IJIRST –International Journal for Innovative Research in Science & Technology| Volume 3 | Issue 10 | March 2017 ISSN (online): 2349-6010
Review on Study of Mechanical Behavior of Different Vegetable Oil and Fly Ash Reinforced Âľ PVC Plastics Preeti Gupta Research Scholar Integral University Lucknow
Mahmood Alam Assistant Professor Integral University Lucknow
Abstract The purpose of this study is to examine the mechanical behaviour of vegetable oil & fly ash reinforced Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) composite, to develop more stable and flexible PVC. Vegetable oils can be easily used with PVC due to their availability, biodegradability, low cost, low toxicity& environmental characteristics whereas Fly ash is also easily available at low cost. Here Epoxidised Vegetable Oils (EVOs) are used at the place of phthalates in PVC to make it non-toxic and Fly ash is added to increase mechanical properties. Keywords: PVC; Epoxidised Vegetable Oils, Flyash; Reinforcement _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ I.
INTRODUCTION
Poly Vinyl Chloride is one of the most using thermoplastic material after Polypropylene & Polyethylene. It is made by polymerization of Vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) or Chloroethene. It is known for its various properties such as durability, high thermal & oxidation resistance, high ignition temperature etc. PVC was being extensively used with the consumption of 39.3 million metric tons in 2013. [1]
Fig. 01: Formation of VCM [19]
Fig. 02: Formation of PVC [19]
PVC is subjected to a different conflation of physical and mechanical properties which makes it different from other thermoplastics. After Polyethylene PVC is the second most produced thermoplastic. [2] PVC possesses a high value of ratio between strength & weight. It is corrosion resistance which makes it more durable & usable. It is also known for its service life as 60% of PVC can be used for 15-100 years. PVC has various applications in building & pipe construction, transportation, packing of materials, covers, agricultural industry, electric power communication etc. [1-2].
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Review on Study of Mechanical Behavior of Different Vegetable Oil and Fly Ash Reinforced Âľ PVC Plastics (IJIRST/ Volume 3 / Issue 10/ 030)
Fig. 02: Production of PVC [18] Table – 1 Different characteristics of PVC [20] Specific Gravity 1.3-1.7 Elongation 24-145% Tensile Strength 7300 psi Compressive Strength 7250-8120psi Melting point 140-3500C Thermal Conductivity 0.14-0.28 W/m-K Density 1.38 g/cm3
PVC can also be used for packaging of medicines, blood, foods and chemicals for which it should possess high flexibility[2]. But PVC is rigid in nature with low thermal stability and it is difficult to process. In case of low thermal stability PVC starts decomposing in Hydro Chloric Acid (HCl) and on the exposure of sunlight or high temperature it starts degrading, which makes PVC toxic & inapplicable for medical purpose [7]. To overcome these limitations different additives are added. It is very important to evolve biodegradable and eco-friendly polymers for healthy environmental conditions[6]. In this paper Vegetable Oil and Fly ash are used as additives for PVC to make it more useful and enrich in properties. Reinforcement of different vegetable oils Vegetable oils are non-conventional and maintainable source of raw material. Vegetable oils are basically made of triglycerides which are also known as Triacylglycerol (TAG)[4].
CH2OH R.COOH CH2.O.COR | | CH.OH + R.COOH CH.O.C.OR + 3H2O | | CH2OH R.COOH CH2.O.COR (Glycerol+3 fatty acids = Triglyceride) Fig. 03: Formation of triglycerides [21]
Triglycerides are formed by the combination of glycerol and three fatty acids i.e. linolenic acid, linoleic acid& oleic acid [5].
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Review on Study of Mechanical Behavior of Different Vegetable Oil and Fly Ash Reinforced µ PVC Plastics (IJIRST/ Volume 3 / Issue 10/ 030)
Fig. 04: Linolenic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid [22]
Mainly vegetable oils are extracted from peanut, corn, linseed, soyabean at large level where as coconut, palm, at lower level.[7] Types of vegetable oil: Vegetable oils are of different types but mainly it is classified by its source and use. Vegetable oils are classified asBy origin: vegetable oils which are not derived from the roots or seeds of the plant. For example- Walnut oil, Almond oil, Peanut oil etc. By operation: vegetable oils which are derived from roots or seeds of the plant. For example- Sunflower oil, Soyabean oil, Olive oil etc. Vegetable oils are used as plasticizers, stabilizers and fillers in PVC to make it more stable [1]. For the remarkable improvements in behaviour of PVC epoxidised vegetable oils are the righteous alternative for the conventional phthalates [7]. These plasticizers and stabilizers are required to be added in PVC to prevent it from degradation.[3] . Phthalates were being used as plasticizers since 1930 and Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was the most extensively used plasticizer. These conventional plasticizers start degrading at high temperature and exposure to solar radiation [2]. It causes high toxicity& unhealthy conditions. It has led to the development of renewable resources with low toxicity and high bio-degradability. These renewable sources are epoxidised vegetable oil such as epoxidised soyabean oil, epoxidised sunflower oil, epoxidised linseed oil etc.[4] Epoxidised vegetable oils are more reactive as compare to vegetable oils as EVOs possess functional epoxide groups by which it can easily make network with materials[8]. For example: Epoxidised soyabean oil can be used as primary and secondary plasticizer as well as stabilizer for PVC that reduces scavenging of HCl and made PVC more stable [9]. Palm oil can also be added in plasticized PVC as a co-plasticizer which enhances different thermal & mechanical properties of PVC composite. This combination provides a compound of higher tensile strength & elastic modulus.[1] Epoxidised sesame and peanut oil can be used at the place of epoxidised soyabean oil in PVC. Sesame and peanut oil have better molecular attraction with PVC as compare to soyabean oil.[17] Epoxidised sunflower oil is used as secondary stabilizer in the presence of Calcium/Zinc stearate which shows extravagant properties. This combination reduces the chances of discoloration of PVC at high temperature and thermal stability[12] The epoxidised linseed oil can be used at the place of phthalates. On mixing epoxidised linseed oil in PVC a rigid network has been made. This new composite shows low toxicity and less degradation of PVC at high temperature.[2] Table – 2 Different vegetable oils and their applications [4] Vegetable oils Application Sunflower and Soyabean oil Stabilization Soyabean and Rapeseed oil Lubrication Castor oil, Sunflower oil, Linseed oil, Soyabean oil, Camphor oil Plasticization Coconut and Palm oil Surfactants Linseed and Castor oil Paints,Coatings
Reinforcement of Fly ash: Fly ash is an industrial waste, composed of fine particles and generated at time of combustion of coal. Use of fly ash in making composite reduces the problem of disposal & storage of it as well as a eco-friendly environment can also be achieved. [17] It mainly consists of, aluminium oxide, silicon oxide and calcium oxide with different elements like Phosphorus, Magnesium, Potassium, Calcium, Copper, Zinc etc. Table – 3 Chemical composition of fly ash [7] Component Content (wt %) Class F Class C Silicon 23.95 26.39 Oxygen 17.28 13.75 Aluminium 14.25 15.00 Iron 22.65 5.77 Calcium 13.22 26.78
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Review on Study of Mechanical Behavior of Different Vegetable Oil and Fly Ash Reinforced µ PVC Plastics (IJIRST/ Volume 3 / Issue 10/ 030)
Potassium Sodium Titanium Sulphur Magnesium Carbon
1.58 1.05 1.04 3.11 1.08 0.53
1.77 1.27 0.77 1.15 2.10 0.57
Fly ash is also known as coal ash, pulverized flue ash and pozzolona. It is of grey colour, light in weight and refractory in nature. Classification of Fly ash On the basis of lime constituents fly ash can be categorised in two classesClass F: It consists of low quantity of lime with more than 70% of weight of ash (SiO2+Al2O3+Fe2O3). Anthracite of bituminous coal is used for the production of class F type fly ash. Class C: It consists of high quantity of lime with 50% to 70% of weight of ash (SiO2+Al2O3+Fe2O3). Lignite coal or sub bituminous coal is used for the production of class C type fly ash Reinforcement of fly ash in PVC makes it more useful in construction work as fly ash is easily available at low cost[7]. Fly ash creates air pollution when it is discharged to atmosphere. It is suggested by EPA in 2014 that fly ash should be used to reduce air contamination. By using fly ash as a reinforcing agent in PVC serves dual purpose of enhancing its mechanical properties as well as protecting environment from air pollution. By using fly ash as a filler in PVC a new compound has been made with high tensile strength, elastic modulus and reduction in elongation on increasingmean while fly ash makes the compound more rigid. [15] Use of fly ash with PVC increases the tensile strength upto 50%. This increment in mechanical property is attained by adding 20% fly ash whereas impact strength reduces on increasing percentage of fly ash. [13] II. MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR It has been observed there is an enhanced improvement in the mechanical behaviour of PVC by adding epoxidised vegetable oils and fly ash. PVC along with fly ash can be used with vegetable oil for construction work whereas epoxidised vegetable oil works as plasticizer and stabilizer. Fly ash and epoxidised vegetable oil enhance the mechanical properties like thermal conductivity, tensile and compressive strength.[8] It can be understood by the following data1) Phthalates, the conventional plasticizers used in PVC have been replaced by epoxidised soyabean oil. Epoxidised soyabean oil is used as plasticizer as well as stabiliser to reduce the degradation of PVC during processing at high temperature [1011]. Addition of this oil prevents PVC from devolution as well as provides stability and flexibility to PVC.[10] 2) Epoxidised sunflower oil is used as secondary stabilizer in PVC & show excellent properties when used with Ca/Zn stearates. [12] 3) Epoxidised linseed oil, epoxidised castor oil, epoxidised palm oil are also used in PVC for different applications. Similarly fly ash increases mechanical properties of PVC with lower content of it. But higher concentration of fly ash starts reducing the properties. [13] 4) Addition of different epoxidised vegetable oil and fly ash in PVC shows different variation in mechanical properties. When 30% fly ash and 40% epoxidised vegetable oil has been added to PVC, mechanical properties increased whereas on increasing the value of fly ash and oil from 30% & 40% a reduction in mechanical properties has been observed. [17] 5) Fly ash & sunflower oil reinforced PVC shows excellent compatibility and suggests a new composite for developing future material. [14] III. CONCLUSION This study examines the of use of fly ash & different epoxidised vegetable oils with PVC as reinforcing agent. It has been noticed that different epoxidised vegetable oils make PVC more flexible& stable, non-degradable at high temperature whereas fly ash can be used with PVC in construction work. It can also be seen that using fly ash along with vegetable oil in PVC increases thermal conductivity, tensile & compressive strength and reduces abrasion loss. REFERENCES [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]
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