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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.10 NO 1 JANUARY 2020

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.10 NO 1 JANUARY 2020

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.10 NO 1 JANUARY 2020

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International Journal of Innovative Technology & Creative Engineering Vol.10 No.1 January 2020

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.10 NO 1 JANUARY 2020

Dear Researcher, Greetings!

Articles in this issue discusses about A survey on Various Types of Routing Techniques adapted for Data Communication Process in Mobile Ad-hoc Network.

It has been an absolute pleasure to present you articles that you wish to read. We look forward many more new technologies in the next month.

Thanks, Editorial Team IJITCE

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Review Board Members Mr. Rajaram Venkataraman Chief Executive Officer, Vel Tech TBI || Convener, FICCI TN State Technology Panel || Founder, Navya Insights || President, SPIN Chennai Dr. Paul Koltun Senior Research ScientistLCA and Industrial Ecology Group,Metallic& Ceramic Materials,CSIRO Process Science & Engineering Private Bag 33, Clayton South MDC 3169,Gate 5 Normanby Rd., Clayton Vic. 3168, Australia Dr. Zhiming Yang MD., Ph. D. Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Science,1550 Orleans Street Rm 441, Baltimore MD, 21231,USA Dr. Jifeng Wang Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA Dr. Giuseppe Baldacchini ENEA - Frascati Research Center, Via Enrico Fermi 45 - P.O. Box 65,00044 Frascati, Roma, ITALY. Dr. MutamedTurkiNayefKhatib Assistant Professor of Telecommunication Engineering,Head of Telecommunication Engineering Department,Palestine Technical University (Kadoorie), TulKarm, PALESTINE. Dr.P.UmaMaheswari Prof &Head,Depaartment of CSE/IT, INFO Institute of Engineering,Coimbatore.

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Dr. Renato J. orsato Professor at FGV-EAESP,Getulio Vargas Foundation,São Paulo Business School,RuaItapeva, 474 (8° andar),01332-000, São Paulo (SP), Brazil Visiting Scholar at INSEAD,INSEAD Social Innovation Centre,Boulevard de Constance,77305 Fontainebleau - France Y. BenalYurtlu Assist. Prof. OndokuzMayis University Dr.Sumeer Gul Assistant Professor,Department of Library and Information Science,University of Kashmir,India Dr. ChutimaBoonthum-Denecke, Ph.D Department of Computer Science,Science& Technology Bldg., Rm 120,Hampton University,Hampton, VA 23688 Dr. Renato J. Orsato Professor at FGV-EAESP,Getulio Vargas Foundation,São Paulo Business SchoolRuaItapeva, 474 (8° andar),01332-000, São Paulo (SP), Brazil Dr. Lucy M. Brown, Ph.D. Texas State University,601 University Drive,School of Journalism and Mass Communication,OM330B,San Marcos, TX 78666 JavadRobati Crop Production Departement,University of Maragheh,Golshahr,Maragheh,Iran VineshSukumar (PhD, MBA) Product Engineering Segment Manager, Imaging Products, Aptina Imaging Inc. Dr. Binod Kumar PhD(CS), M.Phil.(CS), MIAENG,MIEEE HOD & Associate Professor, IT Dept, Medi-Caps Inst. of Science & Tech.(MIST),Indore, India

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Dr. Ing. RostislavChotěborský,ph.d, Katedramateriálu a strojírenskétechnologie, Technickáfakulta,Českázemědělskáuniverzita v Praze,Kamýcká 129, Praha 6, 165 21 Dr. AmalaVijayaSelvi Rajan, B.sc,Ph.d, Faculty – Information Technology Dubai Women’s College – Higher Colleges of Technology,P.O. Box – 16062, Dubai, UAE

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Dr. Xiangfa Wu, Ph.D. Assistant Professor / Mechanical Engineering,NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY SeraphinChallyAbou Professor,Mechanical& Industrial Engineering Depart,MEHS Program, 235 Voss-Kovach Hall,1305 OrdeanCourt,Duluth, Minnesota 55812-3042 Dr. Qiang Cheng, Ph.D. Assistant Professor,Computer Science Department Southern Illinois University CarbondaleFaner Hall, Room 2140-Mail Code 45111000 Faner Drive, Carbondale, IL 62901 Dr. Carlos Barrios, PhD Assistant Professor of Architecture,School of Architecture and Planning,The Catholic University of America

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.10 NO 1 JANUARY 2020 Y. BenalYurtlu Assist. Prof. OndokuzMayis University Dr. Lucy M. Brown, Ph.D. Texas State University,601 University Drive,School of Journalism and Mass Communication,OM330B,San Marcos, TX 78666 Dr. Paul Koltun Senior Research ScientistLCA and Industrial Ecology Group,Metallic& Ceramic Materials CSIRO Process Science & Engineering Dr.Sumeer Gul Assistant Professor,Department of Library and Information Science,University of Kashmir,India Dr. ChutimaBoonthum-Denecke, Ph.D Department of Computer Science,Science& Technology Bldg., Rm 120,Hampton University,Hampton, VA 23688

Dr. Renato J. Orsato Professor at FGV-EAESP,Getulio Vargas Foundation,São Paulo Business School,RuaItapeva, 474 (8° andar)01332-000, São Paulo (SP), Brazil Dr. Wael M. G. Ibrahim Department Head-Electronics Engineering Technology Dept.School of Engineering Technology ECPI College of Technology 5501 Greenwich Road - Suite 100,Virginia Beach, VA 23462 Dr. Messaoud Jake Bahoura Associate Professor-Engineering Department and Center for Materials Research Norfolk State University,700 Park avenue,Norfolk, VA 23504 Dr. V. P. Eswaramurthy M.C.A., M.Phil., Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Computer Science, Government Arts College(Autonomous), Salem-636 007, India.

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.10 NO 1 JANUARY 2020 Muhammad Javed Centre for Next Generation Localisation, School of Computing, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland Dr. G. GOBI Assistant Professor-Department of Physics,Government Arts College,Salem - 636 007 Dr.S.Senthilkumar Post Doctoral Research Fellow, (Mathematics and Computer Science & Applications),UniversitiSainsMalaysia,School of Mathematical Sciences, Pulau Pinang-11800,[PENANG],MALAYSIA. Manoj Sharma Associate Professor Deptt. of ECE, PrannathParnami Institute of Management & Technology, Hissar, Haryana, India RAMKUMAR JAGANATHAN Asst-Professor,Dept of Computer Science, V.L.B Janakiammal college of Arts & Science, Coimbatore,Tamilnadu, India Dr. S. B. Warkad Assoc. Professor, Priyadarshini College of Engineering, Nagpur, Maharashtra State, India Dr. Saurabh Pal Associate Professor, UNS Institute of Engg. & Tech., VBS Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, India Manimala Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Electronics and Instrumentation, St Joseph’s College of Engineering & Technology, Choondacherry Post, Kottayam Dt. Kerala -686579 Dr. Qazi S. M. Zia-ul-Haque Control Engineer Synchrotron-light for Experimental Sciences and Applications in the Middle East (SESAME),P. O. Box 7, Allan 19252, Jordan Dr. A. Subramani, M.C.A.,M.Phil.,Ph.D. Professor,Department of Computer Applications, K.S.R. College of Engineering, Tiruchengode - 637215 Dr. SeraphinChallyAbou Professor, Mechanical & Industrial Engineering Depart. MEHS Program, 235 Voss-Kovach Hall, 1305 Ordean Court Duluth, Minnesota 558123042 Dr. K. Kousalya Professor, Department of CSE,Kongu Engineering College,Perundurai-638 052 Dr. (Mrs.) R. Uma Rani Asso.Prof., Department of Computer Science, Sri Sarada College For Women, Salem-16, Tamil Nadu, India.

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.10 NO 1 JANUARY 2020

Contents A survey on Various Types of Routing Techniques adapted for Data Communication Process in Mobile Ad-hoc Network

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.10 NO 1 JANUARY 2020

A survey on Various Types of Routing Techniques adapted for Data Communication Process in Mobile Ad-hoc Network T.M.Uvaraj Ph.D Research Scholar,Department of computer Science, Erode Arts and Science College,Erode, Tamilnadu, India muvanetwork@gmail.com Dr.T.Rangnayaki Associate professor,Department of computer Science, Erode Arts and Science College,Erode, Tamilnadu, India ranganayakitcs@gmail.com

Abstract—

In

recent

years,

multiple

data

communication technique have been developed for Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET). MANET is a collection

of

autonomous

mobile

nodes

that

dynamically communicate and formed in without infrastructure. The most important objectives of such an ad-hoc network routing protocol is to correct and efficient route establishment between a pair of nodes. So that the data may be delivered in a timely manner. In this, MANET has used huge applications. They are business application, disaster reaction, emergency operation, military battlefields and so on. Survey of this paper discussed about the different types of data communication techniques, how to avoid the data interference with data drops and several types of best route finding techniques in MANET.

II.INTRODUCTION Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) are formed through interconnected devices communicating wirelessly within a relatively limited and shared area. Mobile devices in MANETs can typically move in any direction and therefore the shared media between the mobile devices may frequently change. In MANETs, all nodes that have messages to exchange must transmit their packets concurrently if there is no interference that can affect their communication [1]. It is supported for effective and robust mobile wireless

network

operation

through

the

incorporation of routing functionality into mobile nodes. These networks are foreseen to have topologies that are multi-hop, dynamic, random, and sometimes rapidly changing. These topologies will possibly be composed of wireless links that are

Index Terms— Mobile nodes, Routing Technique,

relatively bandwidth-constrained [2].

There are currently two variations in mobile wireless

Data communication process and MANET.

networks: infrastructure and infrastructure less networks. The infrastructure networks have fixed and wired gateways or the fixed Base-Stations

783

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.10 NO 1 JANUARY 2020 which are connected to other Base-Stations through

protocols. Important deficiencies are: the non-

wires. Each node is within the range of a Base-

optimal selection of a route and the large downtime

Station. A �Hand-off� occurs as mobile host travels

when a route is lost and a new one is discovered [8].

out of range of one Base-Station and into the range

Some of the applications of MANET are mission

of another and thus, mobile host is able to continue

critical data applications, such as disaster response,

communication seamlessly throughout the network

recovery systems, and military battlefields. Many

[3].

reasons are stated in the literature for the inefficient routing such as node mobility, limited battery

The MANET is a self configuring network where the

capacity, node failure due to node sharing and

mobile nodes are dynamically transmitting the

energy depletion [9].

packets in the absence of fixed based station or wireless backbone. It has been proved to be suitable for disaster applications [3]. In a MANET, mobile nodes communicate with each other using multi-hop wireless

links,

and

there

is

no

stationary

infrastructure support, such as base station [4].

Communication

in

MANETs

typically

involves

temporary multi-hop relays, with the nodes using each other as the relay routers without any fixed infrastructure.

Routing

is

the

act

of

moving

information from a source to a destination across an inter-network.

Routing

protocols

uses

some

important parameter metrics to evaluate the best path for a packet to travel. The process of path selection and directing packets from a network

III.LITERATURE SURVEY Abedalmotaleb

Zdin

et.al.,[2015]

Proposed

Minimizing Communication Interference hop nodes that have the fewest neighbors, or the selection of nodes that have participated least in previously constructed paths within the restricted area. It has validated for this proposed approaches through several simulations that have shown our proposed algorithms significantly improved the performance of the packets delivery assuring higher network stability.

In

this

GBR-CNR-LU

in

particular

outperforms all the other versions of the algorithm.

Nevertheless, this improvement is established with a cost that which is the increase of the number of hops between a source and a destination when

source node to the destination node is routing [6].

Mobile ad hoc networks have a many routing protocols. These protocols can be broadly classified into three categories, namely, proactive, reactive, and hybrid [7].Most ad-hoc routing protocols use packet loss, latency, and/or hop count to decide on a route from origin to destination. Some use an even simpler approach and base their routing solely on number of hops between the source and destination.

There are many situations where this data does not provide enough information to select the best routes. By using signal strength data, it is possible to improve on many shortcomings of other routing

784

constructing the path. By comparing GBR with the other protocols in terms of the interference, GBRCNR worked better that is because the GBR has the additional set of determining backup paths which increase number of nodes that participating in the overall communication in MANETs. Aqeel Taha et.al.,[2017] developed that fitness function

technique

to

optimize

the

energy

consumption in ad hoc on demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV) routing protocol. The proposed protocol is called AOMDV with the fitness function (FF-AOMDV). The fitness function is used

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.10 NO 1 JANUARY 2020 to the optimal path from source node to destination

Nancharaiah.B et.al.,[2013] proposed Ant Colony

node to reduce the energy consumption in multipath

Optimization (ACO) algorithm uses mobile agents as

routing. Proposed a new energy efficient multi-path

ants to discover feasible and best path in a network.

routing algorithm called FF-AOMDV simulated using

ACO helps in finding the paths between two nodes

NS-2 under three different scenarios, varying node

in a network and acts as an input to the Particle

speed, packet size and simulation time. These

Swarm

scenarios were tested performance metrics (Packet

metaheuristic approach in SI. PSO finds the best

delivery ratio, Throughput, End-to-end-delay, Energy

solution over the particle’s position and velocity

consumption and Network lifetime).

with the objective of cost and minimum End-to-end

Hamdy H.EI-Sayed[2016] improved Shortest path

delay.

routing algorithm selection depends on direct traffic

performances when compared to ACO approach.

form source to destination, maximizing the network

huge networks with large number of nodes. The

performance and minimizing the cost. Performance

proposed hybrid algorithm has less total link delay

of the network can be enhanced through shortest

and least communication cost compared with

path

conventional ACO.

routing

but

functionality of

it

the

also routing

depends

upon

the

and

the

protocol

Optimization

This

hybrid

(PSO)

algorithm

technique,

exhibits

a

better

parameters that are selected for the shortest path

Der-Jiunn Deng et.al.,[2013] presented that several

routing. The primary goal of such an ad-hoc network

serious problems encountered in a single channel

routing protocol is correct and efficient route

IEEE 802.11 protocol based multi-hop wireless ad

establishment between a pair of nodes so that

hoc network and reveal the in-depth cause of these

messages may be delivered in a timely manner.

problems, and it has been put forth a simple but

Route construction should be done with a minimum

efficient adaptive channel allocation strategy for

of cost, overhead and bandwidth consumption.

IEEE 802.11 based multi-channel MAC protocol in

Some of researchers explored the concept of

multi-hop wireless ad hoc networks so that the

shortest path routing over ad hoc network.

network

performance

can

be

maximized.

The

proposed multi-channel MAC protocol can mitigate Vinoth Routing

kumar.k Protocol

et.al.,[2017] (EMRP)

Efficient using

Multipath

fuzzy

logic

intensive collision among nodes and effectively improve

the

system

throughput

and

average

controller is proposed which takes advantage of the

channel access delay. Besides, it can also alleviate

stateless property of geographic routing and the

the hidden/exposed terminal and fairness problems

broadcast nature of wireless medium. In this

in partially connected network topology.

protocol, both stability and mobility are calculated to

Alvin Valera et.al., [2003] propose a new routing

determine network reliability. The reliable multipath

protocol called Caching and Multipath (CHAMP)

is constructed based on network topology. Both link

Routing Protocol. CHAMP uses cooperative packet

and node reliability is determined to enable novel

caching and shortest multipath routing to reduce

routing based on calculation of stability. Fuzzy logic

packet loss due to frequent route breakdowns.

control procedure is implemented with reliability to

Simulation results reveal that by using a five-packet

increase the network performance.

data cache, CHAMP exhibits excellent improvement

785

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.10 NO 1 JANUARY 2020 in packet delivery, outperforming AODV and DSR by

path breakages is also 11 times and 5.5 times lesser

at most 30% in stressful scenarios. Furthermore,

than DSR and MDSR. Thus, it can be said that OPSM

end-to-end delay is significantly reduced while

is a better choice for optimal path selection for

routing overhead is lower at high mobility rates.

performance enhancement by saving energy and

Philip Necsulescu et.al.,[2013] The paper provided

improving lifetime.

that a method for the calculation of the cost of each

Harold Robinson et.al.,[2015] proposed an energy-

route, an explanation of how the routing protocol is

aware multipath routing scheme based on particle

implemented, and the experimental results from

swarm optimization (EMPSO) that uses continuous

evaluating the signal strength based protocol with

time recurrent neural network (CTRNN) to solve

various parameters along with a comparison to

optimization problems. CTRNN finds the optimal

BATMAN, OLSR, and BABEL routing protocols. The

loop-free paths to solve link disjoint paths in a

signal strength protocol’s performance will vary

MANET. The CTRNN is used as an optimum path

greatly depending on the environment, MANET size,

selection technique that produces a set of optimal

and the rate of change in the MANET layout. It is

paths between source and destination. In CTRNN,

therefore imperative to find appropriate values for

particle swarm optimization (PSO) method is primly

the parameters. The protocol compared favorably to

used for training the RNN. The proposed scheme

BATMAN, which is one of the most used routing

uses the reliability measures such as transmission

protocols currently used. It provided significantly

cost, energy factor, and the optimal traffic ratio

better performance for this scenario than OLSR and

between source and destination to increase routing

BABEL.

performance. In this scheme, optimal loop-free paths can be found using PSO to seek better link

Bhnumathi.B et.al.,[2015] proposed Optimal Path

quality nodes in route discovery phase.

Selection Model (OPSM) is achieved in First, routes are identified with the links having high power ratio

Smathia

and link duration. The path selection aims at

switching networks is implemented for transmitting

reducing the number of node failures which in turn

and receiving the packets, finally calculate the delay.

obtains energy saving. Then, the source will select a

A single routing protocol is hard to satisfy all

node-disjoint path based on energy and hop for data

requirements. i.e., one routing protocol cannot be a

transfer and store the remaining paths in cache.

solution for all energy efficient protocol that

Priority based path maintenance is also proposed

designed

for the selection of routes from cache based on

requirements,

remaining energy if the primary selection fails. Path

scenarios

selection and maintenance extend the network

schemes to evaluate the performance of Reactive

lifetime

in

Proactive Protocols for communication MANET

transmission. Simulation results revealed that OPSM

within Multichannel. In this technique helpful in

achieves

energy

establishing keys in the network and nodes can

consumption compared to Dynamic Source Routing

communicate data securely without any delay in

(DSR) and Multipath DSR (MDSR). The number of

MANETS .Our goal is to design a multichannel

by

reducing

64%

and

the

50%

energy

reduction

usage

in

786

et.al.,[2015]

to

provide

proposed

the

according

Amndeep

to

system,

packet

maximum

possible

certain

required

Kauret.al.,[2017]

presented

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.10 NO 1 JANUARY 2020 communication in network in that way the problem

Routing scheme is composed of many

like transmission delay, security can be solved and

phases: (i) route setup phase, (ii) route discovery

to achieve better performance of QoS & throughput.

phase (iii) route maintenance phase (iv) disjoint

It also provided an overview of routing schemes

multipath and (v) Fitness function. In the route setup

proposed for ad hoc mobile networks. In which

phase, each node acquires its metadata of the

make the comparison between AODV and DSR

neighborhood. This metadata is used in the route

routing protocol performance for transmission.

discovery to find the best next-hop node towards

Gopinath.S et.al.,[2015] Proposed Residual Energy

the destination node. The route discovery is

based Reliable Multicast Routing Protocol (RERMR)

activated whenever a source wants to transmit data

is proposed to attain more network lifetime and

to

increased packet delivery and forwarding rate. A

prevents multiple interference between source and

multicast backbone is constructed to achieve more

destination. The route maintenance phase handles

stability based on node familiarity and trustable

path failures during data transmission.

destination

in

an

on-demand

fashion

that

loop. Reliable path criterion is estimated to choose best reliable path among all available paths. Data

•

Route Setup Phase: In the route setup phase,

packets will be forwarded once the reliable path is

source node initiates a data transmission for

chosen. It has been demonstrated that residual

forwarding packets to the destination. Each node

energy of paths aids to provide maximum network

in a MANET obtains its metadata of the

lifetime. Based on the simulation results, the

neighborhood,

proposed work achieves better performance than

transmission cost (đ?‘Ąđ?‘?) of its neighbors towards the

previous protocols in terms of packet reliability rate,

destination node. The đ?‘Ąđ?‘? value of a link indicates

network stability rate, end to end delay, end to end

the required number of transmissions for a

transmission and communication overhead.

successful packet reception at the receiver. •

IV.ROUTING SCHEME IN MANET

which

also

includes

the

Route Discovery: When a node desires to send packets to a destination node, it first establishes a

Routing plays an important role in various types of networks. There are two main ways to route the packets. One is unicast and the other is multicast.

Unicast

refers

to

one-to-one

communication

between a source and a destination. Multicast refers to one-to-many communication where the same source sends the same packets to a set of destinations. In most cases, the unicast routing problem is to find the shortest path between two nodes in the network and the multicast routing problem is to find an optimal tree spanning the source and all the destinations [3].

path to it for communication. The node begins the route discovery by broadcasting a route request (RREQ) message containing the IP address of the destination. When an intermediate node receives the RREQ, it records the reverse route toward the source and checks whether it has a route to the destination. If a route to the destination is not known, the intermediate node rebroadcasts the RREQ or if it has recent information about a route to the destination, route reply (RREP) message is generated. This RREP is unicast back to the source using the reverse route that is been recorded. When a RREP

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.10 NO 1 JANUARY 2020 reaches the source, it begins to send data

V.MANET

packets to the destination along the discovered

CHALLENGES

path. If more than one RREP is received by the source, the route with the lowest hop count to reach the destination is selected.

•

of

link

is

preserved

when

broadcasting the packets. When a link breaks along an active path, the node upstream of the break detects the break and creates a route error (RERR)

message.

This

message

lists

all

destinations that are now unreachable, due to the link breakage and this information is sent to the source. Each intermediate hop deletes any broken routes and forwards the RERR packet towards the source. When the source receives this, it determines whether the packet still needs to be forwarded. If so, it begins the route discovery process for forwarding [10] [11].

•

AND

Routing Categories MANET

routing

protocols

could

be

broadly

Reactive.

Proactive Routing Proactive protocols rely upon maintaining routing tables of known destinations, this reduces the amount of control traffic overhead that proactive routing generates because packets are forwarded immediately using known routes, however routing tables must be kept up-to-date; this uses memory and nodes periodically send update messages to neighbours, even when no traffic is present, wasting bandwidth. Proactive routing is unsuitable for highly dynamic networks because routing tables must be updated with each topology change, this leads to increased control message overheads which can

Disjoint Path: Two types of disjoint path exist, the node-disjoint path and link-disjoint path. In a node-disjoint path, there is no common node exists in a specific path other than the source and destination nodes. In a link-disjoint path, there is no common link at all.

•

CATEGORIES

classified into two major categories: Proactive and

Route Maintenance: This is the phase where the maintenance

ROUTING

degrade network performance at high loads.

Reactive Routing Reactive Protocols use a route discovery process to flood the network with route query requests when a packet needs to be routed using source routing or distance vector routing Source routing uses data

Fitness Function: The fitness function is an optimization technique that comes as a part of many optimization algorithms such as genetic algorithm, bee colony algorithm, relay algorithm and particle swarm optimization algorithm. The fitness function finds the most important factor in the optimization process, which could be many factors depending on the aim of the research. In MANET, the fitness factor is usually energy, distance, delay, and bandwidth. This matches the reasons for designing any routing protocol, as they aim to enhance the network resources [2].

packet

headers

containing

routing

information

meaning nodes don’t need routing tables; however this has high network overhead. Distance vector routing uses next hop and destination addresses to route packets, this requires nodes to store active routes information until no longer required or an active route timeout occurs, this prevents stale routes.

Flooding

disseminating

is

a

information

reliable over

method the

of

network,

however it uses bandwidth and creates network overhead,

reactive

routing

broadcasts

routing

requests whenever a packet needs routing, this can

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TABLE I. TABLE TYPE STYLES Authors

&

year

Technique

Findings

than proactive alternatives, this increases the scalability of the protocol.

Greedy based

Hybrid Routing

backup routing

Minimum

Node

Hybrid protocols combine features from both

Abedalmotaleb

Conservative

interference.

reactive and proactive routing protocols, typically

Zadin

Neighborhood

avoids the maximum

attempting to exploit the reduced control traffic

2015

range

Less

number

overhead from proactive systems whilst reducing

Used

(GBR-

the route discovery delays of reactive systems by

CNR-LU)

et.al,

It

of

packet

loss.

maintaining some form of routing table [13].

Challenges of Packet forwarding in MANET Fitness

The following challenges obstruct the efficient packet Aqeel

forwarding during route maintenance phase.

•

Frequent Link Failures: The link failures occur

Taha

et.al, 2017

Function AOMDV

(FF

AOMDV)

frequently due to the high mobility of nodes in the

Find

the

optimal

path.

To

get

result

for

reduced

maximum

energy

utilizations and also improves

network environment. Hence the heavy packet

the

the

network lifetime.

losses may likely to occur.

•

In this technique, it

Path Instability: In ad hoc environment, nodes

depends upon the

are moving randomly and communicate with

selected

wireless links. Sometimes low Signal to Noise

as

Ratio (SNR) leads to the path instability.

•

Packet

Forwarding

Attacks:

Attackers

in

MANET environment affect the data forwarding

Hamdy

H.Ei-

Sayed, 2016

Shortest routing

packets

to

the

routing

protocol. It gives the

consumption.

Dynamic Topology: In MANET, the topology is

By

dynamic. The nodes are randomly moving which leads to network partition. Because of this, packet Vinoth

forwarding rate will not be improved [12].

selected

the

bandwidth

unknown

destination.

•

as

cost, overhead and

packet transmission, duplicate data forwarding forwarding

well

results for minimum

during transmission phase. This makes slow

and

path

parameter

kumar

.k et.al, 2016

using

this

Efficient

technique,

primary

Multipath

path

routing

network

protocol

alternative

(EMRP)

choosen based upon

fails and

in

a also path

the routing table. It gives the high packet

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.10 NO 1 JANUARY 2020 delivery

rate

and

improves

Hybrid

(ACO-

PSO)

2017.

(REHDIS)

the

Ant

colony

et.al, 2013.

Optimizations

decreased.

It is suitable for huge

To

network,

also

number

of

Optimizations.

nodes.

So, it gives the better on

Deng

et.l,

2013.

Multi

channel

MAC protocol

find

is

the

path,

further

that

the

highest

pheromone

Dipika Sarkar

Enhanced Ant

value

of

route

is

et.al 2018.

AODV

calculated. It gives

least

the better result of

communication cost

packet delivery ratio

and less link delay.

and delay time.

Here, the number of Der-Jiunn

packet

ratio

network lifetimes.

results Particle Swarm

and

delivery

consists of a large Nanchraih.B

drops

nodes are increased then

number

collision

rate

VI.CONCLUSION

of

The survey on various efficient routing techniques

also

for MAN net reveals that there are plenty of research anonymous opened for improved communication.

increased.

The parameters like packet delivery ratio, time delay,

Alvin

Valera

et.al, 2003.

Bhanumathi.V et.al, 2015.

Harold Robinson.Y et.al, 2015.

Calduwel Newton.p et.al,

Caching

While reducing the

throw put, energy consumption may be used to

Multipath

routing

overhead

improve the overall network communication. The

Routing

problem the packet

comparison leaves direction towards one new

Protocol

transmission

methodology to research more secured and rapidly

(CHAMP)

time is low.

Optimal

path

selection model (OPSM)

delay

changing route discovery by improving mobility

It gives the results for

better

energy

parameters. This may lead to better performance routing techniques.

saving and improves the network lifetime.

Energy Aware

EMPSO

minimizes

multipath

the routing overhead

based particle

and consumes the

Swarm

minimum

optimization

while

(EMPSO)

packet size.

Refined

When

Hamming

nodes is increased,

Distance

automatically packet

energy

varying

number

the

of

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