Performance Study and Spray Pattern Analysis of Biodiesel Mixture by IJIRST

IJIRST â&#x20AC;&#x201C;International Journal for Innovative Research in Science & Technology| Volume 3 | Issue 04 | September 2016 ISSN (online): 2349-6010

Performance Study and Spray Pattern Analysis of Biodiesel Mixture Pradeepa. S M. Tech. Student Department of Mechanical Engineering Malla Reddy College of Engineering, Hyderabad

V V Prathiba Bharathi Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Malla Reddy College of Engineering, Hyderabad

Abstract The main objective of this project is to study the fuel spray pattern of bio-diesel for different blends at different temperatures and pressures, then compare these spray patterns with the spray pattern of diesel fuel. The performance of engine running on bio-diesel for different blends at different temperatures, then compare those results with the performance of conventional diesel and also to investigate the properties of fuel such as specific gravity, density, viscosity etc. of diesel and biodiesel fuel. The Test fuels used were a conventional diesel and 20%, 30%, 40%, blends of Transesterified PAMO oil with diesel. In order to analyze the performance of engine the above mentioned biodiesel blends were used to run the engine at room temperature and also at elevated temperatures and the parameters like brake power, brake thermal efficiencies and Mechanical efficiencies were tabulated and compared with that of conventional diesel fuel. And in order to analyze the fuel spray pattern the above mentioned biodiesel blends were sprayed through fuel injectors of three different nozzle pressures which are 180 bar, 200 bar and 220 bar at room temperature and also elevated temperatures and the resulting spray patterns of the biodiesel blends were compared with the spray patterns of diesel fuel. Also the various properties such as viscosity, flash point, fire point etc., of diesel and the three blends of biodiesel were measured by conducting their respective tests. In this work it was found that the viscosities of the various blends of the biodiesel decreases with increase in temperature of the fuel and also that the biodiesel blends of 20%, 30%, 40%, Transesterifies PAMO oil can be successfully used as fuels in Compression Ignition (CI) engines without many engine modifications as they exhibit better thermal efficiency and much similar to that of diesel at room and elevated temperatures of up to 40 Degree Celsius. Keywords: Spray Pattern, Biodiesel Blends, Transesterifies PAMO Oil, Fuel Injector _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ I.

INTRODUCTION

Introduction After the depletion of in the mid-1970s, all countries have tried to find a new energy which can substitute petroleum by using their district energy; such as vegetable oil, the most promising alternative fuels. Vegetable oils cannot be used in diesel engines because of the problem associated with it of the using pure vegetable oils as fuels in diesel engines. There are more than 350 oil bearing crops available in nature, among which only sunflower, soybean, cottonseed, rapeseed and peanut oils are the most potential alternative fuels for diesel engines. The most prominent properties of these oils are their high viscosity, low volatility, poor atomization and auto-oxidation. Recently attention in developing countries such as Malaysia, Indonesia also Thailand need been provided for of the preparation about biofuels starting with domestic, renewable assets. Biofuels are at present being a great substitute clinched alongside Different approaches i.e. depleting fossil fuels, resources, natural health, vitality security Also Agricola economy. The two mossy cup oak basic sorts about biofuels would ethanol Also biodiesel. Research on the utilization of vegetable oils concerning illustration fuel substitutes to diesel engines have been carried on numerous nations. Subside et al. (1982) utilized degummed soybean blended with petroleum diesel at the proportion about 2:1 similarly as a fuel clinched alongside an diesel motor. After 600 hours about running it might have been found that that motor execution didn't change. Other specialists found that 95% vegetable oil mixing with 5% petroleum diesel to a diesel motor offered no issues of carbon store on the motor parts or in the fuel injector. Adam et al. (1983) tried an Agricola machine with mixed oil (soybean oil and petroleum diesel) What's more found that toward utilizing soybean mixed for petroleum diesel in the proportion for 2:1, those motor functioned great. Kevin et al. (1999) inferred that by utilizing semi-refined rapeseed oil (SRO) On An regulate infusion diesel engine, those energy yield diminished Toward 0.06% to each 1% expansion On SRO consideration rate and the brake particular fuel utilization expanded by 0.14% for every 1% increment On SRO Incorporation rate. Chiyuki Furthermore Junchi (1998) closed that de-acidified rapeseed oil Might be utilized within An single barrel Yanmar IDI diesel motor At degummed Furthermore rough rapeseed oil were unsatisfactory for utilization Likewise fuel because of those large amount about incombustible materials in the oil. Suporn (1987) found that utilizing 100% refined palm oil for a Kubota diesel motor model KND 5B brought about those best energy yield Also best emanation same time utilizing 70% refined palm oil mixed with 25% diesel brought about the best particular fuel utilization.

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To vehicles powered with diesel engines, an elective substitute of diesel fuel need been produced namely, biodiesel. It will be handled from that concoction holding of liquor with oils, fats, greases or synthetically known alkyl esters. These esters bring comparable properties Likewise that mineral diesel fuel furthermore actually finer As far as its cetane amount. On addition, biodiesel will be superior to diesel fuel As far as sulfur content, blaze point and fragrant content. Concerning illustration, a fluid fuel, biodiesel may be straightforward to utilize Furthermore cam wood be utilized within layering ignition loop (diesel) engines without adjustments. It likewise could be mixed during any level for petroleum diesel on make a biodiesel mix. In regards these qualities about vegetable oils, Malaysia need submitted to explore the utilization of biodiesel for blends about palm oil as an elective fuel for diesel engines. This paper displays palm also olive biodiesel as an elective green renewable biofuel for diesel engines. Objectives In a Diesel engine ignition takes place due to the injection of fuel (diesel) into the cylinder containing air at high pressure. This function of fuel injection is performed by the Fuel Injection Nozzle present at the top of each of the cylinders present in the engine. Fuel Injection Nozzles are by and large in charge of two essential capacities: 1) They atomize or finely isolate the metered fuel to advance ignition and burning. 2) They appropriate the fuel splash through the ignition chamber to blend with the air to acquire a burnable blend. In a diesel engine, injector splash example assumes an overwhelming part in how the fuel-air blend is shaped. Spray pattern is characterized by pattern length, which represents the distance of maximum droplet concentration from the axis of the injector. This further enhances the efficiency and overall output of the diesel engine. Biodiesel is being used as a fuel in diesel engines used in railways and many other applications as biodiesel fuel is a clean and renewable energy source than diesel. But however the fuel spray pattern of bio-diesel is different from that of diesel and this may affect the in-cylinder ignition and thus the efficiency and output of the engine. Hence the objective of the project is to study the fuel spray pattern of bio-diesel for different blends at different temperatures and pressures, then compare these spray patterns with the spray pattern of diesel and finally find the bio-diesel spray pattern which is very much similar to that of diesel and to investigate experimentally the effect of temperature on properties of bio-diesel by preheating and to conduct the performance test at different blends, efficiencies and fuel consumptions were compared. Environmentally friendly. While hydrokinetic includes generation from ocean tides, currents and waves, many researchers believe its most practical application in the near term is likely to be in rivers and streams. II. LITERATURE SURVEY Jawab Nagi conducted experiment on performance of diesel engine using Palm biofuel as an substitute for diesel. They have come across that, palm biodiesel gives lower execution on diesel motors for torque and warm effectiveness, contrasted with petroleum diesel. This is created by the lower warmth estimation of palm biodiesel to that of petroleum diesel, which delivers a lower work to achieve a higher torque. At the point when the motor upheavals continue expanding the torque created from palm biodiesel tends to diminish. At lower motor unrests, palm biodiesel produces a nearby torque contrasted with petroleum diesel, while at higher motor upheavals the torque came about for palm biodiesel drops strongly than petroleum diesel. This is brought about because of the thickness of palm biodiesel, as it is higher than petroleum diesel. Since palm biodiesel is smoldered incompletely, it has a quick infusion in the burning chamber, which diminishes the torque created. Notwithstanding, then again, from the most reduced motor transformation to the most astounding motor upset, palm biodiesel has lower fuel utilization than that of petroleum diesel. Syed Ahmed conducted experiment for exhaust gases of Palm biodiesel. They watched that palm biodiesel mixes created lower CO emanations than petroleum diesel for the whole motor burden range. The palm biodiesel mixes tended to lessen CO 2 outflows contrasted with petroleum diesel. The diminishment of CO 2 discharges is intelligent in view of the oxygenated way of palm oil and the lower measure of carbon in the palm biodiesel mixes, All mixes of palm biodiesel delivered lower emanations of unburned hydrocarbons (HC), However, palm biodiesel mixes expanded the grouping of NOx outflows particularly at the higher motor burdens . The added substance oxygen content in palm biodiesel is the reason for this, as more oxygen amid ignition will raise the burning mass temperature. Higher NOx emanations of palm biodiesel are additionally come about because of its different properties or by cooperation with the fuel infusion procedure and ignition chamber progress. Moreover, the biodiesel fills delivered lower grouping of dark smoke than petroleum diesel under comparable motor working conditions. This is on account of palm oil contains natural oxygen which oxidizes the quantity of vaporous by-items. Venkateswara Rao conducted an Experimental Investigation of Palm, Jatropha and Neem Methyl Esters as Biodiesel on C.I. Engine. From the investigation it was found that "Palm, Jatropha and Neem based methyl esters (biodiesel) can be straightforwardly utilized as a part of diesel motors with no motor changes. Brake warm productivity of B10, B20 and B40 mixes are superior to anything B100 yet at the same time sub-par compared to diesel. Properties of distinctive mixes of biodiesel are near the diesel and B20 is giving great results. It is not fitting to utilize B100 in CI motors unless its properties are similar with diesel fuel. Smoke, HC, CO outflows at diverse burdens were observed to be higher for diesel, contrasted with B10, B20, B40 mixes with properties near diesel fuel, bio-diesel from Jatropha, neem and palm seed oil can give a helpful substitute to diesel consequently advancing our economy.

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Performance Study and Spray Pattern Analysis of Biodiesel Mixture (IJIRST/ Volume 3 / Issue 04/ 027)

Thomas Mc Guir conducted a simulation study on Alternative Fuel Spray Length Characterization: Comparing Diesel and Biodiesel Fuels. From the reproduction study he found that "the little increment in thickness and consistency of biodiesel versus petroleum diesel brought about a noteworthy change in speed and infiltration of the fuel splash in the chamber". Prabhakar Rao directed an Experimental Investigation of Methyl Esters of Oils as Biodiesel on C.I. Motor. From the examination it was found that "Great blend development and lower smoke discharge are the key variables for good CI motor execution. These components are very affected by thickness, thickness, and unpredictability of the fuel. For bio-diesels, these variables are fundamentally chosen by the viability of the transesterification process. With properties near diesel fuel, bio-diesel from Jatropha, Palm and Neem seed oil can give a helpful substitute to diesel in this manner advancing our economy". Chaudari led a survey on Design and Optimization of Fuel Injection framework in Diesel Engine Using Biodiesel. From the audit it was found that "The infusion and the fuel splash qualities associated with the burning chamber geometry control the Combustion and toxin arrangement forms. Hence the motor operation attributes could be enhanced by enhancing the fuel infusion frameworks or motor parts" III. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP FOR SPRAY PATTERN ANALYSIS The nozzle tester was mounted on a bench and was clamped to it using two C-Clamps. The pressure pipe was fixed to the tester. Three different single nozzle fuel injectors having pressures 180 bar, 200 bar and 220 bar were used for the experiment. The nozzles were placed at a height of 25cm from the flat surface on which the OHP sheets were placed.

Fig. 1: Experimental Setup

Procedure Initially diesel was poured into the test-oil container. Now, fuel injector of 180 bar pressure was fixed to the pressure pipe and using the hand lever the diesel was sprayed onto an OHP sheet to obtain its spray pattern. Then, the same procedure was followed for injectors of 200 bar and 220 bar pressures and their respective spray patterns were obtained. These spray patterns are shown below.

220 bar 200 bar 180 bar Fig. 2: Spray Pattern of Diesel for Different Nozzle Pressures at 400

Now B20 blend of biodiesel was poured into the test-oil container. Then fuel injector of 180 bar pressure was fixed to the pressure pipe and using the hand lever the diesel was sprayed onto an OHP sheet to obtain its spray pattern. The same procedure was followed for injectors of 200 bar and 220 bar pressures and their respective spray patterns were obtained. These spray patterns are

220 bar

200 bar

180 bar

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Performance Study and Spray Pattern Analysis of Biodiesel Mixture (IJIRST/ Volume 3 / Issue 04/ 027)

Fig. 3: Spray Pattern of B20 Biodiesel for Different Nozzle Pressures

Now B30 blend of biodiesel was poured into the test-oil container. Then fuel injector of 180 bar pressure was fixed to the pressure pipe and using the hand lever the diesel was sprayed onto an OHP sheet to obtain its spray pattern. The same procedure was followed for injectors of 200 bar and 220 bar pressures and their respective spray patterns were obtained. These spray patterns are shown below.

220 bar 200 bar 180 bar Fig. 4: Spray Pattern of B30 Biodiesel for Different Nozzle Pressures

Now the B30 blend was poured into the test-oil container at room temperature. Then fuel injector of 180 bar pressure was fixed to the pressure pipe and using the hand lever the diesel was sprayed onto an OHP sheet to obtain its spray pattern. The same procedure was followed for injectors of 200 bar and 220 bar pressures and their respective spray patterns were obtained. These spray patterns are shown below.

180 bar 200 bar 220 bar Fig. 5: Spray Pattern of B30 Biodiesel for Different Nozzle Pressures at 40°C

Now the B20 blend was heated in a heater to a temperature of 40°C and was poured into the test-oil container. Then fuel injector of 180 bar pressure was fixed to the pressure pipe and using the hand lever the diesel was sprayed onto an OHP sheet to obtain its spray pattern. The same procedure was followed for injectors of 200 bar and 220 bar pressures and their respective spray patterns were obtained. These spray patterns are shown below.

220 bar 200 bar 180 bar Fig. 6: Spray Pattern of B20 Biodiesel for Different Nozzle Pressures at 40°

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Fuel Properties Table – 1 Fuel properties obtained experimentally and through survey Properties Diesel Esterified olive oil Esterified palm oil Esterified pamo Cetane number 45-55 47 65 55 Specific gravity 0.832 0.815 0.855 0.835 Viscosity (cst) 4.0 4.2 4.77 4.5 Cv (mj/kg) 46.8 48.42 40.2 44 Flash point (oc) 50 90 174 80 Fire point (oc) 63 95 230 94

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Spray Analysis The test samples with 20% and 30% blends of biodiesel were tested in a laboratory at room temperature as well as elevated temperature of 40OC which gave the following results when compared with normal diesel. – –

Diesel Oil Temperature: Room temperature Distance between nozzle tip and paper: 25 cm Table – 2 Diesel Spray Diameters at Room Temperature Nozzle Pressure Diameter (Cm) 220 bar 8 200 bar 9 180 bar 10

– –

Biodiesel (B20 Blend) Temperature: Room temperature Distance between nozzle tip and paper: 25 cm Table – 3 B20 Biodiesel Spray Diameters At Room Temperature Nozzle Pressure Diameter (cm) 220 bar 7.5 200 bar 8 180 bar 9

– –

Biodiesel (B30 Blend) Temperature: Room temperature Distance between nozzle tip and paper: 25 cm Table – 4 B30 Biodiesel Spray Diameters at Room Temperatures Nozzle Pressure Diameter (Cm) 220 bar 7.5 200 bar 7 180 bar 5.8

– –

Biodiesel (B20 Blend) - Preheated Temperature: 40OC Distance between nozzle tip and paper: 25 cm Table – 5 B20 Biodiesel Spray Diameters at 40oc Nozzle Pressure Diameter (Cm) 220 bar 7 200 bar 6.8 180 bar 6.5

– –

Biodiesel (B 30 Blend) - Preheated Temperature: 40OC Distance between nozzle tip and paper: 25 cm Table – 6 B30 Biodiesel Spray Diameters At 40oc Nozzle Pressure Diameter (Cm) 220 bar 6 200 bar 6.8 180 bar 7

The tables shown above gives the diameters of spray patterns obtained by spraying diesel as well B20 and B30 blends of biodiesel through nozzles of 180bar, 200 bar and 220 bar pressure at room and elevated temperatures. Comparison of Spray Diameters The comparison of spray patterns of diesel and B20, B30 blends of biodiesel at room temperature when sprayed through nozzles of 180 bar, 200 bar and 220 bar pressure is shown in the graph below

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Fig. 7: Nozzle Pressure Vs Spray Diameter of Diesel, B20 & B30 Blends

The comparison of spray patterns of diesel at room temperature and B20, B30 blends of biodiesel at 40OC when sprayed through nozzles of 180,200 & 220 bar pressure is shown in the graph below

Fig. 8: Nozzle pressure vs. spray diameter of diesel, B20 & B30 blends at elevated temperature.

Experimental Setup Specification – Number of cylinders 04 – Stroke 04 – Engine oil SAW20 w/40 – Start Auto starting – Cooling Water cooling – Rated power O/P 50HP at 5000 RPM – Loading Hydraulic loading – Brake drum radius 0.3581 meter The experimental test system is as exposed in the above diagram. It includes 4-stroke,4- cylinder diesel engine is to be tested for performance, is couple to hydraulic dynamometer with swinging field dynamometer and with load all by universal coupling. The engine is water cooled. The course of action is made for the accompanying estimations of the setup. The complete frame and instrumentation is mounted on anti-vibration mounts and separate control panel. There are number of sensors used in the engine to measure the fuel and engine parameter. Analytical analysis: Performance test for blends B10 B20 and B30 List of Formulas T= F *r*g (1) Where, T= Torque in N- m F= Load in Kg r= Brake drum radius in m g= Acceleration due to gravity=9.81 ղth = BP/ (mf * Cv) (2)

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Where, BP= Brake power in KW N= Engine speed in rpm T= Torque in N-m mf= (y * s)/(1000 * t) Where, mf= mass of fuel in kg/sec y= 10cc of fuel consumption s=specific gravity of diesel=0.85 t= time taken to consume 10ml of fuel in seconds SFC= (mf *36 00)/BP Where, SFC= specific fuel consumption in kg/hr IP =BP+FP Where, FP= friction power in KW ηbth = mf / Cv ηbth brake thermal efficiency in % Cv calorific value of diesel=43000 KJ/kg K ηith =IP/mf*cv Where, IP indicated thermal efficiency in % A/F=ma/mf Where, ma = mass of air =Cd *A*sqrroot (2gha)*pa in kg/sec Mf =mass of fuel in kg/sec ha =pw*hw/pa Where, ha = head of air in m pa = density of air in kg/m3 pw = head of water in m ηmech=BP/IP*100 Where, η mechanical efficiency in %

(3)

(4) (5) (6)

(7) (8)

(9)

(10)

Tabular Column for Conventional Diesel Table – 7 Conventional Diesel Sl. No

Hydraulic Load in kg

Engine speed In rpm

Fuel consumption for 10ml In seconds

1.5

1500

27.04

1500

26.43

2.5

1500

Air Flow mm of h2o

Temperatures in Qc T1

16.1

26 15.5 36 39 44 73 Table – 8 Conventional Diesel Brake Thermal Efficiency Indicated Thermal Efficiency Mechanical Efficiency (%) (%) (%) 6.11 12.77 47.85

Sl. No 01

Mass of Fuel In kg/hr 1.131

BP (kw) 0.826

IP (kw) 1.726

1.15

1.1034

2.003

7.52

14.58

55.08

1.17

1.37

2.07

9.80

16.24

66.18

Graphs The above graph is plotted to calculate the Friction power of the multi cylinder diesel engine with diesel as an fuel. The x-axis represents the Brake power in KW and y-axis represent the Mass of fuel in Kg/hr. Brake power v/s Brake thermal efficiency. The graph shows the Brake thermal efficiency with respective to Brake power for different hydraulic loading condition with the constant speed.

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Fig. 9: Graph Brake power v/s Brake thermal efficiency.

Fig. 10: Brake power v/s Indicated thermal efficiency

The above graph shows the indicated thermal efficiency with respective to Brake power for different hydraulic loading condition with the constant speed. Brake Power v/s Air Fuel Ratio

Fig. 11: Brake power in KW v/s Air fuel ratio

Air Fuel ratio v/s Specific fuel consumption The above graph shows the air fuel ratio with respective Specific fuel consumption for different hydraulic loading condition with the constant speed.

Fig. 12: Air fuel ratio v/s Specific fuel consumption in Kg/ KW.hr

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Performance Test for Different Blends of Pamo Biodiesel Table – 9 Tabular column for 10% blend Temperatures

Sl. No

Hydraulic load in kg

Engine speed in rpm

Fuel consumption for 10ml in sec

Air flow Mm of h20

1.5

1500

15.9

1500

26.09

15.9

2.5

1500

25.28 15.7 Table – 10 Tabular column for 10% blend Indicated power Brake thermal efficiency Indicated thermal efficiency kw % % 1.747 6.33 13.38

Sl. No 1

Mass of fuel In kg/hr 1.092

Brake power Kw 0.827

1.172

1.103

2.023

1.21

1.37

2.29

Sl. No 01

Mass of fuel In kg/hr 1.1052

Brake power Kw 0.827

1.158

1.1034

2.0534

7.97

14.84

53.74

1.216

1.379

2.329

9.48 Table – 12 Tabular column for 20% blend

16.02

59.23

7.87

Mechanical efficiency % 47.33

14.44

54.52

9.74 15.84 Table – 11 Tabular column for 20% blend Indicated power Brake thermal efficiency Indicated thermal efficiency kw % % 1.777 6.26 13.45

Sl. No

Hydraulic load In kg

Engine speed in rpm

Fuel consumption for 10ml in sec

Air flow Mm of h2o

1.5

1500

27.67

02 03

2 2.5

1500 1500

26.42 25.14

59.82

Mechanical efficiency % 46.53

Temperatures in 0c T1

15.8

15.9 16.1

38 37

39 39

51 49

72 79

Comparison Table A detailed analysis and study was successfully carried on the PAMO blends. The calculation and obtained results are tabulated in chapter analytical analysis. And we obtained some of the minor difference in performance between conventional diesel and pamo bio diesel, the values are shown in below table. Biodiesel blends For B10 blend For B20 Blend

Sl. No

Data

Diesel

Speed in rpm

1500

Mass of fuel in kg/hr

1.15

1.163

1.159

03 04

Brake power in KW Indicated power in KW

1.099 1.933

1.098 2.02

1.103 2.053

05 06

Friction power in KW Specific fuel consumption in kg/KW.hr

0.9 1.370

0.92 1.0881

0.95 1.089

Air fuel ratio

20.97

19.80

20.62

08 09 10

Indicated thermal efficiency in % Brake thermal efficiency in % Mechanical efficiency in %

14.53 7.81 56.37

14.55 7.98 53.89

14.77 7.903 53.16

V. CONCLUSION Based on the experimental analysis and observations we arrive at the following conclusion: The properties of Transesterified pamo oil such as viscosity, calorific value (Cv), cetane number etc are very much similar to that of diesel and hence can be mixed with diesel and used as a fuel. The spray diameter of diesel and B20 blend of biodiesel containing trans esterified Pamo oil decreases with increase in nozzle pressure. Hence the B20 blend may be used as fuel in CI engines having fuel injectors of nozzle pressures 180, 200 & 220 bar.

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Performance Study and Spray Pattern Analysis of Biodiesel Mixture (IJIRST/ Volume 3 / Issue 04/ 027)

The spray diameter of B20 and B30 blends of biodiesel containing Pamo is almost similar to the spray diameter of diesel at a nozzle pressure of 220 bar. Due to similar spray patterns proper combustion takes place resulting in higher efficiency. Hence instead of diesel, these blends may be used as fuel in CI engines having single nozzle fuel injectors of 220 bar nozzle pressure. When the B30 blend of biodiesel containing Pamo is preheated to a temperature of 40OC, its spray diameter decreases with increase in pressure. Hence as diesel also exhibits a similar property, B30 blend of biodiesel could be used as fuel in CI engines having single nozzle fuel injectors of nozzle pressure 180, 200 and 220 bar. The viscosities of the various blends of the biodiesel decreases with increase in temperature of the fuel. As Pamo oil has good lubricating property, less viscosity and has no hydrocarbon they will also help in effective lubrication of cylinder walls, piston, piston head etc. when used along with diesel as fuel. As the burning and heat storage capacity of olive oil is high the same is compensated for the void in palm oil hence the mixture becomes an clean fuel alternative with not much of changes in the engine performance. The results of the performance test are analyzed and seen that there is a bit of drop in mechanical efficiency i.e. from 56% to 53%. Therefore B20 and B30 blends of biodiesel having Pamo is a cleaner alternative for diesel Thus we can arrive at the conclusion that biodiesel blends of 20 % & 30 % trans esterified Pamo oil may be successfully used as fuels in CI engines without much engine modification as they exhibit spray patterns very much similar to that of diesel at room and elevated temperatures of up to 40 OC. REFERENCES [1] [2] [3]

[4] [5] [6]

H. Wijaksana and G. Kusuma, “An Experimental Study on Diesel Engine Performance using Crude Palm Oil Biodiesel”, in 2nd International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Environment November 2006, Bangkok, Thailand. A. Azis, M. Syed, & M. A. Avang, “The Effects of Neutralized Palm Oil Methyl Esters on Performance and Emission of a Direct Injection Diesel Engine”, in 1st International Conference on Natural Resources Engineering and Technology 24-25 July 2006. M. Kalam and H. Masjuki, “Deposit Formation and Gaseous Emissions of a Small Diesel Engine when Operated on Crude Palm Oil Emulsion”, in Proc. of the 2nd Regional Conference Palm Biodiesel an Alternative Green Renewable Energy for the Energy Demands of the Future on Energy Technology Towards a Clean Environment, 12 to 14 February 2003, Phuket, Thailand. S. Barik, T. H. Limm and C. W. Yuv, “Effects of Preheating of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) on Injection System, Performance and Emission of a Diesel Engine”, Renewable Energy. Y. Besiron, “Biofuel- an Alternative Fuel in the Malaysian Scenario”, presented at Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) National Seminar on Green and Renewable Biofuel, 6-7 December 2004, Kuala Lumpur. K. Rodjanakid, “Performance of an Engine using Biodiesel from Refined Palm Oil Strearin and Biodiesel from Crude Coconut Oil”, in International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Environment, 1-3 December 2004, Hua Hin, Thailand.

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