E)

Long.

DanWani Odongbo Odongbo

Unknown

Unknown Unknown

Unknown

Asri'

Odongbo

Odongbo

Unknown Odongbo

Odongbo TMEI TMEI TMEI Odongbo Odongbo Odongbo Odongbo Odongbo Odongbo Odongbo TMEI Unknown (Auic?)

Odongbo

TMEI Esc dudu

Cultinr

SS • symplom JeVUlty. M .. mild. MS • moderately severe, S .. severe, - • no reaction

569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576

563 564 565 566 567 S68

562

555 556 557 558 559 560 561

554

551 552 553

549 5SO

(N)

No.

Locuion

Lar.

Sample

2

4

3 I 5 5 3 3

3 3 3 1 3 1 3 3 3 2.5 3 I 3 3 3 3 1 3

2.5 4

SS

ACMV ACMV ACMY ACMY ACMY ACMY

ACMY

ACMY

ACMV ACMV ACMY ACMY

ACMY ACMY ACMY ACMY ACMY

ACMV

ACMY ACMY ACMY

ACMY ACMY

isolafe

Virus

MS

S

M

M

M

M

MS

M

M

51llW

lidd

CMD

5

5

0

10

2

10

5

5

10

per pbnr

WF

'"

8,7483 8,7

3,5947 3.515

8,2322

Okaka ouWcirD

8,183

3,4061

55 ,. sympwm snni'Y. M ,. mild. MS '" rnockracdy XV('~ . S ,.~. - ... no

606

fClction

Odongbfl

TM~I

Om ,owards Ok< Iho

]

TME I TME 1 TME 1 TMEI TMEI TME I

4 2

TM~ I

4

I 2,5 3 3

3

J

3 4 I 3 2 3 I 3 3

Oka lyawo Odongbo T MEI TMEI TMEI TM E I Odongbo Odongbo Odongbo Odongbo Odongbo

2.5

ACMV+FACMV

ACMV ACMV ... EACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV .EAC.\N ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV Ar.MV

ACMV Ar.MV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV

3 3 4

TMEI

3.4203

3,4497

3.1022

3.4155

3,1 122

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

2

UnlmC'IWn

Odongbo Unknown Unknown

ACMV ACMV ACMV

M

MS

MS

MS

M

M M

M

M

S!;:IIW

jM)lal~

ACMV

3 3 3

SS

field

eMU Virw

3 I

Odongbo Oka Iyawo

DanWorri

llin Warn

02.n W21'ri

Culrival

604

Oblca-Ob Iho ( _ , &om j . .cUon) Otu 8,2055

8.3169

Ilaui

8.483

8,6242

(.....u.s &om F....t..m HotelAAAa)

Afp An: ou(skins

Km5

Saki-A&<> Ale

Km31

Amici

3.7394

3.8769

Long.

(E)

605

602 603

601

600

597 598 599

5%

591 592 593 594 595

590

586 587 588 589

580 58 1 582 583 584 585

8.9344

(.....u.s &om th. jUftcUoo)

(N)

t.al,

I p.....Saki (........, &om the juncOoo) 8,8305 19boho OUtllk.iru

Kld-Jpho Km9

)77

)78 579

Location

Sample No.

30

10

NA

20

2

NA NA

NA

WF pcr plant

t-J

\A

8.0761

3.3605

3.2697

3.2036

3.2017

3.2333

3.3369

3.5414

7.2464 7.3558

Ogungbe

Aldnroye 3.6542

3.4589

7.1944

Osid~

AbooI.ura-Olodo (otanin, from Egba "ish School)

7.4586

Igbo Ora

7.753

ANdiolr..lg>ng>n 7.6025

7.8903

Arkrogba

Oye

8.028

Ob-lho oualc.lru

Ob-n...-lpo On (ocutlas from .........ndabou'

lIeto outskiru

ss ... J)'Tt\ptom ~riry, M ... mild. MS ... moderacely ~, S ... scverc:, - ... no tcaction

627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637

613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626

610 611 612

609

607 608

(E)

(N)

No.

Location

Long.

UL

Sample

TM530572 TMS30572 TM530572 TMS 30572 TM530572 TMS30572 TMS30572 TM530572 TMS30572 TMS 30572 TMS30572

Odongbo

Odongbo Odongbo Odongbo TMEI TMEI TMEI TMEI TMEI Unknown 3 3 2 I 4 1 4 1 3 4 4

3 3 2 I 2.5 I 3 3 3

3

3 3 2 I

Odongbo Dan Warri Odongbo Odongbo

ACMV

4 I 3 3 3 I

Odongbo TMÂŁI Odongbo Odongbo Odongbo Odongbo

ACMV ACMV ACMV

5

5

ACMV ACMV

MS

M

M

5

MS

M5

0

2

2

NA

3

50

p" plan,

Add

",ot..

WF

CMD

ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV+EACMV ACMV

ACMV.EACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV,EACMV ACMV

isolafe

55

Cuhivar

Vi""

'" '"

(E)

Long.

Cul<ivu

Km23

~Jtori

Km 10

~,

3.2453

304458

(....w., fro.. the rowodobout)

6.8842 (.tania, from the jUbCtlon) 6.8658

~

3.623

6.9436

1JIw.-Owodc Ogae Rano ouc:ski"rt

3.6855

3.6747

7.1211

Ajebo-IJIw. (JUrtios fro.. the jWl<!loa) lpara Rtmo 7.0289

Owojo ouukira

- - no rw;Uon

Unknowon UnknO'Nn

Oan Warci

TMEI TME I TMEI TMEI TMEI TMEI

TMEI TMEI TMEI TME 1 TMEI

4 3

2.5

2.5

,

2 3 1 2.5

ACMV.EACMV ACMV

ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV.EACMV ACMV

ACMV.EACMV

4

1

4

ACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV

iJolate

v"'"

ACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV

2 3

5 5 2.5 3 I

TME 1 TME 1 TMEI

4

Unknown Unknown

3 3 I 2 3

3

1

55

Unknown

Abo"lm...oboclcml Ajcbo (ourtlaa fro .. OIobo ....PJIiaI ",mpla 7. 1~05 3.3986 TME I Idi Aba Mcdunic v~ TMEI TMEI TMEI 7. 1289 TMEI Km 19 3.m3 TMEI TMEI

1nc:::uion

Lat. (N)

SS • srmrrom ieVeriry, M • mild. MS • modctatdy SC'YttC'. S •

663 664

662

656 657 658 659 660 661

651 652 653 654 655

650

~8 ~9

~7

~5 ~6

~4

~3

~I ~2

~O

638 639

No.

s..,plc:

M

M

M

MS

MS

S

MS

status

Add

CMO

NA

NA

3

5

3

5

20

plan.

WF per

...

'" 7.2783

7.0461

Aworo fum reserve I

18"" Al,,*1Wo Km2 6.9672

6.885

Ibc.e

Uaro-Papal....

Oke: 19anmu

IabociJa jlUKtioD-1Wo

7.4022

7.4294

Ew.uhoro-Idor.

Idor.

(.tutiDs &om oecoad rouadabo••)

Im .......h ........

sn't:rt:, - •

3.078

3.0355

2.9228

2.7858

2.7883

2.7994

2.9467

7.4255

Afon junction

3.1327

7.2358

OIorunda ouukim

Abco........Mcko (ofaltias &0.. ~ ........w.o••) NhTh mechanic village 7.1842 3.2678

Long.

(E)

SS - symptom severity. M - mild.. MS • moderatdy snoU'e. S •

692

689 690 691

686 687 688

684b 685

676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684.

665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675

(N)

No.

Location

lot.

Sampl~

no ~akln

Unknown Unknown Unlr:nown Unknown

&lwanI &lwanI

Edw:ard

Unknown Unknown

Unknown Unknown tdiJeN Jdikru ldikN Unknown TMEI TMEI Unknown

Unknown

Unknown TMS30572 TMEI TMS 30572 Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

CultiY.U

2 I 3 3

1 3 3

3 3

2.5 1 3 2.5 I 3 2.5 1 3

3 3 2.5 1 3 1 2.5 1 3 3 2.5

SS

ACMY ACMY

hCMY

ACMY ACMY ACMY

hCMV.EhCMY ACMV.EhCMV

ACMY ACMY hCMY ACMY.EhCMY

ACMVM ACMV

hCMV

hCMY.EhCMY hCMY.EhCMY hCMY

hCMY

hCMY.EhCMY

M

M

NA

M

5

M

M

M

MS

status

isolat~

hCMY hCMY hCMY

fi~ld

CMD Virus

3

3

NA

5

3

5

5

3

plant

WF p«

'" V> 2.9853

2.7214

6.5967

6.6019

Km3

I'tramolc 3.0658

2.958

2

Idikru Okolpwo Oko ly.owo Oko l)'2wo Oko I)'2wo

Idiluu

ldileru

ldikru ldileru ldiltru ldileru Olto Iy.owo

TMEI TMEI

I

OkolY"'" Olto Iy.owo TMEI Oko I)"wo

4

3

I 3

2 3

4

3

2.5 2.5 5

2

4 2 3

2

Oka tyawo

•

4

I I 3

4 2.5

TMEI TMEI ldileru TMEI TMEI TMEI TME I Oka lyawo

- no reaction

UAMC Priawy ScbooI)

6.6689

6.5133

Ado 0.10.-1.-. < ......... _

ldio..

2.8436

2.9411

3.0389

3. 1322

<nudat !rota Ipokia Loa! Gem. Sd>ooO

Owode-Ado 0cI0

ljofin

LIl hoko-ljolio

6.6875

6.7014

Ajil ...

Ihunbo

6.6767

6.6778

3

Unknown

ACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV

Unidentified

ACMV

Unidentified ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV

Unidentified

ACMV ACMV Unidentified

ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV

isolare:

SS

(E)

Cuhivar

Virus

long.

<nudat &on. Go.. War Hotel 0..)

Akr.o"

o...Jdl _ OnibuJcLl·Otil

Location

U<.

(N)

ss .. qrnptom xvuicy. M .. mild. MS • moderatdy ICYCrt, S .. severe. -

714 715 716 717 718 719 720

709 710 711 712 713

707 708

702 703 704 70S 706

694 695 696 697 698 699 700 701

693

Sample No.

M

M

S

M

M

S

MS

M

CMD field m ....

3

2

2

2

2

3

SO

3

pl.nl

WF per

0\ ""

6.7278

Loation

Moidc<ro

No.

721 722 723 724

7.153

Km6

4.3083

4.1536

3.8822

3.93

7.5608

4.4458

(tartias&o.dM.".. ....... AIauc)

7.4639

OnimuGbongan

Ife.OI~pa

7.3369

lkire

_ _ II'. <........ &oar Ihc..u ...

Km31

3.M2S

_.d. . . ,)

6.8503

Ijebo. Odo-Ihodan (........ &0..

Awa 6.9675

"soro Ijehu

TMEI TMEI TMEI TMEI

TMEI TMS30572 TMEI TMEI UnJrnown Olw lyawo TMS30S72

4 2.5 2.5 I

3

I 4 3

25

2 4

3 3 I 3 2.5 3 3

3 4 4 2.5 I 3 3 2

OI<olyawo OI<olyawo OI<olyawo TMEI TMEI Olwlyawo Okolyawo TMEI

TMS30572 TMS 30572 TMS30S72 molyawo OI<olyawo TMS 30572 Unknown

3 3 I 2

55

TMEI TMEI TMEI TMEI

Cultivar

SS • symprom lC'm"ity. M • mild. MS • modcncdy In'me, S • severe, - • no ttaCtion

747 748 749 750

740 741 742 743 744 745 746

736 737 738 739

m

733 734

725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732

3.5218

(E)

LonS·

Sopaa.ljebu Ode (ounlaa &0. the "",.dabo...)

6.8653 3.6758 01<0 Ado

U,.

(N)

s.mpl.

ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV

ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

M

MS

MS

MS

S

S

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

MS

M

CMD field na,UI

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV

ACMV

ACMV ACMV

isowe

Virus

NA

NA

3

NA

10

10

20

2

plan,

WF I'<'

-.J

v.

(N)

U919

4.198

UoiwnIty)

U88

4.3644

4.4955

..._.)

1.0"$.

(E)

7.685 7.7525

Km28

Ooosbo (Km 38)

4.5225

4.4675

4.4047

"«0 Agbaja 7.8542

4.6189

o.opo-Udnoa (1WIiIIc &v. CUrley Hoed ....)

7.5592

Ordtomu ou1lkira

( - . . _ doejanctlo.)

7.5264

Km 19

~

7.588

(ttanIac- _

7.6792

7.7122

7.7928

Km4

I~

Aaamu ouulUru

F.gbedo..

Ajibandek fUm (Km 6)

o.opo-- (....w.a- ... _

Location

1.. •.

5

Eg< dud.

TMEI

TMS305n TMS30572 Unknown TMEI TMEI TMEI Odnngbo Odongbo

I

S 3

3 3 3

I

3 4 4 2

2 4 5

Unknown

3

4 2.5 2.5 2 1 3 4 3 2.5 1 2 3

55

Odongbo Odongbo Odongbo Unknown Unknown

TMEI TME 1 TMEI TMEI TME1

Oko lyawo

TMS 30572 TMEI TMEI TME) TMEI TMEI Oko lyawo

Culriwr

ss .. symptom sevuity. M .. mild, MS • modcmdy X"I"CC'e, S .. severe, - - no maction

778 779

m

770 771 772 773 774 775 776

7M 765 766 767 768 769

761 762 763

760

752 753 754 755 756 757 758 759

7~1

No.

5.mpl.

ACMV.EACMV ACMV

ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV

ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV

ACMV.EACMV

ACMV.EACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV

ACMV ACMV.EACMV

ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

Y;"" isolate

MS

M

M

S

S

S

M

M

MS

It'iUW

CMD field

NA

NA

2

NA

3

2

3

3

pI.m

pet

WF

'" 00

IN)

Long.

IE)

7.9592

4.8042

8.0433 8.0019

Oyan outskirtS

Okuku Dunkim 4 .663

4.7408

4.8578

7.7928

4.6483

7.6789

Mulde 4.7153

4.6219

lleta-lpetu Ijen (tWtin, from aprt# road junction) II", 4.7?78 7.G I72

7.7264

K..jol.

Osogbo-lIcsa (ttartins (rom Dup mun.ubout)

Egbed.

lkiru.a..1bokw:a (ttartina from roundabout at the motor park) 4.7244 Ada outskim 7.85M

8.038

km6

n. Orangu.n"()kuku (.tattittg &om the junction)

O,an Ay<gboju Ikm 32)

lkirua·U. On.npn (tta.rtinS from the apreu junction) 4.7003 !tee 7.9333

Location

Lat. Cultivar

dudu

Eg< dudu

Egu dudu Egc dudu Egc dudu

TME I TMEI T MEI Eg< dudu Egcdudu

Egc dudu Egr: dudu

Et;cdudu

E.g< dudu

Odon~bo

Odongbo

Odongbo

Odongbo

Odongbo Odongbo

Odongbo

TME! T ME !

TMEI TMEI

Egedudu

F.g~

TME! T ME! TME!

55 _ symptom severity, M - mild. MS • moderately severe, S - severt, - - no reaction

808

800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807

795 796 797 798 799

792 793 794

785 786 787 788 789 790 791

780 7M! 782 783 784

S=p!e No.

4

2 3 5 3 I 4

4

I

2

3

3 5 4

ACMV

ACMV.EACMV

ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV,EACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV AC MV

AC MV ACMV ACMV ACMV

2 2.5

ACMV

I 2.5 3 2.5 2.5 !

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

isoliUC

3

2.5 3 3

3

!

SS

Virus

MS

M

MS

5

M

M

M

M

M

M

SUfW

CMD field

2

5

3

5

0

NA

7

pwu

pet

WF

'"

V-

7.5594

4.88

(E)

(N)

7.61\\

7.5289

7.5008

Ode Ekiti-Isibodc Ekiti

lliC路Omuo

7.6533

7.4822

7.4619.

7.4886

Ekili (.tarting fTOIIl the junCtion)

Jse-Ekiti outskiru

1"~'1e

Ado Ekiti oUlSlciru

Km27

Ogorun -Ekiti ouukiru

5.5986

5.4539

5.3592

5.2733

\.18\5

5.075

4.9547

Ipctu Ijesa路llawe (starting from the junction at the CKprat road)

Erin ljeu junction

Loalion

Long.

Ln.

Unknown Unknown

Unknown Unknown Unknown

Unknown

Unknown Unknown

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

Odongbo Odongbo Odongbo Odongbo Odongbo Odongbo Eg< dudu Eg< dudu Unknown OkoJyawo Oko Jyawo

Olto (Y"wo TM530572 Eg< dudu Egu dudu Eg< dudu Eg<dudu

Cuhivu

SS - symptom severity, M .. mild, MS .. moderatdy stVtre, S - severe, - - no reaction

838 839

834 835 836 837

826 827 828 829 830 831 832 833

817 818 819 820 821 822 823 824 825

81(j

815

809 810 811 812 813 814

Sample No.

4 4

2.5 3 1 2

1 2 3 4 5 3 5 2.5

1 2.5 2 3 4 4 5 3 3 3 3

1 1 2.5 3 4 5

55

ACMV ACMV

ACMV

ACMV ACMV+EACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV+EACMV ACMV ACMV+EACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV'tEACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV+EACMV

isolate

Virm

S

M

S

M

MS

S

S

S

",,,",

CMD fidd

2

2

NA

3

NA

p'"

planr

WF

~

7.6686

7.8 136

5.4489

5.6508

(E)

(N)

7.8394

7.7275

7.6739

5. 1039

5.0539

5.1122

Unknown Unknown Unknown

5S .. symptom severity. M .. mild, MS .. moderatdy severe, S .. severe, - .. no reaction

5.3028

Unknown 7.9308

865 866 867

Km47

Unknown

Unknown Unknown

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

Unknown Unknown Unknown

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

Unknown Unknown

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

Unknown

ACMV

4 4

ACMV

IICMV IICMV ACMV

ACMV

ACMV

Unide:mificd

ACMV

IICMV

ACMV ACMV

ACMV

ACMV ACMV.EACMV

ACMV

ACMV.EACMV

isolate

Virw

ACMV.EIICMV IICMV ACMV ACMV ACMV 5 3 4 4

25 3 I 2

4

25 1 4 2 2 1 3

2.5 3

2.5 3 I 2

4 1 4

Unknown Unknuwn

SS

Cuhivar

864

Ido Ekiti-Js:lln (.tarting from Ogiren Petroleum) Km 17 7.8 5.3108

Km45

Ijero-Ido Ekili

Km 29

Km 17

Ado Ekiti 路 l~de ("acting from Oodua Tatilet)

F.ltiti Aha Aduloju

'~olc路Ado

lIasa Ekiti-Ayebode:

Location

Long.

Lat.

861 862 863

856 857 8\8 859 860

849 55U 851 852 853 854 855

847 848

843 844 845 846

840 841 842

S2mple No.

M

S

MS

M

M

MS

M

statw

field

CMD

----- ...

plant

pe,

WF

-~-

~

'"

Unknown

5.2503

7.2672

7.2)94

7.2136

Km29

Km45

7.2719

1.6101

5.4805

5.3536

5.2575

(n.nia« rrom Ado Elt.iti road julKlion)

7.3375

Km 14

Km4

~

Km31

2 j

4 3 25 2 4 4 5 3

4 3

Unknown

Unknov.'n Unknown Unknown Unknown

Unknown

Lagos

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Un~nllwn

I

2.5

4 2 2.5 2 1 2.5

I

3

I

3

4 3 4 4 2.5

Unknown Unknown

Unlrnown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown Unknown Ado Eltiti~AIture (lltarting from Maria Aatumpta Catholic HO!Jlital) Unknown Km7 7.5292 5.2214 Unknown Unknown Unknown

Ifui-Ado £lUti (nartlng from Dye junction) 5.2661 Kmll 7.7028

S5 • symprom severity, M '" mild. MS • modeuteiy severe, S .. severe, - "" no re:lction

887 888 889 890 891 892 893 894 895 896 897 898

886

885

878 879 880 881 882 883 884

8n

870 871 872 873 874 875 876

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

ACMV.EACMV

ACMV+EACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV+EACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV .. EACMV

ACMV

ACMV .EACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV

ACMV.EACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV. EACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV

Unknown

2.5

•

Unknown

(E)

868

No.

869

Virw

isolate

Long.

SS

Location

UL (N)

Cuhivar

S.."pI.

MS

S

MS

M

M

M

5

"''''''

CMD fidd

3

2

0

2

platn

pu

WF

~

5.7483

Unknown Unknown

55 .. $fmptom severity. M .. mild. MS - moderately xvcrc. S .. SC'VCrt.

92B 929

- ..

Alamp.-Ido Am ( _ , &om 0 _ rood janalo.)

Km2 7.4533 5.7467

no reaction

Unknown Unknown

Unknown

7.4969

Km38

5.6786

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

Unknown Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown Unknown Unknown

Lagot?

2.5 4

""

4

1

•

j

"5 2.5 3 ..

4 4

3 2.5 2 2.5 2 2 4 3 4 4 3

Unknown Unknown

Unknown

1

Unknown

ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV

ACMV... EACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV

ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV

ACMV

Unidentified

ACMV.EACMV ACMV

4 2.5 2.5 3

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

927

7.325

Km 15

5.6105

5.7753

5.7139

5.6592

isolate

55

Virw

Cultivar

Unknown Unknown

7.2283

Owo outskirtS (Km 2)

Owo-llwe

6.9286

7.0136

Km71

Ifon

7.1086

(E)

(N)

Km5B

Loadon

Long.

Lat.

926

915 916 917 918 919 920 921 922 923 92.

925

910 911 912 913 914

909

900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 908

B99

No.

Sample

5

MS

5

MS

M

MS

.tatus

CMD field

2

WF pe.plant

<.» '"

5.933

5.8319

7.2744

7.1847

Km25

Km37

5.7708

5.8317

5.8911

8.231 9

8.0919

8.1314

OdoOw.>

Erultu

5.4055

5.1803

4.9514

4.7764

8.2886

Omupo

Edldi

4.628

8.4147

C .. (Km8)

1Ioria-Om. Ann (nonIat! &otto Kwan Sea.. Cotporui•• puIt)

7.35

Km 13

(....u.s &0., bulOk.e.oo jUDaioo)

7.4508

Dkmc junction

b_1pdc

7.4'14

(E)

(N)

Km 13

Loc:ation

long.

!..at.

Unknown

Culunr

Odongbo TMEI Unknown Unknown TMEI TMEI TMEI TMEI

Odonp.

TMEI

Odonp.

TMEI TMEI Dan Warri Oko lyawo

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

Unknown Unknown Unknown

Unknown

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

Unknown

SS - symptom In'triry. M • mild, MS • modentely sntrc, S .. severe, - '" no re2Ctton

%0

952 953 954 955 956 957 958 9'9

~I

~O

946 947 948 949

936 937 938 939 940 941 942 943 944 945

930 931 932 933 934 93'

Sample No.

2 3

I I

3 3

I

2.5 3

I

3 4 3

I

3

2 2. 5 2. 5

I

3 2.5 3 2.'

3 3

3 2 2.'

3 2 3

SS

ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV+EACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV

isolate

Vi""

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

M

"""'"

~dd

CMD

NA

2

NA

NA

2

plant

WF 1'<'

~

AlaI'"

rn.-

8.6422

4.4819 4.3705

4.9011

4.9553

4.8786

4.6694

TME I TME I

Okolya...

TME I

Ecedudu

TMEI

Oko Iya_

Unknown

TMEI Unknown

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown TMEI Unknown Unknown Unknown TME I

TMS305n Unknown TMS 305n

Okolyawo

Unknown

ado""",

TME I TMEI

988

M hlp d K-... (~&o. dw pn-y tdaooI) Kmll 9.3019 l.8522 Unknown 55 • l)'OIpu>m 1CYtri1)'. M • mild. MS • modcmdy - . S ........ - • no _ n

983 984 985 986 987

981 982

Ob (IIoria)-JPod 0k00l_ 8.5355

8.8328

Siw. junc:tion-J<bba AnIrorv

980

8.6828

8.8164

n .....

8.5542

5.5m

_ . - (.-a.a- lIMn....,..... ....)

Silo pn ~ ,ite

8.7636

- . jooocdc-NdoJI Km4

m

5.7322

5.645

(or.rtIas &.. IooaI. Eao J-ctioD)

978

m

969 970 971 972 973 974 975 976

967 968

966

hrlF-Ndop I..ck

8.6969

Km47

964

965

8.6\28

Km28

EP-,..,. ( - - . - ...... -Lol

961 962 963

2

3 3 3 2 I

4 3 I

2 3

2 3 4 4 I 3 3 4 I

3 2 I

3 I 3 3 3

55

ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV.EACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV+EACMV ACMV

iooIa..

CultiYu

(E)

(1'1)

No.

Loa<ion

Virw

Lo....

!.at.

Sample

M

M M

MS

M

5

5

M

M

......

CMD Iidd

NA

NA 3

3

2

0

pWor

pc<

WI'

0\

'"

L11.

(N) (E)

Long.

Unknown Unknown Unknown

Culriv.u

9.353

5.0155

10.0625

tuba;i 5.4114

5.2789

Unknown TMF.I

Unknown Dan Warti Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown Unkllown

eM 6740·7

800u

&

7.0022

3

I Unknown Agtic

mild. MS : moderately "'"Ut, 5 " KVCrc, - • no reaction

9.3403

3

Dan Warri

3 I 4 3

3

3

3

2

I

3 3 3

I 3 4 3 2

3

3 3 I 3

3 3

3

55

Dan Warri Dan Warri

MUua.·Sulcja (nutinl hom the rowul.bout dose to l\'ECO offi«) Km 16 9.4658 6.6383 Oka Iyawo Oka lyawo Oko lyawo Oan Warri l'2ridolO 9.3917 6.8367

KoDUIp'" Tepa. (nanin, from the Ju.n.a.iOIll, Govt. Tech. COU.) Km22 10.2997 5.6422 Unknown D:mWarri

9.513

Kwogi

Mo......KDa..... (......... fro .. nida ....d juoctloo)

UTA Mom

Unknown Unknown Unknown

New Buua-Mokwa (Iwti.ng rrom Total filling station t'OllI1dabout) 9.8483 4.5453 Unknown Km5 Unknown Unknown 8.68 4.8939 Oko Iy::awo~ Egbian lbhi ouulciru

Location

ss .. symptom KYtrity, M

1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020

1010 lOll

1003 1004 1005 1006 1007 1008

999 1000 1001 1002

992 993 994 995 996 997 998

991

990

989

Sample No.

ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV.EACMV

ACMV

ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV

M5

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

M5

NA

M

5

M

M

M

M

,urn<

fi<ld

CMD

ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV

V;"" isol2te

NA

NA

NA

3

NA

3

WF 1"'1 plant

~

7.4478 7.4167

9.5017 9.7703

9.9605 10.2136

Km33

Km65

Km88

Km 117

10.1583

9.7919 9.7744

Fadiyam"",

Zonkwa

-.:z..u. !Waf(....... _

Cooin

8.3144

Go jaac<i...)

8.2167

7.9817

Kod...-KacWa (...... &0. NNPC 4cpoc)

7.3«7

7.4008

7.2875

9.361.

Dib (SaJ+l-Kod...

Km31

7.1305

(E)

9.2728

(N)

Long.

Kwab

l.oa.rion

La ••

Unknown Unknown

Unknown

Odongbo?

Odongbo ~

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

Dan Wacri Dan Warn

Unknown Unlrnawn Unknown Dan Warri

Dan Warri Dan Warri

Dan Warri

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

I

3 3 3 3

4 4

3

3

I

3

I

3 3

I

3 3

I

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV

ACMV

ACMV

ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

I

4 5

M

M

M

M

M

MS

NA

MS

MS

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV IICMV

souw

CMD 6dd

isol:ne

Vi""

3 4

3 3 3

Oka lyawo ~ TMEH

TMEI1 TMEI1

55

Culrrru

SS • symptom IrVUiry. M • mUd. MS • modcnndy ~, S • severe, - .. no reaction

1a.4 1a.5 1a.6 1a.7 1a.8

la.O 1a.1 100 1a.3

1025 1026 1027 1028 1029 1030 1031 1032 1033 1034 1035 1036 1037 1038 1039

1021 1022 1023 1024

Sample No.

5

3

NA

NA

2

NA

NA

plant

pc<

WF

"'"

9.8936

8.5019

L>ng.

(E)

6.1617

6.5436

6.7986

Km 136 11.8522

4.4128

IIimiD Yaari-Jep (owtiIIg &om FocL Gem- ColI.) Km27 10.9786 4.7678

9.0517

9.0453

Km 62 after up';

Km 105 close 10 NCR!

9.2003

Duga Usman

lAm_Bid. (owtiIIg &0.. m. j_D) Km4 9.2619 6.9589

Zubina

s....,.,.. Kataf-Se·ioeh

Location

UL (N)

SS - symptom severity. M - mild. MS - moderardy 9CYtK, S _ severt. -

1080 1081 1082 1083 1084 1085 1086 1087 1088 1089

1053 1054 1055 1056 1057 1058 1059 1060 1061 1062 1063 1064 1065 1066 1067 1068 1069 1070

1049 1050 1051 1052

No.

Sample

•

no reaction

3 I

Oka l)'2wo?

2.5 I

Unknown

4 Unknown

4 1 3 4

4

4 4

3

4 3 1

3

4 I

2 3

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown Unknown Unknuwn Unknown Unknown Unknown

Unlcn.own

Agric

Dan Warri Agric Agric

Dan Warri

Oko Jyawo?

Dan Warri Dan Wmi Oan Watri Om Warri 4

3

Unknown

Okolyawo~

OIwlpwo?

OIwlpwo?

3 3 4

SS

3 3 3 1 3

Oko l)'1wo~ Oko Jyawo~

Unknown Unknown

Unknown Dan Warri

Cultivar

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV

ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV.EACMV EACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV

isolat'!'

Virw

M

S

M

S

M

M

S

".no

CMD fidd

2

0

3

2

2

2

p« plant

WF

~

12.7169

4.6303

Unknown

SS • symptom xverity. M • mild, MS • moderately ~, S • severe:, - - no reaaion

JlI6

1115

8.3728

Unlmown Unknown Unknown

Unknown

Km 10

IJI) JlI4 JI .1213

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown B.puda.1\HIun Wad. (ItaJ'tinl for the junction of the Nigerian Law Sch.) 8.2603

Bichi

JlO9 IJlO JIJI 1112

12.2214

Unknown

Unknown Unknown

)

Unknown Unknown Unknown

3 4 I 4

I

2.5

)

3 3 I 4

4

3 2

Unknown Unknown

Unknown

7.6869

.... Fed. Scaeuftat) 12.8 164

I

Unknown

Unknown

4 4 I

Unknown

4 4

I

4 4

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

3

Unknown

55

Unknown

Cohivar

1108

Km 17

Kotoiaa-Kaao (.....u., _

Sokoto-T.w. Mofara ( - . . . _ Sob<o city pte) Kamparu Dia 12.6525 5.6047

Km8

ArpsIp.sokoto (.tutiDI f.rom Fed.. PrUoo)

Bimi. Kebbi-ArJunr. (Itarti.n, &om WWri Umuu Pblytccb.)

GKian Go.aka 4.3814 12.5294

(E)

long.

JlOS Jloo Jl07

JlOIl JlOI lJ02 Jl03 1104

1096 1097 1098 1099

1090 1091 1092 1093 1094 1095

eN)

No.

locuion

LaL

Sampk

ACMV

ACMV ACMV

ACMV.E'.ACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV

ACMV.EACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV

isolate

Vi""

5

M

M

S

S

MS

,latus

CMD field

0

plant

p<f

WF

$

(N)

Long.

(E)

7.9

6.2133

Kobba-Lokoj.

Odo Ape Bun. High och

8.9228

6.2219

12.0997

Km 132

9.2705

9.52

9.7917

<lzoaoi-a Kabba jDDctlo...Kabba Ogaminana OUtskirts 7.6083

12.1194

12.3344

Km60

Km 112

12.3305

Km29

<............ GuuyIa JUDCdoo)

9.0094

12.2911

Km37

Hsodojla-Kuo

8.8933

12.1667

Km 18

Ga.w.-GwuI <............. Mlnjihlr jDDctlo.)

Location

La,.

4 4 3

Dan Wtrri Dan Warri Unknown

Queen~

TMEI? Olro lyowo

1 2 3 3

1 2.5

TME 1 TME1

TMEt1

3 1 4 2.5 1 3 2.5 2.5 3 4 1 3 1 3

1 4

3

4 1 4 3 2.5 3

55

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

Culciv:ar

ss • symprom ....nry. M • mild. MS - modenrdy ocven:. S • seve",. - • no reaction

1148 114?

1150 1151

1143 1144 1145 1146 1147

1129 1130 1131 1132 1133 1134 1135 1136 1137 1138 1139 1140 1141 1142

1119 1120 1121 1122 1123 1124 1125 1126 1128

S4mple No.

ACMV ACMV ACMV.EhCMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV.EhCMV ACMV.EhCMV ACMV.EhCMV

ACMV.EhCMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV

ACMV.EhCMV ACMV ACMV.EhCMV ACMV.EhCMV

isoIact:

Yo""

M

MS

MS

M

M

M

M

S

.urw

6dd

CMD

2

0

0

0

per plan,

WF

Q

-..J

7.325

6.9992

obc rouodabotot lA Fjllk)

6.9"9

Km8

lUbe DUrskins

7.4422

7.4486

Unknown TMEI Oko lyawo Oko lyawo Oko 1yawo Oko lyawo Oko lyawo Unknown TMEI

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

TMEI Unknown Oko lya\lll'O Oko lyawo TMEI

Auic

TMEI

Oko lyawo Oko lyawo Oko lyawo Okolyawo Okolyawo Unknown TMEI Unknown

Cuhivu

reaction

HoaI)

KVef'et - • no

7.6939

7.4822

Aayip-Aakpo (~&o.o obc roaadoboat) Km7 7.4764 7.2205

Fjule-ldalo (........ _ ~Sbo

7.4136

Aloji

6.7369

me muodohout)

7.4203

AroDamDam

(~_

6.628

7.5811

AjaoWl:3 ouanru

Ajao__ Ejwle

6.738

7.7083

(.....u.c _ me CoaIhaoaco _

(I!)

(N)

Lobja-Ajaobta Km7

Location

Loog.

w.

SS • symptom severity, M • mild. MS • modenrdy .IItWf't, S •

1178 1179

lin

1171 1172 1173 1174 1175 1176

1167 1168 1169 1170

1160 1161 1162 1163 1164 1165 1166

1152 1153 1154 1155 1156 1157 1158 1159

Somple No.

3 3 2.5 1 3 3 1

1

4

1

3 3 4

1 3 3 3 4 3

3 1 4 3 2 3 1 4

SS

ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV... EACMV ACMY.EACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV

isolate

Vi""

CMD

M

MS

S

S

S

M

MS

MS

"'<us

6dd

2

2

2

2

2

2

J><' planr

WF

-

".\

8.0178

8.0825

7.4

7.2464

Km79

Km99

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

OkoI~wo~

Oko Jyawo~

7.2961 8.8005

8.5089

7.3522

9.0694

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

Unknown Unknown TMS919341 TMS91934?

Unknown

55 - symptom severity, M - mild. MS - moclcnucly :severe, S - severe, - - no reaction

Km3

Yoade.-Kauiaa Ala (11UIiaJ &0.. the tOWldohou.)

A!q>.gh;

1202 1203 1204 1205 1206 1207 1208

7.2933

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

4 4 I 3

3

2 3 I 3 4 3 I 3 3 3

2.5 3 1 3 2 2 1 I 2 2 3 3 2 3 I

2

TMEI

Odongbo!

Odongbo!

Odongbol Odoncbo?

TMEI TMEI TMEI Oko ll"'wo1 OkoIl"'wo1

SS

Cultivar

Otukpo--Yadn- (1taCtiaJ frolll Otobi jaactioD 111 Otukpo oUbkin.)

Unknown Tuaku 7.2542 8.2469 Unknown

8.0753

75014

Km58

Achom (Km 42)

1209 1210 1211 1212

(E)

(N)

8.2311

Long.

Lat.

MaIwnU-OIukpo ...... Adoka) 75864 Nob

Location

1201

1197 1198 1199 1200

1183 1184 1185 1186 1187 1189 1190 1191 1192 1193 1194 1195 1196

1181 1182

1180

Sampk No.

ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV

ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV

ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV

ACMV

isolate

Vi""

S

MS

S

MS

M

M

M

M

sun..

CMD field

0

NA

0

NA

0

plant

WF JI<'

.....

'.J

9.2055

7.2328

(N)

10. 1225

10.2733

7.8497

8.1 555

8.2189

Bantaje

Dinya

9.9597

9.7122

Gid2n-ld;

Wukui-Jo6ar

7.6114

9.5205

7.4169

Km40

Aba

9.3583

7.2183

Km:in. AJ.-Wubri Kmll

y....s..-MaIauId ( - . , . &0.. the .......dabo.t) Km20 7.45 II 8.928

Tyowanyr

Ux:alion

long.

(E)

Lat.

I

Dan Warn Dan Warn Unknown Unknown Unknown

3 2.5

2.5 1 3 1 3 2

D:rn Warri

Dan Warn Unknown Unknown

3 3

Dan Warri Dan Wun

4

Unknown Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

3 4 3

I

3 3 1 4 3

3

I

3

Unknown

Unknown Unknown

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

Dan Warn Dan Warri Dan Warri

Unknown

3

Unknown Unknown 3

55

Cultivaf

SS _ symptom ~rity. M • mild. MS • moderatdy severe, S - severe, - - no reaction

1230 1231 1232 1233 1234 1235 1236 1237 1238 1239 1240

1219 1220 1221 1222 1223 1224 1225 1226 1227 1228 1229

1216 1217 1218

1213 1214 1215

Sample No.

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV

MS

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

M

MS

S

MS

S

MS

MS

0

0

0

NA

plant

pc<

field .tatw

WF

CMD

ACMV ACMV

ACMV.. EACMV ACMV ACMV.EACMV

ACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV

Virw isolate

..., ""

8.4125

Tela oucWra

1241 1242 1243 12«

8.9919

tho_ot> 12.0111

Km5 12.8378

GuIou.Npn (...... &0. Pod. _ 10.3797

ScIeoo. Sec. Sch.)

- - , . .... I"ri(. . . . . _.bfi4cia~ Km25 11.6128 13.4686

Yoaa-Milbi <1IIlrCiaIt &0.. the rou. ~ l at) K.Iaa 10.2572 13.0397

Km93

JaIlap-yola(..... _

8.6639

, .......JW1 Sunbni 11.253

10.9427

8.7594

Km50

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

OI<oI)"'Wl> Olw Iyawo Olw Iyawo Olw lyawv

2

Dan Warri Dan Wani Dan Warri

3 2 3 4

2.5 2 1 3

"

3 1 3

1

3

2 1

Oko lyawo OI<olyawo

Okolya_ OI<olya_ 0Iw I)"'WI>

3 3 1 3 3 3 I

4 1 2 3

Unknown Unknown Unknown UnIcnown

Dan Warri Dan Warri Dan Wuri 0I<01r-

55

CuluftJ'

SS • iplIptom w:vmry. M • mild, MS • modemdy ~. S .. snue, - .. no reaction

1265 1266 1267 1268

1261 1262 1263 1264

1257 1258 1259 1260

1254 1255 1256

1252 1253

11.2475

8.88Q3

10.5411

(E)

Long.

Alin-Carajunaion

JaIlap-- aq.

(N)

Loarion

No.

1245 1246 1247 1248 1249 1250 1251

La,.

Sample

MS

ACMV

ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV

ACMV

ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV

5

M

S

M

M

M

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

M

ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV

...""

6dd

CMD V"", isolate

0

0

0

0

pia..

WF po.

....

-..j

8.5928

8.8111

9.1475

Aboji-Abuja Wuo

Kwali

Tungmmanjc7.2036

7.033

6.9{)94

(E)

Long.

8.9133

Km 100

8.2767

7.9297

7.6747

8.673

8.5564

Km 12

8.3814

8.5555

Wa-Malaudl road (ouniDs &.... rouadabou.)

Km35

Akwup·Lafia (ouniDs &.... Gon. Sec. Sdo•• \Jbbc)

8.8375

8.9642

Km56

Km22

..

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

Unknown Unknown Unknown

Unknown

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

Unknown

Unknown Unknown

Culcivu

no reaction

Abu;a-Wa (ouniDS &om oppooi.. MopIiohu ea._.)

(N)

Location

Ln.

ss .. symptom severity. M .. mild. MS - moderately JeVel'C. S .. K'VCl'C. -

1298

1295 1296 1297

1292 1293 1294

1281 1282 1283 1284 1285 1286 1287 1288 1289 1290 1291

1269 1270 1271 1272 1273 127.

1275 1276 1277 1278 1279 1280

Sample No.

2.5

-I

I

3

4

3 1

3 4

•

3 2 1 4 3 2.5 1

3 2.5 3 2.5 1 2.5 3 3 4 3

I

55

ACMV ACMV

ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

Yinu iJoiace

M

MS

M

S

M

M5

M5

M

CMD fidd It2rus

0

0

0

0

pbn,

pe.-

WF

V>

'oJ

I

4

Unknown

9.108

Km 190

10.3069

Km 124

sev~rity,

S5 _ JYRlpIom

10.9203

10.3686

2.\ 2 3 4 I 3 2.5 3 I

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown Unknown Unknown

UnulOwn

Unknown

Unknown 3 4 I I 3 2.5 4

I

2.5 2 2.5

Unknown

Unknown Unknown Unknown

Unknown

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

2 2.5 4 3

I

I

3

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

M .. mild. MS .. moder-nefy severt, S .. severe, - â&#x20AC;˘ no rnction

10.2817

Km59

BaudU-Q"obe (nartiItt! &om Con. Gida CoIL)

9.8053

9.6744

8.8264

Knt 149

9.0436

9.3022

8.6753

Km63

B.8\39

B.7786

8.5B44

Km34

8.\772

Km 100

B.5297

Km5

2.\

Unknown Unknown

B5BB

SS

Cultivar

Long..

(E)

(nartiItt! &0.. Con. H._)

B.147B

(N)

Lal.

1323 1324 1325 1326 1327 1328 1329

1302 1303 1304 \305 1306 1307 130B 1309 1310 1311 1312 1313 1314 1315 1316 1317 1318 1319 1320 1321 1322

Km40

1299 \300 1301

LtdIa-1.aupJtf;

Loc;;;niol'1

No

Sample M

i$CJuue

ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV

ACMV

Unkknri6cd.

ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV UnidcmiflCd ACMV.EACMV ACMV

Unidentified ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV

ACMV

MS

MS

M

M

S

MS

M

M

CMD fidd =rw

Virw

2

3

0

2

2

pcr plant

WF

'"

-..)

1358 1359

1351 1352 1353 1354 1355 1356 1357

1345 1346 1347 1348 1349 1350

I~

1340 1341 1342 1343

1334 1335 1336 1337 1338 1339

1330 1331 1332 1333

Sampk No. (E)

10.6108

Km46

11.3778

9.4333

Km25

I,-I~

Km59

10.1294

7.463

4.9683

( - . _ I,-ljaIoojoaon>..)

10.5428

+I ( - . _ DroIrbjruocdoro) 10.9147 10.3169

Duae' Kml

10.445

10.6989

11.0933

10.9353

10.8228

1D.4822

Km 115

Km81

Km21

GoaM-o.r-(. . . . rr-~ .....

9.32'"

KmI3

, ,)

(...... &0. eo.bc mtenl.tia'" HouI) 10.0955 11 .12'"

(N)

lDnJ.

Ca.', C.I'M; (. . . . . &0. JW. MMical c-tn)

Km23

~Ka&tup

Loarion

La,.

Unknown Unknown

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

CuluftI'

2.5 3

2.5 1 2.5 3

4

3

I

4 2.5 3

I

3 1 3 2 2.5

I

2.5

3 2

I

2.5

I

3

ACMV

Unidcnriliod

ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV

ACMV

ACMV ACMV

ACMV

ACMV

Unidcnriliod

2.5

~

ACMV ACMV ACMV

3 1

SS

yo"", isolate

MS

MS

S

S

M

MS

S

MS

MS

...<us

~dd

CMD

2

3

3

2

2

1"" plan,

WF

:::l

SS •

symptOm

1384 1385 1386

1374 1375 1376 1377 1378 1379 1380 1381 1382 1383

1372 1373

1371

1369 1370

1366 1367 1368

1362 1363 1364 1365

1360 1361

7.395

6.5308

OIddpepo-.......

Km 15

mild. MS - moderately 1eVeK. S -

6.+164

lat>oIu>d& ouakiru

severity, M •

6.5452

Km 3<1

5.0678

X'Ya't. - _

4.6503

4.7711

4.7489

4.8008

Unknown Unknown Unknown

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

Unknown Unknown Unknown

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

Unknown Unknown

Cultinr

no reaction

the_I

4.8394

.r_. . )

the,_.,

6.6625

<owdootI _

7.0367

Kml6

!he-Okldpupo

5.03<17

<-. &0.. PtTrA ..... -P'" poe)

7.2686

<-.-.u.,.u CoIL

Ondo ouakina

0ad0.0n

AJoa..Jpro OR Km13

o.do-Aloue Km24

<-. &- JIo.OItt/I juaIoa)

(E)

(N)

No.

Loation

Long.

La,.

Sample

3 1 2.5

3 2.5 1 3 1 3 3 2.5 2.5 1

2.5 2 2.5 3

3 2.5 I

3 1 2.5 4

1 4

SS

ACMV.EACMV

ACMV.EACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV

ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV ACMV ACMV

ACMV ACMV

ACMV.EACMV ACMV.EACMV

ACMV

ACMV

Vi"" bola..

MS

M

MS

MS

M

MS

MS

"'""

CMD &cId

5

2

2

2

3

plan,

pet

WF

About UTA The Intemationallnstitute ofTropical Agriculture (IITA) was founded in 1967 as an international agricultural research institute with a mandate for improving food production in the humid tropics and to develop sustainable production systems. It became the first African link in the worldwide network of agricultural research centers known as the Consultative Group on Intemational Agricultural Research (CGIAR). formed in 1971 .

IITA's mission is to enhance the food security, income, and wellbeing of resource-poor people primarily in the humid and subhumid zones of sub-Saharan Africa, by conducting research and related activities to increase agricultural production , improve food systems,

and sustainably manage natural resources, in partnership with national and intemational stakeholders.To this end, IITA conducts research , germplasm conservation, training, and information exchange activities in partnership with regional bodies and national programs including universities, NGOs, and the private sector. The research agenda addresses crop improvement, plant health , and resource and crop management within a food systems framework and is targeted at the identified needs of three major agroecological zones: the savannas, the humid forests, and the midaltitudes. Research focuses on smallholder cropping and postharvest systems and on the following food crops: cassava, cowpea, maize, plantain and banana, soybean, and yam.

Integrated Cassava Project (ICP) Promoting the Cassava Industry

The hllcgrJl00 Cassava Projeci (Iep) is made up of two complementary special projccl~ :

the Preemptive Management of Cassava Mosaic Di:\casc Project (CMD)

and the Cassava Enterprise Development Project (CEDP) both imp lemented by the Internalionallnstilule of TropicaJ Agricullure (IITA). While CMD primari ly looks at mitigating Ihe impact of cass;.tva mosaic disease and increasing prodUClivi lY in

Nigeria. CEDP focuses on uLiliuuion and the dcve lopmcnl of agribusiness. lep has three main

aim~:

to

sU~lainably

increase food availability. reduce rural

povcny and unemp loyment. and enhance agroindustrial <.I lld socioeconomic growth in Nigeria. This wi ll be achieved by deploying high yie lding resistant cultivars. adapting improved .md pmfiL.1ble po:-.tharvcst processing methods. and facilitating policies to

cn~lIrc

that problems along the commodity chain arc reduced. lep aims.

also to increase private sector invcsullcllI in production. processing. storJgc. and marketing. The resu lt will be that incomes arc mised. and thc livclihood or million:-. or poor ranners and rural processors will be improved.

ICP is fu nded by the Fedeml Government of Nigeria_ the Niger Delta

Developme nt Commission. She ll Petroleum Developmcnt Company of Nigeria. the United States Agency ror Intcmutiona l Development. and 14 Slates in :-.outhem igeria.