IJIRST –International Journal for Innovative Research in Science & Technology| Volume 3 | Issue 12 | May 2017 ISSN (online): 2349-6010
Effect of Aqua Silencer & Catalytic Converter on Exhaust Emission : A Review Jayvir Shah Research Student Department of Mechanical Engineering Gujarat Technological University, India
Dr. Vikas Patel Associate Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering CKPCET, Surat, India
Abstract Automobile exhaust emission is one of the major part of air pollution all around. A human will take 20 to 22 Kg of O2 while 20000 times taking breadth. It means in order to take clean O2 environment need to be clean & automobile pollution like CO, HC & NOX which creates human illness need to be reduce. This study will gives highlight of advance catalytic converter which uses non noble metals & technology with which disadvantage of catalytic converter like cold start & back pressure can be minimize & design modification in aqua silencer till date, These technologies are economical & able to reduce emission up to emission norms also research gap is identified at the end of the review which gives direction for the future research. Keywords: Aqua Silencer, Catalytic Converter, Catalyst, Emission Control Technique, Exhaust Emission _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ I.
INTRODUCTION
Automobile source has been found one of the major contributor in air pollution & due to increase of the demand of the automobile day by day the emission norms become more stringent. In INDIA from 1st April 2017 all gasoline automobile industry need to manufacture BS4 satisfied engine. In future all previously manufactured vehicle need to use emission control devices in order to satisfy emission norms. Devices which can be used to reduce emission from automobiles are listed below: 2WCC- 2 way catalytic converter which uses oxidation catalyst like platinum & palladium to convert HC & CO into H 2O & CO2. 3WCC- 3 way catalytic converter which uses oxidizing as well as reduction catalyst like rhodium to convert additionally NO X into N2 Aqua silencer – Which uses aqua means water to mix with exhaust gases & reduce air pollution. These are very recent technology & having it’s potential to reduce emission. How pollution affects human health & what are the emission norms need to be satisfy by Indian 2 wheeler manufacturer are as follow.
Fig. 1: Effect of pollution on human health Table – 1 Bharat stage emission norms for 2 wheeler vehicle
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Effect of Aqua Silencer & Catalytic Converter on Exhaust Emission: A Review (IJIRST/ Volume 3 / Issue 12/ 036)
II. LITERATURE REVIEW So many researchers have been done so far to produce such equipment which can reduce the emission up to current norms. Ex. Catalytic Converter, EVAP, Aqua Silencer, Alternative fuel. Alternative fuel E5 (Ethanol 5% & 95% Unleaded Gasoline) is already implemented by Indian Government since 2015.Also difference between BS3 bike & BS4 bike is use of EVAP system in it.
Fig. 2: Result
Fig. 3: Result
Fig. 4: Result
Fig. 5: Result
Year: 2017
Title: Advance catalytic converter in gasoline engine for emission control: A Review Author: A.M.Leman, Afiquah Jajuli et.all. It indicate that price & non availability of precious material were also force the automotive industry to investigates the alternatives.[1] The noble metal catalytic converter has been found to cause several type of problem such as converter melt down, carbon deposit, catalyst fracture & poisoning.[2] Karthikeyan [3] HC & CO emission reduce for range of BP from2-18 KW by using Fe-Zeolite CC. (Fig.2 & Fig.3) Sabayang et.al.[4] has studied the preparation of NiO catalyst on FeCrAl substrate & found that it is effective for Nox reduction. Ranganathan [5] in his study investigated that titanium based catalytic converter having ability to rectify exhaust emission up to 20% than the OEM fitted values. Year: 2017
Title: Gate to gate life cycle assessment for determining carbon footprint of catalytic converter assembly process. Author: A.N.Mustaflzul Karim, H.M.Emrul Kays et.al. In this study they are more concern about pollution from welding process during manufacturing of CC. CFP= E*EF E=Energy consumption of welding operation EF= Emission factor for electricity. Electricity emission factor for malesiya is consider in this research as 0.65592 kg CO2e/KWh & concluded that plasma arc welding contributes 27% of total emission & responsible for major emission. [6] Year: 2017
Title: Emission treatment towards cold start & back pressure in internal combustion engine against performance of catalytic converter: A review.
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Effect of Aqua Silencer & Catalytic Converter on Exhaust Emission: A Review (IJIRST/ Volume 3 / Issue 12/ 036)
Author: A.M.Leman, Fakrurrazi Rahman et.al. In this study they stated that one of the problem that are being concern by among of researchers is the cold start & back pressure problem that usually in the composition of catalytic converter. Till catalytic converter reaches to it’s light off temperature it will not in active mode to reduce emission. [7] Will & Boretti [8] had conducted an investigation on the heat exchanger that applied from the exhaust gas directly towards input of CC & observed that HC reduce by 2% NOx by 19% & CO by 27%. Kollman et. al.[9] overcome the cold start problem by heating the CC with an external combustion hydrogen gas that is added to the vacuum insulation which contains small amount of metal hydrides. An engine will loose about 300w of power per 1Kpa of pressure loss. The catalyst & filter materials will increase back pressure. Lashmikanti & keck[10] uses honeycomb monolith structure that gives positive impact in terms of back pressure. Karuppusamy et.al.[11] stated that increase in inlet cone length will reduce the back pressure & also reduce recirculation zones in the catalytic converter.(Fig.4 shows OEM catalytic converter & Fig.5 with increase in inlet cone angle) The most important factor in solving cold start performance are to improve light off temperature during the warm-up stage. Year: 2016
Title: Effect of using phase change materials on cold start exhaust emission characteristics of diesel engine Author: Ferhat Kaya,Akif CEVIZ et.al. In this study PCM was used with 45-51’ C melting temperature band in a heat exchanger RT50 & found that during 12.5’c ambient temperature without PCM it shows 0.25% CO by volume & with PCM plate with 55’c it shows 0.21% CO by volume in first 200sec.As indicated by Figure 6. Experiment conducted on single cylinder diesel engine (4-stroke).[12]
Fig. 6: Result
Year: 2016
Title: The effect of using the turbulence enhancement unit before the catalytic converter in diesel engine emission. Author: Mohit Bhandwal, Manthan Kumar et.al. Research focuses on reducing the toxic emission from the exhaust by installing a turbulence enhancement unit just before 3WCC. This unit create turbulence in the gases flowing through the combustion chamber when fitted with TATA Indica V2 diesel engine 1405 cc .By using swirl venturi lowest emission is obtain at 989,4600,6432 rpm for CO & HC both the case upto 0.19,0.08,0.02 % volume & 18,9,9 ppm.[13](Fig.7,8,9,10)
Fig. 7: Result
Fig. 10: Swirl Venturi
Fig. 8: Result
Swirl Blades
Fig. 9: Result
Swirl Contour
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Effect of Aqua Silencer & Catalytic Converter on Exhaust Emission: A Review (IJIRST/ Volume 3 / Issue 12/ 036)
Year: 2016
Title: Catalytic converter in automobile exhaust emission. Author: Anupam Mukharji,Kunal Roy et.al. In this paper apart from two way & three way & monolithic catalytic converter one more type dual bed converter is described it is nothing but combination of two way & three way converter accommodate in single part so after at higher temperature flow can pass through 3wcc & increase the life of reducing catalyst material like rhodium.[14]
Fig. 7: Result
Year: 2016 Title: Simulation on toxic gases in vehicle exhaust equipped with modified catalytic converter: A review Author: A.M.Leman, Fakhrurrazi Rahman et.al. This research uses FeCrAL as a substrate that is treated using the ultrasonic bath and electroplating techniques improves the conversion efficiency of cc. [15] Bagus at.al.[16] uses catalyst as manganese coated copper CuMn, it is able to reduce the emission of CO. Also it is observed that increasing the cell number in the catalyst would reduce the CO while not effective on HC & Nox. Bode et.al. [17] state that while using titanium oxide as catalyst in cc, result concludes that the conversion efficiency of wire mesh catalyst is 82% compare to original converter 42%. Year: 2017
Title: Experimental Investigation on Innovative modification of aqua silencer. Author: Mehta Nirav & Sachindra Doshi (GEC, Bhavnagar) In this study aqua silencer is mounted with activated charcoal layers.(Fig.11) The test is conducted on 40KW diesel generator & emission measured with MANTECH, Opacity range 0-99.9%. Conventional silencer shows opacity of 3.98 where modified aqua silencer shows opacity of 3.08. [18]
Fig. 8: Result
Year: 2017
Title: Design & analysis of aqua silencer Author: Abhiram Saraf, Tejas Khese, Tarang Shah, Gaurav Gaikwad, S.D.Bhaisare Experiment has been carried out on Hero Honda splender with 4 stroke single cylinder petrol engine.(Fig.12) Result shows that CO emission reduce from 0.383% to 0.084%, NMHC reduce from 524PPM to 239PPM & noise reduce from 113.66 db to 99.33 db as compare to conventional silencer. [19]
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Effect of Aqua Silencer & Catalytic Converter on Exhaust Emission: A Review (IJIRST/ Volume 3 / Issue 12/ 036)
Fig. 9: Result
Year: 2017
Title: Aqua Silencer Author: Sweta Said, Sonali Wagh,Prachi Gaikwad,Swapnil Kondo Description: Aqua silencer able to reduce pollution & noise level but affect aerodynamic property of the vehicle as well as efficiency of the engine also weight of aqua silencer is more compare to conventional silencer.[20]
Fig. 10: Result
Year: 2016
Title: Design & development of aqua silencer. Author: Akhil Anilkumar,Anoop N et. all. Experiment has been carried out on 4 stroke single cylinder bajaj auto diesel engine & observation shows 3 case has been consider 1- with simple silencer, 2- using silencer with activated carbon, 3- using silencer with activated carbon & lime water. Smoke density (k) m-1 reduce from case 1- 1.9 to 2.2, case-2 0.8-1 & case 3 – 0.4-0.5.(Fig.15) Smoke density (HSU%) reduce from case-1 55-60, case-2 20-39, case-3 12-20.(Fig.14) Noise level reduce from 105 db in case 1,89 db in case 2, 85 db in case 3. [21] Year: 2015
Title: Fabrication & testing of aqua silencer Alen M.A., Akshay, Prem Sankar et.all. Experiment has been carried out on single cylinder four stroke engine. Three cases as mentioned previously are tested & result shows that aqua silencer with activated carbon & lime water will reduce Nox emission from 66ppm to460ppm. Also it indicate further research can be carried out to devlop aqua silencer without affecting its aerodynamic properties & efficiency.[22] Year: 2014 1) 2) 3)
Title: Design & development of aqua silencer for two stroke petrol engine. Author: Keval Patel, Swastik Gajjar Description: Experiment has been carried out on 2 stroke petrol engine 59.9cc. Result shows that CO level reduce from 0.93% to 0.22% & HC reduce from 269ppm to 212ppm. Also 30db sound reduction obtain at 50% load or 100% load.[23] III. RESEARCH GAP
Aerodynamic design of aqua silencer is under research. Non noble catalytic converter with activated carbon as substrate is not yet discussed in any study.
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Effect of Aqua Silencer & Catalytic Converter on Exhaust Emission: A Review (IJIRST/ Volume 3 / Issue 12/ 036)
Still there are metal substrates are used in cc but still there will be a scope for using liquid catalyst. Aqua silencer with catalytic converter combined will be the solution of reducing emission till light off temperature. By using different TDS of water in aqua silencer study can be carried out to determine effect of TDS on exhaust emission. Vertical design of aqua silencer is yet not discussed in any paper so far. Catalytic converter with perforated tube & ctalyst mounted over the tube with conical section at the input of the tube will be helpful to reduce back pressure & emission too. Also in above case conical input section can be optimize by choosing different angle of cone. Aqua silencer can be prepared in venturi shape to optimize mixing of aqua with exhaust gas hence to reduce back pressure which leads to power loss. By product of mixing aqua with exhaust gas can be useful in brick manufacturing or road construction will lead to reduce emission level further. Activated carbon coated nanotubes can be used in aqua silencer. A turbulence create device can be placed in aqua silencer which can create turbulence by taking energy from exhaust gas. REFERENCES
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