INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.10 NO 1 JANUARY 2020
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.10 NO 1 JANUARY 2020
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.10 NO 1 JANUARY 2020
Dear Researcher, Greetings! Articles in this issue discusses about A survey on Various Types of Routing Techniques adapted for Data Communication Process in Mobile Ad-hoc Network. It has been an absolute pleasure to present you articles that you wish to read. We look forward many more new technologies in the next month.
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.10 NO 1 JANUARY 2020 Muhammad Javed Centre for Next Generation Localisation, School of Computing, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland Dr. G. GOBI Assistant Professor-Department of Physics,Government Arts College,Salem - 636 007 Dr.S.Senthilkumar Post Doctoral Research Fellow, (Mathematics and Computer Science & Applications),UniversitiSainsMalaysia,School of Mathematical Sciences, Pulau Pinang-11800,[PENANG],MALAYSIA. Manoj Sharma Associate Professor Deptt. of ECE, PrannathParnami Institute of Management & Technology, Hissar, Haryana, India RAMKUMAR JAGANATHAN Asst-Professor,Dept of Computer Science, V.L.B Janakiammal college of Arts & Science, Coimbatore,Tamilnadu, India Dr. S. B. Warkad Assoc. Professor, Priyadarshini College of Engineering, Nagpur, Maharashtra State, India Dr. Saurabh Pal Associate Professor, UNS Institute of Engg. & Tech., VBS Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, India Manimala Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Electronics and Instrumentation, St Joseph’s College of Engineering & Technology, Choondacherry Post, Kottayam Dt. Kerala -686579 Dr. Qazi S. M. Zia-ul-Haque Control Engineer Synchrotron-light for Experimental Sciences and Applications in the Middle East (SESAME),P. O. Box 7, Allan 19252, Jordan Dr. A. Subramani, M.C.A.,M.Phil.,Ph.D. Professor,Department of Computer Applications, K.S.R. College of Engineering, Tiruchengode - 637215 Dr. SeraphinChallyAbou Professor, Mechanical & Industrial Engineering Depart. MEHS Program, 235 Voss-Kovach Hall, 1305 Ordean Court Duluth, Minnesota 558123042 Dr. K. Kousalya Professor, Department of CSE,Kongu Engineering College,Perundurai-638 052 Dr. (Mrs.) R. Uma Rani Asso.Prof., Department of Computer Science, Sri Sarada College For Women, Salem-16, Tamil Nadu, India. MOHAMMAD YAZDANI-ASRAMI Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Babol"Noshirvani" University of Technology, Iran. Dr. Kulasekharan, N, Ph.D Technical Lead - CFD,GE Appliances and Lighting, GE India,John F Welch Technology Center,Plot # 122, EPIP, Phase 2,Whitefield Road,Bangalore – 560066, India. Dr. Manjeet Bansal Dean (Post Graduate),Department of Civil Engineering,Punjab Technical University,GianiZail Singh Campus,Bathinda -151001 (Punjab),INDIA Dr. Oliver Jukić Vice Dean for education,Virovitica College,MatijeGupca 78,33000 Virovitica, Croatia Dr. Lori A. Wolff, Ph.D., J.D. Professor of Leadership and Counselor Education,The University of Mississippi,Department of Leadership and Counselor Education, 139 Guyton University, MS 38677
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.10 NO 1 JANUARY 2020
Contents A survey on Various Types of Routing Techniques adapted for Data Communication Process in Mobile Ad-hoc Network
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.10 NO 1 JANUARY 2020
A survey on Various Types of Routing Techniques adapted for Data Communication Process in Mobile Ad-hoc Network T.M.Uvaraj Ph.D Research Scholar,Department of computer Science, Erode Arts and Science College,Erode, Tamilnadu, India muvanetwork@gmail.com Dr.T.Rangnayaki Associate professor,Department of computer Science, Erode Arts and Science College,Erode, Tamilnadu, India ranganayakitcs@gmail.com
Abstract—
In
recent
years,
multiple
data
communication technique have been developed for Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET). MANET is a collection
of
autonomous
mobile
nodes
that
dynamically communicate and formed in without infrastructure. The most important objectives of such an ad-hoc network routing protocol is to correct and efficient route establishment between a pair of nodes. So that the data may be delivered in a timely manner. In this, MANET has used huge applications. They are business application, disaster reaction, emergency operation, military battlefields and so on. Survey of this paper discussed about the different types of data communication techniques, how to avoid the data interference with data drops and several types of best route finding techniques in MANET.
II.INTRODUCTION Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) are formed through interconnected devices communicating wirelessly within a relatively limited and shared area. Mobile devices in MANETs can typically move in any direction and therefore the shared media between the mobile devices may frequently change. In MANETs, all nodes that have messages to exchange must transmit their packets concurrently if there is no interference that can affect their communication [1]. It is supported for effective and robust mobile wireless
network
operation
through
the
incorporation of routing functionality into mobile nodes. These networks are foreseen to have topologies that are multi-hop, dynamic, random, and sometimes rapidly changing. These topologies will possibly be composed of wireless links that are
Index Terms— Mobile nodes, Routing Technique,
relatively bandwidth-constrained [2]. There are currently two variations in mobile wireless
Data communication process and MANET.
networks: infrastructure and infrastructure less networks. The infrastructure networks have fixed and wired gateways or the fixed Base-Stations
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.10 NO 1 JANUARY 2020 which are connected to other Base-Stations through
protocols. Important deficiencies are: the non-
wires. Each node is within the range of a Base-
optimal selection of a route and the large downtime
Station. A �Hand-off� occurs as mobile host travels
when a route is lost and a new one is discovered [8].
out of range of one Base-Station and into the range
Some of the applications of MANET are mission
of another and thus, mobile host is able to continue
critical data applications, such as disaster response,
communication seamlessly throughout the network
recovery systems, and military battlefields. Many
[3].
reasons are stated in the literature for the inefficient routing such as node mobility, limited battery
The MANET is a self configuring network where the
capacity, node failure due to node sharing and
mobile nodes are dynamically transmitting the
energy depletion [9].
packets in the absence of fixed based station or wireless backbone. It has been proved to be suitable for disaster applications [3]. In a MANET, mobile nodes communicate with each other using multi-hop wireless
links,
and
there
is
no
stationary
infrastructure support, such as base station [4]. Communication
in
MANETs
typically
involves
temporary multi-hop relays, with the nodes using each other as the relay routers without any fixed infrastructure.
Routing
is
the
act
of
moving
information from a source to a destination across an inter-network.
Routing
protocols
uses
some
important parameter metrics to evaluate the best path for a packet to travel. The process of path selection and directing packets from a network
III.LITERATURE SURVEY Abedalmotaleb
Zdin
et.al.,[2015]
Proposed
Minimizing Communication Interference hop nodes that have the fewest neighbors, or the selection of nodes that have participated least in previously constructed paths within the restricted area. It has validated for this proposed approaches through several simulations that have shown our proposed algorithms significantly improved the performance of the packets delivery assuring higher network stability.
In
this
GBR-CNR-LU
in
particular
outperforms all the other versions of the algorithm. Nevertheless, this improvement is established with a cost that which is the increase of the number of hops between a source and a destination when
source node to the destination node is routing [6]. Mobile ad hoc networks have a many routing protocols. These protocols can be broadly classified into three categories, namely, proactive, reactive, and hybrid [7].Most ad-hoc routing protocols use packet loss, latency, and/or hop count to decide on a route from origin to destination. Some use an even simpler approach and base their routing solely on number of hops between the source and destination. There are many situations where this data does not provide enough information to select the best routes. By using signal strength data, it is possible to improve on many shortcomings of other routing
784
constructing the path. By comparing GBR with the other protocols in terms of the interference, GBRCNR worked better that is because the GBR has the additional set of determining backup paths which increase number of nodes that participating in the overall communication in MANETs. Aqeel Taha et.al.,[2017] developed that fitness function
technique
to
optimize
the
energy
consumption in ad hoc on demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV) routing protocol. The proposed protocol is called AOMDV with the fitness function (FF-AOMDV). The fitness function is used
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.10 NO 1 JANUARY 2020 to the optimal path from source node to destination
Nancharaiah.B et.al.,[2013] proposed Ant Colony
node to reduce the energy consumption in multipath
Optimization (ACO) algorithm uses mobile agents as
routing. Proposed a new energy efficient multi-path
ants to discover feasible and best path in a network.
routing algorithm called FF-AOMDV simulated using
ACO helps in finding the paths between two nodes
NS-2 under three different scenarios, varying node
in a network and acts as an input to the Particle
speed, packet size and simulation time. These
Swarm
scenarios were tested performance metrics (Packet
metaheuristic approach in SI. PSO finds the best
delivery ratio, Throughput, End-to-end-delay, Energy
solution over the particle’s position and velocity
consumption and Network lifetime).
with the objective of cost and minimum End-to-end
Hamdy H.EI-Sayed[2016] improved Shortest path
delay.
routing algorithm selection depends on direct traffic
performances when compared to ACO approach.
form source to destination, maximizing the network
huge networks with large number of nodes. The
performance and minimizing the cost. Performance
proposed hybrid algorithm has less total link delay
of the network can be enhanced through shortest
and least communication cost compared with
path
conventional ACO.
routing
but
functionality of
it
the
also routing
depends
upon
the
and
the
protocol
Optimization
This
hybrid
(PSO)
algorithm
technique,
exhibits
a
better
parameters that are selected for the shortest path
Der-Jiunn Deng et.al.,[2013] presented that several
routing. The primary goal of such an ad-hoc network
serious problems encountered in a single channel
routing protocol is correct and efficient route
IEEE 802.11 protocol based multi-hop wireless ad
establishment between a pair of nodes so that
hoc network and reveal the in-depth cause of these
messages may be delivered in a timely manner.
problems, and it has been put forth a simple but
Route construction should be done with a minimum
efficient adaptive channel allocation strategy for
of cost, overhead and bandwidth consumption.
IEEE 802.11 based multi-channel MAC protocol in
Some of researchers explored the concept of
multi-hop wireless ad hoc networks so that the
shortest path routing over ad hoc network.
network
performance
can
be
maximized.
The
proposed multi-channel MAC protocol can mitigate Vinoth Routing
kumar.k Protocol
et.al.,[2017] (EMRP)
Efficient using
Multipath
fuzzy
logic
intensive collision among nodes and effectively improve
the
system
throughput
and
average
controller is proposed which takes advantage of the
channel access delay. Besides, it can also alleviate
stateless property of geographic routing and the
the hidden/exposed terminal and fairness problems
broadcast nature of wireless medium. In this
in partially connected network topology.
protocol, both stability and mobility are calculated to
Alvin Valera et.al., [2003] propose a new routing
determine network reliability. The reliable multipath
protocol called Caching and Multipath (CHAMP)
is constructed based on network topology. Both link
Routing Protocol. CHAMP uses cooperative packet
and node reliability is determined to enable novel
caching and shortest multipath routing to reduce
routing based on calculation of stability. Fuzzy logic
packet loss due to frequent route breakdowns.
control procedure is implemented with reliability to
Simulation results reveal that by using a five-packet
increase the network performance.
data cache, CHAMP exhibits excellent improvement
785
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.10 NO 1 JANUARY 2020 in packet delivery, outperforming AODV and DSR by
path breakages is also 11 times and 5.5 times lesser
at most 30% in stressful scenarios. Furthermore,
than DSR and MDSR. Thus, it can be said that OPSM
end-to-end delay is significantly reduced while
is a better choice for optimal path selection for
routing overhead is lower at high mobility rates.
performance enhancement by saving energy and
Philip Necsulescu et.al.,[2013] The paper provided
improving lifetime.
that a method for the calculation of the cost of each
Harold Robinson et.al.,[2015] proposed an energy-
route, an explanation of how the routing protocol is
aware multipath routing scheme based on particle
implemented, and the experimental results from
swarm optimization (EMPSO) that uses continuous
evaluating the signal strength based protocol with
time recurrent neural network (CTRNN) to solve
various parameters along with a comparison to
optimization problems. CTRNN finds the optimal
BATMAN, OLSR, and BABEL routing protocols. The
loop-free paths to solve link disjoint paths in a
signal strength protocol’s performance will vary
MANET. The CTRNN is used as an optimum path
greatly depending on the environment, MANET size,
selection technique that produces a set of optimal
and the rate of change in the MANET layout. It is
paths between source and destination. In CTRNN,
therefore imperative to find appropriate values for
particle swarm optimization (PSO) method is primly
the parameters. The protocol compared favorably to
used for training the RNN. The proposed scheme
BATMAN, which is one of the most used routing
uses the reliability measures such as transmission
protocols currently used. It provided significantly
cost, energy factor, and the optimal traffic ratio
better performance for this scenario than OLSR and
between source and destination to increase routing
BABEL.
performance. In this scheme, optimal loop-free paths can be found using PSO to seek better link
Bhnumathi.B et.al.,[2015] proposed Optimal Path
quality nodes in route discovery phase.
Selection Model (OPSM) is achieved in First, routes are identified with the links having high power ratio
Smathia
and link duration. The path selection aims at
switching networks is implemented for transmitting
reducing the number of node failures which in turn
and receiving the packets, finally calculate the delay.
obtains energy saving. Then, the source will select a
A single routing protocol is hard to satisfy all
node-disjoint path based on energy and hop for data
requirements. i.e., one routing protocol cannot be a
transfer and store the remaining paths in cache.
solution for all energy efficient protocol that
Priority based path maintenance is also proposed
designed
for the selection of routes from cache based on
requirements,
remaining energy if the primary selection fails. Path
scenarios
selection and maintenance extend the network
schemes to evaluate the performance of Reactive
lifetime
in
Proactive Protocols for communication MANET
transmission. Simulation results revealed that OPSM
within Multichannel. In this technique helpful in
achieves
energy
establishing keys in the network and nodes can
consumption compared to Dynamic Source Routing
communicate data securely without any delay in
(DSR) and Multipath DSR (MDSR). The number of
MANETS .Our goal is to design a multichannel
by
reducing
64%
and
the
50%
energy
reduction
usage
in
786
et.al.,[2015]
to
provide
proposed
the
according
Amndeep
to
system,
packet
maximum
possible
certain
required
Kauret.al.,[2017]
presented
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.10 NO 1 JANUARY 2020 communication in network in that way the problem
Routing scheme is composed of many
like transmission delay, security can be solved and
phases: (i) route setup phase, (ii) route discovery
to achieve better performance of QoS & throughput.
phase (iii) route maintenance phase (iv) disjoint
It also provided an overview of routing schemes
multipath and (v) Fitness function. In the route setup
proposed for ad hoc mobile networks. In which
phase, each node acquires its metadata of the
make the comparison between AODV and DSR
neighborhood. This metadata is used in the route
routing protocol performance for transmission.
discovery to find the best next-hop node towards
Gopinath.S et.al.,[2015] Proposed Residual Energy
the destination node. The route discovery is
based Reliable Multicast Routing Protocol (RERMR)
activated whenever a source wants to transmit data
is proposed to attain more network lifetime and
to
increased packet delivery and forwarding rate. A
prevents multiple interference between source and
multicast backbone is constructed to achieve more
destination. The route maintenance phase handles
stability based on node familiarity and trustable
path failures during data transmission.
destination
in
an
on-demand
fashion
that
loop. Reliable path criterion is estimated to choose best reliable path among all available paths. Data
•
Route Setup Phase: In the route setup phase,
packets will be forwarded once the reliable path is
source node initiates a data transmission for
chosen. It has been demonstrated that residual
forwarding packets to the destination. Each node
energy of paths aids to provide maximum network
in a MANET obtains its metadata of the
lifetime. Based on the simulation results, the
neighborhood,
proposed work achieves better performance than
transmission cost (đ?‘Ąđ?‘?) of its neighbors towards the
previous protocols in terms of packet reliability rate,
destination node. The đ?‘Ąđ?‘? value of a link indicates
network stability rate, end to end delay, end to end
the required number of transmissions for a
transmission and communication overhead.
successful packet reception at the receiver. •
IV.ROUTING SCHEME IN MANET
which
also
includes
the
Route Discovery: When a node desires to send packets to a destination node, it first establishes a
Routing plays an important role in various types of networks. There are two main ways to route the packets. One is unicast and the other is multicast. Unicast
refers
to
one-to-one
communication
between a source and a destination. Multicast refers to one-to-many communication where the same source sends the same packets to a set of destinations. In most cases, the unicast routing problem is to find the shortest path between two nodes in the network and the multicast routing problem is to find an optimal tree spanning the source and all the destinations [3].
path to it for communication. The node begins the route discovery by broadcasting a route request (RREQ) message containing the IP address of the destination. When an intermediate node receives the RREQ, it records the reverse route toward the source and checks whether it has a route to the destination. If a route to the destination is not known, the intermediate node rebroadcasts the RREQ or if it has recent information about a route to the destination, route reply (RREP) message is generated. This RREP is unicast back to the source using the reverse route that is been recorded. When a RREP
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V.MANET
packets to the destination along the discovered
CHALLENGES
path. If more than one RREP is received by the source, the route with the lowest hop count to reach the destination is selected. •
of
link
is
preserved
when
broadcasting the packets. When a link breaks along an active path, the node upstream of the break detects the break and creates a route error (RERR)
message.
This
message
lists
all
destinations that are now unreachable, due to the link breakage and this information is sent to the source. Each intermediate hop deletes any broken routes and forwards the RERR packet towards the source. When the source receives this, it determines whether the packet still needs to be forwarded. If so, it begins the route discovery process for forwarding [10] [11]. •
AND
Routing Categories MANET
routing
protocols
could
be
broadly
Reactive. Proactive Routing Proactive protocols rely upon maintaining routing tables of known destinations, this reduces the amount of control traffic overhead that proactive routing generates because packets are forwarded immediately using known routes, however routing tables must be kept up-to-date; this uses memory and nodes periodically send update messages to neighbours, even when no traffic is present, wasting bandwidth. Proactive routing is unsuitable for highly dynamic networks because routing tables must be updated with each topology change, this leads to increased control message overheads which can
Disjoint Path: Two types of disjoint path exist, the node-disjoint path and link-disjoint path. In a node-disjoint path, there is no common node exists in a specific path other than the source and destination nodes. In a link-disjoint path, there is no common link at all.
•
CATEGORIES
classified into two major categories: Proactive and
Route Maintenance: This is the phase where the maintenance
ROUTING
degrade network performance at high loads. Reactive Routing Reactive Protocols use a route discovery process to flood the network with route query requests when a packet needs to be routed using source routing or distance vector routing Source routing uses data
Fitness Function: The fitness function is an optimization technique that comes as a part of many optimization algorithms such as genetic algorithm, bee colony algorithm, relay algorithm and particle swarm optimization algorithm. The fitness function finds the most important factor in the optimization process, which could be many factors depending on the aim of the research. In MANET, the fitness factor is usually energy, distance, delay, and bandwidth. This matches the reasons for designing any routing protocol, as they aim to enhance the network resources [2].
packet
headers
containing
routing
information
meaning nodes don’t need routing tables; however this has high network overhead. Distance vector routing uses next hop and destination addresses to route packets, this requires nodes to store active routes information until no longer required or an active route timeout occurs, this prevents stale routes.
Flooding
disseminating
is
a
information
reliable over
method the
of
network,
however it uses bandwidth and creates network overhead,
reactive
routing
broadcasts
routing
requests whenever a packet needs routing, this can
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TABLE I. TABLE TYPE STYLES Authors
&
year
Technique
Findings
than proactive alternatives, this increases the scalability of the protocol.
Greedy based
Hybrid Routing
backup routing
Minimum
Node
Hybrid protocols combine features from both
Abedalmotaleb
Conservative
interference.
reactive and proactive routing protocols, typically
Zadin
Neighborhood
avoids the maximum
attempting to exploit the reduced control traffic
2015
range
Less
number
overhead from proactive systems whilst reducing
Used
(GBR-
the route discovery delays of reactive systems by
CNR-LU)
et.al,
It
of
packet
loss.
maintaining some form of routing table [13]. Challenges of Packet forwarding in MANET Fitness
The following challenges obstruct the efficient packet Aqeel
forwarding during route maintenance phase. •
Frequent Link Failures: The link failures occur
Taha
et.al, 2017
Function AOMDV
(FF
AOMDV)
frequently due to the high mobility of nodes in the
Find
the
optimal
path.
To
get
result
for
reduced
maximum
energy
utilizations and also improves
network environment. Hence the heavy packet
the
the
network lifetime.
losses may likely to occur. •
In this technique, it
Path Instability: In ad hoc environment, nodes
depends upon the
are moving randomly and communicate with
selected
wireless links. Sometimes low Signal to Noise
as
Ratio (SNR) leads to the path instability. •
Packet
Forwarding
Attacks:
Attackers
in
MANET environment affect the data forwarding
Hamdy
H.Ei-
Sayed, 2016
Shortest routing
packets
to
the
routing
protocol. It gives the
consumption.
Dynamic Topology: In MANET, the topology is
By
dynamic. The nodes are randomly moving which leads to network partition. Because of this, packet Vinoth
forwarding rate will not be improved [12].
selected
the
bandwidth
unknown
destination. •
as
cost, overhead and
packet transmission, duplicate data forwarding forwarding
well
results for minimum
during transmission phase. This makes slow
and
path
parameter
kumar
.k et.al, 2016
using
this
Efficient
technique,
primary
Multipath
path
routing
network
protocol
alternative
(EMRP)
choosen based upon
fails and
in
a also path
the routing table. It gives the high packet
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.10 NO 1 JANUARY 2020 delivery
rate
and
improves
Hybrid
(ACO-
PSO)
2017.
(REHDIS)
the
Ant
colony
et.al, 2013.
Optimizations
decreased.
It is suitable for huge
To
network,
also
number
of
Optimizations.
nodes.
So, it gives the better on
Deng
et.l,
2013.
Multi
channel
MAC protocol
find
is
the
path,
further
that
the
highest
pheromone
Dipika Sarkar
Enhanced Ant
value
of
route
is
et.al 2018.
AODV
calculated. It gives
least
the better result of
communication cost
packet delivery ratio
and less link delay.
and delay time.
Here, the number of Der-Jiunn
packet
ratio
network lifetimes.
results Particle Swarm
and
delivery
consists of a large Nanchraih.B
drops
nodes are increased then
number
collision
rate
VI.CONCLUSION
of
The survey on various efficient routing techniques
also
for MAN net reveals that there are plenty of research anonymous opened for improved communication.
increased.
The parameters like packet delivery ratio, time delay,
Alvin
Valera
et.al, 2003.
Bhanumathi.V et.al, 2015.
Harold Robinson.Y et.al, 2015.
Calduwel Newton.p et.al,
Caching
While reducing the
throw put, energy consumption may be used to
Multipath
routing
overhead
improve the overall network communication. The
Routing
problem the packet
comparison leaves direction towards one new
Protocol
transmission
methodology to research more secured and rapidly
(CHAMP)
time is low.
Optimal
path
selection model (OPSM)
delay
changing route discovery by improving mobility
It gives the results for
better
energy
parameters. This may lead to better performance routing techniques.
saving and improves the network lifetime.
Energy Aware
EMPSO
minimizes
multipath
the routing overhead
based particle
and consumes the
Swarm
minimum
optimization
while
(EMPSO)
packet size.
Refined
When
Hamming
nodes is increased,
Distance
automatically packet
energy
varying
number
the
of
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