The cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria by International Institute of Tropical Agriculture

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The cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

C. Ezedinma, I.A. Ojiako, R.U. Okechukwu, J. Lemchi, A.M. Vmar, L. Sanni,

M. Akoroda, F. Ogbe, E. Okoro, G. Tarawali, and A. Dixon

International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria

1) Intemational [nstitute of Tropical Agriculture (IIT A), 2007 Ibadan, Nigeria Telephone: (234-21 2412626 Fax: (234-2) 2412221 e-mail: iita@cgiar.org Web; wWVv路.iita.org

To Headquarters from outside Nigeria: c/o Lambourn (uK) Ltd Carolyn} louse 26 Dingwall Road, Croydon eR9 JEE, UK

Within Nigeria: PMB 5320, Oyo Road Ibadan, Oyo State

ISBN 978-131-200-5

Printed in Nigeria by UTA

Correct citation: Ezcdinma, C, LA. Ojiako, RU. Okechukwu, J. lemchi, A.M, Umar, L. Sanni, M. Akoroda, F. Ogbe, E. Okoro, G, Tarawali, and A. Dixon. 2007, The cassava food commodity market lind trade network in Nigeria. IITA. lbadan, Nigeria. 296 pp.

Preface The commitment of Mr President, His Excellency Chief Olusegun Obasanjo (GCFR), towards the revamping of the agricultural sector to its preeminent position in our economy is unwavering. This is attested to by the Presidential initiatives on key agricultural crops including cassava, cocoa, cotton, textiles, rice, dairy, poultry, vegetable oil, etc. In addition, the Commerce 44 Initiative which seeks to develop and promote the export of eleven agricultural commodities, eleven manufactured products, and eleven solid minerals products that have high export potentials to eleven target countries and regions includes cassava. These initiatives are no doubt yielding positive results particularly in the area of poverty eradication, wealth creation, employment generation, and foreign exchange earnings in line with the National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS) framework. The Presidential Initiative on Cassava which came into the limelight in 2002 lS m recognition of the fact that Kigeria is the world's largest producer of the commodity and the country is ahead of other African countries in terms of cassava processing and marketing. The Initiative therefore sought to use cassava as an industrial crop without necessarily distorting the local cassava-based food economy. Therefore, the scope for increasing the use of cassava in industries requires an understanding of Nigeria's informal production, processing, and marketing system as this has obvious implications for cassava commercialization and industrialization. This publication is very relevant at the moment as it represents another important milestone in the development of our cassava industry. It contains an inventory of all rural cassava supply markets, urban demand markets in Nigeria as well as the eight principal cassava-based products that are traded across Nigerian markets. Charts and maps on cassava trade networks, the relative volumes traded between supply and demand markets, and the specific cassava-based products that are traded within Nigeria and across Nigerian borders are presented in the Book. The book is also important to cassava and non-cassava stakeholders alike as it highlights trade in traditional cassava food markets which has developed and maintained long-standing channels with the movement of cassava-based food products from distant markets mostly in south and central Nigeria to net import cities and rural areas as well as to international markets in Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Niger, and northern Cameroon. The traditional market institutions and information systems have also grown and adapted to the trade in such perishable commodities such as cassava roots and Juju, for example, to such dry products like gari and flour. Understanding these traditional marketing systems is important as we strive to use cassava as a basic raw material in the food, feeds, textiles, paper, adhesive, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries as well as a substantial contributor to national food security in the country. In our efforts to promote non-oil exports, similar documentation can also be made for other agricultural commodities in Nigeria under the Commerce 44 Initiative. One important lesson from this publication is that there are already dedicated markets for cassava-based products in Nigeria such that the drive towards the industrial utilization of the commodity as a basic raw material should take into cognizance the key actors in the whole commodity chain. Presently, farmers are not producing for the industrial

III

market because it literarily does not exist. The agribusiness and industrial sector of the cassava subsector will therefore have to produce cassava raw material from the farm to satisfY their needs. Otherwise there may be a significant displacement of farmers, traders, and processors whose livelihoods depend on the traditional cassava food market as described in this publication.

Aliyu Modibbo Umar, PhD Honorable Minister of Commerce & Industry

Acknowledgements

We acknowledge the contributions of the enumerators who assisted with the collection of data for this study. They include Mrs N. Odurukwe, Ms Uche Onyeka, Messrs Ben Odoemenam, Joseph Ajaero, Polycarp Obasi, Dona Ohajianya, Ugochukwu Nnama, Colonel Korie, Mike Asekhome, G. Odok, A. Ugochukwu, Gaius Okeoma, Simon Ibana, Deji Coker, Yomi Oyewole, B. Achem, Aliyu Mohammed, Ms Tomi Awodeyi, and Mrs Nora Inyang. We are also grateful for the GIS assistance of Akin Ajayi and Tunrayo Alabi of the IITA GIS laboratory. The Federal Government of Nigeria, the Niger Delta Development Commission, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), and the Shell Petroleum Development Corporation (SPDC) provided funding for this study. Special thanks go to Dr B. Ugwu for the technical editing of the report and to the IITA editors for their overall editorial assistance.

Contents Preface .......................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................ v Contents ....................................................................................................................... vii CHAPTER ONE ...... :..................................................................................................... 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER TWO ........................................................................................................... 5 An overview of cassava production, processing, and marketing in Nigeria .................. 5 CHAPTER THREE ..................................................................................................... 23 The gari trade network ................................................................................................. 23 CHAPTER FOUR ........................................................................................................ 81 The fermented cassava flour trade network ................................................................. 81 CHAPTER FIVE ....................................................................................................... III The cassava chips trade network. ............................................................................... III CHAPTER SIX .......................................................................................................... 143 The abacha trade network ......................................................................................... 143 CHAPTER SEVEN ................................................................................................... 157 The fresh root trade network ...................................................................................... 157 CHAPTER EIGHT .................................................................................................... 191 The cassava fermented paste trade network ............................................................... 191 CHAPTER NINE ....................................................................................................... 223 Cooked paste (fuJu) trade network ............................................................................. 223 CHAPTER TEN ......................................................................................................... 243 The wet edible cassava starch trade network ............................................................. 243 CHAPTER ELEVEN ................................................................................................. 259 Cross border trade in cassava-based products ........................................................... 259 CHAPTER TWELVE ................................................................................................ 265 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 265 References ................................................................................................................. 269 Annexes ..................................................................................................................... 271

Vll

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

The transition of the cassava subsector from the fourth to the fifth stage of development is fundamental in the Nigerian context. This is because of the interface between the traditional food and industrial raw material market, and its consequences for food security, farm structure, rural income, and labor. According to Knipscheer et a1. (2004) and Goosens (2004), the challenges of this transition process are: (a) establishing cost-effective raw material supply systems; (b) competition of cassavabased farming systems in a broader context-domestically and internationally between cassava and cereals (feed grains, wheat, com) and their derivates (starch, ethanol, glucose syrups, etc); and (c) cost-competitiveness and efficiency of an infant industry. The market for cassava in Nigeria can be categorised into two: the traditional foodoriented market and the emerging market for industrially processed cassava. The vast majority of the cassava grown in Nigeria is processed and sold through traditional market channels. There are several cassava markets that support the traditional food needs of the ever increasing population especially the urban population. A wide range of traditional cassava forms are produced and marketed, mainly by small informal actors organized in informal supply chains in these rural and urban markets. Presently cassava production is not commercially oriented to serve the needs of industry. The objective of this document is to provide geospatial information on the location and movement of traditional cassava food products from rural (supply) to urban (demand) markets and map the marketing network of the traditional cassava commodity chain in Nigeria. The goal is to inform the researcher, investor, entrepreneur and stakeholders in the cassava business of the complex and dynamic traditional cassava economy in Nigeria. It is by no means considered an exhaustive document as markets and marketing networks are bound to change or collapse depending on several sociopolitical and economic factors. 1.1 Methodology The survey for this study was carried out in two phases. The first phase involved a survey of all the major urban markets in Nigeria. The markets in the cities were geopositioned using GPS equipment. Information was also obtained on the major cassava products, the major source (supply) markets to the city market by volume and product in relative terms, distances of named rural markets, and transportation costs to the city markets using a questionnaire. Data were collected with the assistance of enumerators. The enumerators were trained on the data collection procedure at the Intemational Institute of Tropical Agriculture and were provided with geopositioning (GPS) equipment, questionnaires, and other logistics. Key informants in the city markets provided information. These key informants were usually officials or members of the gari or cassava traders associations in the urban/city markets. These associations were found in all the city markets that were visited in the survey. The major cities that were surveyed in the different zones of Nigeria include: Aba, Calabar Enugu, Owerri, Onitsha, and Port Harcourt in the southeast zone; Abeokuta, Benin City, Ibadan, Horin, Lagos, and Warri, in the southwest zone; Abuja, Jos, Lokoja, Lafia, Markurdi, and Kaduna in the northcentral zone; Bauchi, Maiduguri, and Yola, in the northeast zone; and Bimin Kebbi, Kano, Katsina, Minna, Sokoto, and Zaria, in the northwest zone. The first phase of the survey was concluded in two weeks and the information collected provided data for the second phase of the survey.

The cal l .V. rood commodity market and trade nctwcrl: in Nigeri.

The second phase was concerned with the swvey of rural (supply) markets, which were compiled from the data obtained from the first phase. During the rural market swvey, the enumerators encountered more markets than were previously collected from the urban swvey. These markets were also included in the swvey. The rural markets were also geopositioned using GPS equipment. In the rural markets, key informants provided information on the movement (in relative volumes) of different cassava commodities from the rural market to each urban destination (demand) market. Information provided by key informants on the proportion of products moved to each destination market from the rural market was used to indicate the relative percentage volumes traded (see questionnaire in Annex 3).

It should be noted that there are major cassava importing markets located in the rural areas. For such markets there may not be excess cassava products for sale or production or socioeconomic (eg., population pressure on land) conditions are not conducive for cassava production. Such markets were not captured in this srudy. Therefore the procedure we followed gives an indication of the rural markets that supply cassava to the major cities that were surveyed in the first phase of the study. The urban and rural markets swveyed are shown in Figures 1.1 and 1.2. The I ist of the swvey sites and markets are presented in Annex I and 2. Information was also obtained from a farm level baseline swvey of the major cassava producing zones in Nigeria as well as from a rapid appraisal of the cross-border cassava trade market in Dawanau, Kano State . .. "---

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CHAPTERlWO An overview of cassava production, processing, and marketing in Nigeria 2.1 Cassava Production Based on the optimal growing conditions for cassava, the cassava growing belt in Nigeria can be divided into three regions, namely, the optimal (major) growing region of the central zone, the suboptimal (moderate) growing region of the southern zone, and the nonoptimal (marginal) growing region of the northern zone (Figure 2. 1). [nformation on population, land area and mean annual rainfall figures for the different regions are much higher in the suboptimal than in the optimal growing region . According to Onwueme (1978), cassava grows best in well-drained loamy soils and where the annual rainfall ranges between 1000 and 1500 mm, and temperature from 25 to 29 °C. These favorable conditions apply more to the optimal, than the suboptimal or non-optimal growing regions. However, Stoorvogel and Fresco (1991) observed that comparison between the optimal growing conditions for cassava and its actual distribution in Nigeria and Ghana, seems to suggest that the distribution of cassava could primarily be a function of population density rather than of agroecological conditions; in both countries, cassava is produced in ecologically suboptimal areas.

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Figure 2. 1: Map of Nigeria showing the suitabl e cassava growing regions. In 2003 for instance. Nigeria's output of cassava amounted to 28,545,700 tonnes (Table 2. 1), out of which the major growing region accounted for a higher output of 54% than the moderate growing region. which accounted for 45%. The marginal growing region accounted for a minimal proportion of the total output of cassava

TIle (;aua\'a food COn:tmodity market and trade nc:twork in Ni,eria

(Figure 2.2). Although the difference in contribution to total cassava output between the two main regions may not be significant, probably because of the limited degree of freedom, it is to be expected, based on ecological considerations, that the major growing region would outproduce the moderate growing regions. Ugwu and Nweke (1996) have shown that, in general, non-ecological factors, especially labor saving technologies, are more important in determining the relative importance of cassava in Nigeria than ecological factors . Field observation shows that the application of such labor- saving technologies in cassava production and processing is much higher in the moderate, than in the major growing region. The breakdown of the cassava output in 2003, according to the states that make up the regions, is presented in Table 2.1. Table 2.1: Output of cassava producing states in the zones in 2003 . Optimal major region Stale Production ('ooot)

Benue Nasarawa

Plaleau Kaduna Kog; FCT Niger Kwnra Tantba Adamawa

3577.92

Lagos

420.00

204 .76

OSU n

1538.94

292.23

Ondo

NonopUmaI (minor) ropun Production ('000)

State

Bauchi Zamfara

15 .26 9.33

1449.65

Sokolo

1980.00

Edo

550.00

2854 .83

Della

902.00 1405 .09

Kebbi Katsina Kano

445 .60

Jigs",'&.

10.21 422.07 510.00 107.50 13.00

Dyo Eki li

1126.76

Osun

930.00

Enugu Ebooyi

Subopdmal (mod... te) r.pOll s.... Production rOOO,)

590.02

Rivers

Bayelsa Imo Ab ia Akwa ibom Cross ri ver Anambra

2284 .77

Yoile

296.02

Gombe

7.40

1125. 18

Borno

4 .12

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36.11

2028 .54 740.40

2194.30 509. 11

Total Total 1~322.71 Source: Root and Tuber Expansion Program 2005 .

13,186.19

In terms of cassava output by states, Benue, with about 12.53% of total output in

2003, is the highest producing state. Kogi State came second, with about 10% of total output in 2003. Both states are located in the optimal growing region. Imo and Enugu states in the suboptimal and optimal growing region, came third and fourth, accounting for 8% and 7.69%, respectively . The highest producing state in the nonoptimal growing region is Bauchi, but it accounted for less than 1% of the total cassava output. Root yield is largely determined by ecological factors. This is underscored by the fact that Osun, Kwara and Oyo States, which posted the highest root yields, are all in the optimal growing region (Table 2.2). In these states, the root yield is at least 170% of the root yield average of 13 .64 tlha for the states in the optimal and suboptimal growing regions. In contrast, most of the states that trailed behind other states in terms of root yield fall within the suboptimal region. For instance, in both lmo and Rivers States in the suboptimal growing region, the root yield in 2004 was less than 50% of the root yield average for the states in both regions.

The cassava rood commodity markel and rradc nelwork in Nigeria

The overall average root yield of 13.64 t/ha is low, and it is only 57% of the average root yield for Osun, Kwara, and Oyo, the three states with the highest root yield. With improved technical efficiency, embodying improved agronomic practices, use of inputs, and mechanization, yields of above 20 tlha are attainable in Nigeria.

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Moderate

Marginal

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Figure 2.2: Percentage production of cassava by growing region, Nigeria, 2003 .

The average field area under cassava in 2004 was 0.75 ha for the eight states sampled in the major growing region, and 0.43 ha, for the 12 states sampled in the moderate growing region. That the mean field area under cassava in the major growing region in 2004 was almost twice that in the moderate growing region may have to do with population density, which is much higher in the latter than in the former region. The results of a recent survey (Ezedioma et al. 2006) shows that the mean cassava field area per farmer in Nigeria is 0.42 ha, and that between 1990 and 2004, the proportion of cassava fie lds cultivated by farmers in Nigeria increased from 44% to 62%-an increase of 18% for the period. The mean cassava field area of 0.42 ha seems to suggest that cassava production in the country is still dominated by smallholder farmers , the increasing production trend notwithstanding. Incidentally, these farmers are often constrained by limited availability of production and postharvest inputs, notably, agrochemicals and motorized techniques for processing cassava. Provision of incentives to smallholder farmers will no doubt, help to boost cassava production in the country.

The cassava food commod ity market and trade ncl\vork in Nigeria

Table 2.2: Cassava root yield (tlha) and field area (ha) cultivated by state, optimal and suboEtimal growing regions in Nigeria ~2004). Yield (!/hal Number Abia 9.44 31 11.65 Akwa Ibom 24 Anambra 12.26 18 Bayelsa 8.06 II 11.20 Benue 3 Cross River 14.05 26 12.59 Della 19 Ebonyi 19.44 14 Edo 15.08 18 Ekiti 6.05 4 17.42 Enugu 29 Imo 5.08 38 Kogi 11.44 II Kwara 23. 13 12 Nassarawa 18.38 4 Ogun 10.67 8 Ondo 11.96 II Osun 24.40 2 Oyo 24.08 3 Ri vers 6.35 25 All 12.09 3 11 Source: Ezedinma el.1. 2004. State

Mini mum

2.50 5.88 7.60 2.00 9.60 3.15 5.55 2.70 6.88 2.00 6.60 0.80 5.60 11.00 11.50 4.20 3.85 22.00 14.63 2.25 0.80

Maxi mum 36.50 36.75 34.50 16.50 14.00 32.50 38.92 56.50 38 .05 11.90 37.95 14.40 28.00 41.00 30.00 21.17 36.00 26.80 34.88 10.50 56.50

Field

Area (ha) 0.08 0.35 0.36 0.29 0.39 0.14 0.49 0.87 1.66 0.72 0.26 0.24 0.54 0.98 1.47 0.36 0.30 1.01 0.52 0.6 1 0.59

Number

Minimum

Ma"imum

31 26 19 18 37 35 31 20

11 9.24 456.46 42.85 147.77 277.61 164.74 168. 11 439 .73 812.10 317.41 51.06 107.70 689.37 720.28 762 .08 566.40 217.81 2873 .70 147.03 483.31

2408.40 9820.82 17724.90 8815. 17 12855.20 484 1. 05 12599.70 41 056 .90 60439 .17 30432 .00 9955 .00 31143 .30 21528 .60 72009 .20 112282.00 12082 .30 25358. 60 19878.70 30951.60 74 145.60

18 34

39 34 32 44 25 31 12 45 37 590

2.2 Cassava processing In Nigeria, cassava is processed into several products that include gari, femlented paste, flour, chips, abacha, and starch. About 85% of total cassava output is processed into the various products mentioned above, and only about 15% is consumed in the fres h, unprocessed form (Ugwu 1996, Ugwu and Ukpabi 2002). Essentially, women and to a limited extent children, are responsible for cassava processing. However, men often get involved whenever any processing operation becomes mechanized (Ugwu 1996). Examples of areas where men have been involved in cassava processing abound in mechanized grating and milling tec1miques. Men own and operate these mechanized techniques on a custom service basis in microprocessing centers located in rural and suburban areas. It becomes necessary to ensure that the shift from manual to mechanical processing does not affect women's employment and income generating opportunities, by taking gender issues into consideration while designing mechanized processing micro plants.

The grater (Figure 2.3 (0Âť) and the press are two types of machinery that have catalyzed the increased processing of cassava for sale in various traditional food forms in Nigeria. They are the most widespread machinery in the processing of cassava into different products and they are found in the numerous cassava microprocessing centers scattered all over Nigeria. Women can also do all processing tasks at home for household consumption and for sale (Figure 2.3b).

The eas.ava food com modity market and tndc: network in N igeria

Figure 2.3 (a): Cassava grating in a microprocessing center.

Figure 2.3 (b): Processing cassava fiifrt manually at home.

In terms of distribution, a greater proportion of the microprocessi ng centers were found in villages in the suboptimal cassava-growing region in the south. 1n this region, about g I% of the villages in the southwest, 73% of vi llages in the southeast, and about 50% of the villages, in the south-south, had microprocessing centers (Figure 2.4a). Contrary to expectations, only about 30% of the villages surveyed in the optimal cassava growing region had microprocessi ng centers.

Over the years attempts at mechani sing other processing operations such as peeling and gari frying, have achieved limited success in igeria But presently, industrial gari fryers may be available in the market but they are not suitable for use at the microprocessinglhousehold level , where over 95% of the nation ' s output of gari is produced. The cost of owning and operating industrial gar; fryers fall beyond the reach of microscale operators. With respect to mechanizing the peeling of cassava, the nonuniformity in root geometry poses a bi g problem. Several hand- held tools, that are quite efficient in peeling cassava, have however been developed by the ational Centre for Agricultural Mechanization (NCAM) and Federal University of Technology, Owerri (FUTO). All that remains to be done is to commercialize and populari ze them Lessons fro m the field survey suggests that in order to improve cassava processi ng and consequently expand field production at the micro level, there is an urgent need to popularise mechani zed techniques for peeling and gari frying at the rural level. Such technologies adapted from Brazil already exist at UTA Ibadan but require massive replication by fabricators and equipment manufacturers.

The cauava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

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2.3 Marketing of Cassava Prodncts [n the distant past, cassava production was erroneously regarded as subsistence agricultural activity. Emperical studies (Ugwu and weke [996, Ezedinma et al . 2006) have since shown that cassava production is a commercial activity in Nigeria For the representative villages they studied, Ugwu and Nweke (1996) observed that an average of 55% of total cassava production is marketed. It is al so noteworthy that the trend in the proportion of total production marketed appears to be increasing. In a recent study, Ezedinma et al . (2006), showed that cassava output from 62% of the fields cultivated by rural household in Nigeria is marketed, leaving the output from only 38% of the fields for home consumption (Figure 2.4b). Cassava is marketed in several product [om1s. These product forms are discussed under the section that follows and in the next eight chapters we present in detail the network and location of rural, urban and assembly markets in maps for all the cassava products identified in the field.

The cusava food c:ommodity market and tnck network in N igeria

o Sold (%)

.Home Use(%)

Figure 2.4b: Percentage of cassava products sold and used at home by rural households. Sourc~ :

Ezedinma el 81. 2006.

2.3.1 Traditional Cassava Food Products Marketed in Nigeria In Nigeria, cassava is a staple food. By definition a staple food is one that is eaten regularly and which provi des a large proportion of the population ' s energy andlor nutrients. Cassava serves this function as it is processed into various wet and dry product forms and eaten by both the rural and urban populace. The dry cassava products are gari. fermented cassava flour (lafim or ell/bo), cassava chips, and abacha. The wet cassava-based products are cassava edible starch, fermented paste, and cookedfitjil. In all , eight traditional cassava products, including fresh roots were identified in the major urban demand centers of Nigeria Other cassava products such as tapioca, kpokpo gari and gl/nldi, are not common in the urban markets that were visited, but they can be found in certain towns like Sapele in Delta State (for kpokpo gari) and Badagry in Lagos State (for tapioca). Table 2.3 gi ves the percentage of the visited urban markets that sell each of the identifi ed popular cassava products. Table 2.3 : Percentage of urban markets selling dry andl or wet cassava products (n = 60). Dry Products Gari (white or yellow) Fennented nour (lAfimleluboj Chips Abaeha Source: Field survey, 2005 .

Percentage

100 68 78 42

Wet products Fresh rools Fem,enled p arle

Cookedfofil Edible starch

Percentage

33 22 35 18

It is evident from Table 2.3 that gari is the most popular cassava product as it was found in all (100%) the surveyed urban markets. Cassava chips were found in 78% of the urban markets, and fermented flour in 68%. Generally, the information in Table 2.3 tends to suggest that dry cassava products are more popular than the wet product forms . Thi s is probably because the dried products are less perishable, easy to store, and cheaper to transport over long di stances.

Thc cuuva food com modIty martct and tBdc: nctv. ork in Nigena

2.3.2 Dry cassava products

Gari Gari (Figure 2.5a) is a granulated dry food product processed from cassava roots; it is the most popular cassava product and has gained the status of an urban convenience food in igeria. Gari is processed primarily by millions of rural women for sale in rural markets. It comes in two colors- yellow and white. The yellow gari commands a relatively higher (10-20%) market price than whitegari. This is probably due to the color of gari as a result of the addition of palm oil at the processing stage.

Figure 2.5 (a): Yellow and white gari.

Figure 2.5 (b): Fermented cassava flour.

Fermellled cassava flour Fermented cassava flour is also known as lafim in southwest and eillbo in the northcentral region of igeria (Figure 2.5b). It is mainly processed by women in the northcentral and southwest regions and sold in the rural and roadside markets. Fermented cassava flour (lafimleillbo) was found in 68% of the urban markets (Table 2.3). Cassal'Q chips The chips are processed in several ways and come in several forms (Figure 2.6a). They may be fermented or unfermented peeled roots that are either sundried or dried over the fireplace (Figure 2.6b). They may also be cut into pieces and partially fermented before being dried. Chips are intermediate products that are converted into flour by milling. Cassava chips were found in 78% of the urban markets.

Figure 2.6 (a): Cassava chips.

Figure 2.6 (b): Abacha.

The: ca..ava food commodity market and tndc: network in Nigc:ria

2.3.3 Wet cassava products Cassava fresh roots The cassava fresh roots or tubers are usually transformed into the various cassavabased products through processing. Fresh roots of varieties with low cyanide potential are also roasted or boiled and consumed directly (Figure 2.6c) or they may be boiled, pounded and eaten with vegetable soup. Like most cassava products, fresh roots are also sold in both rural and urban markets in igeria. As earlier shown in Table 2.3, fresh roots were found in 33% of the surveyed urban markets.

Figure 2.6c: Boiled fresh roots. Cassava cooked fiifll Prepared cassavafiifll (Figure 2.6d) is a fermented product of cassava. Until recently cassavafiifll was not usually sold in ready-to-eat forms . This phenomenon arose as a result of demand for convenient foods especially in the urban centers. Consequently prepared cassava fitfi' is found in 35% of the urban markets (Table 2.3). Street vendors and hawkers in the cities mainly sell it. Prepared cassavafitfi' is known by many aliases such as " Ioi loi", "Santana", "packet shirt"and "six to six" ("six to six" in relation to cooked cassavafitfi' means that the fitfi' is a high energy giving food, which if taken at six 0 ' clock in the morning could keep one working without food till six o' clock in the evening). The increasing visibility of cassavafitfi' in urban markets implies that it is a desired convenience food This suggests that promoting the dried form of cassavafitfi' flour will improve the quality and quantity of tradedfitfi' flour in the igerian market. Micro scale technologies for driedfitfi' flour are available (Sanni et aI. 2005) and may help product diversification at this level of cassava processing.

The cassava food commodity martel and trade network in Nigeria

Figure 2.6 (d): Cassava cookedfi!fil.

Figure 2.6 (e): Fermented paste or mash.

Fermented paste or mash Fermented paste or mash (Figure 2.6e) is the product of grated cassava roots. This product is an intermediate step in the processi ng of gari or fi!fil . It is also produced and sold in many Nigerian rural and urban markets. It was found in 22% of the urban markets surveyed (Table 2.3). Wet cassava starch In Delta State cassava tubers are traditionally processed into starch for human consumption (Figure 2.6f). Edible starch is an ethnic food found mostly among the Urhobo and Isoko ethnic groups in the state. Apart from its use as a household food in these areas, wet starch has industrial and other commercial uses in Nigeria. For example, it is used in the texti le and allied industry (like laundry) for adding value to clothes and in the paper industry. Many of such industries also rely on the local traditional food market as their source of starch. Wet cassava starch was found in 18% of the urban markets surveyed (Table 2.3).

The eM ..". rood commodIty market and trade: network in Nigeria

2.4 Cassava p"oducts consumed by rural hou seholds In the rural villages, gar; is the most important cassava product among farming households. In Figure 2.7 the percent distribution of the cassava products consumed! sold by farm households in the central, southeast, southwest, and south-south zones of igeria, is shown. It is the outcome of a survey of 302 households in 20 cassavaproducing states. About 66% of the farmers produce gar; for sale or for home consumption. Figure 2.7 once again illustrates the relative popularity of gari in all the zones, except in the central zone. Gari's share of rural farm household's cassava products is 76% in the south-south, 75% in the southeast, and 68% in the southwest zones. In the central zone, however, gari wi th 27% of farm household cassava products sold/consumed came third in order of importance trailing behind lafim (38% ) and femlented paste (35%). Lafim is also another common product in the southwest, accounting for 31 % of the farm household 's processed products, although th is product is rarely found in markets in the southeast and south-south zones of igeria.

The canava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

. Oari • LafunlElubo • Wc1 staroh

Abacha • Pounded fufu

• Fufu paste

Ccnlral

South-south

Southeast

Southwest

Zonl'

Figure 2.7: Percentage distribution of fann households by type of cassava products sold/consumed by zone (n = 302).

2.5 The Cassava Commodity T rade Network in Nige,·ia Often times, the consumer is separated from the producer by several hundreds of kilometers. This implies the existence of a gap between the producer and the consumer. It is marketing, the business activities involved in the flow of goods and services from the point of initial production until they reach the ultimate consumer (Kohls and Uhl 1980), that bridges the gap between the two interrelated actors. A simplified model of the cassava products marketing system is shown in Figure 2.8. The system is composed of alternative product flows (marketing channels), a variety of firms (middlemen), and numerous business activities known as marketing functions. Within the cassava marketing system, there are markets at three levels, namely, rural (supply) markets, urban (demand) markets, and assembly markets for assembling cassava products before they are distributed to the different demand markets. We are now in a position to examine the sequence of events that takes place from the time the fanner harvests his cassava, until the cassava reaches the final consumer, either as fresh roots or as processed products. After harvesting his cassava, the farmer may decide to sell it in the processed or unprocessed form . Several factors could inform the farmer' s decision, including need for immediate cash to meet household obligations, availability of financial and human resources needed for processing operations, issues relating to seasonality, existence of processing centers, and speculative tendencies. Besides, processing involves adding value to the product and the fanner being rational is expected to weigh the costs and benefits of processing. In practice, fanners do sell cassava in both raw and processed forms . The arrows in Figure 2.8 indicate the channels or directions of alternative product flow. Fresh cassava, which the fanner does not want to process, flows from the fanner to the

The cassava food commodity market and trade nehvork in Nigeria

microprocessor or to consumers through assemblers in the village and urban markets, wholesalers, and retailers. Fresh roots can also flow from the farmer direct to the consumer, wholesaler, or retailer especially where the distance between the farmer and the consumer or the middlemen is not important. For instance, farmers in the suburban areas do sell fresh roots direct to retailers or consumers. Even where the distance is significant, wholesalers often develop personalized dealings with farmers in major producing areas. With respect to processed cassava products, the channels are essentially the same with those for fresh roots, except that processed products that do not require further processing and do not flow from farmers to processors. Processed products emanating from processors flow directly from them to wholesalers, retailers, or consumers (Figure 2.8). Farmers (Producers)

Rural Market (Brokers, Assem biers)

Assembly Markets (Assemblersl brol<.ers)

Urban Markets (Whole salersJretailers)

Consumers

Figure 2.8: Traditional cassava products marketing chain in Nigeria.

2.5.1 Frequency of rural markets In all about 500 rural markets supply cassava products to urban centers and assembly points in Nigeria (Annex I). These rural markets sit mainly every four, five or eight days; markets sitting below four and above eight days are rare (Figure 2.9). Figure 2.9 illustrates that 35% of the surveyed rural markets sit every four days while 32% sit every five days. The 8-day market is more common than the weekly markets. The least common market types are those that sit at more than eight-day intervals or less than intervals of four days. It was further observed that markets that sit every four days are common in the southeast and south-south zones, the five-day markets are

Thc cassava food commodity markct and trade network in Nigeria

found mainly in the southwest and northcentral regions, while the eight-day markets are also found in the southeast and south-south.

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Figure 2.9: Frequency of market days in rural Nigeria. 2.5.2 Supply of cassava products to urban markets Table 2.4 shows that of the 498 surveyed rural markets, 445 (89.36%) supply gari to different urban markets across the country. Trading on gari was the most popular followed by trading on cassava fresh roots (298 or 59.84%) and cassava chips (197 or 39.56%). Dried abacha was the least popular being supplied by 32 (6.43%) of surveyed rural markets. Table 2.4: Percentage distribution of cassava products by number of feeder (rural) markets to urban centers (n = 498). Cassava Eroduct Abacha Chips Fermented flour Fresh root Fermented paste Fufu (akpu) Gar; Edible starch

Number of rural market 32 197 163 298 183 155 445 76

Number as % total 6.43 39.56 32.73 59.84 36.75 3l.l2 89.36 15.26

2.5.3 Weights and measures in traditional cassava food markets In all markets surveyed, many types of containers of varying sizes and shapes were used to sell cassava products at the wholesale and retail levels. The common measures at the wholesale level were bags (ranging from 35, 50, 100, 125 kg), baskets, and basins. Containers used at the retail level include plastic cups and plates, tin cups (margerine and cigarette cans), one liter paint buckets, and the calabash (mudu). At point of sale, cassava products are not weighed, irrespective of measure that is used at the wholesale or retail level. This suggests a complete lack of standards in the cassava food product market in Nigeria.

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in

igeria

2.5.4 Barriers to trade In 1999, the World Bank estimated that igeria had over 30,000 kilometers of paved roads. This must have improved significantly since the democratic dispensation as roads were usually considered one of the compulsory "dividends of democracy". The Nigerian road network is considered one of the best in sub-Saharan Africa. However, most feeder roads to cassava producing areas are in bad condi tion, with many of them being un-motorable during tbe rainy season. It is anticipated that wi th a good road network, trade in agricultural commodities and food distribution wou ld be easy. But this is not usually the case, as there are several road barriers mounted by several official and unofficial agencies of governments (including local , state, and federal governments) . The Nigerian police are the most notable and visible. To quote President Olusgun Obasanjo in a National Seminar on Economic Crimes organized by the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission, Abuj a, ' Corruption bas weakened the public security system especially the police that came to be known for its pathological fixation on collection of bribes and illegal toll and levies". In short Nigerian intercity roads are relatively good but expensive to use for trade and business. One study (Ezedinma et a1. 2005) observed that the number of police and other officia l roadblocks tends to increase in number on market days in tbe various community markets in Nigeria. Apart from the high cost of running business on Nigerian roads, other problems acting as barriers to trade include non-functional railways and waterways and epileptic power supply. It is important to say that energy supply is instrumental to the development of every sector of the national economy, since no meaningful development is possible without reliable power supply. 2.5.5 Seasons and cycles for cassava based products: the case of gar; All cassava products go through a seasonal pattern over the year in which prices ri se and fall within specific months in the year. In order to describe this situation we use the case of gar; in Nigeria. Gar; is cheapest in the months of July to September, and most expensive from December to April. This is because the prices of cassava roots are also expensive at this time . As the dry season advances from November to March, the soil is caked, and so it becomes very difficult and arduous to harvest cassava roots. This cost is also transferred all the way down to the consumer. Once the rains begin in April, the cost of gar; begins to drop in the urban market as the roots become easier to harvest. As the planting season advances towards the harvest of the first staple crop, maize, cassava prices begin to drop further. As more crops are harvested from July to September, the price of gar; drops to its lowest in the year. In addition, gar; prices a lso show a cyclical pattern from year to year as shown in Figure 2.11 . In Nigeria gar; prices exhibit cyclical peaks and troughs due mainly to the inability of markets to absorb suppl ies. As a result in the years when cassava is scarce the price goes up and farmers are encouraged to plant; production goes up in subsequent years and the price comes down, prompting farmers to plant less until the price goes up again in a cycle of approximately two to three years. Such cyclical changes cause price instability, and significantly increase the income ri sk to producers. However, in real terms (taking into consideration inflation) the price received by farmers has reduced considerably between 1993 and 2000 (Figure 2 . 11 ). The decline in real prices for gar; is an incentive to diversify into the production of other products, such as ethanol , starch, flour, and pellets, which can profitably be produced from cassava. This wi ll probably help to even out prices over time and reduce the two- to three- year cyclical price fluctuations.

The cassava

rood commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

-+- Nominal N ____ Real N

30 25

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Figure 2. 10: Nominal and real prices ofgari in Nigeria, 1999- 2000. Source: Ezedinma et al. 2005.

2.6 T he size of the industrial cassava m arket in Nigeria The potential growth in the non-food segment of the cassava market is large but traditional cassava products will continue to dominate the Nigerian cassava market in the forseable future . Nevertheless, the Nigerian Government presently considers the development of industrial and feed markets as new opportunities for employment and as the engine of growth in the economy. As the main food staple for urban and rural people in Nigeria, cassava already makes a major contribution to the Nigerian economy. But the market for processed cassava for the industry is emerging. Informed estimates suggest that, at least in the short run, the potential demand for cassava by the industry is about 8.8 million tonnes of fresh roots annually (Table 2.5). Since what is produced is virtuaUy consumed at present, current production will have to be increased by more than 20%, in order to satisfY the potential demand of 8.8 millon tonnes of fresh roots. Assuming a yield of 20 tlha, an additional 0.44 million tonnes of cassava would be required to accommodate the needs of the industry. Domestic production of cassava can be stimulated to meet or even overshoot the above target provided farmers , as rational people, are assured of a market for additional production. UNlDO (2006) estimates that this level of output has the potential to stimulate investments in nearly 500 small- to medium- scale plants in the foreseeable future, with at least 100 such plants in the short run, provided that supporting policy

The cassava food commodity market and trade netviork in Nigeria

measures are in place. Assuming an average investment of about N20 million per plant, the associated investment would amount to about N 10 billion in the foreseeable future (or N2 billion in the short run). This value of investment excludes the associated investments at the farm level and the multiplier effects that would be created through other activities and services along the investment horizon. Table 2.5: Potential market for industrial cassava-derived products in Nigeria. Sector

Current domestic demand

Starch

230000 t

50%

Substitution

Potentials (tonnes/product) Fresh root 115000 t

1150000 t

Flour

330000 t

10%

330000 t

1320000 t

Ethanol EIO

1.1 billion L

50%

550000 t

4400000 t

Ethanollndustriall Beverage

160000000 L

100%

160000 t

1040000 t

Animal Feed

1200000 t

20%

240000 t

960000 t

Total required

8870000 t

Conversion factor: 1 t of starch - 400 L ethanol (98% efficiency), Starch: 5: I (raw starch). Livestock: 4: 1 (raw: chip). Land required: 443500 ha @.20 tlba. Conversion factor for ethanol: 1:8 Source: Personal Field observations, Phillips et a1. 2006, UNIDO. 2006.

Technically, cassava can easily be processed into several secondary products (starch, ethanol, flour and, chips/pellets) of industrial and export market value. But the bottlenecks in Nigeria are mainly economic, revolving around insufficient economies of scale, high energy costs especially electricty, strong competition with cereals in a world market, high production costs at the farm level, land tenure, and so on. Viability of cassava industrial initiatives depend on price and consistent availability of cassava roots as raw material, given the fact that competition exists between the traditional food market and industrial users of fresh roots as well as between locally produced cassava derivatives and imported alternatives. At the moment, the prevailing farming systems are not geared towards making cassava roots available as a primary commodity for industrial use at stable and competitive prices. Other industry specific barriers relate to efficient drying systems at the SME level-an important quality related problem. Improve drying technology and quality is improved; improve quality and the cassava agribusiness sector becomes competitive on its own terms. To gain efficiency in the cassava agribusiness sector, Nigeria needs to tackle these challenges in a systematic and synchronized way. It is only when the country has been able to deal with these challenges that they can graduate to higher levels of the cassava commodity chain. The goal is to move away from the production or manufacture of primary commodities in order to isolate the economy from external shocks caused by volatile commodity prices and dependence on revenue from crude oil exports. The scenario today shows that there are only two functional (native) starch factories with a combined installed capacity of about 14,000 tonnes per annum. There is also one pelleting factory, five functional flour factories, and no ethanol factory using cassava as raw material. However, there are concerted efforts at investments in the development of starch, ethanol, animal feed pellets, and flour processing factories in various parts of the country; thus suggesting that the industrial cassava market is an emerging market. Three stakeholders are critical for Nigeria to attain a competitive goal in the industrialisation of its cassava subsector-an organized private sector, a benevolent government policy environment, and a responsive research system.

The cassava food commodity market and tradt:: network in Nigeria

CHAPTER THREE The gari trade network The marketing channel for the different cassava products was shown and discussed in the prceeding chapter. In this and subsequent chapters, we want to show, for each major product, the distribution of the source (rural) markets and the destination (urban) markets supplied by these feeder (rural) markets. Our analysis starts with gari, the most popular and the most widespread processed cassava product.

In the absence of easily applied standards for defining the quality of gari, consumers rely on the color, taste, and texture of gari as bases for assessing its quality. Although gari is marketed in two colors (yellow and white), what matters is not the color per se, but the brightness of the yellow or white color. The brightness of the color of gari is important because the buyer has to visualize it before deciding whom to buy from. The taste of the gari is either sour or slightly sweet and this is controlled by the length of time the grated cassava mash is left to ferment before it is toasted into gari. Sour gari, typical of "Ijebu gad' (gari from Ijebu land) is a product of long fermentation that lasts for six or more days. Slightly sweet gari is as a result of pressing the wet cassava mash soon after grating, leaving little or no time for fermentation. The usual practice is to allow the grated cassava mash to ferment for about two days before it is pressed and toasted into gari. Texture is an important factor because when gari is prepared into juju, it is molded between the fingers before it is swallowed with vegetable soup. Gari with good texture is smooth and binds well when molded. It is this quality that makes "Bendel gari" (gari from the defunct Bendel state, now Edo and Delta states) quite popular among many consumers. We have gone into detailed analysis of the attributes of gari as desired by consumers in order to account for the differences in the number of destination (urban) markets for gari from the different feeder (rural) markets. The major rural and destination markets for gari are shown in Figure 3.1(a). The red dots represent the rural source markets and the yellow triangles, the destination markets for gari, which are mainly urban and semi urban city centers.

The cassava food commodity marict:t and lndc nt:t\Hri: In Nigc:na

Figure 3.1 (a): Major source (rural) and destination (urban) markets for gari in Igena Figure 3.1 (a) shows that most of the rural supplying markets are situated in the southern and central zones of igeria. The distribution of these rural markets in the different states of the federation is presented in Figure 3.1(b).

." . .. ..... 0- 10

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Figure 3. 1 (b): Density of rural gari producing markets in

115 . :140

'" Igena.

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Figure 3. I(b) shows that the largest number of gari supplying rural markets is found in the central state of Benue, the southwest states of Oyo and Ogun, and the southsouth states of Delta and Edo. In these areas, the number of identified gari supplying rural markets were in the 85- 240 range. The range decreased to 55- 84 in the northcentral state of Kogi, southeast state of Enugu and in the southwest state of Osun. With respect to urban gari consumption, Figure 3. 1(a) also shows that majority of the destination markets are located in the south and central zones, although many states of the northern zone also have urban gari markets. The density (in terms of number per state) of the destination markets is presented in Figure 3. I(c).

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Figure 3. I(c): Frequency distribution of gari destination markets in

Igena

Figure 3. 1(c) shows that the states with the highest number of destination (urban) markets include Lagos and Oyo (southwest), with a range of 139-238. 1n contrast, the density of destination markets is quite low in Kano (northwest), Kwara and Kogi (northcentral), Ondo (southwest), Enugu and Anambra (southeast), and Rivers (southsouth). In these areas, the range in the number of destination markets is only between 34 and 63 . Among the factors that may underIy the density of destination markets are rate of urbanization, population density, and! or differences in food habits. For instance, Kano State may be quite populous, but rate of urbanisation (number of urban centers within the state) is low, and cereals playa more dominant role in the diet of the people than roots and tubers. In Figure 3.2, the percentage distribution of feeder markets relative to the urban markets that supplied gari, is shown. Gari with popular brand names, such as "[jebu gan" and "Bendel gad' may find its way to more than six urban markets, while the non- branded gari is less fancied and has limited number of urban markets where it is 25

Thc canava food com modity market and trade nCCn ork in Nis cria

demanded. Hence in Figure 3.2, about 17% of the rural (feeder) markets supply gari to more than six urban markets. Such feeder villages are located in areas that produce gari that is quite popular among consumers. Generally, as the number of urban markets per feeder market decreased from six to three, the proportion of feeder markets increased from 26% to 35%, showing that gari from most feeder markets is not as popular among consumers as " Bendel" or " Ijebu" gari. It is also seen in Figure 3.2 that 22% of the feeder markets supply gari to only one or two urban markets. This implies that gari from these feeder markets is not quite popular among consumers, and that consumers in the destination (urban) markets do not appear to bother much about branded gari.

_1 -2 markets

c 3-4 markets .5-6 markets 0:.6 markets

Figure 3.2: Percentage distribution of feeder (rural) markets by number of urban markets supplied with gari. 3. 1 etwork ofgari supplying markets and their respective destination (urban) markets. The distribution of feeder markets to each of the twenty-one major cities in the country is shown by proportion of gari supplied, in Figure 3.3 (a) to Figure 3.24 (a). In addition, the location of the feeder markets to each of these major destination markets is also shown in Figures 3.3 (b) to 3.24 (b). The gari that is consumed at FCT comes mainly from feeder markets that are located in Edo and Kogi states (Figure 3.3 (b) . On the average, about 25% of the volume of gari from these feeder markets finds its way to FCT (Figure 3.3(0) . Generally, these major destination (urban) markets can be divided into two, based on whether they are located in the root crop zone or in the grain crop zone. Destination (urban) markets that are located in the root crop zone, such as Lagos, lbadan, Benin city, and Enugu, have their feeder markets doned either within their own state or surrounding states that are important in terms of gari production. For instance, Enugu as a destination (urban) market is located both in the root crop zone and in the main gari producing area. Its numerous feeder markets are located mainly in Enugu State

Thc cassava food commodity markct and tradc nctwork in Nigeria

and, to a limited extent, in the neighboring Ebonyi, Kogi, and Benue states. Again it is important to note that Lagos has the bighest number of feeder markets (94) and the feeder markets that supply gari to Lagos are located within two distinct areas in the root production zone. As for destination (urban) markets in the grain crop zone, where gari is relatively less important in the diet, except for non- indigenous population from the root crop zone, the number of feeder markets is relatively few and these markets are located far away from the destination markets. Sokoto as an urban market, for instance, has only four feeder markets located in far away Benue, Edo, and Taraba states (Figure 3.2 (a) and (b禄). However, Kano as an urban market in the grain crop zone, has 51 feeder markets located in far away states of Benue, Edo, Kogi, and Taraba (Figure 3.23(b)). Kano metropolis has a large population of nonindigenes that come from the root crop zone, and for whom gari is a major food staple. Secondly, Kano is a major cross-border trade rou te for gari to the Sahel ian countries (see Chapter II ). Following is a presentation (Figures 3.3(a) to Figure 3.24(b)) of the gari trade network and the location of the rural feeder markets for 22 Nigerian cities. 32路Ycruwata (Bcnuc) 31-Uzairue (Edo) 30-Urhonigbe (Edo)

20% 10%

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20% -

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20%

19-Kabacha (Kaduna) 18-l tobe (Kogi)

20%

14-lbilo (Edo) IS-Igueben (Edo)

17-lruekpen (Edo)

Figure 3.3 (a): Rural markets supplying gari to Abuja FCT by proportion of gari supplied .

Thc cassava food commodity markct and tradc nctwork in Nigcria

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Figure 3.4(a): Network of rural markets supplying gari to Enugu Area by proportion of gari supplied .

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NS52 NS.B NS54 NS55 NS56 N557

30 30 -do.

Ekctlle boko Jesse Koko Jllnction Mosoi:ar Nlcwo E%1;!b'U NicwoNka1:lgu Obollo Mot Omosog3 Onicha Ugbo Onuobu One Ibiteio Olie Og ...:;u;hl

Otic Oyol;o

]0 -d~

..". Uzugoro

). -do.

20 20

" "

20 20 2. 20

Aror Ulcolr:pu Ahiah Ebelleh Eke A.!ah.

-d"

-do· -do-do-

Edn Kogi Enugu Delta

-do.

-do·

...,

rlclla -do-do-

20 2n

20 20

])Cll..

Edo -do-

Edo

Kne i

BemlC

10 10

to In to 10 to IU In 10

Sh~

- ,-

10 10 10 10

-d~

Delta

Benuc

Edo -do-do-

!)ella

Edo

-d~

Kogi

Edo

SllIoI ..

Owchimi UIoro Utcnim Ulcrim

Or~ n rb

NS51

NS,", NS47 NS48 NS4Y N5S0

NS4S

NS43 NS44

NS42

NSZS N516 NS27 NS28 1'1529 NS30 NS31 NS32 NS3J NS)4 NS3S NS36 NSJ7 NS1R NS39 NS40 NS41

NS24

NS04

NSO I NS02 NS03

EI,.,

Mark,,1

Ibilo Afor Gam Gam "yangh'"

Cud"

The c3ssava rood commodilY markel and lrade nclwork in Nigeria

""uj'

) _ /

'~L~S-."

~ ~ --:;

. "

•

'~L'Je -'~5I 1!1'J

.~ -iJ

. ". .

'J ·...£l~

- 11

.•

•

-~,

.'"

Benue

••

))

(/ e

~ral

mal;« till' GAR!

~nlll""m;w\..el'OfG "'FiI

Figure 3.5(b): Map of rural markets supplying gar; to Onitsha urban.

0:"

:40140\

w'" woo

Figure 3.6(a): Network of rural markets supplying gari to Owerri urban by proportion of gari supplied.

Owerri (Imo State)

W56

W5? W," W5' W60

-doEke Ogbaku Eke Uzugoro Ekeutc EwohlmJ Gwehem

Uwe1ogbo

lJl~rim

Owe:himi Owell! Court Sapele Ubiaja Ubuluk\Vll Ugbokolo Ughdli UJlogbu Usora Ususa Utcnim

Orum

Ohard. Oju Okpe Omosoga Onicha Ugbo Douoho Orie Awgu OJie:Ne:nwe: Orie Ogwashi Orie Oyoko Orie: 11kokpo Oricrikpc

Nkwo Ulenum Obelim Oyi Oghura

Koko Junction Mburu Uno Mosogar Nkwo Aghur Nkwo Ibu Okpala Nkwo Umunedc

Jesse

19besl !jere Isc\1c Uku (Afor) Isoko

rbila

-doEnugu

-!loDelta -do-do-do-do-!loEnugu Delta Enn Delta Beoue De:lta Edo Delta -do-do-do-do-

Enu/:,'1l

-do-

-un-

Delta -do-

Renul"

-do-

-d~

Delta -do-

Enugu

-do-do-do-

-do-

Delta -doEdo Delta Edo Delta -do-do-do-do-

-do-

-do-lin-

Eke Nkelefi

Akpugo

Ebelle Ebelleh EdumAfor Eke Agbur Eke A~aba Eke Iwator

30 30 3U 20 20 30 5 30 30 30 30 40 30 40 30 20 20 40 lO 30 30 30 30 40 lO 10 40 20 20 30 30 30 40 4U 30 30 20 10 30 40 20 10 30 20 30

Delta Edo Ddta Enugu Eon Delta Afar Utcokpu Afuze

Ahiah Market

35 30 20 40 40 40 20 10 10 JU .10 30 Enugu

Afar ltuku

Delta

-do-

W02 W01 W04 WOS W06 W07 W08 W09 WIO WII W12 W13 W14 WI5 W16 W17 WI> W19 W20 W21 W22 W23 W24 W25 W26 W17 W28 W19 W30 WlI W32 W3J W34 W35 W36 W37 W38 WJ9 W40 W41 W42 W43 W44 W45 W46 W47 W48 W49 W50 W51 W52 W53 W54 W55

Abara Uno Afar Ozoro

Total % WOI

Slale

Rural MiiTket

Cod.;

The cassava food commodity market and trade nctwork in ~igeria

Kogi 53

•

Ondo

.' ,..,• ,t •. .'

:u(31

(

'-. pn ·I~

I)~h

Delta •

Rura make! for GAR! DeSI:inBU')n markEt tr,r GAR!

Figure 3.6(b): Map of rural markets supplying gari to Owerri urban.

I-Afar Gam Gam (Kagi)

10%

20%

7-Mutumu (Taraba)

2-Awo (Kagi) 10%

10%

Bauchi

3-Banda (Kagi)

g-Okr:lra"-~

10%

tKogi )

10% 20% 4-Byc-Pyc

-........

(T<lr<lna)

lJ-Oworo (Kogi)

10% 30% IO-Ughoknl[l

5-Karala (Kogi)

Figure 3.7( a): Network of rural markets supplying gari to Bauchi urban by proportion of gari supplied.

The cassava food commodIty market and trade network in Nigeria

Taraba

Figure 3.7(b): Map of rural markets supplying gari to Bauchi urban.

â&#x20AC;˘

Figure 3.8(a): Network of rural markets supplying gari to Port Harcourt urban by proportion of gari supplied.

Port Harcourt (Rivers State)

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

PHJ5 PH36 PH3? PHJ8 PH39 PH40 PH41 PH42 PH43 PH44 PH45 PH46 PH47

PH]I PHl2 PHJ3 PH34

pmo

PH21 PH22 PH23 PH24 PH25 PH26 PH2? PHZ' PH29

PH04 PH05 PH06 PH07 rHOS PH09 PHIO PHll PHI2 PH13 rll14 PHI5 PHI6 PHI? PHIl! PHI9 PI-I20

PH03

Code PHOI PH02

Market Ehnr Ekpoma (Eguare) Ekpuma (Express) Ibilo hud.pen Umunede Ogwan OkpeJ[a Udo Uzairue Gbuku Abudu Afor Jtuku Agor Akpugo Ebelle Ewuhimi 19uobazua lhugh Nkwu Ihuokpara Nkalagu Oju OJogbo Onicha Ugbo Ugoogiobo Ugbogui Ulhunighe Effium Eke Nkerefi Eke Oghakll Eke Ehamllfu Ekiadolor Idokpo Obozogbe Nogu Okwor-Ngbo Orie Awgu Orie Nenwe Ov.'ClJiCourt SapeJe Ugboha Ugbokolo Ugo Afor Ugboka Orie Nara UgheJli Purt Harcnurt Vandcikya

Dcnuc

Rivers

30 30 Ehnnyi Enugu -do-duDelta Edo Bellue Edo Enugu Enugu Edo

40 40 40 40

30 30 3U 30 30

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 10 30 30 30 30 30 30

20 20 20

10 15 20 20 20 20 20

-doBenue Edo Delta Edo -do-<loEbonyi Enugu -do-<loEdo Ebllllyi Edo

Delta -do路 -do路 -doEdo Benue Edo Enugu Edo Ellugu Edo -do-doSenue Enugu

-d~

10 10 10 10 10

-d~

-do路

10 10

Sh~

Total %

State Edo -d,.

The cassava food commodity market and trade nehvork in Ni gcria

Benue

â&#x20AC;˘

RI:ral r13"ki:l

f,,~

GARI

[I(;;nnall"'" m'J'~"" 1"r G"'~I

Figure 3.8(b): Map of rural markets supplying gari to Port Harcourt (Rivers State).

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

I-Azoro (Delta)

n·Ujiogba (Edo)

21 -Ugoneki (Edo)

2-Iwato (Delta)

30%

20% 20·UghcU; (Del",)

15%

20% 19·Ugbogui (Edo)

Ig-Ugbogiobo (Edo)

J-Ekeute (Delta)

30%

20% 4lS-Ekpoma (Edo)

10%

10% 20%

6-lguobazua (Edo)

10%

Warri (Della State)

20% 20%

17·Udo (Edo)

7-ljcrc (Della)

20% g-Ofusu (Edo)

,/' 16-Ubiaja (Edo)

' " 30% ' \ 10%

20%

20% I S-Sape le (Delta)

40%

40% 20%

9-0ghara (Delta)

"'~--==:::::::L--IO·Ogwan (Edo)

14-0nuobo (Delta) " -Ohara (Della) 13-010gOO (Edo) 12·0kpc (Delta)

Figure 3.9(a): Network of rural markets supplying gar; to Warri urban by proportion of gar; supplied.

Ondo

, } ,,

•.

.' Edo

.. ."., . ..

Anal11Q

.' t · ''''> "

De lta ',!..

Figure 3.9(b): Map of rural markets supplying gar; to Warri urban .

LG31

LGO?

Figure 3.1 O(a): Network of rural markets supplying gari to markets in Lagos area by proportion of gari supplied.

Lagos (Lagos State)

Idl-Eml 1fo

Ifo 524 Ifonilcdo Igaana Igan Okoto

19ueben Tb'llobazu.a Ihunbo Ijalc-Rap.a

LU2~

LG29

LGJO LGJI L<JJ2

TG3S LG36

lG41 LG42 LG43 L044 LG45 LG4b LG47

LG4U

LG39

L037 LG38

LG34

L03)

lre~a-Adu

Ijehu-Igho Ijoga-Orilc Ikenne lkomi llewo-Orile lmasayi Imeko lmodi Imosan

Ibilo

LGl7

LG26

LG25

Ibara Orik Ibefun Ibido-Omu

Ibafo

LG23

l024

Ewuhimi

Gambari

LG21

(Exprc~~)

BllilIli Bodija Ebdle Ehor Ejule Ekiadolor Ekpoma (Eguare) Ekpoma

Anigbado Avielle Ayeluro

L02l

LOlD

LUll)

LGIS

LO!7

LG04 LUOS r .GOil LG07 LG08 LG09 LOID LOll LOl2 LO!) LG14 LOIS LGI6

Ajt:bu

Ahudu Abule Owu Afoo Agbede Ago-Iwoye Ago-Arc Agor

LOOl LOm

Market AbigNik

Code [.fiO]

-doOyo

Ob'lm -do-do-do-

-do-

-<10-

-<I~

-doOguo

Edo

Oyo Ogun

-d~

-<I~

Oguo

-<10Edo

Oyo -<loOguo -<lo-<lo-

-<lo-

-do-

100 70

10 20 100 20 100 100 10 20 90 90 50 30 100 30 30 50 20 60 70 70 70 50 70

10 20 10 30 20

10 30 .10 60 20 100 10

70 10

0,,0 Edo 0,.0 -doEdo Oguo Oyo Edo Oguo -<loEdo Ogun -<loOyo Edn -<loKogi Edo

Tntlli%

Share Stille

The

"",l1li"3 food commod ity m;<rkc. and

n~e

n<"1work in Nigoria

c_ LC.I~

t.1...u. ' rtUoApa

,= "'" "".

'"so

lrud:p<n ,,~

..""

<OS'

"'" ,'""

T.,t..

l wa'.

LGS~

~'mLomiJu

T.raba

LGS5

K ...... OnIe

",".

Lm~

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'"SO

Lafc:nWI

"'"

LUM'

LG65 I.nM

-..

LC"

Of...J.o(~64)

UH9

W"' LG61 LGti2

LG"

M<>ai~

""'''''''

""'"""" ...

""""" """'" ~

Won

"".

lG72

",0 Oi<pc:tLa

,,~

tG70 LG11

""""'"

"'"

..,. ..,. 0,.

Mow<:

,"p

LGM

Lagos (Lagos State)

'w,

",.

Og.;«R<mO(~ o,.~

........

0""

....0,.

0",

O~.

..,. "'" "" "'" ""

0 ..

"'''

01000 7)4

tG7S L{j76

Owvd<o (879)

1.(In

QI>.~Egt>a

LG78

O",Wo· I.hru~u

W" WM

''''

0",

lOSt

"'~oo

SabongidaOn St.aglmu

0 ".

''''' ..,.

O~"

'00

",".

Aw.l.

tG82 LOS3

5bi ..." SI2 SowoUJ

lOSS

T~wc

L08~

",0

LOS?

Ugboglol:lo

LOSS

Figure 3.1 O(b): Network of nlral markets supplying gari to markets in Lagos area by proportion of gari supplied.

LG89

'0'" "m LG}2

Shaki

LGU

Ut bugui

U,.

U8°f>Qb;o Urh""i,b~

LG93

UzaiNc Uu"",

L'"

Yew.M.ta

0", 0"", 0,," 0",

....,.......,.""..

..,.

... ~

0" ..

Totti % Sb~fC

""" ,""

'"'".," , " '"'" '" " '" '""

' 00

'00

'"" '"'"

'" '""'" '00 '"'" "" '"" .,"''''' '" ""'" '"'"" '"

The cassava food commodity market and trade ne'hllork in Nigeria

L_l_

1'0

2..">Om

I_L_, , ,

Figure 3.IO(c): Map of rural markets that supply garito markets in Lagos area.

Figure 3. 11 (a): Network of ru ral markets sell ing gar; to Benin City by proportion of gar; supplied.

Benin City (Edo State)

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

. .... , ...

...... .......

ArorOl:Ol'O MOfUkOkp"

_ Itl?

0" ." .,. "" ""

0'"

8O'

86'

8O'

...." ... ...

860 86 1 86'

8 .. 8"

.........."

.S)

.SO

.."

...

......."",,

.J!

.17

..."""., .....,

8,.

." 8ll

.J)

.21

8 20

.I!

.." ." ." .."."." ..".",.

...... ,.... .......... JO 10 10 10

.. ..

10 20 20

"" "100 100 "1010

Oh~

Dtltl

U wd.. ....

",",m

UlClllm

_ ~ ...

100

''''

20 20

UK' U_

U"""'_ Urbon1rbc

UjiOll M

U......

UlOfICki

20 20

Up.'" U,.

100

JO I!

UbIIJuk"", lido UJboJiobo UpoJlli

""'~ Ubi~jl

o,ibo

o-hlmi

Oo~

-...

an.ct.. Up OR "'" 0,...... One O)'Oko Oric: Ukokpu

o.-p

100 20 10

20 100 Ok,. OkpclL.

Qt,

Os'~

0,...

Roft.

Dc l~

10 70 20 10

........ ... " ......."". ,." ........ " ........ , .... ,. ........,"".. " ...."d. , """" ........"". " .... " ........ oo" ....,.. ,""... ,. ............ ,. .... .... ........ " ........ .... ........ ...

RIV'Cn

RM.

"". ..... "" ,.... ...."". "'

R I~

R,~

..."''''....

"".

........

Oc:lt.

!leU.

I! 20 20

"" " """" ..... , "

Os"

0 ....

Kolo Jllncuon KONkOfll OYI,bo MburuUno Nt ..'OAJbor N'kwv Urnuncdc Nho'Olhum. Nkwo Utcmun ObchnOyi Obozorbc NlIJII

l"deUku 1,,01<0

...""'' ' '

ImR

lj~

I....,..

,,- '

Eke A,bor Eke AAIM Eke UZ\I&OI'D E\:iadolor Et ioa E...... EwoIIlml E_" O... dIcm Ib.. I,bcli

Ebclldl

" "". " .... "

j" } Shan:

5....

A~r. Uno

...."',.

MarketNarnc

.......

...."... """'."" """ .".,.".

"'" 0" ,

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

11(;

Figure 3.11(b): Map of rural markets selling gari to Benin City.

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in ~igcTia

2-Babanlom:l IK\vaTa)

24-Tewure (Oyo) 23-Taiwo (Kwara)

4-Eyenkorin (Kwara) 30%

5-Gambari (Kwara) 50010

100%

6-Ganmo (Kwara)

30%

20-Pategi (Kwara)

!lorin (Kwara)

7-Idofian (Kwara)

19-0tte (Kwara)

8-Ijamoye (Ekiti)

18-0sore (Kwara)

9-1kole (EkIti)

10%

17-0si (Kwara) 16-0ko-Egbe (Kwara)

80%

'\ ..--":====:z.~~ ll-lresa-Apa (Oya)

40%

IS-Odo-Oba (Oyo)

r-~===::::;C=~---l iO-Iresa-Adu (Oyo)

10%

12-Laduba (Kwara)

14-0bbo-Aiyegunle (Kwara)

I3-Mowale (Oyo)

Figure 3.12(a): Network of rural markets supplying gari to Ilorin by proportion of gari supplied.

Niger

(

________ j

Kwara Oyo

Kogi

/ Osun rr',~h~t

fo. 6API

f,I,)!<,1

Des~natJon rrar~ellcrGA,(1

Figure 3.12(b): Network of rural markets supplying gari to Ilorin.

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

3-Rw-Pvc (Tarab-a)

I-Adaka (Benue)

26-Zaki-Biam (Benue)

30%

10%

30%

4-Daud (Benue)

25-Yeruwata (Benue) 10%

5-Gbegi (Benue)

../

6-Gboko (Senue)

10%

7-lbi (Taraba) 20%

20'%

8-Ihugh (Benue) 10%

Jos (Plateau)

9-Jengre (Plateau)

100%

21-Tor Donga (Benue)

20%

IO-Karim Lamido (Taraba)

20-Takum (Taraba)

II-Kurgwi (Plateau)

19-5opp (Plateau) 18~Shabu

12-Kwararafa (Taraba)

20%

100%

(Nasarawa)

17-Rafingada (Taraba)

'\r--~====:::::Z:::::;-----' 13-Kwesati (Taraba) 14-Namu (Plateau)

15-0nyangede (Benue)

Figure 3. 13(a): Network ofrural markets supplying gar; to Jos urban by proportion of

gar; supplied.

Bauchi

Kaduna

Plateau Abuja "

Nassarawa

Kogi

â&#x20AC;˘

Taraba

Benue "

Enugu

Figure 3. 13(b): Map of rural markets supplying gar; to Jos urban.

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

Kaduna (Kaduna) 10% 20%

20% 10%

10% 20%

10-Ibilo (Edo) 9-Girinya (Kogi)

Figure 3.14(a): Network of rural markets supplying gari to Kaduna urban by proportion of gari supplied.

) Kaduna

".',).

Baucni

Niger

Platetlu

__ '.n.....J

Figure 3.14(b): Map of rural markets supplying gari to Kaduna urban.

;oro Kro •••••... __ ---.J

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

17-Zir:a (raraba)

I-/\Joka

16-Zaki-Biam (Benue)

m.".1\UC)

40%

2-Ayin (Benue)

20%

15-Utonkon (Benue) 10%

40% 14-Urhonigbe (Edo) 20%

Maiduguri (Bomo)

10%

40%

12-Sabon-Gari (Kano)

30% 50%

20%

7-Kwesati (Taraba)

30% IO-Onyengede (Benue)

8-~utumu

(Taraba)

9-0jije (Benue)

Figure 3.15(a): Network of rural markets supplying gari to Maiduguri urban by proportion of gari supplied.

:,:~Ji

Zamfara

Niger

e'>

1ft,

':.40 "r,

L ..... ' ...... .J •••• '.,._ ••• .I •.•.•.• L.

Figure 3.l5(b): Map of rural markets supplying gari to Maiduguri urban

Ibadan (Oyo State)

Figure 3.16(a): Network of rural markets supplying gari to Ibadan urban by proportion of gari supplied.

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

0103

"10 10

-ill> Oyo -do~o-

Eli]; Oyo -doOsun

-do_

Il~nni

Elekobm Erio Eruwa Gambar; If, Igaana Igangan Igbel;

..Jo.

Basi

~o-

60 lO

-do-do_

-do-

20 to

Oyo

-do-

0'\10

O,do

°Y'

In:sa-Apa btyin Iware(Oyo) IWi\fe (Taraba) Iwo Karim Lamido Kila(511)

Moniya

Odo-Ori OiUnmakin Oj~..()ba

Oka(Ondo)

Ok,

0137

UI44 GI45 GI46 0147 Gl48 GI49

GJ50 GIS! Gl52 GI53 UI54 G!55

GIb4 GI6S

GT63

0159 GI60 G!61 0162

Gl58

GI57

GI~6

riI4~

GI41 Gl42

G140

GH9

Gl3H

-do-

0",

0", O,~

Oyo

Olarundn Onidundu Onil"'peyc Otic (I~lon) Ottu owo~

S,b< Sabont;:ida OrOl Shaki Tt'WU"' Uzcbba Ycwa Mala

Oy, ·do· [do 0gun

Ed,

-doKwara

",,_

0"",

01""

-do_

....,-

-do_

000-0'"

Muwalc Orlogoo BarrolCt.

0""

-doTaraba Osun Taraba

-do-do_

20 to to

'"to

10 6<J 50

lO 30 50

lO 60

'"1010

80 to

20 lO

o,~

Ekiti

10 to

0",

50 10 Ekiti

...,-

In:s~·Adu

G134 GJ35

G130 GOl Gl31

0119

on6

lO lO 50 Igbo-El~rin

10 10

to to

.d0-

0",

~o-

O,,,n Ekiti

'"60 ~o_

°Y"

00 Ondo

~o-

to to

Tolal"!, Share 50

Age.Are Agopanu Ajawa Akufo Alabab Alawaye Apomu Aramoko Awuga Ayeloro

0"" 0,0

""".M_

0,0

Sble

Igoon Igho-Oloyin Igbo-Ora Ijaiy<: ljlluuyc Ij~hu_lgbo ( Ilin: Ikolc Ikru

GII6 UII7 riIU Gll9 GUO GUI Gill Glll GUo riI25 UU6 GI27 Gl28

OI!5

GIl2 GlI3 Gtl4

GIll

GlIO

GlU9

Oro7 GlOM

m",

AIlD·Am~i

Adafil~

Agbarire Ago ·Iwaye

OI{fl

GI04 GI05

Market Aba.Ala

CO<I, OlOl

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

-_._ . .

Figure 3.l6(b): Map of rural markets supplying gari to Ibadan urban.

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

Owom (KogO-1I

=::>

Adoka (8cnue)-12

Okparake (Kogi)-JO

Afor Gam Gam (Kogi)-I

10%

40%

30%

Magajiya (Kogi)-9 30%

Katon KaIfe (Kogi)-8

-=::> -

40%

30%

-C 'C

30%

Banda (Kog;)-3

Ejuk (KogD-4

25%

10%

/ C- - _:=::> Ij,moye (Ebti)-6

Figure 3.17(a): Network of rural markets supplying gari to markets in Lokoja by proportion of gari supplied.

K'.('-_~

"./?

.-----T

! -/-\....---)

â&#x20AC;˘

Kulai m(fÂŤ.Jt lor GARI

Figure 3.17(b): Map of rural markets supplying gari to markets in Lokoja.

=:>

Thc cassava food commodity market and trade netv.'ork in Nigeria

Byc-pyc (Taraba)-l

Zina (Taraba)-13

Wukari (Taraba)-12 20%

30% 20%

C.mkU

~Karim Lamido (Taraba)-3-=:>

(BenUe)-II~~ 30010 20%

Takum (Taraba)-10

Sabobgida (Taraba)-9

Katsma Ala (Bcnuc)-4

20%

20% Kwararafa (Taraba)-5

10010 100%

Sabon Kasuwa (Adamawa)-8

/ :>

20%

Mutumu (Taraba)-6

Rafingada (Taraba)-7

Figure 3.[8(a): Network of rural markets that supply gari to Yola urban by proportion of gari supplied.

, Plateau

,,i

F'"''''

Taraba

'! ( /\--j"i

If/\. i.L.................. _.....................J â&#x20AC;˘

f'Uiâ&#x201A;Ź! r1d1;'.~1 for GAf;'1 CJ<:>~~nan('n r:Jal~8l

Figure 3.[8(b): Map of rural markets that supply gari to Yola urban.

i'Y ::)Af,1

l&)~m

...-.'

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

Code ABOI AB02 AB03 AB04 AB05 AB06 AB07 AB08 AB09 ABIO ABll ABI2 AB\3 ABl4 AB15 AB16 ABI7 ABIB AB19 AB20 AB21 AB22 AB23 AB24 A825 A826 AB27 AB28 AB29 AB30 A831 AB32 AB33 AB34 A835

Figure 3.19(a): Rural markets that supply gari to markets in Abeokuta by proportion of gari supplied.

Kwan Oyo

Osun

Ogun路

'(---

~~}~>~

Figure 3.19(b): Network of rural markets that supply gari to markets in Abeokuta.

Market Name Afon Alabata ( Alamulu Anigbado) Danbatta Ibarn Orile Idi-Emi) 19aana Ijalc Orile Ijalc Rapa Ijoga-Orile Ilewo Orilc Imala ) Imasayi Imeko Ipakala Iseyin Tshaga-Orile Kajola Kcsan-Orilc Kila Laduba Lafcnwa Luikosi Village Mologcde Obada-Idi Emi Obafemi Oboro Olodo Olorunda Osie1e Owodc Sabc Shaki Shiwu

State

Share (%)

Ogun -do-do-doKatsina Ogun -doOyo Ogun -do-do-do-do-do-do-do-

Oyo Ogun Ogun -doOgun Kwara Ogun -do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-

Oyo -doOgun

10 70 3D 40 60

20 10

20 90 80

20 10

100 30 70

100 10 40

SO 30 30 10

60 100

SO 3D

60 30 50 100 50

10 10 30 60

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

1 - Girinya (Kogi)

20%

4 - Oworo (Kogi)

Minna

10%

(Niger State)

2Kabacha (Kadunal

15%

40%

3 - Lapai

(Niger)

Figure 3.20(a): Rural markets that supply gari to Minna urban by proportion of gari supplied.

Kaduna Niger

(

Minno

Benue

7 DGst:nanon mark(lt lorG.IIHI

Figure 3.20(b): Map of rural markets that supply gari to Minna urban.

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

I -

Mutumu (Taraba)

10%

Utonkon (Benue)

Sokoto (Sokoto)

2Onyangede (Benue)

20%

Ugonoba (Edo)

Figure 3.21 (a): Network of rural markets that supply gari to Sokoto by proportion of gari supplied.

â&#x20AC;˘

Rural makct IN ,o.ARI ()e,1Jrl<lIIO" mark;,! lor GARI

""', Figure 3.21(b): Map of rural markets that supply gar; to Sokoto.

The cassa'\la food commodity market and trade network

Nigeria

1 - Adikpo (Benue)

I 20%

2 - Adaka (Benue)

5 - Vandeikia (Benue)

'-.. L-_ _ _ _ _

10%

Calabar

(Cross River)

10%

4 - Tor Donga

20%

3 - Aya (Benue)

(Benue)

Figure 3.22(a): Rural markets outside Cross River State supplying gari to Calabar by proportion of gari supplied.

Taraba

Figure 3.22(b): Map of rural markets outside Cross River State supplyinggari to Calabar.

Kano (Kano State)

GKI4

Figure 3.23(a): Network of rural markets suppl ying gar; to Kano urban by proportion of gar; supplied.

Inc cassava food commodity markct ;md trade network in Nigeria

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The cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

â&#x20AC;˘

Rural '1l2l'"'<6tfcr GARI Desllnation market for GARi

Figure 3.23(b): Map of rural markets supplying gari to Kano urban.

180

360 ""

""" ""OS

Afor Gamwm

A,.... Aliade

RM OI

RM02 RMfH RMO<

Ko,'

Xwuno.

TYOWL")';: Vande lloa

yen.........

itM) 1

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RM)) RM J4

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T...an=

RM 28 RMlY RMJO

N""

T.,-.1 .. TorOMga Tee Asbc1agba Tsckudtc

... l6 RM17

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....

-<I~

.........

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"'~

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K,.

RM "

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RM OS RM06

Ankpu

M ill'k~I N ~

Cook

Figure 3.24(a): Network of rural markets supplying gar; to Makurdi urban by proportion of gar; supplied.

Makurdi (Benue State)

"The cassava tood commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

Nassarawa

Taraba

Kogi

1 \~-,

• ~8

213 1G • • iIl31

•

•"

)

.25 •

•

Cross River •

Rural make: for GAR! L'9stmatlon markEt tor C~ARI

Figure 3.24(b): Map of rural markets supplying gari to Makurdi urban.

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in -:-.Iigeria

3.2 Assembly markets for gari The market for gar; is characterized by perfect competition in the sense that there are many buyers and sellers none of whom is in a position to influence marketing transactions by refusing to either sell or buy. As was shown earlier, gari is produced by numerous smallholder units that sell gari essentially in village markets. In major gari producing areas, there is usually a big market which acts as a collection or assembly center for gari from the numerous surrounding smallholder units. Such assembly markets are generally well attended by traders from far and wide, especially those markets that are well known for the supply of top quality gar;. We shall group and discuss the assembly markets based on the numbers of urban markets served. •

Assembly markets that obtain their supplies of gar; from the surrounding feeder markets and supply five or more urban markets. The location of these markets and the urban markets served are shown in Figures 3.25(a) and (b) to Figures 3.32(a) and (b). Eight such assembly markets, with four of them located in Benue State, three in Delta State, and one in Edo State, were identified during the survey. These markets are reputed for large volumes of trade and top quality gar;. Ewohimi and Oyoko assembly markets (both in Delta State) supply 50/0--30% of the volume of gari traded, to each of the seven urban markets that they serve (Figures 25(a) and 26(a)). On the other hand, Edum Afor (Delta State) and Ugo (Edo State) assembly markets supply gari to five urban markets (Figures 3.31(a), (b) and 3.32(a). Field observations seem to suggest that the number of urban markets served may be a function of the volume of gar; traded, gari quality, and traders' preference for particular markets. • Assembly markets that serve three or four urban markets. Again eight such assembly markets were identified across the states of Delta, Edo, Enugu, Cross River, Ogun, and Taraba (Figures 3.33(a) and (b) to Figures 3.40(a) and (b)). • Assembly markets that supply only one destination (urban) market: These markets, about six in number, are located in Ebonyi, Adamawa, Nasarawa, and Taraba State (Figures 3.4I(a) to (I). Analysis of the location of these markets relative to the urban markets served shows that, in most cases, the supply markets are close to the urban markets they serve. It is striking to observe that the supply markets in each case deal with only one destination market. This may have to do with the fact that the volume traded is likely to be relatively small and, as a result, middlemen do not consider it profitable to get into such markets. • Destination markets that are supplied gari by a cluster of feeder markets: These destination markets, such as Benin City, Enugu, and Abeokuta, are stategically located in the midst of a cluster of feeder markets that supply them with all the gad from those markets (Figures 3.42(a) to 3.47(a). That is to say that these feeder markets do not supply gar; to any other town/city except the one closest to them. Since the destination (urban) markets are large and unsaturated in the sense that these urban markets still receive supplies from other areas, there is no rationale for the cluster of feeder markets to think about other demand markets.

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

Case 1,' Markets supplying gari to seven destination centers 1- Agbor (Delta State)

2 - Benm City (Edo State)

7· umunooc (Delta State)

10% ,

"----------'

""-

10% 10%

Owehimi (Delta State) 6 - Owerri (Imo State)

10%

3 . Asaba (Delta State)

______

30%

20%

10%

4 - Onitsha (Anambra State)

5 ·Orlo (Imo State)

Figure 3.2S(a): Network for Ewehimi market (Edo State) supplying gari to seven cities.

Edo

! En "

/, __'/

,p"",r'AilA \

.."'~t.c"

\~)"'t"nrj

) /

Anambra

Delta

•

[''o':.t·r''W)r) rnarhl!

:.tlttt)'I";I r-,a'k'Cl !O'

,)Af!i

13~R

,)',km

Figure 3.2S(b): Map for Ewehimi market (Edo State) supplying gari to seven cities.

The cassava food commodity market and trade network In Nigeria

2 - Benin City (Edo State)

7 - Umunede

(Delta State) 'i%

3 - Asaba (Delta State)

10 6 - Owerri

(Imo State)

4 - Onitsha (Anambra

Figure 3.26(a): Network for Oyoko market (Delta State) supplies gari to seven cities.

Edo

Imo

Delta

â&#x20AC;˘

[),""~iJlTOn

,"",kat tor(,ARI

Supp~,n'.l '11<)"k(;.[

-111

for ,).<,;0

fll"'"

~~~_~~~~.J

Figure 3.26(b): Map for Oyoko market (Delta State) supplying gari to seven cities.

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in ~igeria

Case 2: Markets supplying gari to six destination centers 2 - Enugu (Enugu)

1 - Aba (Abia)

20%

6 - Onitsha (Anambra)

30%

Zaki-Biam (Benue State)

....--- 10%,

10%

3 - Jos (Plateau)

20%

10%

4 - Kano

5 - Maiduguri (Barno)

(Kana)

Figure 3.27(a): Network for: Zaki-Biam (Benue State) supplying gari to six centers.

â&#x20AC;˘

Destination market lorGARI :iJpp~'pnQ

Maket for GARI

Figure 3.27(b): Map for: Zaki-Biam (Benue State) supplying gari to six centers.

The cassava food commodity maTket and tmde nem'ork in Nigeria

l-Enugu (Enugu)

6-Calabar (Cross River)

/' 10'%

10%

S-Port Harcourt (Rivers)

r---

2-Gboko (Benue)

Vandeikia (Benue State)

20%

]0%

10%

3-Makurdi (Benue)

4-0goja (Cross River)

Figure 3.28(a): Network for Vandeikia (Benue State) supplying gari to six centers.

Figure 3.28(b): Network for Vandeikia (Benue State) supplying gari to six centers.

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

Case 3: ,l1arkets supplying gari to five destination centers 1- Enugu (Enugu State)

i 20%

5 - :\1aiduguri

2 - Jos (Plateau State)

(Bomo State)

'---______---'rr--

20%

Oturkpo (Benue State)

-'--------

30%

10% 3Âˇ Kano (Kano State)

4 - Lokoja (Kogi State)

Figure 3.29(a): Network for Oturkpo (Benue State) supplying gari to five city centers.

0",

â&#x20AC;˘

OElstnatlOn narkel for GARI Supplying market for GARI

'00

Figure 3 .29(b): Map for Oturkpo (Benue State) supplying gari to five city centers.

The cassava food commodity maIket and trade net<....ork in Nigeria

I· Abuja (FCT)

t 20%

2· los (Plateau State)

5· Makurdi (Benue State)

'-----------",!.-...

10%

30%

Yeruwata (Benue State)

-'-----

20% 20%

"~-------, 3 - Kaduna

4 - Kano (Kano State)

(Kaduna State)

Figure 3.30(a): Network for Yeruwata (Benue State) supplying gari to five centers.

Zamfara

Niger

Taraba

•

G:s~ra[lon

P1arl<e! for (,ARI

9.Jpplyrng 1l<rket fer GARI

62.5

''''

Figure 3.30(b): Map for Yeruwata (Benue State) supplying gari to five centers.

The Callsava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

t - Lagos (Lagos. State)

i 20%

5 - Port Harcourt (Rivers.)

2 - Agbor (Delta State)

L-_ _ _ _ _- ' -

30%

20%

Ugo Market (Edo State)

10% 20%

3 - Benin (Edo State)

4 - Kano (Kana State)

Figure 3.31(a): Network for Ugo Market CEdo State) supplying gari to five centers.

)

Ad,m,w,( Taraba

~ ( •

.\(,n~i/ '\-.' •

D811",

,Ie'"

q;'" j r t::.JC"OSS RI{: riC f!

a\'

~f ,":5 ;"~l (

•

rJeSrI'18t10n m8rl<et f,.r GJl..R1

SUpplying markel for GARI

~~ers"0~~

'00

Figure 3.31 (b): Map for Ugo Market CEdo State) supplying gari to five centers.

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

10%

5-Umunede (Delta)

2-Ogv.'ashi-

40%

Uku

10%

(Dclta)

Edum Afar (Delta State)

10% 30% 3-0nitsha (Anambra)

4-Agbor (Dclta)

Figure 3.32: Network for Edum Afor (Delta State) supplying gar; to five centers.

The cassava food commodity markct and trade network in Nigeria

Case 4: Markets supplying gari to less than five destination centers I-Benin City (Edo)

l()'%

4-0werri (Imo)

OtuTU 40%

2-Asaba

20%

(Delta)

30%

3-0nitsha (Anambra)

Figure 3.33(a) Network for Gturu Market (Delta State) supplying gari to four centers.

f../ Enugu

Edo

â&#x20AC;˘Be-nin

Delta

, _

Suppf,ting mark,,: '0' G.ARI

Figure 3.33(b) Map for GlUru Market (Delta State) supplying gari to four centers.

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

l-Abakaliki (Ebonyi)

20%

4 - Yola (Adamawa)

I--

20%

Wukari (Taraba State)

30%

2 - Jos (Plateau)

30%

3 - Kano (Kano)

Figure 3.34(a): Network for Wukari (Taraba State) supplying gari to four city centers.

Borno

â&#x20AC;˘

!>;!o;tlra~onma'k<lltoy.GARI

14'J

Figure 3.34(b): Map for Wukari (Taraba State) supplying gari to four city centers.

The cassava food commodity market and trade netv,:ork in Nigeria

l-Umunede (Delta State)

40%

4-Agbor (Delta State)

2-0nitsha

20%

(Anambra State)

20%

3-Asaba (Delta State)

Figure 3.35: Network for Uterim market (Delta State) supplying gari to four centers.

lankara - 1 (Adamawa)

30%

Maiduguri - 4 (Bomo)

30%

Jalingo -2

Okuku (Cross River)

(Taraba) 20%

20%

Abakaliki -3 (Ebonyi)

Figure 3.36(a): Network for Okuku market (Cross River) supplying gari to four centers.

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in NIgeria

)

( r"

S~koto

~ ~atsin ~ /~ S

Zamfara

Ilga/

~~~ r- (f ~

/~ ,-'

~Kwara",

~ ~

M;;"ri

,,_)

dama~

'1 ~./\./'-I.......; Plateau ~

,Posun I Ekiti ;O.,UII >-v ~ Ondo (

Nassarawa

90S

Borno

uJ.

Oyo

o;;;n

Yobe

~~BaUChl ~ombel ~:~

Kaduna

}

Niger

-'~

Kano

L~d ~~J

Kogi

Benue

Edo

nug

~) An mnt!b~JE"'''' Delta ~

Destinal10n ma1\et

(

Rural Marnet

~_ers...>-_ _

o I

55 I

110

:220 Km I

Figure 3.36(b): Map for Okuku market (Cross River) supplying gari to four centers.

2 - Oweni

1, Enugu (Enugu)

(IInO)

20%

50%

30%

3 - Port Harcourt (Rivers)

Figure 3.37: Network for Orie Nenwe (Enugu State) supplyinggari to three centers.

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

1 - Umunede (Delta)

2 - Asaba

30%

(Delta)

_____

50% 3 - Onitsha (Anambra)

Figure 3.38: Ebelleh market (Delta State) supplies gari to three urban centers.

I-Lagos (Lagos)

2-Abeokuta (Ogun)

40%

I 40%

3-Ibadan (oyo)

Figure 3.39: Yewa Mata 891 (Ogun State) supplies gari to three urban centers.

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in ?><ligeria

AbakaI;ki (Ebony;)

Jankara (Adamawa)

(Cross River)

50%

40%

~ Jalingo (Taraba)

Figure 3.40(a): Ishibori (Cross River) supplies gari to three urban centers.

'l ('- ~~C? /' "'" ,-J

Kaduna

/h,

Plateau

(

~~ '"'

~ombe\~ J'''"'''(

B:i

Nassara~

U~Adamaw~

/ ('Lrv),

,.)

""') J

Taraba

(

Benue)

(

(/Lf'....

.~-J()

Oeslinatlon ITI;3rl1el ..

Rural Mar1<et

o 2S SO

100l(m

II I I 1'1' I

Fignre 3.40(b): Map for Ishibori (Cross River) supplying gari to three urban centers.

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

Case 6: One-Product, One-source, one-destination urban markets for gari

庐 t~~~i

100%

Aba

~--------------------------~路L____(A_b_ia_)__~

Figure 3.4[(a): Ahia-Eke Afikpo supplies all gari to Aba.

Keffi (Nasarawa)

100%

Abuja (FCT)

Figure 3.41(b): Keffi (Nasarawa State) supplies all gari to Abuja (FCT).

100%

Abakaliki

Kpirikpiri (Ebonyi)

(Abia)

Figure 3.41(c): Kpirikpiri Market (Ebonyi State) supplies allgari to Abakaliki. 100%

Lafia

Kwandera (Nasarawa)

(Nasarawa)

Figure 3.41(d): Kwandera (Nasarawa State) supplies all gari to Lafia.

100%

Sabon Kasuwa (Adamawa)

Vola (Adamawa)

Fignre 3.41 (e): Sabon Kasuwa (Adamawa State) supplies all gari to Yola.

rella (Taraba)

100%

Wukari (Taraba)

Fignre 3.41(f): Tella Market (Taraba State) supplies all gari to Wukari.

The eassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

Case 7: One-product, many sources, one-destination market 1 - Ekiosa rEdo State) 1()()o1.

2 - Evbotubu

rEdo State) 100%

3 - Ok. (Edo State) 4 - Oliha

(Edo State)

5 - Santana

7 - Uwa rEdo State)

100%

Benin City (Edo State)

1(}()O/o

(Edo State)

6 - Uselu (Edo State)

10001.

r ~

lao-A

10001. 100%

8 - Oregbeni (Edo State)

Figure 3.42: Benin City takes supply of all gari from eight rural markets in Edo State.

The cassava food commodity market and [Tade network in Nigeria

Case 5: Enugu City buys all gari from 12 rural markets in Enugu State I 路 EkeAfa (Enugu)

2-Emcnc (Enugu)

l I

...

100%

,------------,~ 3 - Orba

1()()%

(Enugu) 100%

4 Ugwugo Park (Enugu)

5 - Oghe (Enugu)

100%

~ 1()()%

Enugu (Enugu State)

'-----------'

6 - Aguobu Owa (Enugu Slll1C)

7 -EkcAku (Enugu)

100%

L-________~

8- Mgbagbu Owa (Enugu)

100% 1()()%

I O()O/"

100%

9 -Agu Udi (Enugu)

100'% 100%

10- NkwoOlo

(Enugu)

II -Iwollo (Enugu)

12 - Achi

(Enugu)

Figure 3.43 : Enugu takes supply of all gari from 12 rura l markets in Enugu State.

Thc cassava rood commodity markct and trade network in Nigcria

I· Eycnkorin

(Kwara)

100%

2 · Osorc (Kwara)

3 • Shao

I()()%

Ilorin (Kwara State)

(Kwara)

4· Tniwo

100"/.

(Kwara)

5· Baboko (Kwara)

I ()()%

Figure 3.44: Ilorin takes supply of all gari fro m five rural markets in Kwara State.

I . Jcngre

100"/.

(Plateau)

2 · Kurgwi (PlatC3u)

3· Namu (platcau)

4· Shabu

Jos (Plateau State) 1000;.,

(Nasarawa)

5 - Sopp

I ()()Of.

(Plateau)

Fi gure 3.45: Jos receives all gari from fi ve rural markets.

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in

Igcria

I-Agabc (Scnuc)

J·l gbor

I WI.

Makurdi (Benue State)

(Bcnue)

4-Jaloka (Ben ..)

5-Naka

100%

(Scnue)

Figure 3.46: Makurdi receives all gari from five markets in Ogun State.

I-Ipakala 865

•

(Ogun)

2·Lulkosi 422

•

(Ogun)

J-lmala 90 1

Abeokuta (Ogun State)

I W/o

(Ogun)

4·0lorunda

100'4

9 19 (Oeun)

Figure 3.47: Abeokuta receives all gari from four markets in Ogun State.

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

All the II markets in Ogun State shown in Figure 4.I (a) supply fermented cassava flour to Abeokuta. Two markets, Alabata and Imeko supply 70% respectively, Obafemi and Shiwu 60%, Lafenwa, Olodo and Osiele 50% each, Imasayi 40%, Kila 30%, Anigbado 20%, while Afon supplies 10% . Five out of the II markets located in Ogun State suppy [badan with fermented flour. They are Anighado (40%), Olodo (3 0%), Kila and Shiwu ( 10% each), and Afon (5%). Three of the rural markets supply the fermented cassava flour to other areas, including Osiele (50%), and Afon and Obafemi (20% each) . Figure 4.2 (a) and (b) show Agege as an urban market getting fermented cassava flour from 18 rural markets in Nigeria. About 17 out of the 18 markets are located in Ogun State while one is located in Oyo State. Agege buys 50% of fermented cassava flour from Igan Okoto, 40% from Yewa Mala, and 30% from Afon. On the other hand, Ilewo-Orile supplies only I % of its fermented cassava flour to Agege (Figure 4.2 (aÂť. Figure 4.4 (a) and (b) show the II markets that supply Abuja the Federal Capital Territory with fermented cassava flour eight out of which are located in Kogi State, two in Kaduna and one in Nassarawa. Karala market supplies up to 40% of its fermented cassava flour to Abuja, Kabacha, Keffi, and Magajiya 30%, Fadan Karshi , Girinya, and Okparake 20%, while Nkwo Awo, [tobe, Oworo and Koton- Karfe suppl y only I 0% each. All the II markets shown in Figures 4 .5 (a) and (b) suppl ying fermented cassava flour to Abeokuta are located in Ogun State. Two markets; Alabata, and Imeko supply 70%, Obafemi and Shiwu suppl y 60%, Lafenwa, Olodo and Osiele supply 50%, Imasayi. Kila. Anigbado. and Afon supply 40%. 30%. 20%. and 10% of fermented cassava flour. respectively. to Abeokuta. the capital city of Ogun State. As is the case with gari and most other cassava products. Lagos has the highest number of rural feeder markets that supply fermented cassava flour. However as shown in Figure 4.6 (a) and (b). 35 out of the 46 markets that supply Lagos with fermented cassava flour are located in Ogun State, three are in Nassarawa. three in Taraba. two in Oyo. two in Plateau. and one is in Lagos State. Six of the markets, namely. Ayetoro, Ibefun. Igan Okoto, Olukosi village. Owode-Idiroko, and Shagamu Aweolowo supply 100% of their fermented flour production to Lagos. About 13 other feeder markets supply 50%....90%. and the remaining markets, less than 50% of their fermented flour to Lagos. Figures 4 .7 (a) and (b) show the network and locations of rural markets that supply fermented cassava flour to Port Harcourt in Rivers State. Three out of the 5 markets that supply Port Harcourt with fermented cassava flour are located in Nassarawa State and 2 in Plateau State. Agyaragu and Doma supply 50%. of their fermented flour produce to Port Harcourt; Maraba Pushit and Namu supply 30% while Shabu market supplies 25% of of theirs to Port Harcourt city [Figure 4.7 (a)]. Figures 4.8 (a) and 4 .8 (b) show the location of markets supplying fermented flour to Markurdi in Benue State. From the figure we can see that about six out of the nine markets that supply Markurdi in Benue State are located in Benue State while the remaining three are located in in Kogi State. Achoho market supplies 50%, Okura

The cassava food commodity markel and trade nelwork in Nigeria

30%, Aliade, Bagana, Jawkuna, Kwura, Naka and Taraku 20%, and Nkwo Awo 10% of fermented cassava flour to Markurdi . The rural markets that supply cassava fermented flour to Yola are shown in figures 4.9 (a) and (b). The figure shows that seven out of the eight markets that supply Yola with fermented cassava flour are located in Taraba State while one is locaed in Benue State. Four markets, namely, Bye-Pye, Garba Share, Rafingada, and Sunkani supply 30%, Katsina Ala, Kwesati and Zina 20%, and Meihuhu 15% of fermented cassava flour to Yola in Adamawa State. Figures 4.10 (a) and (b) show the location of rural markets that supply fermented cassava flour to Maiduguri. Five out of the eight markets are located in Taraba State, two in Benue, and one market in Kogi State. Garba Share and Sunkani supply 40%, Katsina Ala, Kwesati, Ugbokolo, and Sabon-Gari 30%, Meihulu 25% and Oju market 20% of fermented cassava flour to Maiduguri in Borno State. Figures 4.11 (a) and (b) indicate the network and location of rural markets that supply fermented flour to 1I0rin in Kwara State. From the figure we can see that nine out of the 10 markets are located within Kwara State, while one market is in Oyo State. Three markets namely, Eyenkorin, Taiwo, and Baboko give 100% to 1I0rin, Olle and Pategi 20%, and Alapa, Idofian, Odo-Oba, Shao, and Share 10%. The rural markets that supply fermented cassava flour to Kaduna are shown in figures 4. 12 (a) and (b). The figures show that two out of the five markets that supply Kaduna with fermented cassava flour are located in Kogi State, another two in Nassarawa State, and one in Plateau State. Jengre market supplies 50% Keffi 30%, Shabu 25%, Magajiya 20%, and Karala 10% of fermented cassava flour to Kaduna in Kaduna State. Figures 4.13 (a) and (b) show the number and location of rural markets supplying fermented cassava flour to Jos in Plateau State. From the figure we can deduce that six out of the 19 markets that supply Jos in Plateau State are located in Benue State, five in Plateau, three in Taraba, two in Nassarawa, two in Kogi, and one in Kaduna State. Kurgwi and Sopp supply 100%, Jengre 50%, Assakio 40%, Aliade, Jawkuna, Naka, Namu, Oju, Rafingada and Takum 30%, Shabu 25 %, and four other markets, namely, Achoho, Katsina Ala, Kwesati, and Ugbokolo give 20% while Kwura and Fadan 10% each of fermented cassava flour to Jos in Plateau State. The rural markets supplying Kano with fermented flour are depicted in Figures 4.14 (a) and (b) . The figures show that 16 markets supply Kano with fermented cassava flour out of which seven are located in Benue State, three in Taraba, two each in Kano and Kogi State, and one each in Kaduna and Nassarawa states. Wamba market suppHes 100%, Aliade, Jawkuna, Kwura, Naka, Oju and Ugbokolo 50% each, Achoho, Katsina Ala, Takum and Dawanau 30% each, Kwesati and Sabon-Gari 20%, and Karala, Mehulu, and Jagindi 10% each of fermented cassava flour to Kano. All the six markets that supply fermented cassava flour to Lokoja in Kogi State are located within the state (Figures 4.15 (a) and (b)) . Oworo market gives 90%, Magajiya 50%, Karala 30%, Koton Karfe and Afor Gam Gam 20% each, and Girinya 10% offermented flour.

The cassava food commodity markel and trade network in Nigeria

6. Kila

I. Afon

LagosÂˇ (Lagos State) 7. Lafenwa

2. Alabata

Abeokuta

3. Anigbado

8. 0bafcmi

(Ogun State)

---4. [masayi

9. 01odo

Ibadan (Oyo State) 5. lmcko

10. Shiwu

II . Osicle

Ke~

I. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Rural Mkts Afon Alabata Anigbado

Abeokuta

Lagos

Ibadan

Others

(%)

10 65 5 20 70 30 40 40 20 Imasayi 40 60 Imeko 70 30 Kila 40 30 10 Lafenwa 50 50 Obafemi 60 20 20 50 Olodo 20 30 Shiwu 60 10 30 II . Osiele 50 50 â&#x20AC;˘ Lagos includes Agege, Bariga, Mile 12, Mushin, Apapa and other markets

Figure 4. 1(a) : Percentage distribution of fennented flour supplied to cities by feeder markets, southwest Nigeria, 2006.

The cassava

rood comm(xiLty markct and trade nctwork in Nigeria

J I~ ~ • •

•

• •"

,.,;.. ~

• L--

•" L.

'•

Ru ral m<:1' k!( IOf

F"flrm~nI&1I1OtJr

IRSllnauon fI'\aI' '''et ror ~ennE'nto;;d flOOr

62 S

11S . ,

:"i01..m

Figure 4. 1(b) : Location of markets supplyi ng fe nnented cassava fl our to citi es in southwest Nigeria.

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

10-Kil. (Ogun)

I路Afon (Ogun)

2-Ago-Are (Oyo)

II-Lafenw. (Ogun)

30%

/r------l

20%

12-0badaId i-Emi

3-lbefun (Ogun)

(Ogun) 4-ldi路 Emi (Ogun)

13-0bafemi (Ogun)

5-lg.n Okoto (Ogun)

6-lj.le Rapa (Ogun)

50%

Agege (Lagos)

L _

(O_gun_)_---l

IS-Olodo (Ogun)

20%

"",..---------,

20"10 7-ljoga路Ori le (Ogun)

10%

20%

14-0boro

16-0wode (Ogun)

30% " "

40%

Shiwu (Ogun)

8-lIewo路Orile (Ogun)

Yewa Mala (Ogun)

9-lmeko (Ogun)

Figure 4.2(a): Rural- urban fermented flour supply network to Agege in Lagos.

The cauava rood commodity markct and trade network in Nigeria

Oyo

Osun

Ogun r--..w ....,. - -

--'.!:.'----,

La â&#x20AC;˘

Rurel mw"~

'Of Ferm,,"l~ rlOur '('I' F"im1~nlec I cur

~S'ln.:flon markEe

Figure 4.2(b): Map of fennented flour ruralurban markets for Agege, Lagos.

The cassava food commodity markel and trade network in Nigeria

IO-Koton Karfc (Kogi) 10% 9-Girinya (Kogi)

10%

Ahuja (FCT)

20%

8- Fadan Karshi (Kaduna)

3-Kabacha (Kaduna)

30%

~ 20%

2-ltobe (Kogi)

10%

40%

10% 30%

30%

7-0woro (Kogi)

4-Karala (Kogi)

5-Kcffi (Nasarawa)

Figure 4.4(a): Network for rural markets supplying fermented flour to Abuja .

••

~~~ateau

Niger

,o !>buja

Nassarawa

.,•"

•

Kogi

•

Benue

•

Rural

m9'k~

f« F$rTMOled Hout

Desbnabon marka tOl' Fermented flout

, '" !

. ,

Figure 4.4(b): Map for rural markets supplying fennented flour to Abuja.

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

II-Shiwu 512 IO-Osiele 933

(Ogun)

60%

50%

9-01odo 754 (Ogun)

"-.. 60%

8-0bafemi 877 (Ogun)

Abeokuta (Ogun)

50%

----

2-Alabata 915

10%

(Ogun) 70%

20%

------

50%

3-Anigbado 966

(Ogun)

~ 40% 4-[masayi 503

30%

(Ogun)

70%

7-Lafenwa 978

(Ogun)

5-Imeko 474 (Ogun)

Figure 4.5(a): Network of rural markets supplying fermented flour to Abeokuta.

•"

\\n i \)

Oyo

\ 1

( './

•"

) •

Ogun

r"UfJ' : qarl<et lor roerrp\Ji\lC!': IIGur [.eStln8'JO~ 1~

rnar;'eI: 10" ;:8Cl1"'nleC:

l()

q0~"

~lV,.,

L ___ , ____ '-- ___ l

Figure 4.S(b): Map of rural markets supplying fermented flour to Abeokuta.

Lagos (Lagos State)

Figure 4.6(a); Network of rural markets supplying fermented flour to markets in Lagos.

LFI8

Banni Doma

LPOS

-do-

LF~~

Taraba Ogun

Oke-Oda

Ogun

YewaMata Zina

30 30

)0 50

30 2U

100

100 20

-do_

Taraba LF44

Lr45 LF46

10 W 40

100 I

3 2

I 2 I

30 )0

50 100

0<=

Nasarawa

-do-

-d~

-doLagos Oguo

Wukan

Owodc Shabu Shagamu AWColowo Shiwll

Olodo Owodc Idiroko

Odogunyan

-d~

Ogun

LF43

LF42

LF41

LF40

LF38 LF39

LF37

LF35 LF3fi

LF34

Oboro

Plateau

Nomu Obada-Idi-Emi Obafemi

LF32

-d~

I I

Taraba

LP.lO LF31

LF19

-doPlateau

LF27

LFZ8

20 60 4

-d~

60 30 60

4{)

100 20 70 50

'"on

7U 100 20

-do-

-do_

4 2

-d~

-do-do-

3 I

I 4 I 2 I -do-do-

-do-

-do-do-do_

-d~

4 I

Iwofin Kcsan Orik 101,

lmasayi Imeko Imosan

Ikenne (418) Ilewo - Orile

Ibafo Ibefun Idi-Emi Ifo (524) Ifonitedo Igan Okoto Ijale Rapa IJoga - Orile

40 100 10 10

-doOyo

Nasarawa Og=

30 30

10 5U

-d~

I 2 4

No. sold to

Ogun -do路

Nasarawa

Stale Oguo Oyo

Koko Lafenwa Lukosi Village Maraba_Pushit Murumu

LF23 LF24 LF25 LF26

LF22

LFI9 LF20 LF21

LFI8

LF17

LFI5 LFlfi

I.FI3 LF14

LFI2

LFll

Eruku haroml

Amgbado Ayetoro

LF06 I,P07 LF09 LFlO

Alabala

LF05

LFOZ

Ajebo

Agu.Are Agyaragu

LPO) LF03 I F04

Market Name: Afon

Code

Thc cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

Figure 4.6(b): Map of rural markets supplying fennented flour to markets in Lagos.

Thc cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

5-Shabu (Nasarawa)

I-Agyaragu (Nasarawa) 25%

50%

Port Harcourt (Rivers State) "---- 50%

4-Namu (Plateau)

2-Doma (Nasarawa)

30%

3-MarabaPushit (Plateau)

Figure 4.7(a): Network of rural markets supplying fermented flour to Port Harcourt. r-------- ....................---..------------..-.-- ...........-.----.--.-..-....-..

Figure 4.7(b): Map of rural markets supplying fermented flour to Port Harcourt.

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

9-Taraku (Benue)

20%

8-0leura (Kogi)

30%

50%

20%

7-Naka (Benue)

3-Nkwo Awo (Kagi)

20%

\ Makurdi (Benue)

-----

10%

20%

4-Bagana (Kagi)

5-Jawkuna (Benue)

Figure 4.8(a): Network of rural markets supplying fermented flour to Makurdi.

â&#x20AC;˘

Rural rll<.tk"'! jor =erm"'ntefJ1Iour

260fCm

Figure 4.8(b): Map ofrural markets supplying fermented flour to Makurdi.

11lc cassava food commodity market and rradc network in Nigeria

2路Garba Share (T.rab.)

30%

20%

7-Sunkani (T.rab.)

30%

Yola (Adamawa) 30% 20%

6-Rafingada

J.Katsina Ala (Benue)

(Taraba)

15%

20%

!P.1eihuJu (Taraba)

Figure 4.9(a): Network of rural markets supplying fermented flour to Yola.

- -- - , - - " - -,,,---_.

Figure 4 .9(b): Map of rural markets supplying fermented fl our to Yola.

1be cassava food commodity market and trade network in :"Ijigeria

7-Ugbokolo (Kogi)

30%

I-Garba Share (faraba)

30%

6-Sunkani (T.raba)

40%

Maiduguri (Bomo) __ L

~5-0ju~~I __

(Benue)

---

20%

25%

2-Katsina A la (8enue)

30%

4-Meihulu

3-Kwesati

(Taraba)

(Taraha)

Figure 4, I Ora): Network of rural markets supplying fermented flour to Maiduguri.

L.. , --'---'---I _ ~ _ I ... l _

Figure 4. l0(b): Map of rural markets supplying fermented flour to Maiduguri.

The caMava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

IO·Baboko (Kwara)

9·Ta iwo (Kwara)

100%

~O%

100% 8-Share (Kwara)

7·Sh, o (Kwar, )

2-Eyenkorin (Kwara)

10%

~ ~

lIorin (Kwara)

10%

3·ldofia n (Kwara)

10%

20%

4·0do·Oba (Oyo)

6-Pategi (Kwara)

Figure 4.11 (a): Network of rural markets supplying fermented flour to lIorin.

!(wart

••

•

Fhm.l rr.:rl<Bi !Ol ::". !r.•• uklc !Ioul r. -1Inaci;>rl In:.w 1o:fX I Ill" F'KOl' I'!l.l d Il JJf

Figure 4.II (b): Map of rural markets supplying fermented flour to Horin.

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

] -Jengre 2-Karala

(Plateau)

(Kogi) 500/0

10% ~ Kaduna

5-Shabu (Na,arawa)

25%

(Kaduna State)

.--. 30%

3-Keffi (Nasara\va)

20%

4-Magajiya (Kogi)

Figure 4. 12(a): Network of rural markets supplying fermented flour to Kaduna.

Figure 4.12(b): Map of rural markets supplying fermented flour to Kaduna.

The cassava food commodity market and trade nel'.l.'ork in Nigeria

Code

Ma""~l

JFA JFB JFC

Achoho

Benue

Aliade

-do-

Assakio lawkuna lengre Katsina Ala Kurgwi Kwesati

Nasarawa Benue Plateau

JFD

JFE JFF JFG JFH JFI JFJ JFK JFL JFM JFN JFO JFP JFQ JFR JFS

State

Name

Benue

Plateau Taraba Benue Plateau Benue Plareau Kogi Taraba l\asarawa Plateau Taraba Kogi Kaduna

K~llra

Maraba-Pushit Naka Namu Oju

Rafingad3

Shabu Sopp Takum Ugboko lo

Fad.m Karshi

Percentage

20 30 40 30 50 20 100 20 10 40 30 30 30 30 25 100 30 20 10

Figure 4.13(a): Network of rural markets supplying fermented flour to Jos.

The cas.sava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

Figure 4.13(b): Map of rural markets supplying fermented flour to Jos.

The cassava food commod ity markcl and trade net ..... ork in N i ~ rla

16-Jagiodi T (Kaduna) 2- Aliadc

15-Sabon gad (Kano)

(Bcnuc)

10% 14-Dawanau (Kano)

30%

J路Jawkuna (Bcnuc)

20%

50%

30% IJ-Wamba (Nas3l'aw<I)

50% 4-Karala (Kogi)

100%

Kano (Kano State)

50%

10% 5-Kalsina Ala

30%

(Benuc)

12-Ugbokolo

20%

(Kog;)

30%

/t\

ll -Takum

500/0

(Tarab3) I O-Oj u (Bcnuc)

50%

6-Kwesati (Taraba)

50%

10%

7- Kwura (Bcnuc) 8-Mcihulu

9-Naka.

(Taraba)

(Bcnuc)

Figure 4.14(a): Network of rural markets supplying fermented flour to Kano urban .

Figure 4.14(b): Map of rural markets supplying fermented flour to Kana urb an.

100

The eassa.va food commodity mark et and trode network in Nigeria

I·Qworo (Kogi)

2-Afor Gam Gam

(Kogi)

20%

90%

6-Magajiya (Kogl)

Lokoja (Kogi )

50%

30%

20% 5·Koton Karfe (Kogi

3-Girinya

10%

(Kog i)

'c-

4-Kara (Kogi)la

Figure 4.15(a) : Network of rural markets supplying fennented flour to Lo koj a .

• ",,-:.}I1Y," .K"3~

Kogi •

Ru rSI m9'kel for : (!fll9!l led flour [)H hll <lU,,"'

tnArl..:... r"r ;';"' :'IT, ~'!~d I~l r

Figure 4.1 5(b): Map of rural markets supplying fennented flour 10 Lokoj a.

101

The CtlS5.II.va rood commodity markct and tradc network in Nigeria

4.2 The rural assembly markets for fermented Hour The rural assembly markets may be examined under three categories: (i)

(ii)

(iii)

Feeder markets to more than five destination markets . These include Moniya assembly market in Oyo State and Meihulu assembly market in Taraba state. These assembly markets supply fermented flour to more than five urban markets. Moniya sources the product from rural markets situated in neighboring conununities in Oyo State and supplies to markets in [badan the capital city of Oyo State. The markets that supply Moniya include Jjaiye (20%), Atan-Minni (10%), Banni (10%) , [seyin (10%), [ware (10%) and Bas i (5%). Moniya supplies 45% of its fermented cassava flour to Bodija, 20% each to ljaiye and Oje, 10% each to Eleyele, OjaOba, and Ojoo markets, and 5% to Sango (Figure 4.(6) . Meihuhu supplies 10 markets with fermented cassava flour. Out of the 10 markets, three each are in Bomo and Taraba State, while one each in Kano, Gombe, Nassarawa and Adamawa states. Meihuhu supplies 25% to Maiduguri , 15% each to Yola and Gombe, 10% each to Kano and Jalingo, and 5% each to Garba, Gembu, Katsina Ala and Gasau (Figures 4.17 (a) and (b» . Assembly markets that supply fermented flour to two to five urban markets. These markets include Achoho and Aliade markets in Benue State, with each of them supplying at least 20% of its flour to Jos, Markurdi and Kano (Figure 4. 18(a» , lshibori feeding Kano and Jankara urban markets, and Okuku (Cross River State), which supplies flour to five destination markets- Jankara, Jalingo, Takum, Gombe and Abakaliki . The proportion of fermented flour from each of these assembly markets to the respective destination markets is shown in Figure 4.18(a). The last assembly market in this category is Okura in Kogi state, and it supplies about 30% of its flour each to Ankpa, Makurdi, and Anyagba, and 10% to Onitsha (Fi gure 4.19(a» . The location of the various assembly and destination markets are shown in Figures 4.18(b}--4.2 1(b). Assembly markets that supply all their fermented flour to only one destination market. Eyenkorin, Taiwo, and Baboko (all in Kwara state) supply 100% of their flour production to lIotin (Figure 4.22(a» while Kurgwi and Sopp in Plateau State supply all their fl our to Jos (Figure 4.22 (b» . Similarly, 100% of the flour from Wamba (Nasarawa State) is supplied to Kano (Figure 4.22 (c» .

102

The ca~:ia\'a food commod ity market and trade netwoc1t in h'igeria

Case 1: Examples oj markets supplyingJermenred jlour to more than five destination points l -Atan-:\1inni (Oyo)

7-Bodija (Oyo)

1\ 10%

2-Banni (Oyo)

45%

""-

8-E1eyele (Oyo)

10% 10%

3-Basi (OYl) )

Mo niya 10%

---I

20%

4-1jaiye (Oyo)

20%

IO-Oje (Oyo)

10%

/ 5-lseyin (Oyo)

9-0ja-Oba (Oyo)

10%

50/0

II-Ojao (Oyo)

I2-Sango (Oya)

6-I ware (Oyo)

Figure 4.16: Moniya as an intennediary (assembly) market for fennented flour.

103

The caSS;lva food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

t - Garbs Share (Taraba)

IO-Maiduguri (Benue)

2-Gboko (Benuc)

5% 9-Yola (Adam.w.)

3-Gembu (Taraba) ~

15%

5% 5% 15%

---.

4-Katsin;l Ala (Benue)

5% 10%

10% 5-Gasau

i-Kana (Kano)

(Zamf3f3.)

6-Jalingo (Taraba)

Figure 4.17(a): Network for Meihulu market supplying fermented fl our to 10 urban centers .

m cr~,)\

•

Rulol

Ool~tn~"»'I

1< 1 i=(.f rr'«fUl-dflouf

m3't <t 101 ~~·)IIt'XI ':"'''1:1

Figure 4.17(b) : Map for Meihulu market supplying fermented flour to 10 urban centers.

104

The cassava fooo commod ity market and trade network in Nigeria

Case 2: Examples of markets supplyingfermentedflour to 2-5 destination poillls

I-Jos (Plateau) 20%

.-/ Achoho (Benue)

50%

~ 30%

30%

2-Makurdi (Benue)

3-K.no (Kano)

I+-

Aliade (Benue) 20%

50%

'----'

Figure 4_18(a): Network for Achoho and Aliade markets supplying fermented flour to three urban centers.

Taraba

o I

eo "

100 140 ,

Figure 4.18(b): Map for Acboho and Aliade markets supplying fermented flour to three urban centers .

105

The cassava

rood commod ity marilci and trade netv.'orlc. in Nigeria

Kano(MI) (Kano State)

50"10 Ishibori (Cross River)

Jankara, Yola (M2) (Adamawa State)

Jalingo (M3) (Taraba State)

30%

30% Takum (M4) (Taraba State)

20%

Okuku (Cross River)

10%

Gombe (M5) (Gombe State)

10%

Abaka liki (M6) (Ebonyi State)

Figure 4, 19(a): Network for Ishibori and Okuku supplying fennented fl our to various urban centers.

Figure 4. 19(b): Map for Ishibori and Okuku supplying fermented flour to various urban centers.

106

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

I-Onitsha (Anambra)

100/0 30%

Okura (Kogi)

4-Makurdi (Benue)

2-Ankpa

(Kogi) 30%

30%

3-Anyangba (Kog i)

Figure 4.20(a): Network for Okura market supplying fermented flour to four centers.

Kogi

Benue

Enugu

Ebonyi

(\r'

7"/cross River

__ ,. _____

I路'~r" nJ d' i..:E-1 1芦 1路 "r ll'l芦oh1~ II"",

[).)~!tr~(.n 1"f,"r~(1

10)' = ;;iT"I.... r, t.Xl I;our

Figure 4.20(b): M ap for Okura market supplying fermented flour to four centers.

107

The cassava food eommcxiity marlo:ct iU'ld trade netv.'ork. in Nigeria

Case 4: Example ojmarkets supplyingjermentedj/ollr /0 three destination points 3-lbadan (Oyo)

I-Yola (Adamawa)

20%

50%

Zina (Taraba State)

30%

2-Lagos (Lagos)

Figure 4.2 1(a): Network for Zina market supplying fermen ted flour to three urban centers.

rr,ater leI FCllIlIQftl(:a 1I0'JI

â&#x20AC;˘

R 'J 'oII

OasnnlJlioo rtllf1Ul l0l FUIlI8flied 11001 liD

1X1

' CHln

Figure 4.21(b): Map for Zina market supplying fermented fl our to 3 urban cenlers.

108

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria.

Case 4: One product, one source, one destination These are cases of rural markets supplying 100% of their produce to a market center as reflected in the networks that follow . 100%

l -Eyenkorin

(Kwara) 100%

!Iorin

2-Taiwo

(Kwara State)

(KlVara) 100%

3-Baboko (Kwara)

Figure 4.22(a): Three rural markets supply all fermented flour to Ilorin urban.

I-Kurgwi

100%

(Pl ateau)

Jos (Plateau State) 100%

2-Sopp (Plateau)

Figure 4.22(b): Two rural markets supplying all fermented flour to Jos urban.

Wamba (Nasarawa)

100%

Kano

(Kano State)

Figure 4.22(c): One rural market supply all its fermented flour to Kano urban market.

109

The cassava food commodity market and trade octwork in Nigeri a

CHAPTER FIVE

The cassava chips trade network Cassava chips ate an internlcdiate product used to prepare cassava flour fo r food and is sometimes used in animal feed industries. The major sources of cassava chips arc the north central and western parts of Nigeria. These areas correspond to the optimal cassava producing zones and fall within the savanna agroecology. Chips like gari is a widely traded cassava product in Nigeria . Two distinct markets were identified for cassava chips in Nigeria: namely, an urban dem and market and assembly markets Located especially in the central and western zones of Nigeria. We begin with a description of some of the assembly markets fo llowed with the ruralurban marketing network.

s,..,"

â&#x20AC;˘

Rllfal rTQrIe: far OHS

~ st"u c n I'I\arl<eI!(7 CI-tKS

", Figure 5.1: The major cassava chip supply and demand markets in Nigeria.

III

The " " , V I food commodity market and trade oelWork in Nigeria

5.1 The assembly markets for cassava chips Figure 5.2 shows that Aliade (Benue State) collates cassava chips from seven markets, all located in Benue State and distributes to 3 urban centers, namely, Kano, Jos and Yola. The share of each rural market's produce supplied to Aliade is shown in the network as 20% each from Achoho, Agabe, Atondei, Gungur, Tor Donga, and Tse Agbelagba markets and 10% from Igbor market. It supplies 50% of the chips to Kano and 25% each to Jos in Plateau State and Yola in Adamawa State. Wukari market in Taraba State acts as an assembly, building its bulk of cassava chips from four rural markets, all of which are located within Taraba State. It supplies 10% of the bulk of cassava chunks each to Bauchi, J05, and Yola, 20% each to Kano and Lagos, and 30% to Ibadan (Figure 5.3(a»). The locations of the different markets are shown in Figure 5.3(b).

'·Achoho (Benuc) ' "

f - - - - - - - l l "2.Agabe (Benue)

) .Atondei (Benue

20"....

~ ~ '0>,

~~ • ~-

"-----,I ";... 4·Gungur (Benue)

~===~

Kano

Al iade (Benue State)

/3 ;7

---

(Kano State)

l 0%

Jos

(Plateau State)

L......5_.I_gbo_r_(B_e_n_U_e)_...J~~:0~

25%

Yola (A damawa State)

V I ,..~ ~===~ 7-Tse Agbelagba 6.Tor Dong.

Figure 5.2: Aliade as an intermediary (assembly) market for chip distribution.

112

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

I · fbi Mkl (Tara:,a)

I-Bauch1 (Bauch1)

30%~

2·Kw3rafa (T<i raba )

,Oyo)

30% Wukari

3-JO$ (Plateau)

4.Kano (Kano)

I (Wo

(Taraba) J. Saboogid2 (Tl raba;

-""L ' ___ '·Ib,d" -'

10%/

30%

I L--------'

20%

30%

/' 10%

20%

1~%

"'1

'·'-',o,(L.,,,,)

4_Td;um (Taraba)

6·"'01:1 (Adamflwa )

Figure 5.3(a): Distribution network for chips involving an assembly market, central Nigeria.

Tal oba

GJ-w1l<S

•

R'Ha11 Ilft k.... \(of

A~'\I-nr(:1y Illatlo't t

")1 ( l l1ln kS

Do. .~ r. U'J "'1 1"I!r "t« " 'I ( Ilu'~

Figure 5J(b): Distributi on network for chips involving an assembly market in central Nigeria.

113

Tne cassava food commodity market and trade network in -:'figeria

5.2 Urban demand markets for cassava chips Figure 5.4 shows that 14 rural markets supply cassava chips to various markets in the Lagos area; II of the markets are located in Ogun State, two are in Oyo State, and one is in Lagos State. Chips are supplied to Agege market from seven markets: Shaki (50%), Igan Okoto (40%), Efon and Odogunyan (20%) each and Ibara Orile, Sabe, and Owode (10% each). Chips are supplied to Mushin market from II rural markets and the relative percentages supplied are 60% from Igan Okoto, Anigbada (50"10), Ilaro (40%), and Imasayi . Oboro, Owode, Ibara Orile and Ifo (30% each). Chips are also supplied from Afon (20%), and Adogunyan and Eruku (10% each). Chips are supplied to Mile 12 market from from three markets: Odogunyan (25%), and Sabe and Shaki (5% each). Chips are supplied to Saogo Olta market from two markets, namely, Ifo (10%) and Sabe (5%).

!-Efon (Ogun)

9路 llaro (08un)

40% 20%

Agege ~arkel (Lagos)

Mushin (Lagos)

!O-Jrnasayi (Os"")

-II -Oboro (Osun)

Mi le 12 (Lagos) 12-Odogunyan (Lagos)

Sango-Otta (Ogun/Lagos) 10%

13-0wode (O~un)

7.lgan Okoto (Ogun)

50% 14路Sab< (Oyo)

S路Saki (Oya)

Figure 5.4: Major urban market buyers of cassava chips from Lagos State.

114

The

cass.aV.1

food commodity market and trade netwotk in Nigeria

Figure 5.5 (a and b) shows that 10 rural markets supply cassava chips to Abuja the Federal Capital Territory. Seven out of the 10 markets that supply cassava chips to Abuja are located in Kogi State, and a market apiece are located in Nassarawa, Niger, and Kaduna states. Ke ffi supplies up to 100%, Lapai and Girinya 30% each, Anyangba, Nkwo Awo, Itobe, Kabacha, and Oworo 20% each, and two markets, namely, Fadan Karshi and Afor Gam Gam 10% each. IO-Fadan Karshi (Kadun.)

I-Afor Gam

9-Giri nya

Gam (Kog i)

(Kogi)

30%

10%

10% 2-Anyangba

8-0woro

(Kogi)

20%

Abuja Area ( FCT) 7-Lapai (N iger)

~30%

20%

20"10

100%

4-l tobe (Kogi)

6-Keffi (l\asarawa)

5-Kabacha (Kogi)

Figure 5.5(a): Rural markets supplying chips to Abuja Area (FCT).

Niger

Nassarawa

8entle

â&#x20AC;˘

i) J:lIIfI1 " ~o!trC" '.::n~:o,,~

~nllt' ...,..

.D.IQ

nw l\a

r'lf t;~ur ~ t

eo.,,,

L ........... L-..L.._ I... ~ _ . --L....J

Figure 5.5(b): Map of rural markets supplying chips to Abuja Area (FCT) .

115

3-Nkwo Awo ( Kogi)

The cassav<! rood commodif), market and !Tade network in Nigeria

About 30 markets supply cassava chips to Abeokuta in Ogun State. Figure 5.6(a and b) shows that 23 markets out of the 30 markets that supply chips to Abeokuta are located in Ogun State, while the remaining seven are located in Oyo Siale. Four markets name ly, Imala, Luikosi village, Mologede, and Olorunda supply all their chips to Abeokuta, while nine other rura l markets supply between 50% and 90% of their chips also to Abeokuta . The proportion of chips from the remaining 17 rural supplies is 40% or less (Figure 5.8(a» . The location of these rural suppl iers and their destination market, Abeokuta, shown in Figure 5.8(b). Cod,

BKOI BK02 BKOJ BKO<t BK05 8 K06 8K07 S KUll OK09

BKIO BKII BK U I:lKIJ BKI4 SK.U SKI6 BKI7 BK IS BI(1 9

Mub, Nalne AIO" (692) Abmllll{9I7J A.¥ackJ(9661 Eru"''' Ihlll Orile (~()) Iluna lI,bo-{)Q

ljalr Orile (9.l31 IjJJr Rapa i9J9 ) lro-On l~ [ lv~ (nO)

''''''

[mal a (90 I ) I manyil ~()))

lHl'in 1 "'.pQr,le(9~

I...,of'"m (11)1)

BK22

Kajoll (90013) Kcsan ·Orilt 922 Keun·On lr 922 u fcnwI (9JB I Lui kOli V,lli"

8""

M o ~de(9 1 61

..,0 1:lK21

8K.24

BKl5 DIU!> DKl7 DK.U SlU9 SK.lO

Ob;oda-Idi Eom ·11'28

Qbafrn(sn,

Oloro..e. 19 J9) Owodc (' 79)

, '"

Oyo

V_I M m . (891~

""'h

Figure 5.6(b): Map of rural markets that supply chips to markets in Abeokuta. 11 6

0" 4~

"'"" 4~

·d~ 4~

.".

....

"'~ 0"

Ogo,"

4. 4. ·d. ·d• -d. .",.

4. 4,· 4~

4.· ·do·

·d.

Osun

"""'

0,.

Kw..; la

.".

Sluki

s ...

Figure 5.6(a): Rural markets that supply chips to markets in Abeokuta .

( 9)8

"'~

!11!'

"m fYe!

"" " "" " " JO

'00

"" "'"to " '00 '00 "

" '"to,

'00

The cassava food commod ity ma rkc! and trade nct'..... ork in Nigeria

Figures 5.7 (a) and (b) show that 10 markets supply cassava chips to Bauchi our of which, six are located in Taraba State, two in Kaduna, and one each in Kogi and Benue States. Four of these markets supply 20% of chips to Bauchi and they are Takum, Bye-Pye, Kadan Karshi, and Yawkuna. The supply from the remaining six markets is about 10% each. IO-Sabon Gida (Taraba)

I-Takum (Taraba)

9-Kwararafa (TaTaba)

10%

10% 8-Jawkuna (Benue)

20%

10%

20%

..-

2-Wukari (Taraba)

Bauchi (Bauch; slale)

10% 7-Jagindi Tasha (Kaduna)

3-Nkwo awo (Kogi)

10%

---------

20%

10%

20% 4-Bye-pye (Taraba)

6-lbi (Taraba)

5-Kadan Karshi (Kaduna)

Figure 5.7(a): Rural markets supplying chips to Bauchi.

Figure 5.7(b): Map of rural markets supplying chips to Bauchi.

117

Th~

cassava food commodify ma,kel and lrade network in Nigeria

Gusau urban market receives chips ITom five markets, four of which are located in Zamfara State and the remaining one in Kano State (Figure 5.8) . The proportion of chips ITom these rural supplies ranges from 20 to 50%.

Gumi

(Zamfara)

30% Jauri

Ruwan

(Zamfara)

Dorawa

50%

(Za mfarn)

20%

Gasau (Zamfa ra)

50%

30%

Tudan Wada

Dawanau (Kano)

(Zam fara)

Figure 5.8: Rural markets supplying chips to Gusau, Zamfara State.

l 路Karim Lamido (Taraba)

2-Kwcsati 10% 5路Zina (Taraba State)

(T araba State

Damaturu (Yobe State)

10%

3-Dawana u (Kana Stale)

4-Mutumu (Taraba Stale)

Figure 5. 9(a): Rural markets supplying chips to Damaturu.

11 8

The caSS,IVa food commodll}' market and trade nelwork in Nige ria

;WI

â&#x20AC;˘

""'.liI " "'~:'''' C""r".~

Or~ 1Ition"""elltrr

Ou>ic l

"'~

Figure 5.9(b): Rura l markets supplying chips to Damaturu. Damaturu in Yobe State has five markets that supply it with cassava chips. Four of these rural markets are located in Taraba State and one in Kano Stale . Kwesati, Dawanau, and Mutum Biu supply 10% each and Karim Lamido and Zina 5% apiece (Figure 5.9(a)).

119

-\.

Enugu (Enugu State)

Figure 5. 10(a) : Rural markets supp lying chips to Enugu.

CE I 6

The cassava (000 I,; l)mmOO.ity market and trade lIetwork in Ni&:c;ria

120

):--

~ CE06

CEO'

Ihugh Karim l amido Katsina Alii Korinya Kum Buru Mhambe CF. l 0

CE2 1 CE22 CE23

CE20

CEI9

CEI~

CEI7

eE I 5 CE I6

CE I 3 CE 14

CE i l CE I 2

CE07 CEO' CfC09

Ucnuc

-<lo-

;lo-

-<lo-<lo-

Kogi lknuc

Tarnba

Mutumu

-<lo-<lo-

Taraba BeRue -do

-<lo-

-do-

-d0-

;lo-

-<lo-<lo-

10 10 10 10 10

10 30 20 20 20 10

10 20 10 10 20 10 10 lO 50 ;lo-

% Share

State Benut -<lo-<lo-

Oju OkUJ"3 Onyangede Oturkpo Tyownnye Ugbokolo Vnndelkia

Goo,

Chu Gbcm Gboko CE06

CE05

Ay. Ayin

Arlo k ~

Ado

Market Adikpo

CE04

Code CEOI CE02 CEOl

Thc cassa . . a food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

Taraba

\\ f

Figure 5.10(b): Map of rural markets supplying chips to Enugu. In Figure 5.1 O(a) , about 23 rural markets supply chips to Enugu State. Most (about 20) of these rural market supplies are located in Benue State, and the proportion of the supply of chips from these areas ranges between 5% and 50%. Two of the remaining three rural supply markets are located in Taraba State, and the last in Kogi State (Figure 5.12(bÂť.

121

':>J I .)

SJl4

Jos (Plateau State)

Figure S. II (a): Rural markets supplying chips to Jos.

EJ,,---

The cassava food eOOllnodity market and tradc network in Nigeria

.) JU

122

/// 5J07

sno

SJ28 S129

S126

5124

SJ23

SJ1 9 S120 5J2 1 SJ22

SJ 18

5J I5 511 6

S1I4

SJ10 5J11 SJI2 5J13

S)08 Sl09

5J07

SJOS SJ06

S)04

AlIikpo

SlOI SJ02 SJOl

Jawkuna

Wukari Ycruwata laki-Biam

VBmieiir:YlA

Taralcu Tella Tor Donga Tyowanyc Ughokolo

I"akum

Sabonguia

Naka Oju Onyangcde Rnfingada

K""",

Katsina Ala KWllrllrafa

Bcnue -do-do-doTlolraba Senue Bcnue

Tarllba

RCOlI(

-<10-

Bcnuc Kaduna -do-doTaraba Scnue .<fo-do-doTaraha -do-

TarabiJ lbi fh ugh Jagindi Tash

Gboko

-doTllrllba Henue -do-do-

-do-

Slate Benue -do-

Ayin Byc-Pye Cbegi Gbem

Allah Aliade

M:ukc:t

Code

20 20 20 40 10 10 lO 20 20 lO 30 20 lO 100 20 20 30 10 10 lO 20 lO 10 20

20 IS 20 lO

% Share

1hc cassava food commodity mari.cl and trade network in ~ igeria

•

RIl'al rnO'I(io: t')r Q-.un".s

( ",;lInaoVtl met ~ to:w -:.nur l.:!

•

, .

•

Figure 5.II {b): Rural markets supplying chips to los. Figure 5. 11 (a and b) shows the rural cassava chip supply network to Jos and the location of these markets . The mral supply markets are located in mostly in Senue and Taraba States as well as Kogi and Kaduna states . Rafingida supplies 100%, Sye Pye 50%, lbi 40010, Ayin, Jawkuna, Kwura, Naka, Onyangede, and Taraku 30% each, Adikpo, Alrade, Gbegi, Gbem, Gboko, Katsina Ala, Kwararafa, Oju, Sabongida, Takum, Ugbokolo and Yeruwata 20% each, Adoka 15% and eight markets namely, Ihugh, Jagindi Tasha, Tella, Tor Donga, Tyowanye, Vandeikia, Wukari, and Zaki S iam, 10% each.

123

lbadan (Oyo State)

Figure 5.12(a): Rural markets supplying chips to Ibadan area.

The ea.!~ sava fuoo commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

124

y-:::=~'---"

IC05

!CIS lCI6 ICI 7

"'k ill

..,.

1(,"16

..... ..... Ilu.. -AchI IKyin

Wuhn

IC57

Tdl~ To;\l"Ut~

Shali

Ie"

ICSS 1C:S4\

(lvoodc: (179)

"" """ s ... I(;SZ In)

10 1

IC" ICSIJ

Orni -alilfia Onidundu

"'" 0""""'"

Ie' S Ie .. 11..:4 1

le48

OJa-Ub~

OJ.: ·O'''·gdc

I C~4

Odo.Qri

Odo-O'"

MowUe

Mtvliyo

k ..,j", l..;omiUu

I.~

.... ....

Tll:lIbit

"'-

n.raba

....

n. . 0,.

0,.

0"'"

""' 0,.." """" 0,.. .... """ 0,.

....

u,.

T ~,"

o.~

-do-

"',

EI",

0"," I!.ru

llarJ (170)

H.IU o.~

.....

-do-

........ .......,.

o,.

o.un

Ipmoyc Ibe 11;01,

I~ye

Igbu-Oloyin Igbo<lnt

IC42 IC4l

Ie.. le·tI

Ie"

lOS IC16 ICH IC)S

Ie"

10 1 ICn lCH

1(;)0

IC2 7 ICU

19boho

I&bo-Elain

Jr2~

I......

IC2~

'g-

"'...."

' rio Gambol,;

En:.... ~

.....

.......,.

U,..

""' 0,." Eli!i

Ek ~"'1m

ICll

ICU

1(; 19 IC1D le2 1

IC I ~

I C 1~

Bodi~

Ay.;:lulo

TWlni

lell

AbrI-Minni

A".~

..,.,.

0,1\1\

Anj~blldo

966

-do-

........

AlabllJo Alawlye

,, ~,.fo

IC:!! 1(.' 12

Ie"

ICO')

H..."o.

1\.fI7

!C"

Alo-Amaw A,o-N( Aj,o...·..

......

"£h~me

ICO) IC·1).1

1<:02

....,

Abti-Afl Add i...

ICD I 0)'0

Slale

M ..kf1

C...

•, ,,

•,

I I I

No. SoldTu

..'",." ...'" '" " ...""

<II

'"so.S "'" 100 .," "

100 100

100

,.""

.'" "

100

'00

.." '''' ..."' ""...

100

TO'..aI%"~~

The cassava food commcxlity markcl and trade netwo rk in Nigeria

...

•

~. ~

1'~

Kwara

Oyo

.••.

Ekiti

." Osun

~~1

•" Ogun ILL --.----------'--- ---'--

.' On do

-_ --_---7 ....................,___ ~ ______ •

::W,al rrtCJk€t k'r 01Un~)

)(;s!lfl ;ni(A'l

1_ _ __ L-.L._

·11"' · k..~

. 1)

; ---

L__ _

101 Chunk; ;o~.,. ,

I __ >---l..-'--_J

Figure 5.12(b): Map of rural markets supplying chips to lbadan area. Ibadan in Oyo State has the highest number of rural supply markets for cassava chips. About 57 rural markets supply cassava chips to Ibadan. From Figures 5.12 (a and b) we can deduce that 39 markets out of the 57 rural markets are located in Oyo State, live in Osun, four in Ekiti, three each in Taraba, Ogun and Ondo States_ Twelve markets namely, Aba-Afa, Agbarire, Akufo, Alawaye, Atan-Minni, Banni, Bodij a, Jgbe-Elerun, 19bo-Oloyin, Odo-Ori, Oja-Oba, and Onidundu give 100%, Alabata, Elekokan, lfe, lresa-Adu, lware, and lwo 80%, Igaana and Moniya 70%, Apomu, Ayetoro, Erio, 19angan, Jj aiye, lkole, !lara, Olorunda and Shaki 60%, Ijamoye, Ikire, Iseyin, Oka, and Ore 50%, Oko and Ottu 45%, Ago-Are, Igbo-Ora, Mowale, OdoOba, Oje-Owode, Omi-A lalia, and Sabe 40% apiece, Ago-Amadi, Ajawa, Anigbado, Basi, Eruwa , Igboho, Hero, Tella and Wukari 30% each, Adafila, Owode, and Tewure 20% each, Karim Lamido 15%, and Gambari 10% of chips_

125

126

Figure S.13(a): Rural markets supplying chips to Makurdi, Benue state.

Makurdi (Benlle State

The caSs:lva food commodity market and trade network in Nigerin

Adlkpo Ado

CMU2

AforGam

11UIbor Il:ayongo Jatah Konny:!. K.umburu

Lend

CM 24 CM1S

t MJ2 CM ]3 e M 34

CMJO CM3 1

T.~ckuc hc

CM 28 CM 29

-do-do-do -<10-

Yeruwata Z;!.lri-Riam

-d~

Uooi Vandeikia

-d~

....

-d~

-do-do -do-

",-

-do-

.... .... .... ....

",-do-

-<I<>-

.... ....

Ko~

Benuc Kogi Dcn\l't' -do-

"'"'"

Xo&i

-do-

.... ....

State Benue

Tyo~yc

TWlnunnc

Agbclagba

CM27

CM26

CM23

Onyangedc Tnr Oongll

Ihugh

CM IS

CM I4

(;M19 CM 20 CM21 CM22

CM ll Gbegi Glx:m Gungur Igbor

Ay. B=1ru

CMI S CMI 6 CMt7

Nltwo Awu

CM09 CM10 eM!!

o.udu

Alondci

CMOli

tMI ]

At: abc AnYIlllt=.ba

G,m CM06 CMoo

CM04 C)o.lOS AtJuka

Achuho

CM03

Market Name

Cod, CMOI

100 20 lO

lO lO

lO lO 50

lO 4U 10 10 100 100 SO 10

100 10

40 10 SO 40 70 lO

lO Il

PCfCenlill!c

The cassava (ood commodity market and trade network in :"iigcna

[// Na ssarawa

â&#x20AC;˘

Rur31

D'..am81IOf'l

:'0

("'".a-k.;[

Io:,t <:t,yn-s

m8r ~ Cf. I Of ':')unk:<~

011)

l _ .l __ L--l-L.....I_. I

:0"""

t ___ â&#x20AC;˘ .1

Figure 5. l3(b): Rural markets supplying chips to Makurdi, Benue State. Thirty-four markets supply Makurdi in Benue State with cassava chips, 31 of them are located in Benue State while the remaining three are in Kogi State. Daudu market, lkayongo, Jatoka, and Udoi supply 100%, Aya 70%, Ado, Atondei, Gungur, Korinya, Kumburu, and Tse Agbelagba 50% each, Agabe, Nkwo Awo, C hu and Igbor 40%, achoho, Tsekuche, Twanunne, and Yeruwata 30% each eight other markets give 20% apiece and they arc Adikpo, Anyangba, Buruku, Gbcm, [kabor, Lessel, Onyangede, and Vandeikia, Adoka [5%, and six markets namely, Afor Gam Gam, Gbegi, lhugh, Tor Donga, Tyowanye, and Zaki Biam 10% each.

127

Lagos Area (Lagos Stale)

Figure 5.14(a): Rural markets supplying chips to Lagos Area.

CL I6

The I.:assava food commodity market and tOOe network in Nigeria

CL09

128

Cl OI

Igon Okoto Ijale Urilt Ijale Rapa Ijoga . Orile lIaro

l1ero lIewo â&#x20AC;˘ Orilc

Cl I I ell:.! eLl3 CL 14 ellS

Cll6 CLI7 CL I II ( L1 9 e l20 el2 1 ( L22

Yewa MOita Zaki-Biam

CL4D_

Wukltrl Cl39

lresa. Apa Iseyin Iwo Iwofin Karim L!mido Kcsan Ori lc Lafenwa Mon;Yll Obada-[di-Emi Obafcmi Obero Odogunyan Odo-Oba Owode Sabe Shaki Tella Tewurc

e l 38

el37

Cl36

CL32 ( l 33 CI .34 Cl lS

el30 CLl ]

CL26 Cl 27 CLl8 CLl9

e ll S

C124

Cl23

Oyo

'a:aana

CLIO

Imas."YJ m sa-Adl.l

-do-

Idi - Emi Ifo

n.oR CLM

Lagos Oyo Ogun Oyo -<i()o. Tara\>a Oyo Tar4ba Ogun I:lenuc

-d~

Ogun T ar4ba Ogun Ogun Oyo Ogun -dl"

(Xun

-do-do-

Dyo Dgwi -do0)'0

-do-do-

-do-

Ogun -do-

I 2 2 2

2 6

I 2 I

40 20

20 40 ]S 10 20 10

RO 100

20 20 JO

20 30 50 5 10 20 10

)0 bO

100 20

20 90

20 40

Total % Share 50 10 SU SO

I I 2

I 2

8cn1Je Ogun -do-

Gboko Ibara Orilt )

Oyo

No. Sold To 3 I I

Stale Ogun Oyo Ogun -do-

CLOS Cl06 eL07

CL04

eLO)

CI.02

Mark ~ 1

Aron Ago-Are Anigbado Eruku Araromi Eruw,J

Code

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

•

l a aba

BerJIJ<I

Ru far mai<et fuf Q ,unl.:li C<eS~h 8l ..)I'1

o, , 10,

millk", fo, O l .. n ~ ~

'" I

00",,",

, '

Figure 5.14(b): Map of rural markets supplying chips to Lagos area. About 40 rural markets supply cassava chips to Lagos. From Figures 5.14 (a and b) we can see that 21 out of the 40 markets that supply chips to Lagos are located in Ogun State, 12 in Oyo Stale. three in Taraba. two in Benue, one each in Osun and Lagos states. Igan Okolo and Odogunyan supply 1005, Ifo 90%, Oborn 80%, Ilaro 70%, Ijoga- Orile 60010, Owode and Yewa Mala 40% each. Ij ale-Rapa, Ilewo-Orile. Iwolin, and Obada-Idi-Emi 30% each, Eruwa, Gboko, Idi-Emi, Igaana, [jale-Orile. Hero, [seyin, Kesan Orile, Lafenwa, Obafemi, Odo-Oba, Tella, Wukari, and Zaki Biam 20% each, sabe 15%, Ago-Are, Iresa- Apa, Iwo. Karim Lamido, Moniya, Shaki, and Tewure 10% apiece, and Iresa Adu 5% of chips to Lagos.

129

----

-....... r

"K. 11

Kana (Kana State)

SKOI

Figure 5.15(a): Rural markets supplying chips to Kana .

SKI 8

The cassava (ood commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

SKl9

-~a

13 0

'I.¥ . /

..... ....

-<!o-

Gboko

K~t'iiI1l.Ala

Kwarllr.fa Kwc.<;lti K_

SKU SKI'" SKI1

SK44) 5K41

SJ(lSi

s~n

51D7

5K]6

lt uWJn

00r~""1

Zd:i·Biltl\ lin' O.nt>altt Ja,,1IIli Taslla FadAn ...,..,11"

VeN"'atJl

.. W"''''

Upotol.. Vandclk uo SK12

T.e: "«beI.,1Ia T)'u .. ~)'I:

hmr~

Kallina

T~l'1ba

..."""'"

T'"~ -do-

u..w

-00-

.... ......,.

Ik"~

51(29

T.... Tdlll

Tor 000&.

T T "'"'" lII;oI.u

""'~

.J.-

"'"

""JO

100

JO 1O JO JO JO JO

'" """" .d0T;:u;I.b:>. Sabooc!l:I'~

OJ,

TMot.

l<! JO

"SO

<II JO

",.'"

M"t ......

Ste\l SK3J SK).4 S<.U

""'~

. . O~

T.~,

"~ T.... -do-

T;u;<b.

K"'~

lO lO lD

l<!

I'cn:entaNe 50

N ...

MIwo..

SIO'

SK26 SKl1 SOl

SK25

SIQ I SKl! SKl) 51(14

SKU 5K19 SIOO

M;u;Jha

-do-

""'Kho K.lrim L..&mido

SK.IJ 5K I 4

lk"~

SK IO SKII

19b<>,

....

.d0-

Ot<m

Bo_

T....

).;"li

tbud! J"'""-:una

SlI.le

"'"~

SKI :!

(,;vba Shut

Gbcp

"yin

SKO!

m,l,.. A...i"

,.. .......

Ad>""'

Maskot Name

....,.

S<06 5K07 SKOS

SKO) SKI)<

SKO}

SKOt

"""

The ca~va food commodity market and rrade nelwork 10 Nigeria

Figure 5.IS(b): Map of TUral markets supplying chips to Kano. More than 40 TUral markets supply cassava chips to Kano . Figures 5. 15 (a and b) show that 24 out of the 41 markets that supply chips to Kano are located in Benue State, II in Taraba, three in Kaduna, and one each in Kogi, Katsina, and Zamfara states . Wamba market supplies 100%, Naka 70%, Achoho, Aliade, Ayin, Garba Share, lawkuna, Maraba, and Oju 50% each, Kabacha, Kwesati , Kwura, Taraku and YeTUwata 40%, Adikpo, Gbegi , Gbem, Ihugh, Karim Lamido, Katsina Ala, Kwararafa, Mhambe, Mutum Bill, Sabongida, Takum, Tella, Tse Agbelagba, Tyowanye, Ugbokolo, Vandeikia, Zaki Biam, Dambalta, Jagindi Tasha, and Fadan Karshi 30% each, 5 markets namely, Gboko, Igbor, Tor Donga, Wukari, and Zina 20%, and two markets; Nkwo Awo and Ruwan Darawa, 10% of chips to Kano.

131

'The cassava food commodity market and trade nclwork in Nigeria

I-AI.pa (Kwara)

12-Baboko (Kwara) 11·Eyenkorin (Kwara)

2-ldofian (Kwara)

100%

}-I kole ( Eki li)

100% lO-lrcsa-Apa (Oyo)

9-Tewure (Oyo)

30 lIorin

4-lresa-Adu (Oyo)

(Kwara State)

10 30

100%

/ 8-Share (Kwarn)

5-0 do-Oba (Oyo)

"&-Ok i-Oji (Kwara)

7· Pategi (Kwara)

Figure 5.16(a): Rural markets supplying chips to !lorin .

6:.bulU.l

I 'n ~

EyelI;onn

• \

Oyo

Kwara ldot.:IoI", •

\ '.

OI» CJ:Ia ' T"'1JIt'

ru . Acla : 1resa-,Io(:U ,........_

__'

Osun

) I

•

Rural ma-ker fJr CJlunl(s

()co ,"tI lltl'JOO U

fna, ~ u

101 C h:..n!o·.;

1~:l)

60 .... "

Figure 5. I 6(b): Map of rural markets supplying chips to Ilorin. About 12 rural markets supply cassava chips to Horin in Kwara State. From the above figure we can see that seven out of the 12 rural markets that supply Ilorin in Kwara State are located within the state, four are in Oyo, and one is located in Ekiti State. Oki-Oji, Eyenkorin and Babako supply 100% each, Idofian 50%, lkole, Pategi and Share 30% each, Alapa 20%, l resa-Adu, Odo-Oba, and Tcwure 10%, respectively, and Iresa-Apa 5% of chips to 1I0rin .

132

The cassa va food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

3-Dandaud (Niger)

2-Ayangba (Kogi) I路Adok, (Benue)

4!5- Fadan Ka rshi (Kaduna)

30% 20%

30%

6-Gi rinya (Kog i)

10% 13-Yeruwata (Benue)

20%

Kaduna (Kaduna S tal e)

10% 10%

15% 1lS路Jagindi

Tarsha (Kadunal

20%

12路Ugbokolo (Benue)

10%

100%

9-0nyangede

II-Tyowanye (Benue)

(Benue)

IO-Shabu (Nasarawa)

Figure 5 .17(a): Rural markets supplying chips to Kaduna .

.. .,.

','

Figure 5.17(b): Map of rural markels supplying chips to Kaduna. There are about 11 rural markets that supply cassava chips to Kaduna. Five out of the II markets are located in Benue State, two in Kogi, two in Kaduna, and one in both Niger and Nassarawa. Shabu supplies 100%, Dandauda and fadan Karshi 30% each, Jagindi Tarsha 15%, while Tyowanye, Ugbokolo. Yeruwata, and Adoka 10% each.

133

The cassa ....a food commod ity market and trade nctwor\.: in Nigeria

I-Batsari (Katsina) 20%.

20% 4-Kabach. (Kaduna)

2-Danbatta (Katsina)

Katsina 20%

20%

3-Da\\lanau (Kano)

Figure 5.18(a): Rural markets supplying chips to Katsina.

, :oto ,

Kalsina

J igawa

Zamlara

Kano

I -.

....

Bauch;

Kaduna

Niger ""- .;

Plateau 0.')'

., â&#x20AC;˘..... : ... r " ',"

'.'

Figure 5.l8(b): Map of mral markets supplying chips to Katsina. Four rural markets supply cassava chips to Katsina. Figures 5.18 (a. and b) show that two of the four markets are located in Katsina State, one in Kaduna and another one in Kano State. All the four markets, namely, Batsari, Danbatta, Dawanau, and Kabacha supply 20% a piece to Katsina.

134

The cassava food commodity market and trade octwork in Nigeria

IÂˇAdo (Benue State)

10% 8-0woro (Kogi State)

30%

80% Lokoja (Kogi)

7-Itobe (Kogi State)

10%

40%

4-Afor Gam Gam (Kogi S tate)

10% 50%

10%

6-Girinya (Kogi State)

3-Onyangede (Benue State )

\ 5-Ajowa (Ekiti State)

Figure 5.1 9(a): Rural markets supplying chips to Katsina .

Benue

. rrv

â&#x20AC;˘

Rurill m<f k~ f')f Chl.lnk'S

1)15(lO f\'JJf\ !Tk'1rk1;(

o "

f l)l'

C hlll'l<;

:0 ,

Mil<....

Figure 5 .19(b): Map of rura l markets supplying chips to Lokoja. In Lokoja, cassava chipa are sourced principall y from eight rural markets . Figure 5.19 (a and b) shows that four Dut of the eight markets are located within the state, three are in Benue, and one in Ekiti State. Oworo supplies 80%, Girinya 50%, Itobe 40%, Adoka 30%, and Ado, Onyangede, Afar Gam Gam, and Ajowa 10% respectively.

135

The cassava food commodity markel and tradc net',\,ork in Nigeria

3-Gbc:gi (Benue) l i-Zina (T.rnba) 16-Zaki· Siam (Bcnue)

15-Ugbokolo (Bcnuo)

30%

5- lhugh (Boouc)

10%

30%

..,.

20%

Maiduguri (Homo State)

20%

6-Karim lamido

20%

7-Katsinll Ala

20%

(Bcnue)

30% 14-Twoytmyc

(8cnuc)

(Taraba)

30%

20%

tJ -Tor Oonga

(Benuc)

S-Kwcsati

20%

10%

70%

9-Maraoo (T""b.)

20%

12-Tella

(T""b.)

Figure 5.20(a): Rural markets supplying chips to Maiduguri.

.. ~

'0 . ..,,;;;,..,

rc., O" lr<~-~

•

1~'/:fI ".u ~~\

O""UII!(l'X' ''... IIo..¥ ....... \rllnlo'$ .,.

' 10

(.'JI ....

Figure 5.20(b): Maps of rural markets supplying chips to Maiduguri . AboUI 16 rural markets supply cassava chips to Maiduguri. From Figure 5.20 (a and b) we can deduce that nine out of the 16 markets are located in Benue State while seven are located in Taraba State. Sunkani supplies up to 70%, Garba Share, Gbegi , Kwesati, Maraba, and Zina 30% a piece, Karim, Katsina Ala, Oju, Tor Donga, Twoyanye, Ugbokolo, and Zaki-Biam 20% and Gboko, [hugh , and TeBa 10% of chips to Maiduguri .

136

The cassava food conunodity markel and rrade network in "'igcria

J路Dandaud (Niger)

70%

100%

4-paikO~}-_ _....<

_ (N1ger)_~

Minna (Niger Slate)

40%

3-Lapai (Niger)

Figure 5.21(a): Rural markets supplying chips to Minna .

"-~

~:.t~~{NY

. .. '

Kogi <,

'- ",", : .,

Figure 5.2I(b): Map of rural markets supplying chips to Minna. Only about four rural markets supply cassava chips to Minna in Niger State. All the four markets that supply cassava chips to Minna are located within Niger State. Gunv and Paika supply up to 100% of chips, Dandauda 70%, and Lapai 40% (Figures 5.2 1 a and b) .

137

The cassa'.a food commodity market and trade network. in Nigeria

Onitsha

I-lhugh (B enue)

10%

- . (Anambra State) .--- 30%

2-Tyowanye (Benue)

Figure 5.22(a): Rural markets supplying chips to Onitsha.

.,. .

Edo

;

''''' .'," '. < : - ,.

, ';'.,

" . , . <.i

Figure 5.22(b): Map of rural markets supplying chips to Onitsha. During the suvey two markets were observe to supply cassava chips 10 Onitsha. The two markets that supply Onitsha with cassava chips are located in Benue State. Tyowanye suppl ies 30% and Ihugh supplies 10% of chips to Onitsha in Anambra State. 50"10

2-Ugboko lo

(Benue)

I-Kurya

(Sokoto) Sokoto (Sokoto)

50%

\ 3-Wammako

(Sokoto)

Figure 5.23(a): Rural markets supplying chips to Sokoto.

138

/ 10"/.

The C8ssa"a food commodity markel and trade netWork in Nigeria

:;cknro

i 6au:h l

" ,. ' ~.

Figure 5.23(b): Map of rural markets supplying chips to Sokoto. Three major rural markets supply cassava chips to Sokoto. Figure 5.23(a and b) shows that two out of the three markets that supply Sokoto with cassava chips are located in Sokoto State, while the remaining one is located in Benue State. Kurya and Wammako supply 50% each and Ugbokolo 10% of the product to Sokoto in Sokoto State. 2-Kwararafa (Taraba)

I-Ibi (Taraba)

Wukari (Taraba S)

4-Takum (Taraba)

Figure 5.24(a): Rural markets supplying chips to Wukari .

139

3-Sabongida (Tarab.)

TIle cassava food oommodity market find trade network. in Nigeria

â&#x20AC;˘

Rural ma\<BIlOf O'Iunks

~tne!!cn tr ÂĽWI

P !,

f'JI CrWIII.:S 00 ",,"

Figure 5.24(b): Map of rural markets supplying chips to Wukari . Four rural markets supply cassava chips to Wukari in Taraba State (Figure 5.24 a and b). All the four markets that supply Wukari with cassava chips are located in Taraba State. The markets are Ibi, Kwararafa, Sabongida, and Takum .

140

The cassava food commod ity market and trade network in Nigeria

3-l bi

l-Aliade (Bcnuc)

(Taraba)

IS- Zina (Taraba)

4;5-Ji,"cla Temp. I Adamawa)

20% 30%

14-Wukari

(Tarab3)

10%

IJ路Takun

6-Kurim

Yol.

10%

(Adam.w.)

(Taraba)

20%

12-SBbongida

(0%

(Taraba~

20%

20% 8-Kwararafa

I I路Mutumu (Taraba)

(Taraba)

Figure 5.25(a): Network for rural markets supplying chips to Yola .

(

~ ..

m.,.1t9! r()i' OIunks

~ln ~on my!..;)( '", C" ~ r~

[

:-.

1'V) -1Io

Figure 5.25(b): Map of rural markets supplying chips to Yola . About 14 rural markets supply cassava chips to Yola in Adamawa State. Figure 5.25 (a and b) show that 10 of the 14 markets that supply cassava chips to Yola are located in Taraba State, three in Benue and one in Adamawa State. Jimeta supplies 50%, ByePye, Kwura, and Zina 30% each. Aliade, Ibi Katsina Ala, Mutumu, and Takum 20% a piece while five markets, namely, Karim Lamido, Kwararafa, Kwesati , Sabongida, and Wukari 10% each of chips to Yola in Adamawa State.

141

The calla". rood commodity market and trade ndwori: in Nigeria

CHAPTER SIX The abacha h'ade network Abacha is one of the four dry cassava products. Like other products the distribution network for abacha consists of a ruralurban and rural-assembly-destination market arrangement. The commodity is found mostly in the southeast states, Delta and Edo states, and there is also some production in Kogi State. Figures 6. 1(a) and 6.1(b) show the density of the source and destination markets for abacha by states in igeria Following is a description of the assembly market for abacha, a roadside market, and the ruralurban network .

.....

....

.J1

....

zrÂˇ.... .~

.....

0..

""", --.

.....

- -

.,..,;

'--

....., ,

â&#x20AC;˘

'u.I _

o..ow. J

*""

.... 61 - " -

-.. â&#x20AC;˘

1."

Figure 6. 1(a): Density of rural source markets for abacha by states in Nigeria.

Figure 6. 1(b): Density of destination markets for abacha by states in Nigeria.

143

The

~V.

food commodity markc:t and tnodc: Ilc:twork in Niama

6. 1. Assembly markets for abacha In Figure 6.2 (a), the Eke Agbor market in Delta State serves as an assembly market, getting its supplies of abacha from nine feeder market in Edo State. The major feeder markets to Eke Agbor assembly market include Edum Afor, Usus a, Obetim Oyi, and Orie- Ukokpo, with each of tern supplying 40"10 or 50% of its abacha to the assembly market. The contribution from the rest of the feeder markets ranges from 10% from Nkwo Uromi to 30"/. from Orie-Oyoko (Figure 63 (a» . The Eke Agbor assembly market, in turn, supplies 40% of its abacha each to Asaba and Onitsha urban markets, and 20% to Umunede, a roadside market in Delta State. I-Abara Uno

2 -Edum Afor 20%

3-Eke

Uzugoro

,--~_:W _ITI _._o_--,~~~ 10%

..".~

5 N sukwa L..:..-..:..:.:.:::.:....:..

G6~-O~be;tin~Ov~iQ--- ~ <0%

............. " . •

Eke Agbor (Delta State)

. ..,.~

..... .... ...... ::;:1) y ~>o

/ ....

.. As,ba (Delta State)

.. Onitsha (Anambra State)

•

7-Orie Ovoko

/,~. I r-S-Ori- ·e -Uk- o-koo - (

20"/0

.. U munede (Delta State)

9-Ususa

IO-Utenim

Figure 6.2(a): Abacha distribution network involving an intermediary (assembly) market.

144

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

••

Edo

Delta

•

Ruf'dl md

A::., ,*rr!tliy mdl"il l~1 Jo.b!JCfi it

.a.

DeSll n 'l ~ ')' 'TlClr~ tor .l\be:c.he

10.<:.1 lUI Atoat:II Cl

Figure 6.2(b): Abacha distribution network involving an intermediary (assembly) market. 6.2 Umunede-a roadside market Umunede is located on a trunk A road between Benin City and Onitsha. It is a popular roadside market even though it is located in the rural countryside of Delta State. The trunk A road is also the major link road between the southeastern states and the western states including Lagos. However, observation indicates that it attracts a lot of demand for cassava-based products from travellers, and so it is a major demand market. It obtains its supplies of abacha from eight neighboring markets within Delta State as depicted in Figures 6.3 3 and 6.3b.

145

The cassava

rood commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

I-Abara Un o (Delta)

5-0betin

Oyi (De lta) '0%

2-Edum Afar (Detta)

---

I'---Umunede

3-Eke Agbor (Delta)

J(W.

---

20%

6-0ri e Oyoko (Delta)

7-Ususa (Delta)

40%

4-Nsukwa

8-Uleni m

(Detta)

(Delta)

Figure 6.3(a). Rural markets that supply ahacha to Umunede roadside market in Delta State.

f Ko Edo

.. â&#x20AC;˘

â&#x20AC;˘ u.runltda

~-, -.

__ ___ Delta______ _ Rur<'lllll(f\.et leI ,l.bll(~ ' DlsbnM tfl r:I.)!"-'" ler AbOC1'l.J

, I

6.3 The urban markets for abacha Following are descriptions of the major demand markets and network for ahacha . The urban markets are mainly Asaba, Benin City, Onitsha, and Owerri . From Figures 6.4 (a and b), II out of the 12 rural markets supplying ahacha to Asaba are located in Delta State while one is located in Edo State. Agbor supplies up to 40% of its ahacha produce to Asaba. T en markets, namely, Abara Uno, Edum Aafor, Uzugoro, Uromi ,

146

The cassava rood commodity market and trade network in N igeria

Nsukwa, Obetin Oyi, Oyoko, Ukokpo, Ususa, and Utenin supply 30% each while 19besi supplies 10%. I-Ahara Uno (Delta)

12-Utenim

(Delta)

2-Edum A for

CII-USU~A (Delta)

(Delta)

)0% 30%

l路Agbor (Delta)

30'/,

IO-Ukokpo (Delta)

As.b.

30%

(Delt. S t. te)

300/.

4-Uzugoro

(Delta)

30%

9-0yoko (Delta)

10%

30%

8-Obetin Oyi (Delta)

30%

5-lgbes i (Delta)

"'--

30%

C6(~~7i~

7-Nsukwa (Delta)

Figure 6.4( a): Rural markets supplying abaclU/ to Asaba.

~ \ K0 9 i

\ Edo

A!.Jt.J.-f[

'_---

..J.-..../\

.,<i!, " \

De lta

)

i R\.1a'IT J .,:t11""f~ l'Il

Co.~nm::r"' t W/.l>..lC.'')

Figure 6.4(b): Map for rural markets supplying abacha to Asaba. Figures 6.4(a) and (b) show that six out of the seven markets that supply abacha to Onitsha in Anambra State are located in Delta State while the other one is located in Edo State. Uzugoro and Ise lle- Uku supply Onitsha with 50% of their produce each;

147

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

Agbor supplies it with 40%. Other markets are Igbesi, Oyoko, and Utenin, which supply 30% each, and Uromi, which supply 20% of its abacha to Onitsha.

I.Agbo,

2·Uzugoro (Delta)

(De l.a)

7·Ulenim (Del'a)

/ 50%

40'%

I'30%

30%

Onilsha (Anambra State) 6·Oyoko (Delta)

3·tgbesi (Delta)

I-- 31J"/. 50%

20%

/ 4· lsselle-Uku (Delta)

S·Urom i (Edo)

Figure 6.5(a): Rural markets supplying abacha to Onits ha.

••

.,•

Edo

Anan1bra

•

""1>III 1"'\ 'I I«if",.I\I:I,I("1

t~ ~"t ~ lI".u~.;t

fer

~h"

:'1],'",

Figure 6.S(b): Rural markets supplying abacha to Onits ha.

There are at least three markets that supply abacha to Owerri in Imo State. AI! the three markets are loc ated in Delta State. They are Oruru, Iselle- Uku, and Igbesi, supplying Owerri with 100%, 50%, and 30% of their produce, respectively.

148

The cassava food commodity markel and lradc network in Nigeria

I- Igbesi (Dell a)

\ 30%

50%

----

2-l sselle-Uru (Delta)

100%

3-0turu (De lla)

Figure 6.6(a): Rural markets supplying abacha to Owerri.

Anambra Edo

Delta

Imo o.~ l li

â&#x20AC;˘

Ru '<!II!'IJ;" M

'1.A..">&:l'I<I

L~ ;nn ~ :),"\ m<!rl;:'" lor A.:;I<)(h<l

Figure 6.6(b): Map of rura l markets supplying abacha to Owerri . Like the case of Owerri, Benin City, the capital of Edo State also obtains abacha from three major rural markets, two of which are located in Delta State and one is located in Edo State. The markets and proportions supplied are Igbesi (30%) and Uromi and Oyoko (20% each). See Figures 6.7 (a and b).

149

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

I- Igbesi ( Delta)

\ 30-10

2Âˇ Uromi (Edo)

20%

3-Oyoko (Delta)

Figure 6.7(a): Rural markets supplying abacha to Benin City. \

,'v ~'.-/ ~

. Ulomi

Edo

Benin Cit-I

â&#x20AC;˘

R'J HJi ITI3' <~ fo)( .'\tIao:I"o

CI/!>1IndJ~'

Irtlrlo<d I ~ .1.1;,,(111)

o I

5 Iii ,

,,'

:Ill "'"

,,!

Figure 6.7(b): Map of rural markets supplying abacha 10 Benin City.

150

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

6.4 Rural markets supplying abacha to more than one destination market Some surveyed rural markets supply abacha to more than one destination centers. This section shows some of these markets. Figure 6.8(a) shows that Igbesi in Delta State supplies four urban markets with abacha . It supplies 30% each to Benin City in Edo State, Asaba in Delta State, Onitsha in Anambra State, and Owerri in Imo Slate.

I -Be nin City (Edo State)

30%

4-0werri (lmo State)

30%

30% Igbesi (Delta State)

30%

3-0nilsha (Anambra)

Figure 6.8(a): Network showing 19besi supplying four urban markets.

151

2-Asaba (Delta)

The cassava food commod ity markel and Irade network in Nigeria

Kogi Edo Benin

•

Delta

Imo

•

RJral lTa'k<;1 teA ,GlIao;ha

U.Sl :'1;(1Cf" rJl&r lo.« ICf .t1>a( I.e

Figure 6.8(b): Map showing Igbesi supplying four urban markets.

Figure 6.9 (a) shows that Uromi in Edo State supplies abacha to four urban markets: 50% to Asaba in Delta State, 20% each to Benin City in Edo State and Onitsha in Anambra State, and 10% to Agbor in Delta State.

I-Benin City (Ede)

20%

50% 4-Agber (Del ta)

Uromi (Ede State)

2-Asaba (Delta)

20% 3-0nitsha (Anambra)

Figure 6.9(a): Network showing Uromi supplying four urban markets. 152

TIle cassava fooo commodity marlcel and trade network in Nigeria

( r,/ iiK ogl. (/L'.,

}

,-'

\/r~'\.,_/

Urc.nv

Edo

I--~../

A$~. _./\

Boinln

....-/

,/-,V

•

\'-, \

--,f--"- •.. '" '

.. -.,

l-r/

Delta

.~,

r"""

Ana mbra

.-,

(-- -.._-

J,l

re: g>;l~ -1-""

I£i

i ~J ,

1_./-

\ ,)

C~nu~

. Agbor

)

•

P.uUJI 1' a1<f,: '!')' ~)3Ct,a

O¥\~ n"iIQIl " 1iJI ~." I'.~ ~a

Imo

," Y, n

Figure 6.9 (b): Map showing UronU supplying four urban markets.

Figure 6.1 0(a) shows that Oyoko in Della State supplies abacha to five urban markets, three of which are located within Delta State, and one each in Edo and Anambra State. It supplies 30% each to two markets, namely, Agbor and Onitsh a, 20% to Benin City, and 10% each to Asaba and Umunede.

153

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeri3

I-Agbor (Delta)

30% 2-Benin City (Eda)

20% 5-Umunede ( Delta)

Oyako (Delta State)

10%

30% 3-Asaba (Del ta) 4-0nitsha (A nambra)

Figure 6. 100a): Network showing Oyoko supplying five urban markets.

Edo Benin

•

Anambra

"•..-._ -

/ Delta

(L ~--_'~----

• _

RUf"' IT' ,'JI'-l'II. rc.rAn.ct1 a COio !~a'I m!l'~ '(Y .<.r>iX H

Figure 6.1 O(b): Map showing Oyoko supplying five urban markets.

154

__Imo

--~

The cassava rood commod ity markel and track: network in Nigeri a

Case of different mar kets supp lying abacha to the same market centers Figure 6.11 shows four rural markets supplying abacha to three urban centers all in Delta State. Agbor gets 50% of abacha produced in Edum Afar and Ususa and 20% of the product from Abara Uno and Nsukwa. Asaba gets 40% from Nsukwa and 30% each from Abara Uno, Edum Afar, and Ususa markets. Umunede gets 50% from Abara Uno, 40% from Nsukwa, and 20% from Edum Afar and Ususa markets.

j -Abar. Uno (Delta)

I-Agbor (Delta)

20%

3-Nsukwa (Del t.)

'50%

II-Asab. (De lta)

50% 2-Edum

Afor (Delta) 20%

Ill-Umunede (Delta)

Figure 6.11 : Network showing markets supplying abacha to same centers.

155

4-Ususa (Delta)

The cuuv. food commodity martet and tmde network

Nigcri.

CHAPTER SEVE The fresh root trade network Fresh cassava roots, with about 70% water content, are bulky and therefore expensive to transpon especially over long distances. The roots are also perishable, and they begin to deteriorate soon after harvest. These features are expected to have a profound bearing on the trade network for the roots. For instance, the bulky nature of the roots makes the market for fresh roots more localized around the producing areas than the market for the processed cassava products. Also, the perishability factor makes the marketing process considerably shoner for fresh roots than other cassava products.

/~~: . ~ ~~(\ ; S)-}j0 ~::~~ ~~ ':':(.J

!;: (,

- tr-", , ~r' J .\: - :- -- ~ _ t.._1 ~J_t~. ~."J . ";'{"'\--'7"-~; J J. ;/J ~

'..J

h" ~ . ~ ... • ...,.,

~ - I .....

~ "

, ...., ... •

a.-

. J .... ,

•

-~6.~1r9 '

~,.

P' ~f ...,....

Figure 7. 1(a): Rural source and urban destination markets for fresh cassava tubers.

.. , •

•

- -- _-. .... . ,. 'q , ... -.- .... .. ... • •

. '.•

•• •

•

..."

•

•• •

•

....

•

.' • • • •

,•:

•

_ _ -=-nlT.J

Dorowt-" ... _

~-,

-. ~

Figure 7. 1(b): Density of rural source markets for fresh cassava tubers by state.

157

The c ....v. food commodity m.rket .nd Iradc network in Nigeria

The trade network for fresh cassava may be examined in terms of (i) bulk building and distribution network involving rural assembly market and destination market and (ii) network offeeder to urban markets. Bulk building and distribution network involving rural assembly market and destination markets. In this regard, two types of assembly markets can be distinguished. a) Rural assembly markets that receive cassava supplies from producers and distribute same to other markets. Examples of such markets include Oko (Oyo state), Aramoko (Ekiti State), Gambari (Kwara State), and Oyoko and IsselleUkwu (Delta State). Located in the major producing areas, these rural assembly markets are surrounded by five to eight feeder markets. In their own rum, these assembly markets supply fresh cassava roots to two or more destination markets, either within or even outside the state. The proportion of cassava roots supplied to, and distributed by the different assembly markets are shown in Figures 7.4(a), 7.6(a) 7.30(a), 7.3 I (a), and 7.32(a). The proportion of cassava supplies from the feeder to assembly markets ranges from 10% to 60%. The range of supplies from the assembly to destination markets falls between 5% and 60%. These proportions are affected by the volume of processing taking place locally and the number of markets catered for. I.

b) Rural assembly markets with multiple links. In certain cases, some assembly markets playa dual role of an assembly market and a feeder market. As an assembly market, they receive supplies of cassava roots from several rural markets and distribute these to some destination markets. After receiving supplies from feeder markets, they may also act as a feeder market to one or more assembly markets. This results in a complex chain or network of supply and demand for roots. In Figure 7.5, lresa-Adu in Oyo State, for instance, receives supplies of cassava from four feeder markets in Oyo State. It supplies about 20% of its cassava roots to Ogbomosho, a destination market, and 5% and 10% respectively to Ajaawa and Odogbo, which are both assembly markets. While Odogbo supplies all its cassava to Ibadan urban market, Ajaawa distributes 80% of its cassava to Odo-oba, and another 10% to JresaApa. Odo- oba further receives 50% and 60% of cassava roots from two other feeder markets in Oyo, and another 20"10 from Iresa-Apa (an assembly market). It distributes about 20% and 10% of its cassava supplies to Ogbomosho and Ibadan urban markets, respectively (Figure 7.5). It is pertinent to observe that complex as it may appear to be, Figure 7.5 is by no means exhaustive; in fact, certain intermediary markets had to be deliberately excluded to make for clarity. 2. Network of feeder to urban markets. For the sake of clarity, distinction is made between the rural-urban distribution network involving nearby markets, and that which involves distant markets. The former type is the most common, principally because of the bulky narure of cassava roots. Essentially, it involves the movement of fresh roots direct from the surrounding feeder market in the cassava producing areas to the adjoining urban markets. The sheer size of the fresh root market in the

158

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

urban areas, the price margin, and the prox imity of such markets help to attract large quantities of fresh roots from several directions to urban areas . We sha ll consider specific areas. Figures 7.7, 7. 11, and 7.34, all show a network of rural markets supplying Enugu urban market with fresh cassava roots. These figures clearl y indicate that the proportions of cassava supplies from these feeder markets vary from 10% to 100%, depending on the absolute distan ce from the feeder to the urban market at Enugu, level of accessibility to the feeder markets, and price margin between the feeder and the urban markets. The fresh cassava market situati on in and around Enugu is virtually the same with the situation in and around other places in the major cassava producing areas. Figure 7.8(a) shows that out of the seven feeder markets to Benin city, six of them are located in Edo State, leaving on ly one in Delta State. The proportion supplied from the feeder markets again ranges from 10% to 100%. In the case of the Asaba urban market in Delta State, the number of its feeder markets is as high as 18, with the highest proportion of 40% coming from three feeder markets in Utenin, Abara Obodo, and Isselle Ukwu (Figure 7.10(aÂť. Figures 7.9(a), 7. 14(a), 7.15(a), 7.16 and 7.27, show the corresponding feeder market for Gusau, Katsina, Warri, SOkOIO, and Abakaliki, respecti vely. Although, fresh cassava roots may be bulky, good market access and a high marketing margin between the feeder and urban markets can cause the movement of rhe bulky cassava roots from the feeder markets to distant urban markets . In Figure 7.2, Koton Karfe in Kogi Stare, for instance, supplies 40% of its fresh cassava roots to Lokoja and 20% each to Abuja, Kano, and Minna. Similarly Girinya also in Kogi State supplies about 30% of irs cassava to Lokoja, 20% to Abuja, 10% to Kano, 20% to Kaduna, and 10% to Minna. Figure 7.3 also shows that Makurdi, Onitsha , and Okene urban markets receive different proportion of fresh cassava from feeder markets located within and outside their individual states. Other cities and their feeder markets, including the proportion of cassava roots from each feeder market, are presented in Figures 7. 13 and 7.17(a) to 7.26. [n each case, the principle governing the supply of the cassava roots from the feeder markets in the producing areas to distant urban markets, remains the same as discussed above.

In summary, cassava roots from the optimal growing central region IS distributed in two main directions, southward to the urban areas in the suboptimal growing region, and northwards to the urban markets in the nonoptimal growing region. There is also a considerable measure of movement of cassava roots from the surplus producing areas of Delta State to urban market in tbe southeastern states, and from the rural markets to urban markets within the southwestern states.

159

The cassava food commodity market atId trade network in Nigeria

I-Banda (Kogi)

70%

Al-Lokoja (Kogi)

3-Koton Karfe (Kogi)

A2-Abuja (FCT)

4-Lapai (Niger)

30% 30"10

2-Girinya (Kogi)

100/.

A3-Kano (Kano) 1 ~'ci

20%

2oo/.

A4-Kaduna (Kaduna)

50%

AS-Minna (Niger)

Figure 7.2: Rural- urban distribution network involving fresh roots for some cities in northern and central Nigeria.

tOO'.. Sl-~k:wo

Awo

10%

BI -Makurrli

SS-Ikayongo (Bcnue)

(Bcnuc)

(Kogi)

S% S2-Ejule

1000/0 S6. Kum BUN (Benue)

B2-0 nitsha (Anambra)

(Kogi)

3OOf. 100%

S3-Tyowanye (Denoo)

S7-Umunede ( DcllO)

B3-Okcnc (K08;)

30% 3 0"A~

SS-Adani S4-Opanda (Enugu)

10"1c

(Enugu)

S9-Itobe (Kogi)

Figure 7.3 : Rural- urban movement of cassava fresh roots within central and southern states in Nigeria.

160

Thc cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

A-Ibadan (Oyo)

ZO%

B-Ogbomos ho (Oyo)

20% eko Market (Dyo Stale)

C-Shagamu (Ogun)

4-[wo (Osun)

D-lle-lie (Osun) 40%

SOlo

5-0ja-Oba (Osun)

E- fle sha (Osun)

Figure 7.4(a): Distribution of fresh rootss involving intermediary assembly markets.

Kwara

Ondo

•

Ru.81 rlu. kIf for FII 5I'I IUIlEn

,I.~~tlIIjIn ~ · re:I;;·F'r~..I'I ' 'JloE,I!.

Dlhb,,":(I'\mlll~ I'.lIhw. I ~ :lO'';

0 l~)J !» ........ L <-. _ . --L...<-L-.......

Figure 7.4(b): Map showing distribution of fresh roots involving intermediary assembly markets.

161

•

...'

50'~

20-;'

.......... ..•.•

."',....... ..'

30'~

.. ........ .

•• ,

• • • . . . 0 ..

10', \

........ ..... ."

..'

.0 ••••

10'' \

20'10

. '

.'..... . ............ ............. ..

162

• •)

2oo",

••••• o·

10'10

100'. .

• ......... .

(0,0)

. .....:, ....'. . : .

:,-,... ••••

•

...

2oo/,

•

...

•

...

..................... .

•. _

Ogbomosho (OyO)

!badan (OyO)

••••• ,______

:: ..

••• 0 • • •

....

.............

.... ........ ,I 20-;'

'. ' .' .

.......

.....

20'~

~ :: :: 10'10 ......

-.....

'. ...'50/:( £)" ~kO .:.:................. ........~

........

" . ••••

.':,,;'

....................................

20'1•

20%

................ .. .. .

.........

...........

.... . 10'10

..........

8oo;,

.... ..... .... , ....... .

.. ... ........ ..

........................

.. , ..' ....... Soo/.

60'1.

••'

. . ........

Figure 7.5: Rural-urban marketing chain for cassava fresh roots in Oyo and Osun states.

20%

...................... .

The cassava food commodity market and tmde network in Nigeria

The cassava food commodity markcl and trade net ..... ork in Nigeria

1- Ado-Ekiti

l -Ajowa (Ekiti)

10%

30%

2-Awuga (Ekiti) 20%

3-Ayetoro (Ekiti)

10% _

20% ~

Aramoko (Ekiti)

I/-Akure (Ondo)

10%

4-Erio (Ekiti)

10% 20%

5-0muo (Ekiti)

IJI-Ilesha (Osun)

Figure 7.6(a): lntra- and inter-state distribution of cassava fresh roots involving an assembly market.

â&#x20AC;˘ _

Ru,alna ketfolf,eS IlM.&''O As'O&II'Ciy m atlo:~l ':it ~ ''*.., l u~ er s

D&5b na~on

marlo:Et lorJ:' esh IJ W S

Fi gure 7.6(b): Map showing intra- and interstate distribution of cassava fresh roots.

163

The: cassava rood commodily mari<ct and trade net짜.ork in Nigeria

I-Mllambe (Benue)

L--....---.J,

2-0gbaku (Enugu)

100"10 100% 3-Oju (Benue)

4-ldokpo (Ebonyi)

/' 100%

5-0kurn (Kogi)

Enugu

f- 10%

o o o

7-Ugwugo Nike (Enugu)

9-Effium (Ebonyi)

6-0panda (Enugu)

Ogbete New market Old Market Ugwuogo Park

8-0rie Nara (Enugu)

IO-Nenwe (Enugu)

50%

100%

II -Orie Achi (Enugu)

12-0rie Adani (Enugu)

Figure 7.7: Network of rural markets supplying cassava fresh roots to Enugu.

164

The cassava food commod ity market and trade network in Nigeria

7-0regbeni (Edo State)

I- Ekpon (Edo State)

"100%

6-Uselu (Edo Stat e)

100%

Benin City (Edo State)

100%

2-Evbo tubu (Oelta State)

100%

100/0

5-Santana 50%

(Edo State)

3-0biaruku (Edo State)

I 4-0ka (Edo State)

Figure 7.8(a): Network of rural markets supplying fresh roots to Benin City.

Edo ,

â&#x20AC;˘

Delta

.' â&#x20AC;˘

Ru re! n'la'ktl for

~ resl'll.Jl:)el S

1Jo:>~\I" CI1I ~." 11 1i11 ~ ;;<!

!. 10

....... ~ . r ....

'or F' ~I ' 1~lJ':1 ~

~~'",

I.IJ

Figure 7.8 (b): Map of rural markets supplying fresh roots to Benin City.

165

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

I...(}umi (Zamfa ra)

4-Ruwan Dorawa (Zamfara)

50% Guau (Zamfara SI:!tc)

70%

50% )-Kaura JI.,-amoda (Zamrara)

60%

-----2-Jauri

(Zsmrara)

Figure 7.9: Rural markets supplying fresh roots to Gasau.

I )-U1cokpo (Delta)

17-Ulenim 12-0gwashiUku

(Delta)

18- Utenim

30%

(Delta)

40% ~~==~ Asaba (Delta State)

40%

35% 30% 3-Uzusoro (Delta) 8路Umuncdc (Delta)

4-1s5elle路Uku (Oclta)

Figure 7.IO(a): Network of rural markets supplying fresh roots to Asaba.

166

The cassa\'l food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

(

j \ v /"\..-/

Edo

Idoj

DeHa

Figure 7. IO(b): Map of rural markets supplying fresh roots to Asaba.

2. ldokpo (Ebonyi)

I- Effrum

12-0gOO\.:.u (Enu@u)

(Eooo)'i)

l l -Ugwugo P..-k (EnullU)

"" -

J· Mhambc (Benue)

50%

40%,

50% 100%

100%

IO-Ncnwe (Enugu)

60%

70%

I O~'c.

Enugu (Enugll State)

10%

S·Okura (Kogi)

/ 50%

50%

9·Nara (Enugu)

4·0ju (Benue)

100%

6-Opanda (E nugu)

/ 8-Acl1i

7/ 14·Adani

(Enugu)

Figure 7.II(a): Network of rural markets supplying fresh roots to Enugu.

167

The cassav3, food commodity market and trade network in Sigena

Keg; â&#x20AC;˘

8enue

ilL \5

'--'- , - -. _ .L-L __ ..

00 "," _ ._ ~ ._ J

Figure 7 .11 (b): Map of rural markets supplying fre sh roots to Enugu.

3-Kolon Karfe (Kogi)

20%

Kaduna (Kadun. Sl. te)

30%

2-Gurata (Niger)

Figure 7.12(a): Rural markets supplying fres h roots to Kaduna.

168

I-Girinya ( Kogi)

The cassava food commodi ty market and rrade network in Kigcria

Figure 7. I 2(b): Rural markets supplying fresh roots to Kaduna .

j路Doka (Katsina)

30%

4.Kolon Karfe ( Bcnue)

20%

Kano (Kano)

10''10

100% J路Katsina Ala (Benue)

Figure 7. I 3(a): Rural markets supplying fresh roots to Kano.

169

2路Girinya (Ko ~ i)

11lc cassava food commodity market and trade n(:twork in Nigeria

Figure 7.13(b): Map of rural markets supplying fresh roots to Kano.

l-Batsari (Katsina)

50%

4路Jibi ya (Kats ina)

80%

Katsina (Katsina)

100%

30% I

3-Doka (Kalsina)

Figure 7.14(a): Rural markets supplying fresh roots to Katsina.

170

2-Charanchi (Katsina)

Toe cassava food oommodity market and trade network in Nigeria

Sakate

-.J~-

Zamfara Kane

â&#x20AC;˘

RIlle! nUJIoel rolf FreslJ /ullirs o.s! n. on ml5fl4ÂŤ rOf Fresn Nt/etS

Figure 7.14(b): Rural markets supplying fresh rOOIS to Katsina. I-Ijere (Delt.)

50%

4-0kpc (De lta)

20%

Warn (Delta)

30%

50% I

3-0hara (Delta)

Figure 7, 15(a): Rural markets supplying fresh roots to Warri.

171

2-0biaruku (De lta)

The cassava food commodity mlrkel and trade network in Nigeria

"-.

Edo

do '

/'-"

I It ____ _/

\ -, l

Obialuku

•

Delta

~, j

•Ctulla Mart. ..

/ •

Rurel n}tJkel fo( FroGsh tubers Oe~nllllQn n~l ket

lor F,esh o..be1'!O

Figure 7. 15(b): Map of rural markets supplying fresh roots to Warri .

I-Gllndi (SOkOIO)

100%

40% 4- \Vammako (Sokol o)

50%

2-Kambama (SokOIO)

40% I

3-Kurya (SOkOIO)

Figure 7.16: Map of rural markets supplying fresh roots to Sokoto.

172

The cassava

food commod ity

market and trade network in N ige ria

l-Effium (Ebonyi)

2-0gbaku (Enugu)

30% 30%

Pon Harcourt (Ri vers State)

5-Nenwe (Enugu

30%

3-ldikpo (Ebony i)

/ 20%

30%

\ 4-Nara (Enugu)

Figure 7.17(a): Rural markets supplying fresh roots to Port Harcourt.

De~a

.."....,...\

Rivers PM 1-1~ 81(Ou:1

{

AAwa lbern

_ ___ _ _ ::0..____________._._ _ ____._._._•• • •

Ru,et lIlak'lt tor FI ;?'Ot1,ubiMS r.hS\'i MtlJcn m,Y ki!'\" ~

15!O

l _ t _ L..1_ I _ I _ I _ I..J

Figure 7.17(b): Map of rural markets supplying fresh roots to Port Harcourt.

173

r-, ,,,,,h

60 lin

t\Jt)(l fS

10c cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

I-Ogbaku (Enugu)

30%

20% /'

2-0biaruku (Delta)

.----

Owerri

(Imo State)

20%

/' 3-Nenwe (Enugu)

Figure 7. l8(a): Rural markets supplying fresh roots to Owerri. Enug u

Edo

I'"\

Oobaku

Nnewe .

Anambra

Delta

Abia

Obiaruku

•

I Ba yelsa

Rivers

•

R~ ra m ~

Destmanon

101

FI~:.h

mar ~«

Figure 7.l8(b): Map of rural markets supplying fresh roots to Owerri.

174

tu Df'''S

II)( j:l e!.I'1 tuh.')fS

The cass,wa rood commodity mal'kel and lradc network in Nigeria

I-Ejule ( K ogi)

Onitsha

30"/0

(Anambra)

2-Umunede

30"/0

(Delta)

30% I 3-0panda (Enu~u)

Figure 7.19(a): Rural markets supplying fresh roots to Onitsha.

(

?'L-

Kogi Ejule Market

•

Edo

(

En ugu

•

(

! !

Figure 7.19(b): Map of rural markets supplying fresh roots to Onitsha.

175

ru~;

Rurzl ma kel tor F"re-sh

CE'Sonao-Jtl marl«( f-:.t

Fr~1'I

! ! !

tubets

The eassava food eommod ity markct and trade nclwor1c in Nigeria

2-Girinya (Kogi)

l-Dandaudu 0Jiger)

SO%

10%

6-Paiko (Nig")

Minna (Niger State)

100'10

SOOIo

5-Lapai (Niger)

Figure 7.20(a): Rural markets supplying fresh roots to Minna.

Minn a GUllY

•

Palko

Niger

r-·--

Kog i •

Rl.1f~ mll'~t

191 "~jjl'oh hlbo!:w's

Dosrmllnol'l merkE.t le r Fres h t:Jtlers

JO ,

Figure 7.20(b): Rural markets supplying fresh roots to Minna.

176

11)"" !

The cassa,;a food commodi ty market and trade network in Nigeria

5·Nkwo Awo (Kogl)

I-Ejul e (Kogi)

! ~

,--------,I '\.

/ 10%

Makurdi

4-Tyowanyo (Benue)

100%

(Benue Siale )

2·Ik:ayongo (Benue)

100%

/ 3-Kum BUn! (Benue)

Figure 7.21(a): Rural markets supplying fresh roots to Makurdi .

Nassarawa

Makurdl

Kogi E . ul~

•

I-:ayr::ng(l

• Market

Benue

TYOW!lf1y8

• • ~1.Kf1 Buru

•

j:;oml mcr V.e1for =resh tubl.-r"; [)esnni;l(lI)n ncrk.:t lor F- r~ r-:btlrs

))

Figure 7.21(b): Map of rural markets supplying fresh roots to Makurdi.

177

a1 ~:m

The cassa\'a food commodity market and trade nctworic in Nigeria

2-Girinya (Kog i)

70%

6- Koton Karfe (Kogi)

Lokoja (Kogi SfatC)

40%

80%

30%

1000/.

/ 4-Itobe (Kogi)

S-Karala (Kogi)

Figure 7.22(a): Rural markets supplying fresh roots to Lokoja.

Kwara

Osun

P.ural mlfWlt lor Frflh IUWi _

CV~in*fllflOllfj(O):

<'!'

lor F r ~~

tu~

~ ~

,._ ................... ~ _ ' _ .....L....I

Figure 7.22(b): Map o f rural markets supplying fresh roots to Lokoja.

178

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in ~igeri a

2-Gambari (Ovo)

l-Eyenkorin

(Kwaral

40%

3-Ganmo (K wara)

101fYo 80%

lIorin (Kwara Siale)

7·Shao (Kwaral

100% 90%

4-Laduba (Kwara)

20% 100%

6·Dko·Egbe ( Ko.eil

Figure 7.23(a): Rural markets supplying fresh roots to lIorin .

i----··--(-i

k ! \

\ /"-...., ~-

Kwara

""~rN'Ige r

~----

•

Rural mw"'oX IN I:"r :,'5h :lJb9!"S

Des:inmr.n n;vkQ lor I= r&sh M :ers

I_'--- ! __ .I_J....... __ .J .

Figure 7.23(b): Map of rural markets supplying fresh roots to !lorin.

179

tiOr'm L

The cassava food commod ity market and trade nctWor'\c in Nigeria

j-Ajowa

(Ek iti)

7-ljamoye rEkitil

20%

2-Ajowa (Ondo)

30% 10 %

6-lfon

I --.Jr-

,----'..(O:.::n-'..oo-'.. )

Aoo-Ekili (Ek ili Slate) 10%

300/0 3-Aramoko 50%

rEkitil

40%

j -Ayeloro (Ek iti) 4-Awuga

tEk iti)

Figure 7.24(a): Rural markets supplying fresh roots to Ado-Ekiti.

Kogi

O sun

r:1

/ 1-- --+-

\-,.._------(

\j __ --'---'---. ,

(

Ondo

--/

'" ",

!J)"'"

Figure 7.24(b): Map of rural markets supplying fresh roots to Ado--Ekiti.

180

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

I-Banda (Kogi)

30%

4-Lapai

20%

30%

Abuja (Fe T)

(Niger)

2-Girinya (K ogi)

20%

3- Koton Karfe

(Kogi)

Figure 7.25(a): Rural markets supplying fresh roots to Abuja (FCT).

N iger

(

Abui3 fFC"T

Abuja

\\ !

Na ss arawa

,-_l~"Y3 ) Koton l< ar1eJ

Banda (

•

Kogi

/.---

~. _

I' I

" "

._-

--. - - - .

•

RU, dlm"''''''' fl)·F'~t.;t;;~f!

~!»nellon

markEil lor l=resh :ub.rs

Figure 7.25(b): Rural markets supplying fresh roots to Abuja (FCT).

181

- - - - - ',"--

The cassava food commodity markC1 and trade network in Nigeria

I-Lafeowa 978 (Ogoo)

100% --.

Abeok uta (Ogun State)

04--

10%

<2-lg~m~ (Oye)

Figure 7.26: Rural markets suppl ying fresh roots to Abeokuta.

I-Effiom (Ebonyi)

Abakaliki 20%

(Ebonyi State)

20%

Figure 7.27: Rural markets supplying fresh roots to Abakaliki .

182

2-ldekpo (Ebeny i)

The eassav" food commodity market [lJ1d trade nct\\.ork in Nigeria

8-Oboro (506) (Ogun)

7-Ijoga-Orilc (958) !·KHa(S !! ) (Ogun)

(Ogun)

30%

-c-

6-0gere-Remo (596) (Ogu n)

60%

200/0

2-rfo (Ogun)

50% S-U isan (Ogun)

3-Odogunyan ( Lago s~

40%

4· lkcn nc (Ogun)

Figure 7.28(a): Rural markets suppl ying fresh roots to markets in Lagos. )

Oyo

-..... ..

,.../

\'/~l ;001

•

Osun

)

~~ - Or l!

0"""

••

~ ~ R ..~

Ogun

I !

. 11,'00

•

11-".i"J1I1I>

{

,."

. .OtJof}P)°OO

)

I \ ..J

___J~~O-"

Lagos

•

Rural ma'!(e( re. F"resh rub¥s

~~llr 8tl (l:'l

mlJC:'JI rOf Fr{>Sfl M)(,fS

Figure 7.2 8(b): Map of rural markets supplying fresh roots to markets in Lagos.

183

}--

"'-

Figure 7.29(a): Rural markets supp lying

ITI 6

1T36

fre~h

184

roots to Markets in Ibadan.

Ibadan MctropoIi, (OyO)

The casslI.va food commodity lIliHlcct and Ir.u)e network in Nigeria

ITO.

1T36 IT) 7

1128 1T2. ITJO In l 1T32 In) 1T34

Inl

1T24 illS JT26

ITlJ

1T22

Inl

I1'2U

ITt 9

ITI 6 1T1 7 lTI 8

lTU

-d~

AI"ware

-d~

-do-

igbo-Ora Jjaiyc IkiTe Ireslt-Adu Ircsa-Apll lseyin I.,.'arc

....

-<lo-do-

-<10-

Moni)':l Odo,bo Ballacb Odo-Ob3. Ck1o-Ori

Tcwurc

0,,"

Ogwuna1:in OJa-Uba Oko Olorund.l Onidundu

""~ 0,0

)(jla (5 11, Luju

.• -do-

-do-<10-

", -do-

O,~UIl

-do-

....

Q sun 1""'0

-do-

4-do-

-d~

I J

I -d~

4 4

J J

Oyo

I~bu-Oloyj n

Minhts

R~c~ i ... ms

Q$un

....

Oy, -<10-00-

If. Igaana IgaJllran Igbo-Elcnn

Eruwa

B:..~i

8>nn,

0",,,

,,~

Ab.b~ta

Apomu

-<1.-do-

Ago-Ar~

Akufo

ITO' ITOS 1T06 ITOl IT08 1T09 ITI O ITi I ITl2 lTD 1T14

-<lo-

-do-

",.

Aba·Afa Adabala Agb'lI"trc

ITOI

IT02 ITO)

State

RGral Market

Cod,

100

40 40

7. 8.

,. ""

100

••20

2. 100

100 100 100 100 80 100

"I. Share:

The cassava rood commodity m<lrkct <lnd trade nct\\on. in Nigeria

.â&#x20AC;˘" Kwara

Oyo

1,1 ,

Osun

, .,

â&#x20AC;˘

Rural ma "'-.tt for ~r"!Oh tub:r,.

DeStlnaIJ''m m<)rk.et Il)f Fres'l ru bel's

Figure 7.29(b): Map of rural markets supplying fresh roots to markets in Ibadan.

185

The cassava food commodity ma rk~ 1 and trade netWork in Nigeria

RI -Ilorin (Kwara)

2.,gbo"~

10%

(Oyo) .~ ~

40%

20%

J·Luju

_ (Oyo)

J~-

100/,

Gambari

(Kwara)

C·Odo-O~O% 10"10

60% Rl·Ogbomosho (Oyo)

(Oyo)

)0%

5-0gbomosho (Oyo)

6-Tcwurc (Oyo)

Figure 7.30(a): Gambari as an assembly market for fresh cassava roots.

p~ ~/

•..

\.,

Kwara

.'Ofln

1\ '-.

, s

.!.,;r~

, 1

3,Q: Ogbom osho~

Oyo

~~r; ,~.&\

J-/~

( "-\/ " Osun

',,•

Rurlll markC( tor Fresn tub9f'5

L""\ism8tlt:fl

As .. en"dy ma'ket ler Fresh :l.tJir<;;

m", ~·"Ia-

F-riSl rub&( ..

1:'1

:'0 I

""" I

Figure 7.30 (b): Map showing Gambari as an assembly market for fresh cassava roots.

186

The cassava food commodity market a:xf trade network in Nigeria

BI-Agbor (Dclla)

l-lwato (Dclta)

50"10 20%

2-Ekeute

(Delta)

Ci;;'~

BII-Issellc-Uku

4()OIo

20% Oyoko (Delta;

30%

40%

40% 4-0bctin -Oyi (Delta)

(Della)

..........

40%

Bl lI -Ogwash i (Delta)

20%

'lti

BIV-Umunedc (Oclta)

S-Onuoho (Dclta)

Figure 7.31: Oyoko as an assembly market for cassava fresh roots .

I-Ablr30bodo (Del ta )

2-Abata Uno (Oclta)

3-Mburu Uno (Delta)

CI-Agbor (Dclt.)

20%

CII-Asaba 40"10 5-:"oIsukwa

(Delta)

6-0voko aklta) /

30%

IssclJe-Uku (Delta)

20%

60%

20%

...-A

(Delta) L-__________

CJJI-Onici1a-Ugbo (Dcloa)

CIV路Umunede (Dcloa)

7- Usa53 (De lta)

10%

8路Ulerim ([)t lla)

Figure 7.32: Isselle-Uku as an assemb ly market for fresh roots.

187

Thc cassava food commodity mar"k.ct and trade network in Nigeria

Single-product single-market for fresh root From Figure 7.33 we can deduce that rural markets like Ekpon, Evbotubu, Santana, Uselu, and Oregbeni supply al1 their fre sh cassava tubers at the rate of 100% to Benin City in Edo State.

I-Ekpon (Edo)

2-Evbotubu

100% ~

100%

(Edo)

C-~~~;n) C(~~~\u) 5-0regbeni

100% ~

Benin City (Edo State)

100% ~

100%

(Edo)

Figure 7.33 : Rural markets supplying all their fresh roots to Benin City.

Figure 7.34: Rural markets supplying al1 their fresh roots to Enugu.

188

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

I- Ikayongo

100%

(Benue)

2-Kum Buru

100%

Makurdi (Benue State)

(Benue)

3-Tyowanye (Enugu)

100%

Figure 7.35: Rural markets supplying all their fresh

I -Ijale-Orile 938 (Ogun)

2- ljale-Rapa 939 (Ogun)

3-lmala 901 (Ogun)

4- lwofin 937 (Ogun)

S-Kesan -Orile (Ogun )

roOIS to

Makurdi .

100%

Lafenwa (Ogun State)

100%

Figure 7.36: Cases of markets supplying all their fresh roo ts to Lafenwa.

189

The cu â&#x20AC;˘â&#x20AC;˘ v. food commodity market ud lradc nd.wcn in Nigcri.

CHAPTER EIGHT The cassava fermented paste trade network

Cassava fermented paste (akpu) is one of the four cassava wet products found in urban and rural markets. It could be a product of cassava grating or washed paste from soaked and fermenented cassava tubers. Usually, the paste is an intermediate product and could be transformed intofiifu at food preparation stage. It has been shown earlier in Table 2.4 that 37"10 of the surveyed rural markets trade in fermented paste. This chapter is devoted to the trade network of this wet cassava product. First, we capture the density of the rural source and urban destination markets for this product.

â&#x20AC;˘ ..

Rw"fII'I ~ IofFl..FP DHlMIOn~rCifFUFP

"",

Figure 8. 1(a): Major rural sources and destination markets for fermented paste in Nigeria Contrary to expectations, cassava fermented paste travels far beyond its area of production/processing. This is depicted in Figure 8.1 (a). The figure shows that the major supply markets are located in the south and central region of Nigeria. The major demand markets are also located in the south and central regions as well as in the far northern region where the commodi ty is hardly produced or processed. Specifically the major source markets for fermented paste are located in Benue, Edo, and Ogun states. Other supply markets of commercial importance are located in Taraba, Anambra, Nasarawa, Kogi, Ondo, Bayelsa Cross River, and Rivers states (Figure 8.1 b). The major consuming markets are located in Lagos, Delta, and Benue states (Figure 8.lc). Other important consuming states are Anambra, Edo, Kano, Abuja, Ogun, Bayelsa, lmo, and Abia. Demand markets for fermented cassava paste also exist in Adamawa, Bomo, Kaduna,and Plateau states.

191

The eu.ava food com modity market and tmde networi: in N igeria

•

I-tUrll mnel lOl' HJI-..

"' ....

Dlnsfy OIlU"aI ~

0· .

_ 5 - 1~

'5-35

HI -m

_ JII _80

.....

Figure 8.1(b) : Density of rural fermented paste producing markets in Nigeria

......, .r(

Kobb

Z.......

(

......

'"k.....

"'"

,.~

......

IGo_

K""~

PI. "" r.... ... Or.iain.on marlcd rOf FlJFP rurol lT'Wl<el.

Densiy 01 Dj • • 1

-----"J 0 - 1 l .• •

'O - ill

-" _ 71 _ ~g

,os

Figure 8.1(c): Density of fermented paste destination markets in Nigeria.

192

The cassava food commodity market and trade nelwork in Nigeria

Having considered the major producing and consuming areas for fennented paste, we shall now examine its trade network . This will be done in two sections, namely, ruralurban supply network, and bulk building and distribution network . Rural-urban supply network for fermented paste About 12 rural markets in Benue State supply fennenled paste directly to six urban markets in Nigeria. The number of feeder markets supplying fennented paste to these urban markets is largest for Enugu, Onitsha, and Aba, and least for Calabar and Port Harcourt. Tbe proportions of fennented paste from the various feeder markets to each urban market are shown in Figure 8.2. These proportions range from 10% to 30% for Enugu, Aba, and Onitsha urban markets, and from 5% to 30% for Makurdi and Port Harcourt urban markets. The number of feeder markets in Benue State and the proportions of fennented paste supplied to the di fferent urban markets do confinn the earl ier observation that Benue State is a major producer of this cassava product. In addition to the feeder markets in Benue State, other rural markets elsewhere also supply fennented paste, not only to the above stated urban markets, but also to other urban markets. These urban markets number 13, with seven of them in the southern zone, four in the central zone, and the remaining two, in the upper northern zone. Starting with the southern zone, about 13 feeder markets supply fennented paste to Aba in Abia State, with four of them-Acholo, Adikpo. Ugbokolo and Zaki Biamsupplying 30% each of fennented paste, and the rest, 10- 20% each (Figure 8.4(a)). Figure 8.4(b) shows that eleven of these feeder markets are in Benue State and the remaining two, are in Edo State.

Akwa Ibom has only six rural markets supplying it with fennented paste. Five of them are located in Benue State, and the sixth one, Wukari in Taraba State (Figure 8.6b). Each of these feeder markets supplies between 10% and 30% of its fennented paste to Awka (Figure 8.6a). With about 32 feeder markets, the Enugu urban market appears to have the largest concentration of feeder markets. All the feeder markets that supply Enugu with fennented paste except U gwogo in Enugu State and Anyamgba in Kogi State, are located in Benue State (Figure 8. I O(b)). The proportion of fennented paste fro m each market ranges from 10% to 40% for 26 of the feeder markets, and 50% or more, for the remaining six (Figure 8.1 Ora)). The number of feeder markets supplying fennented paste to Onitsha and Port Harcourt urban markets is also considerably high, about 27 fo r Onitsha and 15 for Port Harcourt. Hitherto, Benue State had played a dominant rol e in relation to the location of feeder markets supplying fennented paste to urban markets down south. However, with respect to Onitsha and Port Harcourt, the proportion of their feeder markets located in Benue State is about 40% and 20%, respectively (Figures 8.13(b) and 8.14(b)). This time, Delta and Edo states tended to playa more significant role, in tenns of the location of feeder markets, than Benue State. This is probably because Delta and Edo states, like Benue State, are major fennented paste producers, and are closer to Onitsha or Port Harcourt urban markets than Benue State. Fennented paste is bulky,

193

The cassava food commod ity market and trade network in Nigeria

and its feeder markets tend to locate closer to nearby urban markets than those far away. In terms of the proportion of fermented paste from feeder to urban markets, the range followed the trend observed earlier; the feeder markets generally supplied between 10% and 40% of fermented paste each to their respective urban markets (Figs 8.13(a) and 8. 14(a)). Feeder markets in Benue State do not supply fermented paste to urban markets in the southwest zone, probably because the zone appears self sufficient in fermented paste production. The Benin City and Asaba urban markets also have a large concentration of feeder markets numbering about 17 and 22, respectively. In both cases, the feeder markets are located close to a nearby urban market. For instance, most feeder markets, which supply fermented paste to Benin-city urban market, are located in Edo State (F.g 8.7(b)). Simi larly, 21 out of the 22 feeder markets supplying fermented paste to Asaba urban market are located in Delta State (Figure 8.9(a)). In terms of the proportion of fermented paste supplied from each feeder market, about II of them supply all their fermented paste to the urban market in Benin-city, while each of the remaining six supplies between 20% and 50% (Figure 8.7(a» . As for Asaba urban market, the proportion of fermented paste from each feeder market is more and ranges between 10% and 50%. However, there are two except ions; Ogwashi-Ukwu and Uzugoro feeder markets supply 60% and 80% of their fermented paste, respectively, to the Asaba urban market (Figure 8.9(a». [n the central zone, Abuja has 14 feeder markets that supply it with fermented paste, with eleven of them located in Edo State, and the remaining three in Benue State (Figure 8.S(b). Three of these feeder markets, namely, Afuze, Ekpoma, and Uzairue, supply about 30% each, while each of the remaining ones supplies 10% to 20% of its fennented paste to Abuja (Figure 8.5(a»). Makurd i urban market has about 27 rural markets supplying it with fermented paste, and all of them are located in Benue State (Figure 8.11(b)). About six of these feeder markets supply all their paste to the Makurdi urban market, while each of the remaining ones supply between 5% and 50% of its fermented paste (Figure 811 (a». Both Kaduna and Jos urban markets are supplied fermented paste by a few feeder markets, lIumbering about eight and five , respectively. In addition to being few in number, the proportioin of fermented paste supplied by each feeder market is 30% or less, except for Agbede feeder market in Edo State, which supplies about SO% of its paste to Kaduna urban market (Figures 8.8(a) and 8. I 5(a) . Both Kaduna and J05 fall in the grain crop zone, and fennented paste does not appear to rank high as a food staple in this zone. With respect to the location of the feeder markets, a.ll th.e feeder markets for Jos and three of the feeder markets for Kaduna urban markets are located in Benue state; the remaining fi ve feeder markets for Kaduna urban market are located in Edo State (Figures 8.8(b) and 8. I 5(b) . Both Kano and Maiduguri in the upper north region fall in the grain crop zone. The Maiduguri urban market has only three feeder markets, one in Edo State and two in Benue State, each supplying between 5% and 30% of its fermented paste (Figures 8.16 (a) and (b». On the other hand, Kano urban market, also in the grain crop zone, has as many as 23 feeder markets supplying it with fermented paste. It is also noteworthy that supplies

194

The c:Jssa....a food commodify market a nd trade network in Nigeria

from individual feeder markets are in the range of 30% to 50%, for about 70% of the feeder markets, and 10-20% for the remaining 30% of the markets (Figure 8. 12(aÂť). A possible explanation for the unexpected high demand and supply of fermented paste to Kano urban market is that Kano metropolis bas a large concentration of citizens from southern Nigeria, for whom fermented paste is a major staple. Close to 75% of the feeder markets is located in Edo State, while the remaining 25% of them is located in Benue State (Figure 8. 12(b Âť).

Bulk building and distribution network for fermented paste About seven assembly markets for fermented paste were identified during the field investigation. Four of the assembly markets are in Benue State alone, two of them in Cross River State, and one in Edo State. These assembly markets serve as the assembling centers for fermented paste from the surrounding villages as well as the distributing centers to bigger assembly markets and! or urban markets . The four markets in Benue State (central region), namely, Gboko (Figure 8.3 (a), Achoho (Figure 8.18(a)), Zaki Biam (Figure 8.17(aÂť), and Adikpo (Figure 8.19(a)), supply fermented paste in varying proportions of between 5% and 50% to markets in three main axes: i) Central region markets including Abuja , Gboko, l os, and Makurdi. ii) Southeast urban markets-Aba, Enugu, Awka, Onitsha, Port Harcourt, Nsukka, Abakaliki and Obollo-Afor. (iii) Urban markets in the upper north region , notably Kano and Maiduguri. The two assembly markets in Cross River State (Southeast zone), namely, [kot Nyong (Figure 8.22(a) and Okuku (Figure 8.23(a) supply fermented paste in the range of 1020%, mainly to destination markets in the southeast zone, and to Jalingo, 13kara, and Maiduguri urban markets. Figures 8.22(b) and 8.23{b) show the locations of both the assembl y market and tbeir corresponding destination markets. Afuze (Figure 8.20{a), the only assembly market in Edo State (southwest zone), supplies 20% of its fermented paste each to Onitsha and Aba urban markets (both in southeast zone) and 30% each to Lagos urban market in the southwest zone, and Abuja urban market in central region. The location of Afuze assembly market and the markets supplied witb fermented paste is shown in Figure 8.20(b).

195

The cassava food commodity market and trade network ill Nigeria

7-lhLlgh ( Benue)

I -Achuho

(Ilenue) Enugu

:<-lkp:J)'ongo

2- Adikpu (Benue)

( B eotle)

Onitsha tJ-Ugbokolo (Bcl1 lJc)

3-Tor Donga ( Beolle)

Calabar

Makurdi

4-A nyangba

lO-Jmoka (Be nue)

( BenLle) Aba

I l -Va ndcikia

(BenLle)

5-ilya (Bcnut:)

Pon

12-Zaki-Bi;lIn

Harcourt

(Benue)

6-Chu (Bcntlc) Markets Enu~

I. Achoho 2. Adik po

10 10 3. Tor Donga 20 4. Anyangba 30 5. Aya 30 6. Chu 30 7. lhugh 20 8. Ikpayongo 20 20 9. Ugbokolo 10. l atob 30 20 I I. Vandeikya 12. Zaki- Biam 20 .. Oth ers incl ude domestic

ProE2rtion sU~E lied to urban markets ~%2 Onitsha Calabar Makurdi Pi H Aba 20 5 5 30 20 20 30 20 30 20 20 20 30 20 20 30 10 5 20 15 10 15 30 30 30 20 20 20 20 10 10 30 consumption of the product, where applicable

Figure 8.2: Rural markets in Benue state that supply fermented paste to urban markets .

196

Others' 30 20 10 50 20 45 40 20 30 40

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

Market I. Acno no 2. Adikpo 3 . Buruk u 4. Chu

5. G_ 6. GOOr 7. Ihug h

8. lkaOO

Stale Bcnuc -do-

·do·do·do·do·do·do-

State Bcnuc

Markel 9. Korinya lO. l csscl 11. On)'angcdc 12. Tor Donga 13. Tsc Agbclagba 14. Tsckuche

·do-do-do-do-do-do-do-

IS . TWanunnc 16. V:mdcIl: ia

(A'

20%

Aba ·RI (Abia)

Enugu . R2 (Enugu)

~O%

Jos · R3 (Plateau)

10%

~O%

.' . '

:::>/. IO~

. '

30%

.:::.:....

' ':.. ...... . ~':;:'.:' " .

.... ....-

20% 10%

20%

..,., '"

Kana ·R4 (Kano)

Maiduguri -RS (Barno)

• .••••••••..• ' M-ak - ur-d-i .-R-6--'

10"Vo

(Benue)

Onitsha ·R7 (Anambra)

Figure 8.3(a): Gboko as an assembly market in the distribution of cassava fennented paste.

197

The cassava food commod rty market and trade network in Nigeria

r -_J

Nassarawa

(--~~

•

•"

•

, • •" ,

Benue

•

•" • ,

•"

Ebonyi

G:,oh()

• ••

"\ I.'.urlll ma'l..03f lor Fu r~ r.oi't!it<O

•

M~rnloly tnatkJj

1'1)' Ful'u 1t<£t(!

Figure 8.3(b): Map of rural market selling cassava fermented paste to Gboko.

Ro •

S')rnQ

~I ....//)

!:duc~' (t

N:!:u nb)' fr «<XE'I Il (

III

DtSllnatiOIl mat'kl( fa Fdu pel>'"

56 ,

7.!J 1<m

1m "

Figure 8. 3(c): Map showing markets supplied cassava fermented paste by Gboko.

198

The cassava food commod ity markel and trade network in Nigeria

I路Achoho (Benue)

2-Adikpo (Benue)

13-ZakiBiam

30%

30% 20%

20% 4- Aya ( Benue)

Aba (Abia Slale) 11Ugbokolo

30%

10%

5-Ebelle ( Edo)

20%

15%

I O-Jatoka (Benue)

--~/ 9lkpayongo

6-Gbegi (Benue)

20%

8-Ihugh

7-Gboko (Benue)

(Benue)

Figure 8.4(a): Rural markets supplying fermented paste to Aba.

1'<\1'31 ,ll <!rkot f.;. Ot<it"~hcn

:I I

I=~tu p.):;r~

rol!.l" -芦 101 F"U!~

iJJ

! _!l~ "

' ---'-- '

Figure 8.4(b): Map of rural markets supplying fermented paste to Aba.

199

~:iI

The cassava food commodity mar1ccl and trade nCiv..ork in Nigeria

14-Uzai rue (Edo) I3-Ujiogba (Edo)

12-Cgbogui (Edo)

20%

~ 10%

II -Okpe lla (Edo)

30%

20%

JO%

@X (Edo)

10%

9-lkayongo (Scnue)

20%

8-lbilo (Edo)

Figure 8.S(a): Rural markets supplyingJermented paste to Ahuja (FCT).

K\I.r.ua

- -~'j' (.fr1'0~\F" Abula Na ssanl'wa

25 •

•

Figure 8.S(h): Map of rural markets supplying fermented paste

200

50 •

100 ••

i(m

Ahuja (FCT).

The eusava food commod ity lTI3rket and trade cern'ork in Nigeria

6-Zaki·Biam (Benue)

l-G begi (Benllc)

20% 10%

20%

2-Gbor

30%

4-Wukari (Taraba)

(8 cnuc)

20~'o

) ·Kalsina Ala (Ben ue)

Figure 8. 6(a): Rura l markets supplying fermented paste to Awka.

•

!'<ural m J~ jl klr Fu'u ~5bnabQn

mark<;!!.

f')f

~as:&

;:'ulu !iIlSt.? 100 ~:r

50 ,

Figure 8.6(h); Map of rural markets supplying fermented paste to Awka .

201

The cassava food commod ity market and [fade network in Nigeria

2-Evbotubu

(Edo)

16-Uwa (Edo)

100%

~ /~

50%

100%

(Edo)

100%

14-Urhonigbe (Edo)

5- [ruekptn

Benin City (Edo State)

20% (Edo)

(Delta)

100%

15-Usclu

13-Urhokuosa

3·Gwchem

100%

30%

I \

20% 12-Ubiaja (Edo)

100% II -Santana (Edo)

(Edo)

20%

/ IO-Olih. (E<lo)

~ .. ogba

100% 100%

100%

6·Kalsina Ala (Bcnuc)

100%

~ ~

8-0giso (Edo)

Figure 8.7(a): Rural markets supplying fermented paste to Benin City.

Edo

~ ~1 1

.'f*,~

•••

•

RI,I[oI mlJ"lok{ IG' FI,I'u rOg _

OW" :J"'OO m.J!\;D; ,.,.. F"J:'" j)O>IO

•

Figure 8.7(b): Map of rural markets supplying fermented paste to

202

(Edo)

Thc cassava food commodity market and trade network in

~j g ena

5-Zaki-Bi.. m ( Bcnuc)

\-Gbcgi (Benuc)

30% 10%

4-1kayongo

(Benlle)

2-Gbok.o (Benllc)

\0%

j- \hugh (B eoue )

Figure 8.8(a): Rural markets supplying femlenled paste to Jos.

Abuja ~--

./ Nassarawa

Talaba

Benu" â&#x20AC;˘

Rurel miJ"1ctit lor Ft.!u pllste Destn~JIl

markÂŤ for Fufu DaSle

Figure 8.8(b): Map of rural markets supplying fermented pa ste to Jos.

203

The cassava food eomroodity ma rket and trade network in Nigeria

Asaba (Delta State)

?A 16

/ ;

r;::;'\~

Figure 8.9(a): Rural markets supplying fermented paste to Asaba.

•"

Edo

•

rM si ma ke( to( F"ufu pa ;t(~ DosllntlK,"

1'l"Ia \(£f:

fo· J=ulu 1l3C.lo

5 ,

10 t

:IJ~, t

FIgure 8.9(b): Map of rural markets supplymg fermented paste to Asaba .

204

PElS

,'_0 __

.,..,iâ&#x20AC;˘ .,ria

, ,

Enugu (Enugu State)

--'i /'

'-nne! ",on.rnodioy ......rl< . . .... d ttad. n .........ri< in

'-----...-/

205

'------'1

/ ' PE02 ' \

Figure 8. 1O(a): Rural markets supplying fermented paste to Enugu.

The c . . . . _

PEo.

PEll

P02

PEl a PEll

PE29

PE28

PE27

PE26

PE25

PE24

PE2)

PE20 PEll VEl2

pEl S PE I9

PEIO PElt PEI2 PEIl PEI4 PElS PEl b PEl?

PE08 PE09

PE07

PE06

PEOS

PEU4

PE02 PEO]

Code PEOI

Nah Onycngedc Olobi Oturkpo Tor Donga Ugbokolo Vcndeikia Zaki-Biam Ugwugo Park

Lcsse:l Ahambe

Kwurn

Gbcgi Gbem Gboko Gbor Ihugh Ikabo Ikayongo latoka lawkunll Kat!ina Ala Korinya Kum Buro

Chu

Markel Achoho Adikpo Ado Adoka Aliade Aayangba Ay. Ayin

-doEnugu

-d~

Siale Benue -do-do-do-doKogi Benue -do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do.00.00-do-do-du-du-du-

20 20 100

.\0 ]0 lO lO 20 20

.\0 lO 50

20 20 20 lO lO

50 lO lO 70 lO lO 20 lO

40 4U

10 lO

% Share

)

"-)

...' "-"'~\..J, /

Kogi . I'J

., If!

'11

..;~'"

~• •I

. lg

•

)

'\'

C"~l'IatJO'I

rnarloU

t¢.o ~vlu

i1ur.lI m" Inn 10: F\.1IJ PlSI6

[

•

79'

•"

'))

001<:1.

,JJ

""L.--------" ) ) \

•"

• •

" l ' '"

73 . 91

r.'

Cross River

.t'a'Xe

) ) EbonYI, ' S

\ \"

(

:I 10/ "--..

206

Figure 8,IO(b): Map of rural markets supplying fennented paste to Enugu,

~__, "

i '".:

Benue

'--J

"' / \ . 1 \ ,----' I r \. Enugu•" -.11

. " ~--J--~ ..

(~--------."

-- r-- - - -" """' \

The cassava food commodity market anu traOc octwork in Nigeria

LT I

~Jr

~ PM04

207

Figure 8.11 (a): Rural markets supplying fem1cnted paste 10 Makurdi.

Makurdi (Benue State)

\ \-卤--l1 / / /

markel and trade nC: lwork. in Nigeria

EJ\

rood colnmodiry

~"- ~

The CAJI .... v"'

-I PMOB

PMOO

Korinyll.

Kuru BUN

Twanunne

Udoi

Vandeik:ia

PM15

PM2f, PM 27

Yeruwala

Tse Agbdagba Tsekuche

Tor Donga

Naka

Lcssel

-do-do-do-do-do-do路 -do-do-do-do-do-

Jawkuna

-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-

-do-do-do-

Siale Benue

rM16

Ihugh lkabo Jalok:l.

19bor

Gboko Gungur

Gbom

D8udu

Buruku Chu

Atondei Ayo

Agabe

Adlkpo

Achoho

Markel

PMI7 PMIS PM19 I'M20 J'M2 1 PM21 PM23 PM24

PMOH PM09 PMIO PM II PMI2 PMIJ PMI4 PMI 5

PM07

PMOS PMOI>

PM02 PM03 PM04

Code PMO I

20 20 40 JO 50 lO JO 20 50 JO JO 100 lO 100

lO{)

20 100 100 lO lO JO 100 30 20

% Shan:

•

\~"""

3 15(# l '

C..?";tH'ldO Ofi mark€'( 101' F'uh! P2'01.1

. 13 ~ 7

. 16

•

. (".-----7. 7 114

19.

Cross River

Ruml rna-kef tor r ulu POSte

g~"-'-.)EbOnYi ~ 'I...'\

••

10 IS

Benue

r" ------

.'0",

Taraba

ro-'m

r-"" .. '\ l'

-....

2 08

Figure 8. 11 (b): Map of rural markets supplying fermented paste to Makurdi .

r-::::::-~~/"l:.

.. ,

Nassara wa

~')-~

/~ \ \~ --Y) , \I " M"'"," ' \, ."

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

-------=:

Kano (Kano State)

Figure 8. l2(a): Rural markets supplying fermented paste to Kano.

~ ~ ~

The cassava food commodit y m;trlu:1 and hade network in Nigeria

209

~ PK05

Bcoue

-doEdo -doBcnuc Edo -do-do-do-do-do-do-

Ihugh Ilcayongo

PK11 PK 12

Ujiogha

Uz.ailllc

PK 21

PK22 PK2)

b\cjB illm

Ok"dla

Owan

Ubiaja Ugn

Mhamhe Oho7.0goe Nugu

IfTu:t lrudpcn

PKI6 PKI7 PKI8 PKI9 PK20

PK IS

PK14

PKIJ

-do[do Ibilo

Renin:

Bcnuc

PKIO

State Edo -do-do-do-do-do-do-

Ciboko

H or Ekpoma Ewohimi fibcgi

Ebelle

Aviclle

Market Agbcde Agor

PK04 PKOS PK06 PK07 PKOR PKfI'l

PKO I PK02 PK03

Cod<

JO 20 40 50

4U 4U JO 20 JO JO lO 20 40 20 JO JO

30 40 2U 3U

% Share

,J Kebbi( .

Z.mfara

Katsina

, <,,----J \..

)

'5:' '\

)

Yobe

,r, .f

, • Benue 15 ..

Nassar.VI.

\~~

\",

-..-J

'-</~ .~ (

hno \1'13

•

,I'"'

( J"

'."

1:<1

2 10

2.0 ~

()I.>Sl1nal;l.")n m3l1<\'4 fl'lr F'ufu paste

~ul u

1. . L.l.c::~•.t:.......PIl:;tC,~

( '

<' ~\,~I.'O ~~V'., ~.

,_ ."~

(" -

(

Rural mwkC( to·

'-, _..l.--.-""" Adam3\VJ

omo

Figure 8.12(b): Map of rural markets supplying fermented paste to Kano,

bony,.. / rv

Z!t-:k-rossjiver

\~ ( , R t_ 3yels31 IVers

Delta

"~" 7A 'n

" (). Edo

r y , - .f'-Jl

B.u chi \ - mb

Plat.au " \

~ f

\. .:3 ,I r2b;'2"~f~0 tfnu)u;g~l ~~

-"r-'7

.:..~_ Ond .~

Ogun

0;0

Abur~

K.dun.

" J

( .....r

i,/'-'\

/'\':;;;;;~'.~

....

'1~

Niger

h If , r '\

, I

~" :,..,Ji r . I -' ( ~ K.no '> '1 \ 1 't- )S-'L'~rYs"'-V1'1 ,/~/ ,T,,!

(

f'-1 SOko~Ar-/~" , ,~~~~:'d

..------,..-'------...

The cassava food commodity market and trade nctwork in Nigeria

[

211

v--::=

PTOJ

Onitsha (i\nanlbra State)

PTO I

\ L-L--UJ /

~ ~

rood con. modi ly .............. , .nod tr.de nctwo , k in Nigc:楼iill

~'--- ~

C:.." Sava

Figure 8.13 (a): Rural markets supplying fermented paste to Onitsha.

T ....

PTO.

Adlkpo Afor Ulcokpu

Aline Anyangba AYil

Pl1J2 PT03 PT04

I'T06

PT07 PTOB

Kogi

-do-

Delta Benue

Delta Ella Delta

(lho1m lhugh

lby ol1 eo I sscllc路U~tL

J<ltuka

Umum::dc Urorni

PTJ 1 PT12

PTl3 PT14 PT15

PT27

PT26

PT2 5

PT24

PTI.l

PTl9 PT20 PT21 PT22

PT17 PT IR

PT16

Olum

OWt:'himi

Vandeikia Wukari Zaki -Biam

Taraba Benue

Delta Benue

Senue

-do-

路Jo-

Ooil:.ha Ugbo

Tor DUllg.. Ubulukwu

Edo Della

illerillm Ogan

-llcl-

Acnue

F,do

-do-

I'T09 PTIO

-do-

Delta

Agbor Asaha Ewohimi

Dcnuc

Chu

PT05

Achoho

Della Edo

Slate Beoue -do-

Market

Code PTOI

20 20 SO 20 20 20 20 40 20 30 10 10 15 60 30 50 30 10 30 60 30 30 20 70 10 20 10

"/0 Shalt

•

·'M>Onm¥~",,..r

1.1"">1.

:;V.Ift8'~ .. 1 tr.'.r~-.lf

)

• • •

)

2 12

Fi gure 8.13 (b): Map of rural mark ets suppl ying fermented paste to Onitsha.

The 1::1'$3\3 rood ~ommodl l)' mar ket and rr:t& nel\O.mk m t.:illen3

The Cass3\'a food commodity market and trade network in ~igeria

15-Urhenigbe (Edo)

I-Ach(Jho (8c:nue)

14- Ugo (Edo)

2-Ebc:lIc (Edo)

13-USbol((Jlo (Bcnuc)

3-Ehor

20%

(Edo)

20% 12-Ugbogui (Edo)

4-Ekpoma

12-Ugbogiobo (Edo)

(Edo)

10%

30%

5- lguobazua (Edo)

30%

30% IO-Ude

10% 6- lkayongo (Bcnuc)

20%

(Edo)

20% 30% 7路0bozogbc Nuh\J

9-010gbo (Edo)

(Edo)

8-Ogwan (Edo)

Figure 8. 14 (a): Rural markets supplying fermented paste to Port Harcourt.

2 13

The cassava food commod ity marilct and trade network in Nigeria

. '

, •ll9nu.

\ •

r:;·urar mll"k« fa Furu pa!de [\gstmOOCn mar ... lor FUfu pan'

'0"'" r

Figure 8.14 (b): Map of rural markets supplying fermented paste to Port Harcourt.

214

The cassava food commodity markel and trade network in N igeria

I-Ikayongo (8enue)

2-Agbcdc

8-Ekpoma/ Eguarc (Edo)

( Edo)

/L--_ _-' 30%

7-Uz.airnc (Bcn1.lC)

30%

3-Avicllc (&10)

Kaduna (Kaduna State)

10% 6-0kpcl!a (8enue)

50%

i 4-EkpomalExprcss (Edo)

20% I S-Jbilo (Edo)

Figure 8.15(a) : Rural markets supplying fermented paste to Kaduna.

â&#x20AC;˘

Rura ma1<â&#x201A;Ź{ fur

Co...,"",M l.:.t:(n PIS.k03: 10 r ulu .. a~r.. C! ::IS 1-..J--

FiJlI,I1>.~[9

1 ~1'~'

:Cl '

' ....J

Figure 8.15 (b): Map of rural markets supplying fermented paste to Kaduna .

215

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

I-Gboko

10%

2-lkayongo

(Benue )

(Bcnue)

/ 5%

30%

r------, 3-Urhonigbe

(Edo ) Figure 8. 16 (a): Rural markets supplying ferm ented paste to Maiduguri .

â&#x20AC;˘

Rural ma-k.:;! F.:or ~ul u p.s:e ~ 5tIn an"n

216

OlD

rrutk.:r for Fulu paste

The cassava rood commodit), markel and trade nelwork in Nigeria

Rural Assembly Markets for fermented paste

I-Aba (A bia)

6-Onitsha (Anambra)

30%

10%

5-Kano (Kano)

Zaki-Biam (Benue State)

10%

20%

2-Awka (Anambra)

20% 10% 4-Jos (plateau)

3-Enugu (Enugu)

Figure 8.17(a): Zaki-Biam supplying femlented paste to at least six urban markets.

â&#x20AC;˘ I'<ufal m.k<r. 'or Fu'u OOSIO 6. CEllbn illlonlNlr"el lorFdupnSle

o !

III

iii ,

, 40"'" ,

Figure 8.17 (b) : Map ofZaki-Biam supplying femlented paste to six urban markets.

217

The C3ÂŁsava food commod ity markct arK! tradc nelwork in Nigeria

I ~~~~~~ I

2-Ab uja (FCT)

I-Aba (Abia)

t 30%

9-Port

10%

Harcourt

4-Gboko (Benue)

(Rivers) 50%

Achoho (Benue State)

20%

5% 8-Onitsha (Anambra)

5% 10%

" 7-Obollo Afor

5-Makurdi (Benue)

6-Nsukka (Enugu)

(Enugu)

Figure S.I S(a): Achoho market supplying fennented paste to nine market centers.

Figure 8. 18(b): Map of Achoho market supplying fennented paste to nine market centers .

21S

The cassava food commodity markct and trade network in Nigeria

2-Enugu (Enugu)

l -Aba (Abia)

30% 10%

S-Onitsha (Anambra)

Adikpo (Benue) 3-Gboko (Benlle) 20%

4-Makurd i (Benue)

Figure 8.19(a): Adikpo supplying fennentcd paste to five destination centers.

"~" " "'''\ â&#x20AC;˘M.,kwdi

Kogi

Benue

Edo

\// ')

...-.I Delta

Figure 8.19(b): Map of Adikpo supplying fennented paste to five destination centers.

219

The C8Mava food commodity market and trade nctv.lork in Nigeria

4-0nitsha (Anambra)

I-Aba (Abia) 20%

20% Afuze CEdo State)

30%

3-Lagos (Lagos)

30%

2-Abuja (FCT)

Figure 8.20(a): Afuze market supplying fermented paste to four destination centers.

220

The cassava food commodity m:nket and trade network in Nigeria

8 Mil es - I (Cross River)

Ikaika Qua - 2 Odukpan i - 6 (Akwa-lbom)

20%

(Cross River)

10%

20%

Ikot Nyong (Cross River)

10% 20% It am - 5 (Cross River)

Uyo - 3 (Akwa lbom

20%

~ Watt, Calabar - 4 (Cross River)

Figure 8.21(a) [kot In yang supplying fermented paste to six destination markets.

/ Akw a Ibom

Onlin.'on m.....1 . . RUfIl I Mm .1

125 ,

50"' ... ,

Figure 8.21(b) Map oflkot Inyang supplying fermented paste to six destination markets. 221

The cassa ...a food commod ity market and trade network in Nigeria

la lingo - 5

(Tarab.)

10"10 lak.ra - I 40%

Afik po - 4 (Ebonyi)

(Adamaw.)

----

Okuku (Cross River)

20%

Ab akaliki - 3

20"/. Maiduguri - 2 (Bomo)

(EbonyiJ

Figure 8.22(a) Okuku supplying fermented paste to five destination markets.

atsinr r '! ) Kano

,gawa

f ., ,

Yobe

I..,

)

-, ()I

Adamawa

)

o.stin<ilon mal1alt

Rural M80.81

n ,

I'.m I

Figure 8.22(b): Map of Nigeria showing Okuku as a source of fennented paste to fi ve destination markets .

222

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in Niaeria

CHAPTER NINE

Cooked paste (fufu) trade network Hard economic times, together with other socioeconomic variables, have continued to make the Nigerian society more and more complex. An increasing proportion of Nigerian housewives are taking up paid employment at the slightest opportunity, and the self-employed housewives are making strenuous efforts to cope with the hard times. The net result of all this is that women no longer have much time to spend in the kitchen, and they therefore go for food products that enter the market in ready-toserve forms or with minimal preparation at meal times. Fermented cassava paste, as has earlier been pointed out, is an intermediate product, which is converted into ready-to-servefojil after cooking. CookedjiifU, which can be stored for days, is a major food staple, especially in the southern region of Nigeria, and it is now commonly traded in the country.

5.1. Cassavafufu producing and consuming areas in Nigeria Figure 9. I(a) shows that the cassava fofo producing and consuming areas are concentrated in the southwest and southeast regions of Nigeria The density of production is highest in Dyo and Delta states and lowest in states such as Bayelsa, Akwa Ibom, Enugu, and Lagos (Figure 9. I (bÂť . The market for cassavajiifll is located mostly in Dyo and Delta states, and to a less extent in Ogun, Lagos, Osun, Edo, Imo, Rivers, Anarnbra, and Ebonyi states (Figure 9. I (cÂť .

Figure 9. I (a): Map of Nigeria showing major rural sources and destination markets for cookedfojil in Nigeri a, 2006.

223

ta.

-.....

l ,

l ~l. I

~ - r.. "

--..

AbUt.

r;,

.~. ""'--,

, AIle... ~-- .....-

NIl". . . .

-. f 'J

...

-r ! -.

"~ [' 1-..

•

RtKeI m ~ for AJFU

OanstydNr.~

bJ stIIte.

L o.,

,., 7 - 11

12 . 19

19.74

.....

Figure 9. 1(b): Density of cookedji!fo producing markets in Nigeria.

.l I

L I

•

, \. 'J-f

1- .'

\ J'--

. . ...... ..r

r,.... 'J.I

,./

"Gon1.. ' (-

Bomo

, I

/"-.. ,

•

OesIneooo merka for ruFU

Oensfy c:I desbn8IIon maNat

tft'sta • .

0· ' ' ·S e· ul

17 · 25

. ",." 2J)

Figure 9.1(c): Density of destination markets for cookedfojil in Nigeria

224

"" ....

The cassava food commod ity markel and trade network in Nigeria

5.2. Trade network for cooked paste (Fufu) This will be di scussed under two sections ruralurban supply network, and bulk building and distribution network for cooked paste (juju) 5.2.1 Rural-urban supply networks About three types of ruralurban supply network for Juju were identified and discussed. a) One rural market supplying cooked paste to one urban market. Figure 9. 13 (c), (e) and (f) respectively, shows that Hori in Ogun State supplies all its cooked paste (fitfu) to Abeokuta, Oyigbo 40% to Enugu, and that Abudu in Edo State also supplies 20% of Juju to Port Harcourt. Also, Taiwo and Bahoko feeder markets in Kwara State supply all their fiift' to lIorin urban market (Figure 9. 13a). The reason for a rural market dealing with only one urban market is not clear; probably it may have to do with proximity, either in absolute terms or in terms of ease of accessibility or with the personal preference of the middlemen. b) Several rural markets supplying cooked paste (juJu) to one one urban market. This type of ruralurban supply nerwork was found to be very cornmon. Figures 9.2 (a) and (b) show the list and locations of rural markets in Delta state, which supply Onitsha with juju. About eleven rural markets "export" Jufi' to Onitsha urban market, the proportion of fi![i, from each market ranging from 40% to 70% for Umunede, Ebelleh Agbor, Onitsha, and Oyoko, and from 10% to 30% for the rest of the rural markets (Figure 9.2(a». Figure 9.4 also shows that in Delta State, 12 rural markets supply Juju to Agbor and that Asaba urban market gets its Juju supplies from 14 feeder markets. About eight of the feeder markets in Figure 9.4 supply fufi' to both Agbor and Asaba destination markets . Except for Isselle-Ukwu, Afor Ozoro, and Onuobo rural markets that supply 100%, 50% and 40%, respective ly, to Agbor, the rest of the individual feeder market supplies range from 10% to 30%. It is also worthy of note that all the feeder villages, except lsse lleUkwu, had other markets tbat they also supply with JuJu . Warri urban market in Delta State is suppli ed Juju by fo ur feeder markets. It gets 60% of the fitfu supplies from Ewato, 50% each from Ozoro and Okpe, and 30% from Onuobo feeder markets (Fi gure 9.5). The locations of the Warri urban market and its fee der markets are shown in Figure 9.5(b). The urban market in Benin City receives its j ujU supplies from nine feeder markets , all of which supply it with all the fiifu from these feeder markets. The only exception is Oka feeder market, which sells 80% ofitsfiifu to Benin City urban market (Figure 9.7(a». It is interesting to note that all these feeder markets are only located in Edo State but that they also clustered around Benin City urban market (Fi gure 9.7(b». In Lagos State, the urban markets are suppliedfuJu by 13 feeder markets, ten of which are located in Ogun State, two in Edo State, and only one in Lagos state (Figure 9.B(b)). Four of the feeder markets-Odogunyan, Ijebu-Igbo, Shagamu Aweol, and Owode-Idiroko "export" all their fiift' to Lagos urban

225

The cassa"a food commod ity market aDd trade network in )o{ igena

markets, while about seven others each sell from 50% to 80% of its Juju production, and the rest between 20% and 30% each to urban markets in Lagos (Figure 9.8(a» . Ibadan urban markets appear to have the largest concentration of feeder markets supplying tbem with cooked paste (jUJu) . These feeder markets, numbering about 19, are located mainly in Oyo State. The four feeder markets that fall outside Oyo State are distributed three in Osun State and one in Ogun State (Figure 9.IO(b» . Almost 80% of the fe eder markets sell all their supplies of Juju to urban markets in Ibadan. Each of the few remaining feeder markets sells at least 50% of its supplies of Juju to Ibadan urban markets (Figure 9. 1O(b» . Abeokuta urban market has a small concentration of six feeder markets suppling it with cooked paste (juju). All the feeder markets are located in Ogun State and in and around the Abeokuta urban market (Figure 9.1 I (b» . Four of the six feeder markets supply 40% each of their stock of Juju, while !tori and Kesan-Orile feeder markets supply 100"10 and 20% of their Juju, respectively, to the urban market at Abeokuta (Figure 9. I l(a». c) One rural market supplying cooked paste (juju) to several urban markets. It is quite usual for a commodity from one rural market to find its way to more than one destination market, since middlemen can come from several places to buy the commodity, which they may sell in different markets. That is the si tuation in four sample feeder markets, namel y, Abara Obodo and Agbor in Delta State, Abudu in Edo State, and ' 8 Miles' in Cross River State. Abara Obodo supplies 25% of its Juju to each of the follo wing urban/suburban markets- Asaba. Agbor, and Umunede (Figure 9.12(a» , while Agbor (now a feeder market), in tum , sells 40% of its Juju each to Onitsha and Umunede, and 20% to Asaba (Figure 9.12(b» . Abudu feeder market has four urban market outlets in Delta. Lagos and Rivers states for its Juju (Figure 9.12(d» . It di stributes 20% of its fit/u to Agbor, Asaba, and Port Harcourt urban markets, and 30% to Lagos urban market (Figure 9.12(c)). In Cross River State, most of the village markets sampled produce Juju for domestic needs . For instance, almost all Juju produced and sold in rural markets at lwuru, Okurikang, Ugep, Apiapum, Ehom, Ekori, Ediba, Oyiadama, Creek Town, Nko, and Uyanga, is consumed domestically. In "8 Miles" rural market, the picture is different, as only 20% of itsfoJII is used for domestic purposes, and the remaining 80% of the JIIJU is shared equally between Ikaika Qua and Watt destination markets in Cross River State (Figure 9. I 2(e» . 5.2.2 Bulk building and distribution network for Juju Figure 9.3a presents a complex network of bulk building and di stribution involving three assembly markets, their feeder markets and their destination market at Onitsha.

226

The cassava food commod ity market and trade network in Ni geria

The feeder and the assembly markets are all located in Delta state but the destination market at Onitsha is in neighboring Anambra State (Figure 9.3(bÂť. Agbor gets its supply of fufu from 13 feeder markets in the varying proportion of 20% to 30% each from ten of the villages, and 40 or 50% from two feeder markets . Only one feeder market at Isselle Ukwu sell s all its fufu to Agbor. In its turn, Agbor distributes about 20% of her supplies offufu to Asaba and 40% each to Umunede and Onitsha. With respect to Asaba assembly market, in addition to the 40% of supplies of fufu from Agbor, it receives supplies also from 12 feeder markets in Delta and Edo states (Figure 9.3 (bÂť. The proportions of supplies of fiifu from each of the feeder markets are in the range of 10% to 30%, but it supplies only 10% of its fufu to the Onitsha urban market. On the other hand, Umunede "exports" as much as 70% of its supplies of fufu to the urban market at Onitsha, after receiving fufu supplies from about 13 feeder markets. The Umunede assembly market appears more attractive to most feeder markets than Asaba or Agbor assembly market. The proportion of the stock of figu from the feeder markets that sell Juju to the three assembly markets, is substantially higher for Umunede than for Agbor or Asaba. The proportion of fufu supplies from each of the feeder markets that supply this commodity to Umunede ranges from 40% to 60% for ten of the feeder markets, and from 20% to 30%, for the three remaining feeder markets.

6-Umunede

I- Ebelleh (Del,a)

(Delta) 70%

2-Edum Afor

50%

7-0nicha U.bo !Delta) 40%

10% 3-Agbor (Delta)

30%

40%

8-0gwashiUku (De lta)

40% 4-Asaba (Delta)

10"10 30%

20%

20"1, 5-Koko

Ju nction

9-0yoko (Del'a)

10-Ukokpo (Del'a)

I I-U'enim (Del 'a)

Figure 9.2 (a): Rural markets supplyingfufu to Onitsha urban market.

227

The cassava food commodlcy markel and crade neN.'ork: in Nigcria

)

Edo ••

•

//~--

" •• 1(1

':. '.

\ Anambra

)twtw

Delta

•

Rural mwhl 'Of Fuhl Oc ~"II n~(II' rn.'lIit£4 101 F••oIu

o ~!> ,

'> I ,

l i,l l'", II

Figure9.2 (b): Map of rural markets supplyingfoJu to Onitsha Urban market.

228

The canava rood commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

I . Aban Obodo 2 Abudu 3. AiOf' Ozoro 4. Edum Ater S. lghesi 6. beUo-Uku 7. Koko Junction 8. 1\.1::wo Uro mi

9. Nsukwa. 10. Onicha USbo II. Onuobo 120)'ako 13. Utenim 14. Ebelleh I S.Oswuhi-Uku 16. Uk

Onitsha

Market Name

Aabor

Auba

Umuncdc

AbanObodo

2S·.

2S~.

5M~

Abudu

20·~

2o-~

Afer Ozoro

50·~

MOO"

30-/.

10'~

40%

30~"

20·~

SO·. SO·. 20·.

Edum Ighesi

bell~Uku

I OO~~

Koko Junction NkwoUromi Nsukwa. Onich. Ugbo Onuabo o,.oko Ulenim Ebclleh Ogwuhi-Uku Ukokpo

30". 30".

20·. 20~~

SO·.

2~.

30·~

40·~

40'

20"'4~.

20".

1 ~~

2~~

20~~

40~.

20~,

30"

10".

60',

3 0~.

SO·,

Figure 9.3 (a): Cookedji!fo distribution network involving assembly markets.

229

30~.

The CAllava food commodity market ...d ttadc nctwlrl. in Nigeria

Edo

Anambra

\ 'A~.

Imo

Delta

•

Rura ma-lCe! Itt Futu

•

Asseni)ly m8l1olt ror i=du

....

~elon

!'I"I31c£f: t)r i=ufu

XlKrn

5 10

, ,t'

Figure 9.3 (b): Map of cookedfofo distributior. involving assembly markets .

230

l1lc cassav3

food commodity m,u1<et ;md trade network in Nigeria

C:umuned~

I-OgbasiUku

I I-Abudu

12-Edum Afar

3-Ebelleh

Asaba

13-Kaka Junction

5-Uromi

14-Nsukwa

6-0yaka

15-Uka kpa

7-Uten im

16-Afar Ozora

~-lssc Jl c -

Uku

Rural markets Ogwashi路Uku Ahara Ododo Ebclleh (Delta) Igbesi Uromi Oyoko Ulenim Isselle路Uku Onuobo Umuncde Abudu Edum Afor Koko Junction N.!.ukwa

SbaI'e to Destination Markets !%) Asaba Other Areas Agbor

25 )0 )0 20 20 100 40 20 )0 )0 20

Ukokpo

Afor OZOIO

Onkha USbo

10 25 20 20 20 10 20

17-0nicha Ugbo

SO 80 50 SO

70 60 60

)0 20 10 20 )0 )0

70 60 60

SO SO 70 50 80

Figure 9.4: Movement of cookedJuJu from rural markets to big towns in Delta State.

231

The cassava food commodity marlcet and rrndc nelWork in Nigeria

I-Ozoro (Delta)

2-Ewato (Delta)

4-0nu obo

(Delta)

50%

Figure 9.5 (a): Rural markets supplyingfufu to Warri .

Edo

Anamb ~

Okpe Mark

• Delta

Vl,tlfli

~"i

-------------.-.-----~~ •

RUf.. 1r~ cr l<E'1

DlIsfn<lli(ln

Figure 9.5 (b) : Map of rural markets supplyingfiifu to Warri.

232

I(1(

F.lfu

mar ~ilt

•

10; Fur"

The cilSSava food commodity market :md trade network in Nigeria

Edo

•

RU 'a! m<wI..Ii!!vr Fuh..

Dlii.!lnct!oo maik« flj( ~'.Au

J S

12 ......

Ll.J.J.J .. I....I....I.J

Figure 9.6 (b): Map of rural markets that supply Juju to Asaba, Delta State.

0 k ;osa (Edo) I=::>

oregben; (Edo) 9

0 VbO,UbU(Edo) 2~

100%

0 wa(EdO)8

>t-__

,--__1_00-0-' /, -0

g ;so (Edo) 3 =::>

10_0'l_V'--.., 80%

I+-----t~ka (Edo) 4 ~ 100%

r ; ~ selu (Edo) 7

=----/

100%

~1;ha (EdO)

100% C

Santana (Edo) 6

::>

Figure 9.7 (a): Rural markets that suppJy Juju to markets in Benin City.

233

1be cassava food commodicy market and trade network in Nigeria

B9r1n Oly

e, i....

. 3

. 6 .~

Edo

(

Delta

( Ki tÂť

- ... -

- . - - -.

Delta

~ ...

! / ---_ .... _ - -_. _-,â&#x20AC;˘

Rllr,illIIl'lk(" lOf j:uhl

Oe!.llnatJon m&'ke( tGI ':=utu

""'"

Figure 9,7 (b): Map of rural markets thai supply Juju to markets in Benin City.

234

Figure 9.8 (a): Rural markets that supply fiifu to markets in Lagos.

LAGOS STATE

Th ... c .... va food commodity markc t and cOlIdc network in N igeria

235

路8

Abudu

Anie;bado Ibcfun Ifonitedo Ijcbu路l gbo Ikomi Ilaro imosan Odogunyan Okc.()dan Shagamu Aweol. Owode路ldi rolm Yewa Mala

ABO

AGD

ODK YWM

SGA

OGY OKD

IKM ILA IMS

lUG

IHF IFU

Markel Name

Cod.

-do-do-do-

3 I

2 2 3

Ogun

30 60 50 50 100 60 70 80 100 70 100 100 20 -d~

10 La~us

I 2 I I 2 2

PCII::t:nhige Poinrs

Supply

-dolJigos

-du-<lo-<lo-

-00-

O~lIn

State Edu

OQUI1

•

I ... ,..,....."

• n

Oe'ib,ano, mark« tor Fulu

FlI.lIel m(ll Ice:. IOf Fulu

I- e

U'v--.

Figure 9,8 (b): Rural markets that supply Juju to markets in Lagos.

•

6 13.. 1

.-"

Oyo

Thc cassava rood commodity markcl and lradc network in Nigcria

'D14n ,

236

I • "

10 20

[

Ondo

Ek~i

Edo

8FOl 9

Ibadan Area (Oyo State)

(::)~

rood commodity market afld trade Mtwork in N igeria

Figure 9. 10 (a); Rural markets that supply Juju to Ibadan area.

The caSsaVR

237

Cod< BFOOI BF002 BFool BFOO4 BFOOS BFOOb BFOU7 BFOOS BfOO9 BfOlO UfO11 UFOl2 BFOJ) BFOl4 BFO IS BFOl6 BfOi7 BFO I B BFOl 9 Oyo Osun Oyo

-do-do-doOsun

-do-

-du-do-do-

I I I l

2 l

I l S

2 2

()sun

Ikire iware Iwo Moniya Odogbo D.m acks Odo-Ori Ogunmakin 0 10runda Omi-Adio Onipc(lc:ye Onidundu Owodc Idil'uku

-do-do-

Oyn -dn-dn-

No sUEElied I 2 I I I l I

Alabat:l Apomu Atan-M lnm Bo(ilja Igbo-Elcrin Igbo-Oloyin IJaiyc

Slate Oyo Osun

MarkeTName

100 100 100 IOU 100 100 100 100 100 50

100 80 100 100 100 100 100 80

% Share

)---

•"

r •

Lagos

1S:Il

238

6D~

DeSlinebon market 10( Fulu

Rurl!ll m8'ket 10( F"ulu

Figure 9.10 (b): Map of rural markets that supply jiifu to Ibadan area.

.~1

•n

~, ~

.'• .'.

The eusava rood commodity m3rke! nnd !rnde nc!work in Nigeria

The cassava food commodity market and trade J1Ctwork in Nlgena

I-Anigb.do 966 (Ogun State)

2· llewo·Orile 6·Yewa Mata 891 (Ogun S.. te)

936 (Ogun St.te)

40'%

'-... 40'%

4 ()OIo

Abeokuta (Ogun Srate) S-Itori 923 (Ogun St. te)

20%

100'%

3·Kesan-Orile 922 (Ogun State)

4()O/o

4.Abuie·Ov.'U 663 (Ogun State)

Figure 9. J I (a): Rural markets that supply jiifu to Abeokuta.

-"-".

--.- ~ -

(J I,

Oyo

Ani.bado . ......

( \ ;_ . _ , ....

l ')

)

c~-,

Ogun

• O¥-:u Mule-

•

~ra

OeS:lI\tliC!l~ ' or l=ur\l

mll'kOl 'or Fuf\l

Figure 9.1 1 (b): Map of rural markets that supply fuji, to Abeokuta .

239

The cassava food commodity market and trade network. in Nigeria

25% 25%

Ab.ra Obodo

25%

J-Umunooe (Della)

Figure 9.12(a) Abara Obodo assembly market sells cookedfufu to three other centers.

2-Asaba

(Delta'.

40%

3-Onitsha (Anambra)

Figure 9.12(b): Agbor assembly market suppliesfufu to three urban centers.

240

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

AI -Lagos (lagos Slate)

30%

A4-Agbor (Delta State)

Abudu (Edo State)

20%

20"10

A3-Asaba (Delta Slale)

Figure 9. 12 (el Abudu assembly market movesJujil to four urban centers.

â&#x20AC;˘ _

RI)fai m !l' ~r I..., r:ufu u.SlJn9l1oo mathl( rerFuru

Figure 9.12 (d) Map of Abudu supplyingJufo to four urban centers.

241

Al-Port HarcotJl1 (Rivers State)

TIle cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

Ikaika Qua

(Cross River) Local

40%

(20%) 8 Miles (Cross River)

8 Miles (Cross River)

40% Watt

(Cross River)

Figure 9.12 (e): Eight Miles market producesfufu consumed locally and for other markets in Cross River State.

242

The ca..ava food c:ommodity market and trade network in Nisc:ria

CHAPTER TEN

The wet edible cassava starch trade network Starch production in commercial quantities is highly localized and concentrated in Edo and Delta states where it is one of the main food staples. Outside this area of production, starch is utilized as an industrial raw material . As should be expected the trade network for starch is not as complex and widespread as the trade networks for other cassava products already examined For instance, no movement of starch from the producing states of Edo and Delta to urban markets in the central, northeast, and northwest zones was observed during the field investigation. It is amazing too that starch from the traditional processing areas in the south has not found its way to Kaduna, with several textile establishments. It is likely that the cassava starch from the south does not compete favorably with imported starch.The major rural markets for cassava local starch are located in Delta, Edo and Oyo States. The urban demand markets are also found wi thin these states as well as Anambra, Bayelsa, Osun, Lagos, Kwara, Ondo and Ekiti States (Figures 10. 1a, 10. lb and 10. lc).

â&#x20AC;˘ Rulli! mIJ""CW SfOi ... DeSIInMonl'NF1lll 'or SlOt

o !

., ,

JXI ....

1m ,

Figure 10. 1 (a): Major rural sources and destination markets for starch in Nigeria

243

...... ..... ....,..

." ." •

Rwlllm . klC forSTOi at RwIJl rna~s tJy SI

• OInSily

U · _

3-11

11-21

Figure 10.1 (b): Density of rural starch producing markets in ~

Sokoto

.......

Ztm ....

DI"'"

-'-,

'L--L~~,

~ .~~,

Igena.

....

......

__.

....,.. ........

... """......... '" Sf0<

,. , _

•

244

'3-11

'231 1

Figure 10. 1 (c): Density of urban starch destination markets in

~IJ

om ,

Igena.

....

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in ;..figena

The trade network for starch, which is li mited to the southern zone, will be examined under the ruralurban distribution network, and bulk bui lding and distribution network. First, we shall start the discuss ion with starch distribution networks in Edo and Delta states. Figure 10.2 shows that about 12 rural markets supply starch to six urban markets in Delta State, and two urban markets outside the state-Onitsha in Anambra State and Yenagoa in Bayelsa State. Figure 10.2 shows the percentage distribution of starch from the source markets to destination markets. Analysis of the pattern of starc h distribution in Figure 10.2 suggests that Asaba and Agbor are the most important urban markets for starch in Delta State, with each of these markets getting a large proportion and supplies of starch from seven out of the twelve source markets. On the other hand, Umunede receives starch from three source markets, and Sapele, from only one market. Not on ly are the source markets few in number but also the proportion of starch supplies is also low-about 10% or 20%. With respect to Edo state, there are cleven source markets supplying starch to five urban markets-Agbor, Asaba, Benin City, Port Harcourt, and Lagos (Figure 10.3). It is clear fTom Figure 10.3 that Benin City is the largest recipient of starch produced in Edo state, getting all the starch supplies from seven out of the cleven source markets, and 30% or 40% from tbese other source markets. Both Agbor and Asaba destination markets get 40% and 60% of starch supplies, respectively, from the Uromi source market. 10.1. Bulk building and starch distribution network Very few assembly markets were observed in the trade network for starch during the period of field investigation. This is probably due to the relative proximity of the source and destination markets. Agbor and Asaba were the only assembly markets identi fied in the starch trade network. Middlemen in both Agbor and Asaba assemble starch from the various source markets and shi ft about 60% of starch from Agbor, and 40% from Asaba to Onitsha (Figure IO.4a) . In addition to these assembly markets, nine otber feed er markets in Delta State supply about 30% to 50% of their starch directly to Onitsha (Figure 10.4 (b)). In Onitsha, starch is required principally for industrial purposes. 10.2 Rural-urban starch distribution network About seven other urban markets get starch supplies directly and mainly from adjoining feeder markets. Lagos urban markets consume 90% to 100% of starch from Lafenwa and Ifo supply markets in Ogun State, and 40% to 50% of starch supplies from Ugbogiobo, Ekiadolor, and Ugbogui feeder markets in Edo State, and Odogunyan in Lagos State (Figure 10.5). Port Harcourt is supplied starch directly by fi ve feeder markets, with three of them in Edo State supplying 20% a piece, and two others in Delta State eac h supplying about 40% (I 0.6(a) and (bÂť . [badan urban market absorbs all the starch supplies from the three surrounding feeder markets in Moniya, [ware, and Odogbo (FigurcI0.7). Yenagoa urban market gets betwecn 10% and 40% starch supplies from each of the six feeder markets in Delta

245

The cassava food commod it)' mlri;cl and trade network in Nigeria

state (Figurel0.8 (aÂť. The location of the feeder markets and the Yenagoa urban market is shown in FigurelO.8 (b). A complex neTWork of feeder markets that are located in Delta and/or Edo Staters) services the urban markets at Asaba, Benin City and Warri . The number of the feeder markets is about 22 for Asaba, 15 for Beoin City and 10 for Wani urban markets, and each of the feeder markets supplies between 20"10 and 10% of its starch stock to its client urban market(s) (Figures 10.9 (a) and 10.12 (aÂť. The location of the variolls markets is shown in Figures 10.9 (b), 10.11 (b), and 10.12 (b).

246

The cassavll food commodity market and trade neTWOrk in Nigeria

S8 J-Asaba

j -O yoko

I-EbcJleh SB2路Warn

2-Mosogar

SB)-Umuncde

3-Nsukwa

SB4-Onilsha

4-0hara

5 BS-Agher

8-Mburuno Market

9-Uwclogbo

IO-Obiaruku Market

SB6路Ughclh

II -Utcn im Madel

SB7-Sapclc 6-Ekeute Market

Il -Ijcrc Markel

Figure 10.2: Percentage distribution of starch fro m source to urban markets, in Delta State 2006. Market Ebelleh Mosogar

Nsukwa Ohara Okpe Ekeute Oyoko Mburuno Uwelogbo Obiaruku Uten im Ijere

As.b. 30 30 40

Warri

Share of Eroduct to destination market {%) Umunede Onitsha Agbor Ughelli

30 40

40 20 20 40 40

20 20 40

20 20 20

40 10

Yenagoa

20 30 40

40 60 60 40 40 60

Sa~le

247

Tot.1 (%) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

The cassava food commod ity market and trade network in Nigeria

ST I-A gbor

7-Santana

8-Ugbogiobo

C:Ekiosa ST2-Asaba

9-Ugbogui ST3-Benin CilY

10-Uselu

~-uromi ST4-Pol1

Harcour1

~OgiSO

ll-Uwa

STS-Lagos

6-01iha

~ark et

Ekiadolor Ekiosa Evborubu Uromi Ogiso Oliha Santana Ugbogiobo Ugbogui Uselu Uwa

Share of product to destination market (%) Agbor Asaba Benin PH Lagos 40 20 40

100 100 40

100 100 100 30 30

100 100

20 20

50 50

Total (%)

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Figure 10_3: Percentage distribution of starch from source to urban markets, in Edo State, 2006_

248

The: e:a..ava food oommodity market and trade: network in Niac:ria

KEY I. Azoro 2. Ebellch 3. Gwchem 4. lsoko 5. Mburu 6. Mosogar 7. Uromi

8. Utcrium 9. Nsukwa 10. Ogwasi-Uku II. Oyoko 12. Oricrikpc 13. Usoro 14. Utenim

15. Uwclogho

16. Iwato 17. lselle-Vl,u 18. Uterium 19. Omosoga 20. Oturu

21. UhuJukwu

Figure 10.4 (a): Starch distribution network involving assembly markets.

249

The cu••va food commodity market and trade network irl Nigeria

." Edo

•

Kog i

----.--/

'.'

HI_. 10

. 11 _ 8 1S

1 • "J.,. •

•

DeHa

~ 1!II ~ 1 .\IIr'ttI

Ass«TUt mak<ft lor ~ch Clel;b~0Il ntrlctt IOf stwcn

Figure 10.4 (b): Map showing starch distrib ution network with assembly markets.

25 0

Th~ cassava

food commodity market and Irade network in Nigeria

l-Ugbogiobo (EOO)

Ot h",

SRI-Oshodi

50% 2-Ekiadolor (Edo)

40%

Others

SR2 -Agegc

10%

20% 50% SR3-lsolo

3-lfo (Ogun)

2~~

SR4-Bariga

20%

a- Ugbogui (Edo)

10%

"'1

SR5-Ajegunle

I·

Others

• Others

SR6- Mi lc 12

S-Odogunyan (Lagos )

50% SR7-Mushin

100%

6-Lafenwa (Ogun)

Rura l Market Ifa Ek iadolor Ugbogiobo Ugbogui Odogunyan Lafenwa

Others

Others SRS-Oyingbo

State Ogun Eda Edo Edo Lagos Ogun

Na of markets supplied 6 I I 1 1 1

Figure 10.5 : Sellers of starch to markets in Lagos State.

25 1

Share of supply (% )

90 40 50 50 50 100

The cassava food commod ity market and tr<kIe ne~ ork in Nigeria

J-Ek.iadolor (Edo State)

20%

5-Ughell i

(Delta State)

2-Ugbogio (Edo State)

20%

40%

Port Harcoun (Rivers)

20%

40"10 3- Ugbogiobo (Edo State)

4-Sapele (Delta State)

Figure 10.6 (a): Rural markets suppl ying sla rch to Port Harcourt.

/ Ugbogul

Edo

V / t

/\/

Ugbog,o,') â&#x20AC;˘ "\

â&#x20AC;˘

)

~ Enugu

\ nambra''"-;>.--;r

Ru rel mwki'l: 101' Slart/'l

()(,stnaoon n;eri(1'I. I..,.. 5t 3'"cn

Figure 10.6 (b): Map of rural markets supplying starch to Port Harcourt .

252

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

l-Iware (Oyo)

2-Moniya

(Oyo)

100%

lbadan (Oyo State) ÂŁ---~

100%

3-Odogbo

(Oyo)

Figure 10.7: Rural markets supplying starch to Ibadan.

25 3

100%

The cassava food commodity marke! and trade nClWork in Nigeria

2-0bi.ruku (Delta)

/ 40

Y enagoa

6-Ughelli (Delta)

(Bayels.)

5-Sapele

(Delta)

Figure 10.8 (a): Rural markets supplying weI starch to Yenagoa.

Edo 4

â&#x20AC;˘

Yentigoo

Bayelsa â&#x20AC;˘

rit.I(lI "l dlM! .or !I~(h

Destll'latlor. mar ~ el l c< Sta<::l

5 10

XI ...",

Figure 10.8 (b): Map of rural markets supplying wet starch to Yenagoa.

254

,,i , '1-.-1

The cassava food commodity market and trade network ill Nigena

Obiaruku (Delt.)-S

Ekeute (Delta)-3

60% 50%

40% 60%

Eke Iwato (De1ta)-2

30% ----+

Warri (Delta State)

60% Afor Ozoro (Del ta)-I

40%

Ohara (Delta)-7

40%

60%

Okpe (Delta) -8

40% Sapelc (De lt.)-9

Ughe ll i (Delt.)-IO

Figure 10.9 (a): Rural markets supplying starch to Warn .

Kog i;\

ndo/ Edo

\ 3

•

f:..

\'\bnj

Delta

•

Rur/tl mi!l'kEiI lor S &th

~sti:'l9OOnrnar\.a f or 'S;<J:1"I

Figure 10.9(b): Map of rural markets supplying starch to Warn.

255

(--1.-. (

Thc cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

Utenim (De lta) -II

Ebelleh (Delta) - I

Agbo,

~urukwu

(Delta) - 2

(Delta) -10 40%

30% 60%

'll

50% Oturu (Delta) - 9

Onitsha (Anambra)

50%

Asaba (De lta) - 3

40%

Oyoko (Delta) - 8

Issclle-Uku (De lta) - 4

40% 40%

40%

30%

Uterium

Mburu Uno (Delta) - 5

Mosogar

(Delta) - 7

(Delta) - 6

Figure 10.10 (a): Rural markets supp lying starch to Onitsha.

Edo

â&#x20AC;˘"

Delta

â&#x20AC;˘

Rural 100 \(91 f..... s:!urch ~nn alicon

rT"I8rlcEt

fer$t.,., r.

o ,

35 !

7 ,

Figure 10.10 (b): Map of rural markets supplying starch to Onitsha.

256

The cassava food commodity market and trade nct",orK in Nigeria

Ahiah IDe ltal - I Uwclo.bo lOeltalA ebor (Delta) - 3

Utenim (Deltal - 21

Usoro IEdol - 20 1

Ubulukwu (Delta) - 19

Oturu (Delta) - 18

60%

20"10

20'% 50%

Asaba (Delta State)

30%

-I

20%

30%

40'/:'1

20%

Omosogar (Delta) -

Iwato IDe Ita) - 5

50%

Oricrikpc (Kogi l -

O.w.,hi IDdt. ) - 15

Asaba IDeltal- 4

40"/.

30% 60"/.

(

60%

40"/,

Uterimn (Della) - t 2

Figure 10.11 (a) : Rural markets supplying starch to Asaba.

Kogi Edo '

' ~ '--'--

~· .sa~

. ;-',\ .

,. .._.'1 .". .() •

;:.

~ .:.

Anam

•

De lta

! •

;'n'l'l"';' --'~ "~·-,

C..

... l

~ ..'t ,,- ,~_,-

~~ ; .,.~

Figure 10.11 (b): Map of rural markets supplying starch to Asaba.

257

Isoko IDeltal - 8

Mburu Uno lOeltal - 9

Nsukwa lOelta) - 13

," . ..

Issdle-lJk u iD<it" , - 7

Mosog.r IDelta) - 10

20%

Gwehem (Deltal -

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

IO-Santana (Ed. SI.)

9-0regbeni

II -Ubulukwu (Delta SI.)

(Edo State) 100%

g-Omosoga (Delta St.)

12-Ugbog iobo

\ //30%

400/0

7-0liha

(Edo State)

13-Ugbogui (Edo Su"e)

30010

1001/0

14 ·Usel u (Ed. SI.)

1000/0

100%

6-0giso (Edo State)

(Edo State)

30%

100'%

100010

40%

15-l..:wa (Edo St. )

5-l sselle-Uku (Delta State)

40% 1000/0

100% 4-Gwehem (Delta St.)

)·Ekiadolor (Edo State)

\ 3-Evbotubu

2·Ekiosa

(Delta State)

(Ed. State)

Figure 10. 12 (a) : Rural markets supplying starch to Benin City.

.1'

4 '.

Edo

•

~,-

J."I!rg ••2

16~ p;:;"'"':"l.. XJJ ~

..~

...

. ..-

(",,-_.- ,

,;,

' -/

~--...

." "-

'* ~ ' r, ~

\.... )

Delta

L-/

•

Ru; " m ~ .-"' \or'>l<o"~1'

!)w sl;IMlt>t.o"; II >Grl<III I.... $l: u w

{ o

'i '0

Figure 10.12 (b) : Rural markets suppl ying starch to Benin City.

258

",.

UJ J. I • .• • L.I

CHAPTER ELEVEN

Cross border trade in cassava-based products 11.1 Cassava export trade in Kano State The cassava export trade in Dawanau market in Dawakin Tofa Local Government area of Kano State started as a response to satisry the need for food during the deficit seasons in the Sahelian countries and not necessarily as an ethnic (niche) market as some have speculated. The trade is therefore driven by the need to sustain the food security needs of such countries like Niger, Chad, Bukina Faso, and some parts of northern Cameroon. Trade in cassava products has been increasing over the last 20 years due to increase in the population of the destination countries such as Niger, Chad, and Burkina Faso. Two major cassava products, gari and cassava chips milled from cassava chunks, are exported from Nigeria to these Sahelian regions. In Danwanau market, value is added to chunks (see Figure 2.6a) by breaking it down to chips. It is further milled to flour at point of destination. Cassava chipS/chips from the source markets to Dawanau market are transported by road from Doma, and Adogi in Nasarawa State, Tala and Mutum Biyu in Taraba State, and Zaki-Biam area in Benue State. The minor supply zones are Talata Mafara in Zamfara State, Ringim in Jigawa State, Danbatta in Kano State, and from Dorin area in Kwara State. These latter areas are sources of supply during times of scarcity. The supply markets for gar; to Dawanau market are located in Delta, Edo, and Benue states. Other minor supply zones for gari are in Kogi , Nasarawa, and Taraba states. For both products, the relative volume of trade across the border is in the ratio of 60% for gari and 40% for chips.

11.2 Destination markets (or exported cassava products Nearly 50% of gari is sold to Nigeri ene traders who come to Dawanau market to buy. The balance is sold to Mali , Chad, and northern Cameroon (Figure 11 .1). Areas in Northern Cameroon (Garoua, Kaele, Marona, Mokolo, and Kousseri) prefer high quality gari. [n general cassava chips are exported through the infonnal trade to Maradi , Zinder, Matameya, Dan Magaria, Dousou, Tawa (in Niger), Bamako (in Mal i), and Ougadougou (in Burkina Faso). There are two cross border trade routes for cassava products to Niger. The first route is a direct route from Kana through Danbatta, Kazaure (all in Kano State), to Sandaru (in Katsina State), Daura (Katsina State) to Tessau (Niger). The second is from Kano, through Katsina to Maradi. This route also s upplies all the other border towns in Katsina State such as Jibiya. There are also two northeast routes from Kana, Maiduguri to Kousseri (in Cameroon) to Ndjamena (in Chad) or Maiduguri through Maroua to Garoua (in northern Cameroon). Traders from Dan Magaria (in Niger) come to buy cassava products on Fridays and those from Maradi (also in Niger) buy on Tuesdays. These days are dictated by the market days in these destination towns. Traders from Jibiya (a border town in Katsina State) buy cassava products from Dawanau market on Mondays, Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Fridays. They do not buy on Wednesdays. These groups of traders also sell to Nigerienes at Jibiya.

259

The CAllava food commodity market .... d trade network in Nigeria

What drives this cross border trade is the desire to meet food demand in the destination coWltries especially during the dry hot and hWlgIy season months. The dry/hWlgry period ranges from February through March to April every year. Because of the capability to store in warehouses, Dawanau traders have been able to even out (stabilize) supplies such that there is little seasonal trend in the market during the year. However. the month of August is critical as gar; trade is at its lowest.

a.oooo

• ..,... •

"17-

11 , 1 ~ OMs bOfO!r d~ rNJr'".ff

• • •. Figure 11 .1: Cross border trade in gari and chips: supply and demand zones to Dawanau market, Kano. In iger, cassava chips are consumed as nour mixed with cowpea nour and dry vegetabl e leaf nour and eaten wit h groundnut oi l and pepper in a popular food called ·dan wake '. Gar; in iger is taken wi th cold water and sugar. Eati ng gar; in the form of eba is not common in the Sallelian region. 11.3 Volume and value of trade Cassava product prices are seasonal. The highest price is attained in the months of February, March, and April. This season is considered the peak season in Dawanau market. The months of lowest prices are October, November, and December. This period falls within the harvest time for especially the grain crops. Depending on the source market, traders buy cassava chips at between ~ 1500 and ~20oo and sell at between ~3000 and ~3600 naira per 50 kg bag. Gar; is also purchased at ~15oo to

260

The cassava food commodity marke1 and trade nc~ork in Ni geria

jooj25oo from the source markets and is sold at jooj2000 for a 35 kg bag and jooj3900 per 50 kg bag. However we observed that traders make money through speculation by buying when prices are cheap, and selling when prices are high. This explains the reason for the numerous warehouses in Dawanau market. The Gar; Dealers Association just started keeping records consistently on the number of lorries that offload at the market from the 7 March 2005. The volume and value of trade for week 9 (7- 13 March) of 2005 is presented in Table I 1.1 below for gari and cassava chips. This gives an indication of the value and volume of cross border trade in cassava export across the border in northern Nigeria. The volume of trade路 within the period alone is about 1455 tonnes of gar; and 1734 tonnes of chips. This gave an estimated value (gross) of jooj72,750,000 (or $546,992.48) for gari and N52,941,000 (or $398,052.63) for chips. Even though the volume of gar; sold in week 9 in the market is less than the volume of chips, the value of gross income from gari is 1.37 times higher than the value from cassava chips. Table 11 .1: Estimated volume and value of cross border trade in week 9 for gari and cassava chips, Dawanau, Kano Nigeria Cassava chips Value (N) Quantity (t) Value (N) 12000000 246 861000 15000000 222 7770000 6750000 282 9870000 14250000 465 16275000 7500000 189 6615000 6000000 276 9660000 11250000 54 1890000 72,750,000 1734 52,941 ,000

Gari Date Quantitl' {Q 07/0312005 240 08/03/2005 300 09/03 /2005 135 10/03/2005 285 11 /03 /2005 150 12/03/2005 120 13/03 /2005 225 Total 1455

Esti mated on the basis of number of lorries 1hat off loaded in a day_ Gari is estimated at a price of ~5 0.000/tonnc and chips. at W35 .000/Ionne So urce: Field survey , 2005

If we assume that the volume of trade is the same for 50 weeks in a year the annual estimated volume of fresh roots dedicated to cross border trader through the Dawanau market will amount to 551, I 00 tonnes of fresh root per annum. This amounts to about 1.5% of Nigeria's total cassava production in one year valued at nearly jooj6.67h (or $50.lm). A market that absorbs about 1.5% of Nigeria's output is a significant market. The volume of cassava that leaves Nigeria's northern borders through Dawanau market is large. One fact comes out very clearly from this observation. Nigeria has an export (cross border) trade for cassava, which relies heavily on the hands of small- and micro路scale farmers and processors in the rura l hinterlands. What the country needs is to diversify its export options by supporting its agribusiness sector following the lessons learned from the gari and chips trade. And that lesson is that small is beautiful.

t 1.4 Market association Historica ll y, Kano has been a center of business. The started developing since 1985. about 20 year, ago. products namely, gari and chips, from all parts of the country. The market is currenlly the largest in terms 261

Dawa nau market in Kano State It is also a depot for cassa va cassava producing zones of the of cross horder trade sin ce the

Thc cassava food commodity markt:t and lrade netwoo in Nigeria

war in Cote d'i voire affected other trade routes such as the Sikasso, Korhogo. and Bobo-Diou13sso tri angle located , respectively. in C6te d'ivoire. Mali . and Bukilla Faso in the Sudano Sahelian belt of West Afri ca. T he Danwanau marke t was a wholl y private sector initiative. In the early 1980's, the local government council allocated land to interested traders at Jl.I.50.00!plot. Each individual bui lt hi s/her own shop . Warehouses were also built on individual effort. Presently an apex body, Danwanau Market Development Association, governs the market. The Secretary o f the assoc iation, Alhaj i Ahmed Imam was interviewed . Dmv3nau market is divided inm fi ve secti on s. Zone B or Yan Gari is the Cassava section. This sect ion also has its functionaries. T hc Chaitman Gar; Dealcrs Association is Alhaji Abu Mohmnmed; the Vice Chairman is Alhaji Mohammed Danj uma , while thc secretaty is Mall am Vall Tumf.,fi . The association is open to all ethn ic groups and in facr its comm odity chain acti vities covers all ethnic groups in N igeria. There are 2048 stores in the cassava section in Dawanau market dealing with cassava product s alone. There are al so other gar; and cassava stores and dealers in Kano city. Stores can be rented dependi ng on the size and location. Some stores are rented for ,,*30,OOO/annum , some othe rs for ""1 5,OOO/annum. To join the trade you llave to register with the Gar; Dealers Associati on, after which you at'e attached to u dealerltrader as an apprent ice for over a period of at least Olle year. After one year your master will guarantee thM you can be a trader and arc of good behaviour. You will be required to pay assoc iation dues of ,,"5000. You will also be required to pay welfarc dues ofJl.l.lOO/month, and a monthl y toll to LGA o f !>.i50. The welfare association presently gives a sum oi'!>.iI O.OOO o n the death of a mcmber. Taxes and tax clcarance arc done with the State Mini stry of Commerce. Even though traders in the market do pay tax , there is very little government support to the markct. Traders maintain that they will be willing to pay more tax if the government call fence the market to ensure security, provide electricity and warer. and tar the road s in side the market to help reduce losses o[products especially during wet the season when roads in th e market are terribly bad and impassable. The truders association does not have the poli tical clo ut to in fluence decisions in government to assi st them. Key actors in the cassava trade are itinerant wholesale traders or dealers (dclaJi), transporters, porters, millers, and dall komisioll. The latter are agents who identify and arrange transportation for traders. They usually liase with truck drivers on behalf of traders and are paid a commission of about 10% for this function . Transporters currently charge about ,,*SOOlbag for a IS t lorry and "*400/ bag for a 30 t capacity (trailer load). The rate may reduce to "*350 if the trader personally arranged his own transport. Transporters prefer to travel overnight from the supply markets in Nigeria because of less police and road safety disturbances/checks . Railway transport is not used even though it would have been cheapest to do so. However, railway lines do not run across many of the supply markets in the south. Cross border traders however prefer to buy in chip form . The millers located in the market provide the service of breaking down from chunks to chips . There are over 100 mills providing this service in Dawanau market. Millers charge a fee of "*40 per 100 kg bag to break the chips to chips, and Jl.I.2S0 per 100 kg bag of cassava flour . The mills are powered by diesel and/or petrol engines. Fo r loading and offloading porters charge a fee of Jl.I.20, respectively . Itinerant traders may travel to the source markets to buy cassava with or without their money. Dealers take the goods from the larmer or trader and sell on thcir

262

The cassava food commodity market and trade ne rwo r~ in Nigeria

behalf in Dawana u marker. They charge a commi,sion of N I OO/bag ,old of either product.

The language of trade is mostly Hausa. The currency of trade is the Na ira. Traders from other countries are made to exchange their money at the Bureau the Change at Wapa in Kano . There are also traders in cowpea, which is imported from Niger, who also assist with the exchange. Traders in Dawanau market obtain mal路ket infonnation from the destination market:; in the south through the use of the mobi le phones. Infonnation is a lso obtained from dl; vcrs. other tmders who have recen tly alTived 路Irom the sou thern markets, and fro m fonner or serving apprentices pu rposely located in these markets . Cassava is not the on ly commod ity exported from N igeria across the border Irom Dawanau market. O ther products exp()lt ed incl ude yam, sorghum. maize, sweet potato, Irish PO!.llto and wheat. Commoditi es imported a cross the border into Nigeria include cowpea. millet, ani ma ls. hides and ski n. fresh mi lle and date palm.

11.5 Trade barriers Traders from Niger Republ ic. who wcre interviewed, comp lained tha t rherc arc several (fOlU路 to six) checkpoints on the ir way to Niger. Except fo r one poi nt in the Niger border. all check po inL~ are located in Nige ria. Drivers pay a slim of~2000 per (10 wheel) lorry load to cu stoms and other officials at each checkpoint. At the checkpoint in Niger. drivers pay N500 to offic ials. The traders who hired the vehicle pay thi s sum collecrively to the driver who pays at Ihe checkpoi nts. Cross border trade is not considered a smuggling activity by the actors but these " predatot)," techn iques illegally employed by gove rnment officials are seen as barriers by cross border traders. Very little paper work or records art! kept at the borders to determine the volume of trade. Further detailed and more quantitative economic surveys on the value and volume of import and export trade in staples in Dawanau market and other cross border markets between Nigeria and its neighbors will be required to ascertain whether the country has a net trade ba lance in its cross border trade especially for cassava.

263

The cassava food commodity market and trade network ill Nigeria

CHAPTER TWELVE Conclusion

Potential investors in the cassava industry in Nigeria and in the diaspora often assume that since Nigeria is the largest cassava producing country in the world, it has surplus raw material for industrial usc. However, as Nigeria advances cassava as a primary raw material for agro industrial development, we need to understand that 90% of the cassava output in Nigeria is consumed as food in various traditional forms. Several rural markets have grown to meet the challenge of supplying cassava and its products to urban markets in Nigeria. These various local markets and trade networks for the principal cassava products have been identified in this document. The gari market is the largest singular cassava based product especially because of its characteristics as a convenience food in Nigeria. Gari is moved from the south and central States of Nigeria to all major cities in Nigeria and beyond the borders of the country especially through the Kano, Katsina, and Maradi axis in northern Nigeria . Gari is supplied to Lagos from two distinct axes, namely, from the west and the east of Nigeria. The rural supply markets in the western axis are found in Ogun, Oyo, Osun, and Ondo states. The rural supply markets in the eastern axis comprise Delta, Edo, and Kogi states. States like Akwa Ibom, Anambra, and Bayelsa were observed to be net importers of cassava products especially gari from other major supply states. Fermented cassava flour and chips are concentrated in the central and western regions of Nigeria. Trade flows in the two commodities from central Nigeria are in two directions; that is, to cities in the northern and southern parts of Nigeria. Trade flows from supply to demand markets fo r fermented cassava flour in western Nigeria in the north-south direction from Oyo, Ogun, Osun, and Ekiti states to Lago s. The major supply markets for abaclza are principally in Enugu and other southeast States. The commodity also travels as far as Maiduguri in Northeast Nigeria. Trade in fresh roots is localized within the rural markets and, in urban cities where they are found , they are produced within the peri urban area of these cities. The localized nature of trade in fresh roots is as a result of its perishability plus the fact that the bulk of what is transported is water. The traditional wet starch supply market is concentrated in Delta and Edo states. The principal destination market is Onitsha where it also has industrial applications even though it is produced for human consumption in the rural ma rkets. Wet edible cassava starch is also moved from these states to industrial markets in Lagos vi a drying plants located within the Lagos area. The increase in Nigeria's population and existence of such markets all over the country implies that smallholder farmers and processors have been able to respond to the demand for cassava as food in Nigeria. This suggests that the setting up of agroindustries that will use cassava as raw material for starch, ethanol, and livestock feed must take cognisance of this traditional food market, which is unlikely to change. Recent World Bank (2006) estimates suggest that about 47% of Nigerians live in

265

The cassa".a food commodity market and trnde network ill Nigeria

urban areas. The urban food market for cassava products will continue to grow as human population increases due to ruralurban migration and urban birth rates. The existence of a dynamic traditional cassava food market has implications for the development of the cassava industry in N igeria. The volume of raw material required to satisfy the potential industrial demand for industrial cassava is about 8.8 mi llion t of fresh cassava roots annually. This untapped domestic demand implies that an additional acreage of over 440,000 ha need to be put under production. In view of the vibrant domestic market that is very responsive to trade in traditional cassava food products in Nigeria, it is imperative that developing an agro industrial base will require further expansion in cassava cultivation to meet the demands of the industrial market. Historical evidence (Phillips et al. 2006) informs that many agroindustry investors in Nigeri a were agrophobic as they had hitherto set up large factories without nucleus farms to support their factories. The assumption had been that since Nigeria is a large cassava producing country there would be enough cassava to support the industry. But as it stands today there are very few large-scale cassava farms that can support the emerging agroindustries in terms of volume, consistent supply, and quality . Most cassava farmers are small scale averaging about 0.5 ha per farmer (Ezedinma et al. 2006). The logistics of clustering such fanners may be expensive (Ugwu and Okereke 1985). At current (2005) prices, raw material (cassava roots) costs account on the average for 52% of the cost of production in cassava-based industries. Therefore initial investments in cassava-based industries must include a nucleus farm to ensure raw material supply . The farm must be ab le to supply at least 75% of the agroindustrial needs (at least in the short run). The industry can purchase cassava raw material from the local markets when prices are low (June to October). This will help to stabilize prices in local markets during this period. Without such a farm the raw material demand by the factory will distort the local cassava economy and the industry will run into raw material supply problems. At present the volume of cross border trade on cassava products is substantial and may be much higher during years of drought in response to the problem of famine in the Sabel ian countries of West Africa. Yet recorded trade statistics about these cross border transactions does not exist. The Federal Government is losing substantially to its unscrupulou s officials. This creates an urgent and compelling need to develop this sector of the nat ion's economy. Finally, this study provides a basi s for further economic/market studies on the traditional cassava food market and emerging cassava industri al market in Nigeria. The first key research issue is related to the question of implementing a new and efficient cassava (industry) market (from raw material to processing and marketing of final products) so tbat social welfare can be maximized. This issue brings into focus two types of investigations, namely, an analysis of interregional trade in order to predict the flows of cassava commodities, the actual quantities demanded in urban centers and the resulting price level and secondly, a detennination of optimal locations of individual rural supply markets to urban demand markets. Therefore we believe that an approach integrating the theory of location and interregional trade analysis are key issues for further research.

266

The C8.5sa\'a food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

A second research issue of interest is related to answering the question of whether there is 3 positive relationship or price transmission between the prices of cassava products at different stages of deve lopment in the cassava market. This will require co integration studies whose obj ective is to look at linear combinations of product prices in a stationary time series analysis. Finally studies are needed on regional trade for cassava-based products in West and Central Africa. Thi s may help to facilitate trade synergies and inform policy dialog towards a win-win situation across countries for the commodity in the subregion.

267

The cassava food commodity market and trade nCN.'Ork in NIgeria

References Ezedinma, C., R. Okechukwu, and L. Sanni. 2005. Marketing of gari in Benin City and Enugu, Nigeria, Edited by G. Porter and F. Lyon . Investigations on building a food marketing policy evidence base in Nigeria. Pages 12 1- 141 , http ://www .dur.ac.uk/nigerian.marketingl Ezedinma, C., R. Okechukwu, L. Sanni, M. Akoroda, F. Ogbe, J. Lemch i, P. llona, G. Tarawali, E. Ok oro, and A. Dixon. 2006. Trends in cassava production and . commercialisation in igeria: A Base line Report, 2004, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.M .B 5320, Ibadan . FAO. 2003. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) website. www.fao.org Goosens, F. 2004. Cassava marketing and demand constraints and opportunities in Nigeria and Ghana, Draft Report, March 2004, 44p Knipscheer, 1-1., G. Asumugha, C. Ezedinma, P. Kormawa, K. Makinde, R. Okechukwu, and A. Dixon. 2004. Opportunities in the industrial cassava market in Nigeria : a subsector study, rnternational rnstitute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria. 52 pp. Kohls, R.L. and J.N , Uhl. 1980. Marketing of agriculrura l products. Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., New York. Nweke, F.I., 1994. Processing potential for cassa va production growth in Africa, COSCA Working PaperNo 1I Collaborative Study of Cassava in Africa. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria. 47 pp. Nweke F.I., D.S.C. Spencer, and 1. Lynam. 2002. The Cassava transformation: Africa ' s best-kept secret, Michigan State University Press, East Lansing Onwueme, l.C. 1978 . The tropical root crops, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester Phillips, T .P., D.S. Taylor, L. Sanni, and M. Akoroda. 2006. A cassava industrial revolution in Nigeria: the potential for a new crop, liT A, Ibadan, Nigeria and FAO, Rome, Italy Sanni, L. , B. Maziya Dixon , M. Patino, M. Akoroda, C. Ezedinma, R. Okechukwu, 1. Lemchi , F. Ogbe, J. Mkumbira, P. Ilona , and A. Dixon. 2005. Cassava innovative technologies, Poster paper presented at the 14th Trielmial Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops, Mombasa Kenya, October, 2004. Stoorvogel, J.J . and L.O. Fresco. 1991. The identification of agroecological zones for cassava in Africa with particular emphasis on soils. COSCA Working Paper No.5, Collaborative Stud)' of Cassava in Africa, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Jbadan, Nigeria. Ugwu, B.O. and O. Okereke. 1985. The Problem of inadequate supply of raw cassava for industrial cassava processing: A case study of the Nigerian Root Crops Production Company, Enugu, Nigeria . Agricultural Systems, 31: 155-170. Ugwu, B.O. 1996. Technology and Socioeconomics in the changes in cassava processing in Africa. Tropical Science 37: 146- 156. Ugwu, B.O. and F.I. Nweke. 1996. Determinants of Cassava distribution in Nigeria. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 60: 139-156. Ugwu, B.O. and UJ . Ukpabi. 2002. Potential of soycassava processing to sustain increasing cassava production in Nigeria. Outlook on Agriculture, 31 (2) : 129133 . 269

The ~va

rood commodity market and lradc nc~'o rk in NIgeria

UNIDO . 2006. Cassava master plan: A strategic action plan for the development of the cassava industry in Nigeria, United Nations lndustrial Development Organization, Ministry of Trade and Industry and the Presidentiallnitiative on Cassava Draft. World Bank. 2006. www.worldbank.org

270

11lC cassava food commodilY marlr::et and trade nclWork in Nigeria

Annexes Annex I : Rural markets surveyed .

Northcentral Zone SIN

1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9 10 11 12

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46

Rural Market Abejuko10 Achoho Adikpo Ado Adogi Adoka ACorOam Gam Ag.be Agyaragu Alap. Aliade Ankpa Anyangba Assak io Atondei Awo (Nkwo Awo) Aya Ayin 8abanlowa Baboko Bagana Banda Bode-Saadu Bokkos Buruku Chu Oandaudu Oaudu Doma Eju le Eyenkorin Gambari Ganmo Gbegi Gbem Gboko Gboloko Gbor Girinya Gungur Gunv Gu rata Idolian Igbor Ihugh Ikabo

State Kogi Benue Beoue Benue Nasarawa Benue Kogi Benue Nasarawa Kwara

Senue Kogi Kogi Nasarawa Benue Kogi Benue Benue Kwara Kwara Kogi Kog; Kwara Plateau Benue Bcnue Niger Benue Nasarawa Kogi Kwara Kwara Kwara Benue Bcnue Benue Kogi Benue Kogi Benue Niger Niger Kwara Scnuc Benue

Benue

271

SiN 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72

73 74 75 76 77

78 79 80 81 82 83

84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92

Rural Market Ikayongo Itobe Jatoka Ja wkuna Jengre Kara la KatsinaAla Keffi Korinya Koton Karfe Kum Buru Kurgwi Kwandera Kwura Laduba L.pai Lessel Magajiya Mai Katako Maraba-Pushit Mhambe Naka Namu Obbo-Aiyegunle Ojije Oju Oke-Oji Oko-Egbe Okparake Okura Onyangede Osi Osore Otobi Otte Oturkpo Owode (OfTa) Oworo (Lokoja) P.iko Palegi Shab u Shao Share Sopp Taiwo Taraku

State Benue Kogi Benue

Benue Plateau Kogi Benue Nasarawa Benue Kogi Benue Plateau Nasarawa Benue Kwara Niger Benue Kogi Platea u Plateau Benue Benue Plateau Kwara Benue Benue Kwara Kwara Kogi Kogi

Benue Kwara Kwara Benue Kwara

Benue Kwara

Kogi Niger Kwara Nasarawa Kward K\\'ara

Plaleau Kwara Benue

The cassava food commod ity markct and trade nctv.ork in Nigcria

SiN

93 94 95 96 97 98

Narne of Market Tor Donga Tse Agbelagba Tsekuche Twanunne Tyowanye Udoi

State Benue Benue Benue

SIN

99 100 10 1 102 103 104

Benue

Benue Benue

Name of Market Ugboko lo Utonkon Vandeikia Wamba Yeruwata Zaki-Biam

State Senue 8enue Benue Nasarawa Benue Benue

Northeast Zone SiN

2 3 4

5 6

7 8 9 10 II

Rural Market AloDam Baga motor Park Bye-pye Garba Share Ibi lware Ji meta Temp market Karim Lamido Kwararafa Kwesati Maraba Meihu lu

State Borno Borno Taraba Tarab. Taraba Taraba Adamawa Taraba Taraba Taraba Taraba Tarab.

SIN

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Rural Market Monday Mutum biu Rafln gada Saban Kasuwa Sabongida Sunkani Takum Tella Tal. Wukari Zina

State Bomo Taraba Taraba Adamawa Taraba Taraba Taraba Taraba Adamawa Taraba Taraba

Northwest Zone SiN I

2 3 4 5 6

7 8 9

10 II

Rural Market Batsar; Charanchi Danbatta Dawanau Fadan Karshi Gand i Gumi Jagindi Tasha Jauri Jibiya Ji kamshj

State Ka"ina Katsina Ka"ina Kana Kaduna Sakata Zam fara Kaduna Zamfa ra

Katsina Katsina

272

SiN

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Rural Market Kab.cha K.nbama Kaura Namod. Kurya Ruwan Dorawa Saban gar; (Yankura) Sabangari Main Sokoto Central Tsohun Kasuwa Katsina Tudun Wada Gusau Wammako

State

Kaduna Sakata Zamfa ra Sakata Zamfara Kana Kaduna Sakata Ka"ina Zamfara Sakata

The cassava rood commodity markel and track network in Nigeria

Southeast Zone SIN

2 3 4 5 6 i

8 9 10

"12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 )1 32 ))

34 35 36

Rural :.Iarket Afo Agw. Afo Lokpanta Afo Ukwu Dikenafai Afo Umu.kpu Afor ltuku Afor Iwo llo Afo r Oghe Afor Ugboka A for Ugwu-Aguobu Owa Afor Ugwuoba Ahia-eke Afikpo Akpugoeze Effium Ek e - Achi New Mkt Eke - AfTa Eke - Aku Eke Asaa

Eke Awara Eke Ihi lle Ekelhube Eke Imileke-Agu Eke Isuoch i Eke Lokpaukwu Eke Mgbirich i Eke Nkere fi Eke Ofolora Eke Ogbaku

EkeOnuimo Eke Umuagwo Eke-Ehamu fu Eke Akpara Osisiom. Idokpo Kpnkpin NkwoAla Nkwo Amafor Nkwo Eziagu

Slate Imo Abia lmo Imo

Enugu Enugu Enugu Enugu Enugu Enugu Abi. Enugu Ebonyi Enugu Enugu Enugu

Imo Imo Imo Imo En ugu Imo Abia lmo Enu gu lmo Enugu Irno Imo

Enugu Abia Ebonyi Ebonyi Irno Imo Enugu

273

SIN )7 )8 39 40 41 42 4) 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71

Rural Market

State

Nkwo Ibagwa Nkwo Ih u Okpala Nkwo Mgbagbu-owa Nkwo Nkalagu NkwoObile NkwoO lo Nkwo Ukwu Obikoro

Enugu En ugu Enugu

Nkwo Umuchima

Imo Enugu Enugu Ebonyi Enugu Imo

Nkwo-Agu Udi Obollo Affor Okwor-Ngbo Opanda O rie Akokwa Orie - Ad.ni Orie - Ugwuogo Nike

Orie Akokwa Orie Amanato Orie Awgu Orie Ernene Orie Ib iteolo Orie lIilie

Orie Nara Orie Nkpo Junct ion One Nnenwe Orie -Obete

Orie Obibiezena One Orb. One Ovuru One Umuakpu

Orie Umuagwo Orie Umuokannc Orie Umuonu

OIji - Nta Owe lli Court Ugwuogo park

Enugu Irno Enugu

Imo

Enugu Enugu Imo Imo Enugu Enugu En ugu Imo Enugu Enugu Enugu Imo Imo Enugu Imo lmo Imo Imo Imo Enugu

Enugu Enugu

The cassava food commodity market And trade network in Nigeria

South-South Zone State Cross River

2 3 4 5

Name of Market 8 Miles Abara Oboda Market Ahara Uno Market Abudu Adim

AforOzoro

7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

AfarOzoro Afar Uteokpu Afuze Agbede Agar Ahiah Market Aningheje

Delta Delta Delta Eda Eda Eda Delta

SIN

Ap iapum Auchi

Aviele Bori Creek Town Ebelle Ebelleh market Ediba Edum Afor Eho r Eke Ag bor Eke Asaba Eke Iwalo market Eke Uzugoro Ekeute Markel Ek iadolor

Ek iosa Ekori Ekpiri - Ikang Ekpoma (Eguare) Ekpoma (Express Rd) Ekpon Enom Centra l Etche Evbatub u

Ewohirni

Ewossa Gwehem Ibaa Ibila Igarra Igbes; Igueben Iguabazua Igwuruta

Della Delta Edo

Cross River

Cross River Cross River Edo Edo

Rivers Cross River Eda Delta

Cross River Della Edo Dell. De ll. Della Delta Delta Edo Eda

Cross River Cross River Eda Edo Eda

Cross River Rivers

SIN

Name of Market

49 50 5I 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61

Ijere Market Ikot Nyang Ikat Umang

Iwuru

Cross River

Jattu Jesse Market Kaa

Eda Delta

Koko Junction

Delta

63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 12 73 74 7S 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85

Koru Korn Oyigbo Mburu Uno Mosogar Market Nko Nkpani Nkwo Agbor Nkwo Umunede

Rivers

Edo Eda Edo Delta

87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96

Rivers Eda Eda Delta Ed o Edo

Rivers

274

Ikwerre

Irrua lruekpen Ise ll e-Uku (Afar) Ishibori Isako

Nkwo Urorni Nkwo Uteri wn Nsukwa Market Obelin Oyi Obiaruku Obozogbe Nugu Ofos u Ogan Ogba Oghara Ogiso Ogwan Ohara Market Oka Okamita Okayang Okpe Market Okpe lla Okuku Market Okurikang Oliha Olagba Omasoga Oni cha Ugba

Onuobo Oregheni Orie Ogwashi

State Della

Cross River Cross Ri ver Rivers Eda Eda Della

Cross River Della

Rivers

Delta Delta

Cross River Cross River Delta Delta Edo Della Della Della Delta Edo Edo Edo Edo Delta Edo Edo Delta Edo

Cross River Cross River Delta Eda

Cross River Cross River Eda Edo Delta Delta Delta Eda Delta

The cassava food commodity market and tr~e network in Nigeri a

SIN

97 98 99

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 III

112 113 114

Name of Market Orie Oyoko Orie Ukokpo Orierikpe Oruru Owehimi Oyiadama Oyibo 0 ..1. Sabongid. Or. Santana Sapele Ubiaja Ubu lukwu Udo Ugbogiobo Ugbogui Ugboha Ugep

State Delta Delta Dclta Delta Delta Cross River Rivers Edo Edo Edo Delt. Edo Delta Edo Edo Edo Edo Cross River

SIN

115 116 117 11 8 119 120 12 1 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132

Name of Markel Ughelli Ugo Ugoneki Ugonoba Ujiogb. Urhokuosa Urhonigbe Uromi Usel u Usoro Markel Ususa Market Utenim Market U[enim Market Uwa Uwelogbo Uyanga Markel Uza irue Uzebba

Stale Delta Edo Edo Edo Edo Edo Edo Edo Edo Delta Delta Delta Della Edo Delta

Cross River Edo Edo

Southwest Zone SIN

2 3 4

5 6 7 8

9 10 II 12 13

14 15 16 17 18

19 20 21

23 24 25

Name of Market Aba-Af. Abigi Nik Abule OWl! Adaha,. Adafil. Afon Agbarire Ago -Iwoye Ago-Amadi Ago-Me Agop.nu Aj.wa Ajebo Ajowa Ajowa Akoko (Ikare) Akufo AI.bala AI.bala Alagbagba Alamulu Alawaye Anigbado Apomu Aramoko

Stale Oyo Ogun Ogun Oyo Oyo Ogun Oyo Ogun Oyo Oyo Ondo Oyo Ogun Ekiti Ondo Ondo Oyo Oyo Ogun Ogun Ogun Oyo Ogun Osun Ekili

N.me of Market Alan-Minni A""ga Ayeloro Ayetoro Banni Basi Bodija Elasa Elegb.k. Elekokan Erio Eruku Araromi Eruwa Garnbari Ibafo Ibara Orile lbefun Ibido - Omu Idi - Emi

45 46 47 48 49

Ife Ifo Ifo n Ifoniledo

SIN 26 27

28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

41 42 43

275

Ido\l.:a

State Oyo Ekili Ek il i OgU" Oyo Oyo Oyo Ondo Ondo Oyo Hiti Ogun Oyo Oyo Ogun Ogun Ogun Ogun Ogun Ogun Osun Ogun Ondo Ogun

The cassava food commodity market and trade nc=lworic in Nigena

SIN

50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61

62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72

73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97

Name of Market Igaana Igan Okoto Igangan (Ibarapa Central) Igberi Igbo-Elerin Igbog ila Igboho Igbon Igba-Oloy in Igbo-Ora Ihunbo Ij.i ye Ij.le - Ketu Ij.le Oril. Ij.le Rap. Ijamoye Ijebu-Igba Ijoga-Orile Ikenne Ikir. Ikol. Ikomi !lara !lara Ilera 1Iewo-Oril. lIi san lmal. lmasayi Imeka Imodi Imosan Ipak. la Iperu Iresa-Adu Ircsa-Apa Isanta - Ogbo Iseyin Ish.ga - Orile Itori lwarc Iwo Iwofm Kajola Kesan - Orile Kila Kako

Lafenwa

State Oyo Ogun Oyo Oyo Oyo Ogun Oyo Oyo Oyo Oyo Ogun Oyo Ogun Ogun Ogun Ekiti Ogun Ogun Ogun Osun Ekiti Ogun Ogun Ogun Oya Ogun Ogun Ogun

SIN

98 99 100 10 1 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 l iS

116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 13 3 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145

Ogun

Ogun Ogun Ogun Ogun Ogun Oya Oyo Ogun Oyo Ogun Ogun Oyo Os un Ogun Ogun Ogun Ogun Ogun Ogun

276

Name of Market Luikosi Vi ll age Luju Lukosi Village Lukosi Village Mologede Moniya Mowale Mowe Obada Oko Obada-Idi-Emi Obafemi Oboro Odogbo B.rracks Odogunyan Odo-Oba Odo-Ori Ofada Ogbomosho Oger. Remo Ogunmakin Oja-Oba Oje-Owod. Oka Ok. - Odan Oko Olado Olarunda Olarund. OIugbo Omi-Adia Omi-alafia Omuo

Omu-wo Onidundu Onipepeye are Osiele Ottu Owode - Idi roka Owod. Owodc Egba Sabe

Shagamu Aweolowo Shaki Shiwu

Sowo Tewurc Yewa Mata

State Ogun Oyo Ogun Ogun Ogun Oyo Oyo Ogun Ogun Ogun Ogun Ogun Oyo Lagos Oyo Oyo Ogun Oyo Ogun Oyo

Osun Oyo Ondo Ogun Oya Ogun Oya Ogun Ogun Oyo Ondo Ekiti Ondo Oyo Oya Ondo Ogun Oyo Ogun Ogun Ogun Oyo Ogun Oya Ogun Ogun Oya Ogun

l1lc cassava

food oommodi ry market and trllde network in Nigeria

Annex 2: Urban markets surveyed. SIN I

2 3 4 5 6 7

8 9 10 II

12 13

14 15 16 17

18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

42 43 44

4S 46 47

Name of Market Ariaria Market Ngwa Road Market Cemetery Market

New Wuse Market Yola Town Market Sabon Kasuwa Ose Ogbuijo (Ndede) Market Cocacol. Market Ochanja Market :-.Juda Lawai Market Makurdi Modem Market Baga Motor Park Market Monday Market Custom Market Ika-Ika Oqua Walt Market Warn Main Market Uselu Market Sakpoba Market Oba Market New Benin Market New Market, Enugu Ogbaete Main Market Eke Ukwu Owerri Owern Relief Markel

Urban City Aba Aba Aba Abuja Yo la Yola Onit'ha Onitsha Onitsha Bauchi Makurdi

Bomo Bomo Cross River Cross River

Maiduguri Calabar Calabar

Warn Benin City Benin City Benin City Benin City Enugu Enugu

Kano

Tsohon Kasuwa

Katsina Karsina

Darocha Market New Alayabiagba Market Adebayo Market

Anambra Bauchi Benue 80rno

Dawanau Market

Kat,ina Central Market Bimin Kebbi Central Market Lokoja New Market Baboko Market Oja Oba Market Ago Market Oyi ngbo Igbehin-adun Alayabiagba Market O lowolagba Market Kagero Market Kosore Market Oke-Odo Market

Anarnbra

Maiduguri

Dakata Market

Central Market Galadima Market

Adamawa Adamawa Anambra

Maiduguri

Owerr; Owerri Zaria Kaduna Yankura, Sabon Gari Kano

Sabon Gari Main Market

Stale Abia Abia Abia Abuj a

Delta Edo Edo Edo Edo Enugu Enugu lmo Imo Kaduna

Kaduna Kano Kano

Kano Katsina Katsina

Kebbi Lokoja 1I0rin

Kebbi Kogi

Ilorin 110rin

Kwara

Lagos

Idi-oro Ajegunle Mushin Oshodi Mile 12 Agege Agege Irc lodun

Banga

277

Kwara

Kwara Lagos Lagos Lagos Lagos Lagos Lagos Lagos Lagos Lagos Lagos

The cassava food commodity market and tr2de network in Nigeria

SIN

48 49 50 51 52 53 54

55 56

57 58

59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66

Name of Market Oja Oba Market Main Market Lafia Minna Central Market Kuta Market Elega Market Lafenwa Market lbere Kodo Ternidire Market, Eleyele Onipepeye Market, Old Ife Rd. Bodija Market Bukuru Market (Opp NESCO) Kwararafa Market Mile 3 Market New Market, Borokin Creek Road Market Mile I Market Sokolo Central Market Tudun Wada Gusau Market Gusau Central Market

Urban City Lagos Island Lafia Minna Abeokuta Abeokuta Abeokuta Abeokuta lbadan lbadan lbadan loslBukuru los Port Harcourt Port Harcourt Port Harcourt Port Harcourt Sokoto Gusau Gusau

278

State Lagos Nasarawa Niger Ogun Ogun Ogun Ogun Oyo Oyo Oyo Plateau Plateau Rivers Rivers Rivers Rivers Sokoto Zamfara Zamfara

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

Annex 3: Questionnaires.

Geospatial survey of cassava product markets in Nigeria (Urban market Questionnaire) The following questions should be administered to the chairman of the market or market association or any other reliable key informant who understands the trading operations in the market.

(One questionnaire should be completed for each market) Name of urban market _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ GPS location of market: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ GPS location of market: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Date: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ State: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

I. Product name: Cassava fresh root List the sources (name of rural market, LGA and State) of Cassava fresh root (CFT) to this urban market and estimate the relative volume (number out of 10) and distance (kro) by source markets . CFT

Name of source markets

Name ofLGNState

ReI. vol. by source rnkts

Price I Unit

Dist of rural mkts

:r=~ ~~ f 10 Include more spoce if necessary

279

Transport Cost/unit

Am t

Uni t

The cassa ....a food commodity market and trade network in igeria

Product name: Gar;

List the sources (name of rural market and LGA) of Gari to this urban market and estimate the relative volume (number out of 10) and distance (km) by source markets. Transport Cost/unit

Am t

Uni t

necessary

Product name: Fermented Cassava Flour (ElllboILaflln)

List the sources (name of rural market and LGA) offermented cassava flour (FCF) to this urban market and estimate the relative volume (number out of 10) and distance (krn) by source markets. FCF

Name of source markets

Include more space

Name of LGN State

ReI. vol. by source mkts

.. , 280

Price I Unit

Dist of rural mkts

Transport Cost/unit

Am t

~ni

The cassava rood coounodu)' mark et and trade network In Nigeria

Product name: Cassava chunks

List the sources (name of rural market and LGA) of Cassava chunks (CC) to this urban market and estimate the relative volume (number o ut of 10) and distance (km) source Trans port Name LGAIState CC Name of Cost/unit source markets

Uni t

Product name: Fufu paste

List the sources (name of rural market and LGA) ofJuju paste (FP) to thi s urban market and estimate the relative volume (number out of 10) and distance (km) and distance source markets. Name of Name source Cost/unit markets

Uni

more space ifnecessary

28 1

The CilSSa\'a food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

Product name: Prepared Fufu

List the sources (name of rural market and LGA) of Prepared JuJu (PF) to this urban market and estimate the re lative volume (number out of 10) and distance (Ian) and distance (Ian) by source markets. PF Name of Name of LGAfState ReI. vo l. Price Dist Transport Cost/unit source by I of markets source Unit rural mkts mkts

~~~~

Am t

Uni t

10 Include more space if necessaI)'

Product name: Wet cassava starch

List the sources (name of rural market and LGA) of\Vet cassava starch (WCS) to this urban market and estimate the relative volume (number out of 10) and distance (Ian) and distance (Ian) by source markets. ReI. vo l. Price Dist Transport WC Name of Name of LGAfState I Cost/unit S source by of Unit rural markets source mkts mkts

r=~~ ~ r Include more space il

., 282

Am t

Uni t

The c355ava food commodity market and trade nClworlc in Nigeria

Product name: Dried Abacha

List the sources (name of rural market and LGA) of Dried Abacha CDA) to this urban market and estimate the relative volume (number out of 10) and distance (kro) and distance (km) by source markets. DA

Name source markets

ReI. vol. by source mkts

Name

Price ! Unit

Dist of rural mkts

Transport Cost/unit

Am t

Uni

more space

Product name: High Quality Cassa,'a Flour

List the sources (name of rural market and LGA) of HQCF to this urban market and estimate the relative volume (number out of 10) and di stance (km) and distance (km) source markets . ReI. vol. Price/ Dist Transport HQCF Nameof Name ofLGNState Cost/unit Unit of source by rural markets source mkts mkts

•••••

•••

283

The cassava (ood comroodity market and trade network in Nigeria

Geo-spatial survey of cassava product markets in Nigeria

(Rural market Questionnaire) The following questions should be administered to the chairman o f the market or market association or any other reliable key informant who understands the trading operations in the market.

(On e questionnaire should be completed for each market) Name ofrnral market _ __ _ __ __ _ __ __ _ __ __ _ __ _ GPS location of market: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ GPS location of market: _ __ __ __ _ __ _ _ _ Date: _ _ __ _ __ _ _ State: _ _ _ __ _ _ __ 2. Product name: Cassava fresh root List the destination markets (name of urbaniother market, LGA and State) of Cassava fresh root (eFT) and estimate the relative volume (number out o f 10) and , ( km) by ~ P ' tin o';nn Name of LGNState ReI. vol. Price Dist CFT Name of Transport destination I to Costiunit by destinati o markets Unit urba n mkts n mkts ~, .

lr= ~ ~ ~

10 Include more space II

284

Am t

Uni t

The cassava food commodity market iloo trade nelW(Jrk. in Nigeria

Product name : Gar;

List the destination markets (name of urbaniother market, LGA and State) of Gar; and estimate the relative volume (number out of 10) and distance (Ian) by des tination m o rl,,>,<

Gari

Name of destination markets

Name of LGNState

ReI. vol. by destinatio n

Price I Unit

mkts

Dist to urba n mkts

Transport Cost/unit

Am t

Uni t

to Include more sp ace if necessa ry

Product name: Fermented Cassava Flour (EluboILaJun)

Li st the destination markets (name of urbaniother market, LGA and State) of Fermented cassava flour (e(uboIIllJun) and estimate the relative volume (number out of 10) and distance (km) by destination markets. FCF

Name of destination markets

Name of LGNState

ReI. vo l. by destination

mkts

more space

285

Price! Unit

Dist Transport to Cost/unit urban mkts

The caSSil\ia food commod ity mane1 and trade network in Nigeria

Product name: Cassava chunkS/chips

List the destination markets (name of urbaniother market, LGA and State) of Cassava chunks/chips (CC) and estimate the relative volume (number out of 10) and distance _L (km) I JY CC Name of Name ofLGAlState ReI. vol. Price Dist Transport destination / by to Cost/unit destinatio Unit markets urba n rnkts n mkts

r= ~ ~ ~ --

Am t

Uni t

10 Include more space II

Product name : Fufu paste

List the destination markets (name of urbaniother market, LGA and State) of Fufu paste (FP) and estimate the relative volume (number out of 10) and distance (km) by FP

Name destination markets

Name

ReI. vol. by

Price/ Unit

destination

rnkts

286

Dist to urban mkts

Transport Cost/unit

The C3. 5S a\'a food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

Product name: P repared F ufu

List the destination ma r kets (name of urbaniother market, LGA and State) of Prepared fufu (PF) and estimate the relative volwne (number out of 10) and distance PF

Name of destination markets

Name of LGAlState

ReI. vol. by

destinatio

Unit

mkts

Price

Dist to urba n mkts

Transport Cost/unit

Product name: Wet cassava sta rch

List the destination mar kets (name of urbaniother market, LGA and State) of Wet cassava starch eWCS) and estimate the relative volume (number out of 10) and distance destination markets . WCS Name of Name of LGAlState ReI. vol. Transport destination by Cost/unit markets destination mkts

more space

287

The cassava food commodity market and trade network in Nigeria

Product name: Dried Abacha

List the destination markets (name of urbaniother market, LGA and State) of Dried Abacha (DA) and estimate the relative volume (number out of 10) and distance (Ian) DA

Name ofLGNState

Name of destination markets

ReI. vol. by

Price! Dist Unit to urban mkts

des[ination

mkts

Transport Cost/unit

more space

Product name : HQCF

List the destination markets (name of urbaniother market, LGA and State) ofHQCF and estimate the rel ative volume (number out of 10) and distance (km) by destination HQCF

Name destination markets

Name ofLGAJState

ReI. vol. by

PricC/ Unit

destination

mkts

more space

288

Dist to urban mkts

Transport Cost/unit

•

••

Th~ e lIliI r ternatlona~1 1Institute

ofn iTro pica I AgrrcultureJlfllTA WWW IIta org) is~lan~IAfrica-based InteiDlatronaPlresearch-for-development organization establrshedlllnn196"z~ land governed 0Y71a board o[lf ltrusteesl lOulrn vlsionUI~~~to~ Ibe~IAffica S leadrngllresearch~ Ipartner In~lflndlng solutlonSflfoli'r lhungeril1and poverty' ~We haveglmore than 100 International SCientists based

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In~ 'vaflous~ qITA~ Istatrons across~ I Afrrca~Th,sllnetwork of developme t of technologles~lthat~ Ireduce~ ImArh IN>r ::mri

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production. and generate wealtti :1lalttib ~We are supported primarily by the Consultative for International Agr cultural Research (CGIAR. www cglar org)

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