Paper Mill Sludge Utilization in Ground Improvement by IJBSTR Publication

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IJBSTR RESEARCH PAPER VOL 1 [ISSUE 8] AUGUST 2013

Paper Mill Sludge Utilization in Ground Improvement Sanni Kumar and S. M. Ali Jawaid* ABSTRACT: The sludge formed in paper mill is normally recycled before disposal in landfill. Land for contraction of landfill is now fancy. In this paper, attempts are made to utilize the same for the formation of sand drain. Sludge is mixed with soil, lime and cement and experimental result were obtained. The maximum dry density (MDD) optimum moisture content (OMC) obtained by the proctor compaction test become the bench mark for determining the required of compaction. Laboratory permeability test were also conducted which established its use in sand drain. KEY WORDS: Water content, Organic content, Specific gravity, Optimum mix percentage, Consolidation, Consolidation analysis of soil and Consolidation analysis of mix

INTRODUCTION

Industrial waste management is a complex and challenging problem faced by the engineer’s world over with the development of industrial and new product. The quantity and complexity of waste generated has increased alarmingly. During last 30 years, the capacity of nations to produces, consume and discard waste has grown dramatically requiring innovative techniques of management of complicated and varying nature of wastes. The waste disposal problem is being faced by developed as well as undeveloped countries. The objective of this research is find the economical way to use the paper sludge in ground improvements and drain is one of the methods of ground improvement. Sand drain is used to expedite the consolidation. Our aim is to find the alternate for to be used in sand drain in order to reduce the cost. In this study, the paper sludge is mixed soil, lime and cement and the experiments results are obtained. The maximum dry density (MDD) optimum moisture content (OMC) obtained by the proctor compaction test because the bench mark for determining the quality of compaction. The outcome of this research will provide us an alternative method for utilization of paper mill sludge. To achieve these goals various laboratory investigations were conducted and result was obtained.

WATER CONTENT, ORGANIC CONTENT AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY

The water content is determined according to American society for testing materials (ASTM) procedure D2974. The oven temperatures are 1050C to 700C to avoid burning off some of the organics. The range of the initial water content of the sludge used in this study is summarized in table 1. Water content range from 88% to 130% various sludge. Tests were performed on the sludge according to ASTM procedure D2974 method C for obtaining organic content. A muffle furnace was used to burn off the organic at 4400C at temperature. Sludge with greater organic contents are capable of higher water content and void ratios, and will be more summarized in Table 1. Specific gravity test were performed on the sludge according to ASTM procedure to paper sludge (La Plante 1993).[2] An aspirator was used to remove the entrapped air from the sample. Boiling the sample was avoided to reduce possible thermal reaction from occurring and giving poor results. The sludge sample were taken at their natural water content and soaked in water for an hour before pulverization, since, upon drying, the sludge sample formed flocks, developed a coarse texture, and were not easily pulverized. [3] This behaviour was noted by Wang et al. (1991) for a water plant sludge. Test result summarized in Table 1. Table 1: Water Content, Organic Content and Specific Gravity

Author: Sanni Kumar is currently pursuing master of technology program in environmental engineering in MMM. Engg. College, Gorakhpur India, E-mail: sanni06bt@gmail.com *Co-Author: S.M. Ali Jawaid is currently Associate Professor in MMM. Engg. College, Gorakhpur India, E-mail: smaj@rediffmail.com

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IJBSTR RESEARCH PAPER VOL 1 [ISSUE 8] AUGUST 2013 3.

SELECTION OF OPTIMUM MIX PERCENTAGES

Various different mixes were prepared and various tests were carried out e.g. OMC, MDD and Permeability was in the lab. The results were summarised in table 2. Table 2 shows that if we increase the percentage of paper sludge then permeability decreases for mixture of 90 % paper sludge with soil, the MDD decreases to 0.852 g/cc which is below then the density of water hence is not appropriate to use this as it might become suspension leading to problem of stability . Table 2: Variation of OMC, MDD & Permeability with Paper Mill Sludge % (PMS)

Fig. 2: Percentage of mix Vs. MDD (g/cc)

Fig.1: Percentage of mix Vs. Moisture content %

Fig. 3: Mix % vs. Permeability

3.1. Discussion Based on earlier discussion, it is decided to select of mix of soil with paper mill sludge (PMS), as also the permeability resembled to that of sand. The value of MDD was in limit of 1.12 and could be used as replacement of sand in sand drain work. And we carried our further research on consolidation taking that mix percentage mix. 4. CONSOLIDATION BEHAVIOUR OF SOIL AND PAPER MILL SLUDGE MIX Figure 4 and 5 shows the consolidation behaviour of soil and soil mixed with PMS.It is found that Cc(coefficient of curvature) is around 0.086519 and 0.19028 for

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IJBSTR RESEARCH PAPER VOL 1 [ISSUE 8] AUGUST 2013 Soil + PMS. Thus, it is clear that mix rate of consolidation of soil + PMS is more than soil.

Fig. 4: consolidation curve of soil From our experimental analysis we also observed that initial consolidation is quite high in mix than in soil this may be because of paper sludge is compose of fibres and dissipates pore water more rapidly as for as primary consolidation goes it has been observed that paper sludge continues to consolidated more rapidly.

5. CONCLUSION The results obtained in the experiments shows that the paper sludge can be used in place of sand. Paper mill sludge are characterized by a high water content, high compressibility and large amount of organic fibers in the matrix. The experiments performed clearly indicate that the permeability of paper sludge mixture (sludge+ soil) is 1.01x 10-3. The density of water is 1 g /cc and that of mixture (sludge+ soil) is 1.12g/which is higher than the water. When compacted, it reaches optimum water content of about 110%and a maximum dry unit weight of 5:3 kN/m3. To obtain its minimum hydraulic conductivity (approximately 10-9 m/s), the sludge must be compacted at water contents of approximately50–80% wet of optimum, because such a material is ideal for use in fluid-containment barriers, such as liners. Compacted paper mill sludge is shown to be a material that full fills an old dream of the geotechnical engineers of a ductile material with reduced hydraulic conductivity, with high shear strength, and available at a low cost (paper mill sludge is a by-product of paper recycling process) that could have multiple applications, such as in the construction of bottom liners, cover liners, and steep sideslope liners for solid waste landfills.

REFERENCES 1.

Fig.5: Consolidation curve of mix

Karla Salvagni Heineck, D.Sc.1; Nilo Cesar Consoli, Ph.D.2; and Lidiane da Silva Ibeiro3 Engineering Properties of Fibrous Paper Mill Sludge from Southern Brazil 1346 / Journal Of Materials In Civil Engineering Asce / September 2011 K. Moo-Young and Thomas F. Zimmie Geotechnical Property of paper mill sludge for uses of land fill covers journal of Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 122, No. 9, September, 1996. Moo-Young, H. K., and Zimmie, T. F. (1996). “Effects of organic decomposition on paper mill sludges used as landfill cover material.” Environmental geotechnics, Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands, 827–832. M.T. Rashid, D. Barry and R. Goss Paper mill bio solids application to agricultural lands: benefits and environmental concerns with special reference to situation in Canada Soil & Enviro. 25(2): 85-98, 2006 Lake, J.R. (1963) A full-scale experiment to determine the effectiveness of vertical sand drains in peat under a road embankment in Dunbartonshire, Scotland. (Proc. European Conf. On SMFE), vol. 1,351-356 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidation

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Haley & Aldrich (1974) Report on laboratory results on undisturbed soil samples Eastern New Hampshire Turnpike, 1-95 Taylor River crossing Hampton-Hampton Falls, New Hampshire. New Hampshire Department of Public Works. 8. T. R. Naik, Y. Chun, and R.N. Kraus, Paper industry fibrous residuals in concrete and CLSM, Report No. CBU-2005-10, UWM Centre for ByProducts Utilization, Department of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, the University of Wisconsin- Milwaukee; November 2005. 9. Phillips R, Kirkpatrick K, Scotford IM, White RP, Burton RGO (1997) The use of paper mill sludge on agricultural land. Bio resource Technology 60, 73-80. 10. Asaoka, A. 1978. Observational Procedure of Settlement Prediction. Soils and Foundations, Vol.18, No. 4, Dec. 1978. Japanese Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering. pp. 87101.

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