Effect of Low Temperatures on Strength of Concrete by Partial Replacement of Cement with Waste Paper

IJIRST –International Journal for Innovative Research in Science & Technology| Volume 4 | Issue 1 | June 2017 ISSN (online): 2349-6010

Effect of Low Temperatures on Strength of Concrete by Partial Replacement of Cement with Waste Paper Sludge A. Gayatri Assistant Professor Department of Civil Engineering Shri Vishnu Engineering College For Women, Bhimavaram, Vishnupur, A.P, India

P. Lavanya Assistant Professor Department of Civil Engineering Shri Vishnu Engineering College For Women, Bhimavaram, Vishnupur, A.P, India

Abstract The objective of present work is to find out the effectiveness of the Hypo sludge based concrete. In this investigation it was proposed that the partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement by hypo sludge in concrete at variable temperatures. Hypo sludge is the waste material from paper industry that has some chemical properties similar to that of cement. In this investigation percentage of cement replaced partially is (5%, 10%, 15%, & 20%) with Waste paper sludge. Compressive strength of cubes and Split tensile strength of cylinders at 7days and 28 days of duration are studied. The tests are carried out to evaluate the mechanical properties like compressive strength and split tensile strength at 7days and 28 days. And parameter investigated was the time in hours to cause strength deterioration factor at 1000c, 2000c , 3000c , 4000c and 5000c temperatures. Based on the results the optimum level of replacement of waste paper sludge was found to be 10% and change in strength of partially replaced concrete at 100c and 200c is very nominal when compared to the concrete cube tested at normal temperature. Considerable change(decrease) in the Strength of Concrete at 300c, 400c and 500c is observed.

Keywords: Waste Paper Sludge, Concrete _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ I.

INTRODUCTION

Concrete is a site-made material unlike other materials of construction and as such can vary to a great extent in its quality, properties and performance owing to the use of natural materials except cement. Concrete owes its unique position as the structural material to the fact, that it is economically highly to fire, wind, water and earth quakes. In the recent times its use in construction has been increased considerably. Thus, the cities and towns are virtually becoming concrete jungles. The demand is likely to increase in the future to match the growing population, housing, transportation and other amenities. Concrete can be regarded as a composite material. For reducing the cost of concrete, greater use of pozzolanic materials like fly ash, blast furnace slag, silica fume, stone dust, rice husk ash, waste paper sludge ash and waste paper sludge is suggested.

Greater utilization of waste paper sludge will lead to not only saving such construction material but also assists in solving the problem of disposal of this waste product. In the present investigation waste paper sludge has been used as partial replacement of cement.

II. WASTE PAPER SLUDGE Paper making generally produces a large amount of solid waste. Waste paper sludge is waste material which is produced from paper mills in large amount annually. The characteristic composition of this industrial waste is a mixture of organic material (nonrecovered cellulose) and inorganic materials (principally, kaolinite and limestone), normally used as loadings in the manufacture of paper.

Fig. 1: Waste Paper Sludge

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Effect of Low Temperatures on Strength of Concrete by Partial Replacement of Cement with Waste Paper Sludge (IJIRST/ Volume 4 / Issue 1/ 024)

Potential uses of paper sludge in construction products include use in board products such as plasterboard, alternative fuels for cement manufacture and brick manufacture. Effective recycling of paper mill sludge into building products or other re-use applications remains an attractive environmental option. The best practical way of recycling these wastes is to use in civil engineering constructions since bulk quantities of materials are used in a short time in civil engineering constructions.

III. EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS MATERIALS USED Cement Cement is a material that has cohesive and adhesive properties in the presence of water. Such cements are called hydraulic cements.

These consist primarily of silicates and aluminates of lime obtained from limestone and clay. Ordinary port land cement (OPC) is the basic Portland cement and is best suited for use in general concrete construction.

Table - 1 Physical Properties of OPC 53 Grade S. No. Property Test Results 1 Normal consistency 35% 2 Specific gravity 3.15 Initial setting time 145 minutes.

3 Final setting time.

370 minutes.

4 Fineness 5% Compressive strength(N/mm2) 5 7 days 43.5 28 days 61.8 Table - 2 Chemical Properties of OPC 53 Grade S. No Constituents Value (%) 1 SiO2 20.6 2 Al2O3 5.07 3 Fe2O3 2.90 4 CaO 61 5 MgO 2..0 6 SO3 2.53 7 Na2O 0.4 8 LOI 1.58

Waste Paper Sludge In this work, the waste paper Sludge is taken from the Paper Mill Industries in west Godavari district. It is White in colour. The Physical property of waste paper sludge is shown in Table.

Table - 3 Physical properties of waste paper sludge S. No Constituents Value 1 Specific gravity 2.65 2 Colour White 3 Fineness 4%

Fine Aggregate The size of the fine aggregate is below 4.75mm, natural sand used as the fine aggregate in concrete mix.

For this experimental investigation locally available river sand which is free from organic impurities is used.

Specific Gravity of Sand= 2.55 Coarse Aggregate The material whose particles are of size as are retained on retained on I.S. sieve no. 4.75 mm is termed as coarse aggregate. The coarse aggregate used in this experimental investigation is 20mm size, crushed and angular in shape.

Specific Gravity of Coarse Aggregate taken for this work is =2.72 Water Water to be used in the concrete work should have following properties:  It should be free from injurious amount of oil, acids, alkalis or other organic or inorganic impurities.  It should be free from iron, vegetable matter or other any type of substances, which likely to have adverse effect on concrete or reinforcement.  It should be quite satisfactory for drinking purpose which is used in mixing of concrete.

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Effect of Low Temperatures on Strength of Concrete by Partial Replacement of Cement with Waste Paper Sludge (IJIRST/ Volume 4 / Issue 1/ 024)

Machinery and Equipment      

Weight of balances of 1 gm accuracy and 0.01 gm accuracy.

Vibration table.

Compaction factor and slump cone apparatus.

Curing tank.

Compression testing machine.

Muffle furnace.

Conventional Concrete Mix Design Procedure (as per IS: 10262-2009) Mix M-35

Table - 4 Design Mix Proportion of Concrete in (kg/m3) Water (W) Cement (C) Fine Aggregate (Fa) Coarse Aggregate (Ca)

By Weight (Kg) 186 432.55 561.28 1188.46 Ratio 0.43 1 1.297 2.747 Table - 5 Proportions of concrete mixtures Mix- 35 W C fa ca Waste Paper Sludge (%) A0 0.43 1 1.297 2.747 A5 0.43 0.95 1.297 2.747 0.05 A10 0.43 0.90 1.297 2.747 0.1 A15 0.43 0.85 1.297 2.747 0.15 A20 0.43 0.80 1.297 2.747 0.2

Fig. 1: Testing of cylinder

Fig. 2: Testing of Cube

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The experimental program includes the following: Testing of concrete cubes for finding:  Compressive strength  Cylinders for split tensile strength.

Results of compressive strength on concrete with partial replacement of cement by waste paper sludge at the age of 7 & 28 days are given in the Table. Average of three specimens is taken.

S. No 1 2 3 4 5

Mix type A0 A5 A10 A15 A20

Table - 6 7-Day Compressive Strength Results % Replacement of cement By Compressive Strength(MPa) waste paper sludge 0% 33.060 5% 33.136 10% 34.153 15% 32.482 20% 29.066

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Effect of Low Temperatures on Strength of Concrete by Partial Replacement of Cement with Waste Paper Sludge (IJIRST/ Volume 4 / Issue 1/ 024)

Fig. 1: 7-day compressive strength

S. No 1 2 3 4 5

Table - 7 28-Days Compressive Strength Results Mix % Replacement of cement By Compressive Type waste paper sludge Strength(MPa) A0 0% 48.541 A5 5% 48.977 A10 10% 49.920 A15 15% 46.506 A20 20% 44.320

Fig. 2: 28-day compressive strength

Split Tensile Strength Split tensile strength test is carried out on the cylinders at the age of 7 & 28 days. The average test results of three concrete cylinders are given in Table. The average results of the split tensile strength on three cylinders are taken.

S. No 1 2 3 4 5

Mix Type A0 A5 A10 A15 A20

Table - 8 7-day Split tensile strengths of cylinders % Replacement of cement By waste paper sludge Split tensile strength (MPa) 0% 2.406 5% 2.45 10% 2.59 15% 2.31 20% 2.12

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Effect of Low Temperatures on Strength of Concrete by Partial Replacement of Cement with Waste Paper Sludge (IJIRST/ Volume 4 / Issue 1/ 024)

Fig. 3: 7-day Split Tensile strength

S. No 1 2 3 4 5

Mix Type A0 A5 A10 A15 A20

Table - 9 28-day Split tensile strengths of cylinders % Replacement of cement By waste paper sludge Split tensile strength (MPa) 0% 3.00 5% 3.05 10% 3.100 15% 2.96 20% 2.59

Fig. 4: 28-day Split Tensile strength

Fire Resistance of Concrete   

The concrete cubes are tested for fire resistance at 100 0,2000,3000,4000 and 5000c respectively for 60 minutes in the furnace.

Decrease in the compressive strengths of the cubes at the temperatures 100 0 and 2000c is very less.

Considerable decrease in the compressive strengths at the temperatures of 300 0, 4000 and 5000c is observed as compared to conventional concrete.

Temperature Replacement Mix (%) type 0 A0 5 A5 10 A10 15 A15 20 A20

Table - 10 Fire resistance test results: 28-Days Compressive Strength Results in MPa 1000c 2000c 3000c 4000c 28 days strength 28 days strength 28 days strength 28 days strength in MPa in MPa in MPa in MPa 48.40 47.12 44.41 40.76 48.90 47.71 44.84 40.81 49.91 48.06 44.96 40.96 46.49 44.18 43.72 38.32 44.30 43.19 42.98 36.91

5000c 28 days strength in MPa 32.71 32.84 32.98 31.04 29.06

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Effect of Low Temperatures on Strength of Concrete by Partial Replacement of Cement with Waste Paper Sludge (IJIRST/ Volume 4 / Issue 1/ 024)

Fig. 5: Variation of compressive strength at different temperatures

V. CONCLUSION 1) On replacement of 5% and 10% of cement by waste paper sludge in concrete mix there is an increase in compressive strength of 0.2% and 3.3% at 7-days, 0.89% and 2.84% at 28 days is observed when compared to control mix.

2) The split tensile strength of concrete increases at 5 and 10% replacement level of cement by waste paper sludge by 1.8% and 7.6% at 7th day, 1.6% and 3.3% at 28th day when compared to control mix.

3) The cubes are tested for compressive strength after exposing the specimens to temperatures of 1000,2000,3000,4000 and 5000c respectively in furnace for 60 minutes.  Very nominal decrease in the compressive strengths of cubes at 100 0 and 2000c temperature is observed compared to nominal mix.  At 3000c, 4000c and 5000c there is a decrease in the compressive strength of concrete cubes by  8.51% , 16.02%, 32.61% at 0% replacement of cement by WSP  8.44% , 16.67%, 32.948% at 5% replacement of cement by WSP  9.93%, 17.948%, 33.934% at 10% replacement of cement by WSP  5.99% ,17.602% , 33.25% at 15% replacement of cement by WSP  3.02%, 16.71%, 34.431% at 20% replacement level is observed.

REFERENCES [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]

Mr.r.Balamurugan, Mr.r.Karthickraja "An experimental investigation on partial replacement of cement by industrial waste (hypo sludge).

Pitroda et al "An experimental study for the innovative use of hypo sludge in concrete formulations as a supplementary cementitious material" R. Srinivasan, *K. Sathiya and M. Palanisamy "Experimental investigation in developing low cost concrete from paper industry waste" M.A.Pathan , 2M.A.Jamnu " Compressive strength of conventional concrete and high strength concrete with temperature effect" Abdullah shahbaz khan1, Ram panth2, Gagan Krishna R.R3, Suresh G. Patil4 " Structural Performance of Concrete by Partial Replacement of Cement with Hypo Sludge (paper waste)" Vaishali sahu *, V. Gayathri " The use of fly ash and lime sludge as partial replacement of cement in mortar" H. G. Mundle "“Variation in strength of concrete subjected to high temperature”.

Moisés frías ae al " Recycling of waste paper sludge in cements: characterization and behavior of new eco-efficient matrices" Jayrajvinodsinhsolanki, Jayeshkumar pitroda" Investigation of low cost concrete using industrial waste as supplementary cementitious materials."

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